From 48f39402181d959cad88cb3f460210c007169f50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Lo=C3=AFc=20Hoguin?= <essen@ninenines.eu>
Date: Wed, 12 May 2021 11:13:47 +0200
Subject: Cowboy 2.9.0

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+[[rest_flowcharts]]
+== REST flowcharts
+
+This chapter will explain the REST handler state machine through
+a number of different diagrams.
+
+There are four main paths that requests may follow. One for the
+method OPTIONS; one for the methods GET and HEAD; one for the
+methods PUT, POST and PATCH; and one for the method DELETE.
+
+All paths start with the "Start" diagram, and all paths excluding
+the OPTIONS path go through the "Content negotiation" diagram
+and optionally the "Conditional requests" diagram if the resource
+exists.
+
+The red squares refer to another diagram. The light green squares
+indicate a response. Other squares may be either a callback or a
+question answered by Cowboy itself. Green arrows tend to indicate
+the default behavior if the callback is undefined. The star next
+to values indicate that the value is descriptive rather than exact.
+
+=== Start
+
+All requests start from here.
+
+image::rest_start.png[REST starting flowchart]
+
+A series of callbacks are called in succession to perform
+a general checkup of the service, the request line and
+request headers.
+
+The request body, if any, is not expected to have been
+received for any of these steps. It is only processed
+at the end of the "PUT, POST and PATCH methods" diagram,
+when all conditions have been met.
+
+The `known_methods` and `allowed_methods` callbacks
+return a list of methods. Cowboy then checks if the request
+method is in the list, and stops otherwise.
+
+The `is_authorized` callback may be used to check that
+access to the resource is authorized. Authentication
+may also be performed as needed. When authorization is
+denied, the return value from the callback must include
+a challenge applicable to the requested resource, which
+will be sent back to the client in the www-authenticate
+header.
+
+This diagram is immediately followed by either the
+"OPTIONS method" diagram when the request method is
+OPTIONS, or the "Content negotiation" diagram otherwise.
+
+=== OPTIONS method
+
+This diagram only applies to OPTIONS requests.
+
+image::rest_options.png[REST OPTIONS method flowchart]
+
+The `options` callback may be used to add information
+about the resource, such as media types or languages
+provided; allowed methods; any extra information. A
+response body may also be set, although clients should
+not be expected to read it.
+
+If the `options` callback is not defined, Cowboy will
+send a response containing the list of allowed methods
+by default.
+
+=== Content negotiation
+
+This diagram applies to all request methods other than
+OPTIONS. It is executed right after the "Start" diagram
+is completed.
+
+image::rest_conneg.png[REST content negotiation flowchart]
+
+The purpose of these steps is to determine an appropriate
+representation to be sent back to the client.
+
+The request may contain any of the accept header; the
+accept-language header; or the accept-charset header.
+When present, Cowboy will parse the headers and then
+call the corresponding callback to obtain the list
+of provided content-type, language or charset for this
+resource. It then automatically select the best match
+based on the request.
+
+If a callback is not defined, Cowboy will select the
+content-type, language or charset that the client
+prefers.
+
+The `content_types_provided` also returns the name of
+a callback for every content-type it accepts. This
+callback will only be called at the end of the
+"GET and HEAD methods" diagram, when all conditions
+have been met.
+
+The selected content-type, language and charset are
+saved as meta values in the Req object. You *should*
+use the appropriate representation if you set a
+response body manually (alongside an error code,
+for example).
+
+This diagram is immediately followed by
+the "GET and HEAD methods" diagram,
+the "PUT, POST and PATCH methods" diagram,
+or the "DELETE method" diagram, depending on the
+method.
+
+=== GET and HEAD methods
+
+This diagram only applies to GET and HEAD requests.
+
+For a description of the `cond` step, please see
+the "Conditional requests" diagram.
+
+image::rest_get_head.png[REST GET/HEAD methods flowchart]
+
+When the resource exists, and the conditional steps
+succeed, the resource can be retrieved.
