ERTS Release Notes

Erts 9.0

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix various bugs regarding loading, upgrade and purge of HiPE compiled code:

The native code memory for a purged module was never deallocated. Wrong functions could in some cases be called after a module upgrade. erlang:check_process_code did not check for recursive calls made from native code.

Own Id: OTP-13968

Hipe optional LLVM backend does require LLVM version 3.9 or later as older versions forced strong dependencies on erts internals structures.

Own Id: OTP-14238

When an exception such as 'throw(HugeTerm)' was caught, HugeTerm term would be kept in the process until the next exception occurred, potentially increasing the heap size for the process. That has been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-14255 Aux Id: OTP-14400, OTP-14401

Slogans in crash dumps have been extended to print more complex terms.

Own Id: OTP-14303

Fixed bug when using enif_inspect_binary in combination with enif_copy. In some circumstances the inspected binary could be reallocated by the enif_copy call when it shouldn't have been.

Own Id: OTP-14304

The address family local (AF_UNIX / AF_LOCAL) now does not ensure zero termination of Linux Abstract Addresses so they can use all bytes.

Own Id: OTP-14305

Use -fno-PIE for Gentoo Hardened and others that don't accept linker flag -no-pie.

Own Id: OTP-14307 Aux Id: PR-1379

Disable hipe for ppc64le architecture (little endian) as it is not, and has never been, supported. It was earlier equated with ppc64 (big endian) which lead to broken build without --disable-hipe.

Own Id: OTP-14314 Aux Id: ERL-369, PR-1394

Fix 'epmd -kill' to return a failure exit status code if epmd was not killed because of some error.

Own Id: OTP-14324

Fixed the following dirty scheduler related bugs:

the +SDPcpu command line argument could cause the amount of dirty CPU schedulers to be set to zero

erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, _) failed when only one normal scheduler was used together with dirty scheduler support

Own Id: OTP-14335

Fix erlexec to handle mismatch in sysconf and proc fs when figuring out the cpu topology. This behaviour has been seen when using docker together with --cpuset-cpus.

Own Id: OTP-14352

Fixed memory segment cache used for multiblock carriers. Huge (> 2GB) memory segments could cause a VM crash. Creation of such huge memory segments used for multiblock carriers is however very uncommon.

Own Id: OTP-14360 Aux Id: ERL-401, PR-1417

Fix bug causing code:is_module_native to falsely return true when local call trace is enabled for the module.

Own Id: OTP-14390

Fix emulator crash when receive tracing on a trace_delivered message.

Own Id: OTP-14411

Fix file:sendfile error handling on SunOS when a connection is closed during transmission.

Own Id: OTP-14424

escript did not handle paths with spaces correct.

Own Id: OTP-14433

Fix erroneous lock check assertion when wx is run on MacOS X.

Own Id: OTP-14437 Aux Id: ERL-360

Active-mode TCP sockets are now cleaned up properly on send/shutdown errors.

Own Id: OTP-14441 Aux Id: ERL-430

Fix compilation of hipe_mkliterals when the LIBS configure variable had to be set.

Own Id: OTP-14447

Improvements and New Features

Added erlang:garbage_collect/2 that takes an option list as the last argument that can be used to control whether a minor or a major garbage collection is to be done. Doing a minor collection only collects terms that have recently died, but is cheaper than a major collection.

Own Id: OTP-11695

Optimized test for tuples with an atom as first element.

Own Id: OTP-12148

Erlang literals are no longer copied during process to process messaging.

Own Id: OTP-13529

Add support in the erl_nif API for asynchronous message notifications when sockets or other file descriptors are ready to accept read or write operations. The following functions have been added:

enif_select

enif_monitor_process

enif_demonitor_process

enif_compare_monitors

enif_open_resource_type_x

Own Id: OTP-13684

There are two new guard BIFs 'floor/1' and 'ceil/1'. They both return integers. In the 'math' module, there are two new BIFs with the same names that return floating point values.

Own Id: OTP-13692

Remove deprecated erlang:hash/2.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13827

Replaced usage of deprecated symbolic time unit representations.

