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Communication between Erlang processes has conceptually always been
performed through asynchronous signaling. The runtime system
implementation has however previously preformed most operation
synchronously. In a system with only one true thread of execution, this
is not problematic (often the opposite). In a system with multiple threads
of execution (as current runtime system implementation with SMP support)
it becomes problematic. This since it often involves locking of structures
when updating them which in turn cause resource contention. Utilizing
true asynchronous communication often avoids these resource contention
issues.
The case that triggered this change was contention on the link lock due
to frequent updates of the monitor trees during communication with a
frequently used server. The signal order delivery guarantees of the
language makes it hard to change the implementation of only some signals
to use true asynchronous signaling. Therefore the implementations
of (almost) all signals have been changed.
Currently the following signals have been implemented as true
asynchronous signals:
- Message signals
- Exit signals
- Monitor signals
- Demonitor signals
- Monitor triggered signals (DOWN, CHANGE, etc)
- Link signals
- Unlink signals
- Group leader signals
All of the above already defined as asynchronous signals in the
language. The implementation of messages signals was quite
asynchronous to begin with, but had quite strict delivery constraints
due to the ordering guarantees of signals between a pair of processes.
The previously used message queue partitioned into two halves has been
replaced by a more general signal queue partitioned into three parts
that service all kinds of signals. More details regarding the signal
queue can be found in comments in the erl_proc_sig_queue.h file.
The monitor and link implementations have also been completely replaced
in order to fit the new asynchronous signaling implementation as good
as possible. More details regarding the new monitor and link
implementations can be found in the erl_monitor_link.h file.
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Conflicts:
erts/emulator/beam/bif.c
erts/emulator/beam/dist.c
erts/emulator/beam/dist.h
erts/emulator/beam/erl_bif_info.c
erts/emulator/beam/erl_node_tables.c
erts/emulator/beam/erl_node_tables.h
erts/emulator/beam/external.c
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Conflicts:
erts/emulator/beam/erl_binary.h
erts/emulator/beam/erl_monitors.c
erts/emulator/beam/erl_nif.c
erts/emulator/beam/global.h
erts/emulator/test/nif_SUITE_data/nif_SUITE.c
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Magic references are *intentionally* indistinguishable from ordinary
references for the Erlang software. Magic references do not change
the language, and are intended as a pure runtime internal optimization.
An ordinary reference is typically used as a key in some table. A
magic reference has a direct pointer to a reference counted magic
binary. This makes it possible to implement various things without
having to do lookups in a table, but instead access the data directly.
Besides very fast lookups this can also improve scalability by
removing a potentially contended table. A couple of examples of
planned future usage of magic references are ETS table identifiers,
and BIF timer identifiers.
Besides future optimizations using magic references it should also
be possible to replace the exposed magic binary cludge with magic
references. That is, magic binaries that are exposed as empty
binaries to the Erlang software.
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NIF resources was not handled in a thread-safe manner in the runtime
system without SMP support.
As a consequence of this fix, the following driver functions are now
thread-safe also in the runtime system without SMP support:
- driver_free_binary()
- driver_realloc_binary()
- driver_binary_get_refc()
- driver_binary_inc_refc()
- driver_binary_dec_refc()
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This is mostly a pure refactoring.
Except for the buggy cases when calling erlang:halt() with a positive
integer in the range -(INT_MIN+2) to -INT_MIN that got confused with
ERTS_ABORT_EXIT, ERTS_DUMP_EXIT and ERTS_INTR_EXIT.
Outcome OLD erl_exit(n, ) NEW erts_exit(n, )
------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------
exit(Status) n = -Status <= 0 n = Status >= 0
crashdump+abort n > 0, ignore n n = ERTS_ERROR_EXIT < 0
The outcome of the old ERTS_ABORT_EXIT, ERTS_INTR_EXIT and
ERTS_DUMP_EXIT are the same as before (even though their values have
changed).
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As a preparation for changing the calling convention for
BIFs, make sure that all BIFs use the macros. Also, eliminate
all calls from one BIF to another, since that also breaks
the calling convention abstraction.
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All uses of the old deprecated atomic API in the runtime system
have been replaced with the use of the new atomic API. In a lot of
places this change imply a relaxation of memory barriers used.
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In halfword emulator, make ETS use a variant of the internal term
format that uses relative offsets instead of absolute pointers. This
will allow storage in high memory (>4G). Preprocessor macros (like
list_val_rel(TERM,BASE)) are used to make normal (fullword) emulator
almost completely unchanged while still reusing most of the code.
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