+
+Cowboy prepares the response by first retrieving
+metadata about the representation, then by calling
+the `ProvideResource` callback. This is the callback
+you defined for each content-types you returned from
+`content_types_provided`. This callback returns the body
+that will be sent back to the client, or a fun if the
+body must be streamed.
+
+When the resource does not exist, Cowboy will figure out
+whether the resource existed previously, and if so whether
+it was moved elsewhere in order to redirect the client to
+the new URI.
+
+The `moved_permanently` and `moved_temporarily` callbacks
+must return the new location of the resource if it was in
+fact moved.
+
+=== PUT, POST and PATCH methods
+
+This diagram only applies to PUT, POST and PATCH requests.
+
+For a description of the `cond` step, please see
+the "Conditional requests" diagram.
+
+image::rest_put_post_patch.png[REST PUT/POST/PATCH methods flowchart]
+
+When the resource exists, first the conditional steps
+are executed. When that succeeds, and the method is PUT,
+Cowboy will call the `is_conflict` callback. This function
+can be used to prevent potential race conditions, by locking
+the resource for example.
+
+Then all three methods reach the `content_types_accepted`
+step that we will describe in a few paragraphs.
+
+When the resource does not exist, and the method is PUT,
+Cowboy will check for conflicts and then move on to the
+`content_types_accepted` step. For other methods, Cowboy
+will figure out whether the resource existed previously,
+and if so whether it was moved elsewhere. If the resource
+is truly non-existent, the method is POST and the call
+for `allow_missing_post` returns `true`, then Cowboy will
+move on to the `content_types_accepted` step. Otherwise
+the request processing ends there.
+
+The `moved_permanently` and `moved_temporarily` callbacks
+must return the new location of the resource if it was in
+fact moved.
+
+The `content_types_accepted` returns a list of
+content-types it accepts, but also the name of a callback
+for each of them. Cowboy will select the appropriate
+callback for processing the request body and call it.
+
+This callback may return one of three different return
+values.
+
+If an error occurred while processing the request body,
+it must return `false` and Cowboy will send an
+appropriate error response.
+
+If the method is POST, then you may return `true` with
+an URI of where the resource has been created. This is
+especially useful for writing handlers for collections.
+
+Otherwise, return `true` to indicate success. Cowboy
+will select the appropriate response to be sent depending
+on whether a resource has been created, rather than
+modified, and on the availability of a location header
+or a body in the response.
+
+=== DELETE method
+
+This diagram only applies to DELETE requests.
+
+For a description of the `cond` step, please see
+the "Conditional requests" diagram.
+
+image::rest_delete.png[REST DELETE method flowchart]
+
+When the resource exists, and the conditional steps
+succeed, the resource can be deleted.
+
+Deleting the resource is a two steps process. First
+the callback `delete_resource` is executed. Use this
+callback to delete the resource.
+
+Because the resource may be cached, you must also
+delete all cached representations of this resource
+in the system. This operation may take a while though,
+so you may return before it finished.
+
+Cowboy will then call the `delete_completed` callback.
+If you know that the resource has been completely
+deleted from your system, including from caches, then
+you can return `true`. If any doubts persist, return
+`false`. Cowboy will assume `true` by default.
+
+To finish, Cowboy checks if you set a response body,
+and depending on that, sends the appropriate response.
+
+When the resource does not exist, Cowboy will figure out
+whether the resource existed previously, and if so whether
+it was moved elsewhere in order to redirect the client to
+the new URI.
+
+The `moved_permanently` and `moved_temporarily` callbacks
+must return the new location of the resource if it was in
+fact moved.
+
+=== Conditional requests
+
+This diagram applies to all request methods other than
+OPTIONS. It is executed right after the `resource_exists`
+callback, when the resource exists.
+
+image::rest_cond.png[REST conditional requests flowchart]
+
+A request becomes conditional when it includes either of
+the if-match header; the if-unmodified-since header; the
+if-none-match header; or the if-modified-since header.
+
+If the condition fails, the request ends immediately
+without any retrieval or modification of the resource.
+
+The `generate_etag` and `last_modified` are called as
+needed. Cowboy will only call them once and then cache
+the results for subsequent use.
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