Own Id: OTP-13831 Aux Id: OTP-13735

Added support in zlib for extraction of the inflation dictionary.

Own Id: OTP-13842

The previously used purge strategy has been removed. The optional purge strategy introduced in ERTS version 8.1 is now the only strategy available.

The new purge strategy is slightly incompatible with the old strategy. Previously processes holding funs that referred to the module being purged either failed a soft purge, or was killed during a hard purge. The new strategy completely ignores funs. If funs referring to the code being purged exist, and are used after a purge, an exception will be raised upon usage. That is, the behavior will be exactly the same as the case when a fun is received by a process after the purge.

For more information see the documentation of erlang:check_process_code/3.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13844 Aux Id: OTP-13833

Dirty schedulers are now enabled by default when the runtime system is built with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-13860

Improved ETS lookup/insert/delete speed for large set, bag and duplicate_bag by a significant reduction of the hash load factor. This speed improvement comes at the expense of less than one word per table entry. Tables with less than 256 entries are not affected at all.

Own Id: OTP-13903

The NIF library reload feature is not supported anymore. It has been marked as deprecated since OTP R15B. This means that you are only allowed to do one successful call to erlang:load_nif/2 for each module instance. A second call to erlang:load_nif/2 will return {error, {reload, _}} even if the NIF library implements the reload callback.

Runtime upgrade of a NIF library is still supported by using the Erlang module upgrade mechanics with a current and an old module instance existing at the same time with their corresponding NIF libraries.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13908

Add erlang:system_info(atom_count) and erlang:system_info(atom_limit) to provide a way to retrieve the current and maximum number of atoms.

Own Id: OTP-13976

The function fmod/2 has been added to the math module.

Own Id: OTP-14000

erlang:load_nif/2 returns new error type notsup when called for a HiPE compiled module, which is not supported.

Own Id: OTP-14002

Add driver and nif lock instrumentation to lcnt

Own Id: OTP-14069

Reduce memory pressure by converting sub-binaries to heap-binaries when possible. This is done during garbage collection.

Own Id: OTP-14149

Dirty schedulers are now enabled and supported on Erlang runtime systems with SMP support.

Besides support for dirty NIFs also support for dirty BIFs and dirty garbage collection have been introduced. All garbage collections that potentially will take a long time to complete are now performed on dirty schedulers if enabled.

erlang:statistics/1 with arguments inspecting scheduler and run queue states have been changed due to the dirty scheduler support. Code using this functionality may have to be rewritten taking these incompatibilities into consideration. Examples of such uses are calls to erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time), statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), statistics(total_active_tasks), etc.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-14152

Atoms may now contain arbitrary Unicode characters.

Own Id: OTP-14178

Introduce an event manager in Erlang to handle OS signals. A subset of OS signals may be subscribed to and those are described in the Kernel application.

Own Id: OTP-14186

The escript program now handles symbolic links to escripts.

This is useful for standalone systems with escripts residing on a bin directory not included in the execution path (as it may cause their erl program(s) to override the desired one). Instead the escripts can be referred to via symbolic links from a bin directory in the path.

Own Id: OTP-14201 Aux Id: PR-1293

All uses of the magic binary kludge has been replaced by uses of erlang references.

A magic binary was presented as an empty binary, but actually referred other data internally in the Erlang VM. Since they were presented as empty binaries, different magic binaries compared as equal, and also lost their internal data when passed out of an erlang node.

The new usage of references has not got any of these strange semantic issues, and the usage of these references has been optimized to give the same performance benefits as well as memory usage benefits as magic binaries had.

A couple of examples of previous uses of magic binaries are match specifications and NIF resources.

Own Id: OTP-14205

The non-smp emulators have been deprecated and are scheduled for removal in OTP-21.

In preparation for this, the threaded non-smp emulator is no longer built by default and has to be enabled using the --enable-plain-emulator to configure.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-14272

Allow HiPE to run on VM built with --enable-m32-build.

Own Id: OTP-14330 Aux Id: PR-1397

Upgraded the OTP internal PCRE library from version 8.33 to version 8.40. This library is used for implementation of the re regular expressions module.

Besides various bug fixes, the new version allows for better stack protection. In order to utilize this feature, the stack size of normal scheduler threads is now by default set to 128 kilo words on all platforms. The stack size of normal scheduler threads can be set upon system start by passing the +sss command line argument to the erl command.

See http://pcre.org/original/changelog.txt for information about changes made to PCRE between the versions 8.33 and 8.40.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-14331 Aux Id: ERL-208

Remove generation of atoms in old latin1 external format in the distribution between erlang nodes, erl_interface, and jinterface. The new utf8 format for atoms was introduced in OTP R16. An OTP 20 node can therefore not connect to nodes older than R16.

Atoms that can be encoded using latin1 are still encoded by term_to_binary() using latin1 encoding. Note that all atoms will by default be encoded using utf8 in a future Erlang/OTP release. For more information see the documentation of erlang:term_to_binary/2.

Own Id: OTP-14337

Added function re:version/0 which returns information about the OTP internal PCRE version used for implementation of the re module.

Own Id: OTP-14347 Aux Id: PR-1412

Added new debug bif erlang:list_to_port/1.

Own Id: OTP-14348

Various improvements of timer management internally in the VM. These improvements both reduced memory consumption of timer wheels as well as reduce the amount of work that has to be performed in order to handle timers.

Own Id: OTP-14356

Sockets can now be bound to device (SO_BINDTODEVICE) on platforms where it is supported.

This has been implemented e.g to support VRF-Lite under Linux; see VRF , and GitHub pull request #1326.

Own Id: OTP-14357 Aux Id: PR-1326

Added the following erl command line arguments with which you can set suggested stack for dirty schedulers:

+sssdcpu

for dirty CPU schedulers

+sssdio

for dirty IO schedulers

The default suggested stack size for dirty schedulers is 40 kilo words.

Own Id: OTP-14380

Changed erts startup program name, argv 0, to use the environment variable ESCRIPT_NAME so that erlc, dialyzer, typer, ct_run, or the escript name can be seen with external programs, such as ps and htop (depending on options), on unix.

Own Id: OTP-14381

Improvements of escript documentation.

Own Id: OTP-14384 Aux Id: OTP-14201

Add function enif_hash for NIFs to calculate hash values of arbitrary terms.

Own Id: OTP-14385 Aux Id: PR-1413

'./configure --enable-lock-counter' will enabling building of an additional emulator that has support for lock counting. (The option previously existed, but would turn on lock counting in the default emulator being built.) To start the lock-counting emulator, use 'erl -emu_type lcnt'.

On Windows, erl recognized the undocumented option -debug for starting a debug-compiled emulator. That option has been removed. Use 'erl -emu_type debug' instead.

Own Id: OTP-14407

Warnings have been added to the relevant documentation about not using un-secure distributed nodes in exposed environments.

Own Id: OTP-14425

Improvement of the documentation of the environment variable ERL_CRASH_DUMP_SECONDS as well as the default behavior when it is not set.

Own Id: OTP-14434

Enabled off-heap message queue for some system processes that might receive large amounts of messages.

Own Id: OTP-14438

ETS lock indexes have been replaced with the table name in LCNT results.

Own Id: OTP-14442 Aux Id: ERIERL-22

Introduced the new functions enif_whereis_pid() and enif_whereis_port().

Own Id: OTP-14453 Aux Id: PR-1400

Erts 8.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fixed a number of bugs that caused faulty stack-traces to be generated. The faulty stack traces were generated either when applying the following functions or tracing the following functions:

erlang:error/1 erlang:error/2 erlang:exit/1 erlang:throw/1

Own Id: OTP-14055

Corrected documentation about memory footprint for maps.

Own Id: OTP-14118

Fix process_info(Pid, current_stacktrace) to use stack depth limit set by system_flag(backtrace_depth). The old behavior was a hard coded depth limit of 8.

Own Id: OTP-14119 Aux Id: PR-1263

A process calling erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, block) could end up hanging forever in the call.

Own Id: OTP-14121

Dirty scheduler bug fixes:

Fixed call time tracing of process being scheduled on dirty scheduler.

GC info from dirty schedulers.

Multi scheduling block with dirty schedulers could crash the runtime system.

Process structures could be removed prematurely.

GC on dirty scheduler could crash the runtime system.

Termination of a process executing on a dirty scheduler could cause a runtime system crash.

Own Id: OTP-14122

Fixed crash that occurred when writing timer data to a crash dump.

Own Id: OTP-14133

A literal area could be removed while still referred from processes.

Own Id: OTP-14134

Fixed a bug in the garbage collector that could crash the runtime system.

Own Id: OTP-14135

Fixed a bug in call-time trace for NIFs which caused tracing to erroneously be started multiple times for one call.

Own Id: OTP-14136

Remove a debug printout and an unnecessary garbage collection when handling exceptions in hipe compiled code.

Own Id: OTP-14153

Fix bug in tracing of garbage collection that could cause VM crash. Bug exists since OTP 19.0.

Own Id: OTP-14154

Fix bug in binary_to_term for binaries created by term_to_binary with option compressed. The bug can cause badarg exception for a valid binary when Erlang VM is linked against a zlib library of version 1.2.9 or newer. Bug exists since OTP 17.0.

Own Id: OTP-14159 Aux Id: ERL-340

Fix suspension of schedulers when generating a crashdump.

Own Id: OTP-14164

NIF resources was not handled in a thread-safe manner in the runtime system without SMP support.

As a consequence of this fix, the following driver functions are now thread-safe also in the runtime system without SMP support:

driver_free_binary()

driver_realloc_binary()

driver_binary_get_refc()

driver_binary_inc_refc()

driver_binary_dec_refc()

Own Id: OTP-14202

Fix erlang:round/1 for large floating point numbers with an odd absolute value between (1 bsl 52) and (1 bsl 53). The result was falsely calculated as the next higher even number even though all integer values up to (1 bsl 53) can be represented as floats with full precision.

Own Id: OTP-14227

Add size of literals to module code size in crash dump and (l)oaded command in break menu like it used to be before OTP-19.0.

Own Id: OTP-14228

Fix potential bug in enif_send when called without a process context and with argument msg_env as NULL.

Own Id: OTP-14229

Fix bug where passing an appendable binary to erlang:port_control() could crash the emulator.

Own Id: OTP-14231

Receive expressions with timeout in the Erlang shell could cause a VM crash.

Own Id: OTP-14241 Aux Id: ERL-365

Improvements and New Features

A received SIGTERM signal to beam will generate a 'stop' message to the init process and terminate the Erlang VM nicely. This is equivalent to calling init:stop/0.

Own Id: OTP-14085

Workaround for buggy Android implementation of PTHREAD_STACK_MIN causing build of runtime system to crash on undeclared PAGE_SIZE.

Own Id: OTP-14165 Aux Id: ERL-319

Add configure option --without-thread-names that removes the naming of individual emulator threads.

Own Id: OTP-14234

Add warning in documentation of zlib:deflateInit/6 about option WindowsBits values 8 and -8.

Own Id: OTP-14254 Aux Id: ERL-362

Erts 8.1

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix bug for calls from hipe code to BIFs that disable GC while yielding. Has been causing Dialyzer crashes on ARM (and presumably all other non-intel platforms).

Own Id: OTP-13724 Aux Id: PR-1116

Fix a bug where changing the current working directory of the VM would not change the current working directory of programs spawned using erlang:open_port({spawn,""}, ...).

Own Id: OTP-13733 Aux Id: ERL-175

Fix a bug where disabling tracing from a process that had return_to tracing enabled and was tracing on erlang:trace/3 would cause a segmentation fault.

Own Id: OTP-13734

Update all erts documentation to use simpler English, use consistent terminology and be easier to navigate.

Own Id: OTP-13740

Add dirty schedulers to the microstate accounting statistics.

Own Id: OTP-13744

Fixed dirty scheduler build support on 32-bit windows.

Own Id: OTP-13759

inet:getstat(Socket) on an SCTP socket returned 0 for send stats. This bug has now been corrected. Reported by systra as issue ERL-102 on bugs.erlang.org.

Own Id: OTP-13773 Aux Id: ERL-102

AF_UNSPEC and unknown address families were misread by UDP receive in prim_inet resulting in an exception. This bug has now been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-13775

Sweep HiPE stack for literals during code purge.

Own Id: OTP-13777 Aux Id: PR-1122

Fix bug in run_erl for OpenBSD that could cause it on rare occations to exit without starting the program (erl) at all.

Own Id: OTP-13795

Update build scripts to not make assumtions about where env, cp and perl are located.

Own Id: OTP-13800

Fixed a bug where init:stop could deadlock if a process with infinite shutdown timeout (e.g. a supervisor) attempted to load code while terminating.

Own Id: OTP-13802

Fixed a segmentation fault on sparc CPUs when free'ing a tracer module's state.

Own Id: OTP-13803

funs was not properly handled during purge of a module. This could cause a crash of the VM after a purge of a module.

Own Id: OTP-13809

Fixed a memory leak when the process monitoring a port crashed.

Own Id: OTP-13818

Fixed multiple dirty scheduler related tracing bugs.

Own Id: OTP-13822

Fix error handling in beam code runtime loader for a number of cases when index and size fields got corrupted (negative) values.

Own Id: OTP-13848 Aux Id: ERL-216

Minor fix of dirty scheduler implementation.

Own Id: OTP-13852

Calls to erl_drv_send_term() or erl_drv_output_term() from a non-scheduler thread while the corresponding port was invalid caused the emulator to enter an inconsistent state which eventually caused an emulator crash.

Own Id: OTP-13866

Fix a rare race condition in erlang:open_port({spawn, ""}, ...) that would result in the erl_child_setup program aborting and cause the emulator to exit.

Own Id: OTP-13868

Driver and NIF operations accessing processes or ports could cause an emulator crash when used from non-scheduler threads. Those operations are:

erl_drv_send_term() driver_send_term() erl_drv_output_term() driver_output_term() enif_send() enif_port_command()

Own Id: OTP-13869

Fix start scripts generation dependency in Makefile

Own Id: OTP-13871 Aux Id: ERL-241

The VM could crash if erlang:get_stacktrace() was called after a rescheduled NIF had thrown an exception.

Own Id: OTP-13877

Calling code:delete/1 before a loading a module with an on_load function, the old code would be overwritten, causing a memory or a crash if NIFs were involved. (Thanks to vans163 for reporting this bug.)

Own Id: OTP-13893 Aux Id: ERL-240

Improvements and New Features

Improved accuracy of timeouts on MacOS X. This by setting premature timeouts followed by a short actual timeout during scheduler wait.

Own Id: OTP-13698

Added the following symbolic time unit representations to the erlang:time_unit() type:

second millisecond microsecond nanosecond

The following symbolic time unit representations are now deprecated, but still part of the erlang:time_unit() type:

seconds milli_seconds micro_seconds nano_seconds

Own Id: OTP-13735

Fix maps hashing entropy of maps with maps keys.

Own Id: OTP-13763 Aux Id: ERL-199

Improved dirty scheduler support. A purge of a module can now be performed without having to wait for completion of all ongoing dirty NIF calls.

Note that when enabling support for dirty schedulers, a new purge strategy will as of ERTS version 8.1 be enabled. This new strategy is not fully backwards compatible with the strategy used by default. For more information see the documentation of erlang:check_process_code/3.

Own Id: OTP-13808 Aux Id: OTP-13833

A new purge strategy has been introduced. The new strategy will by default be disabled during the OTP 19 release, but will be the only strategy available as of the OTP 20 release.

The new strategy is slightly incompatible with the strategy being used by default in OTP 19. Using the default strategy, processes holding funs that refer to the module being purged either fail a soft purge, or will be killed during a hard purge. The new strategy completely ignores funs. If funs referring to the code being purged exist, and are used after a purge, an exception will be raised upon usage. That is, the behavior will be exactly the same as the case when a fun is received by a process after the purge.

The new strategy can optionally be enabled when building OTP during OTP 19, and will automatically be enabled if the runtime system is built with support for dirty schedulers.

For more information see the documentation of erlang:check_process_code/3.

Own Id: OTP-13833

Fixed unnecessary overestimation of heap size need during garbage collection.

Own Id: OTP-13851

Erts 8.0

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

The handling of on_load functions has been improved. The major improvement is that if a code upgrade fails because the on_load function fails, the previous version of the module will now be retained.

Own Id: OTP-12593

is_builtin(erlang, apply, 3) will now return true.

Own Id: OTP-13034

Fix enif_get_list_length to return false if list is improper or have length larger than UINT_MAX (did return true and an incorrect length value).

Own Id: OTP-13288 Aux Id: PR913

Cleanup hipe signal handling code for x86 and make it more portable.

Own Id: OTP-13341 Aux Id: PR951

Make file:datasync use fsync instead of fdatasync on Mac OSX.

Own Id: OTP-13411

Make sure to create a crash dump when running out of memory. This was accidentally removed in the erts-7.3 release.

Own Id: OTP-13419

A bug has been fixed where if erlang was started +B on a unix platform it would be killed by a SIGUSR2 signal when creating a crash dump.

Own Id: OTP-13425

Fix race between process_flag(trap_exit,true) and a received exit signal.

A process could terminate due to exit signal even though process_flag(trap_exit,true) had returned. A very specific timing between call to process_flag/2 and exit signal from another scheduler was required for this to happen.

Own Id: OTP-13452

Don't search for non-existing Map keys twice

For maps:get/2,3 and maps:find/2, searching for an immediate key, e.g. an atom, in a small map, the search was performed twice if the key did not exist.

Own Id: OTP-13459

When an abnormally large distribution message is about to be sent, the VM has been changed to create a crash dump instead of a core dump.

Own Id: OTP-13474

Fix erlang:process_info/2 type specification

Own Id: OTP-13485 Aux Id: ERL-123

Fix bug in open_port/2 with option {args, List}. A vm crash could be caused by an improper List.

Own Id: OTP-13489 Aux Id: ERL-127

Fixed a race-condition bug where the emulator could crash when erlang:system_profile/1,2 was enabled and a process had to be re-scheduled during termination.

Own Id: OTP-13494 Aux Id: ERL-126

Fixed bugs where the reduction counter was not handled correct.

Own Id: OTP-13512

Fixed typo in description of the EPMD_DUMP_REQ response.

Own Id: OTP-13517

Fixed a bug where a process flagged as sensitive would sometimes record its save_calls when it shouldn't.

Own Id: OTP-13540

Update configure scripts to not use hard-coded path for /bin/pwd and /bin/rm.

Own Id: OTP-13562

When passing a larger binary than the outputv callback of a linked-in driver can handle in one io vector slot, the binary is now split into multiple slots in the io vector. This change only effects system where the max size of an io vector slot is smaller then the word size of the system (e.g. Windows).

This change means that it is now possible on Windows to send binaries that are larger than 4GB to port_command, which is what is used for file:write, gen_tcp:send etc.

Own Id: OTP-13628

Workaround of Maps output in crashdumps. Currently the atom 'undefined' is generated instead of Map data if a Map type is encountered during crash.

Own Id: OTP-13657

Improvements and New Features

The tracing support has been extended to allow a tracer module to be the trace event handler instead of a process or port. The tracer module makes it possible for trace tools to filter or manipulate trace event data without the trace event first having to be copied from the traced process or port.

With the introduction of this feature, erlang:trace(all|existing, _, _) now also returns the tracer process as part of the number of processes on which tracing is enabled. The is incompatible with the previous releases.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10267

Introduce LTTng tracing of Erlang Runtime System

For LTTng to be enabled OTP needs to be built with configure option --with-dynamic-trace=lttng.

This feature introduces tracepoints for schedulers, drivers, memory carriers, memory and async thread pool.

For a list of all tracepoints, see Runtime Tools User's Guide .

Own Id: OTP-10282

Make it possible to monitor/demonitor ports using the erlang:monitor/2 API. The process and port information functions have also been updated to include information about monitors from processes to ports.

Own Id: OTP-11384

Add microstate accounting

Microstate accounting is a way to track which state the different threads within ERTS are in. The main usage area is to pin point performance bottlenecks by checking which states the threads are in and then from there figuring out why and where to optimize.

Since checking whether microstate accounting is on or off is relatively expensive only a few of the states are enabled by default and more states can be enabled through configure.

There is a convenience module called msacc that has been added to runtime_tools that can assist in gathering and interpreting the data from Microstate accounting.

For more information see erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting, _) and the msacc module in runtime_tools.

Own Id: OTP-12345

The port of Erlang/OTP to the real-time operating system OSE has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-12573

Sharing preserved copy for messages and exit signals

Enable sharing preserved copy with configure option --enable-sharing-preserving. This will preserve sharing, within the process, when communication with other processes in the Erlang node. There is a trade-off, the copy is more costly but this cost can be reclaimed if there is a lot of sharing in the message. In addition literals will not be copied in a send except during a purge phase of the module where the literals are located. This feature is considered experimental in 19.0.

Own Id: OTP-12590 Aux Id: OTP-10251

Halfword BEAM has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-12883

Added os:perf_counter/1.

The perf_counter is a very very cheap and high resolution timer that can be used to timestamp system events. It does not have monoticity guarantees, but should on most OS's expose a monotonous time.

Own Id: OTP-12908

Support for a fragmented young heap generation. That is, the young heap generation can consist of multiple non continuous memory areas. The main reason for this change is to avoid extra copying of messages that could not be allocated directly on the receivers heap.

Own Id: OTP-13047

Erlang linked-in driver can now force the call to open_port to block until a call to erl_drv_init_ack is made inside the driver. This is useful when you want to do some asynchronous initialization, for example getting configuration from a pipe, and you want the initial open_port call to fail if the configuration is incomplete or wrong. See the erl_driver documentation for more details on the API.

Own Id: OTP-13086

Erlang linked-in drivers can now set their own pids as seen in erlang:port_info/1 by using the erl_drv_set_pid function. For more details see the erl_driver documentation.

Own Id: OTP-13087

The functionality behind erlang:open_port/2 when called with spawn or spawn_executable has been redone so that the forking of the new program is done in a separate process called erl_child_setup. This allows for a much more robust implementation that uses less memory and does not block the entire emulator if the program to be started is on an un-accessible NFS. Benchmarks have shown this approach to be about 3-5 times as fast as the old approach where the fork/vfork was done by erts. This is a pure stability and performance fix, however some error messages may have changed, which is why it is marked as a backwards incompatible change.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13088

Improved yielding strategy in the implementation of the following native functions:

erlang:binary_to_list/1 erlang:binary_to_list/3 erlang:bitstring_to_list/1 erlang:list_to_binary/1 erlang:iolist_to_binary/1 erlang:list_to_bitstring/1 binary:list_to_bin/1

This in order to improve performance of these functions.

Own Id: OTP-13096

All garbage collections of processes now bump reductions. Also the amount of reductions bumped when garbage collecting has been adjusted. It now better corresponds to the amount of work performed. This in order to improve the real time characteristics of the system.

Own Id: OTP-13097

New functions that can load multiple modules at once have been added to the 'code' module. The functions are code:atomic_load/1, code:prepare_loading/1, code:finish_loading/1, and code:ensure_modules_loaded/1.

Own Id: OTP-13111

The -boot_var option for erl now only supports a single key and single value (as documented). The option used to allow multiple key/value pairs, but that behavior was undocumented.

The function erl_prim_loader:start/3 has been removed. Its documentation has also been removed.

The undocumented and unsupported function erl_prim_loader:get_files/2 has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-13112

Low level BIF erlang:purge_module/1 is made more robust against incorrect use. Lingering processes that still refer the old code are now killed before the module is purged to prevent fatal VM behavior.

Own Id: OTP-13122

Improved dirty scheduler implementation. For more information see the NIF documentation.

The dirty scheduler support is still experimental.

The support for determining whether dirty NIF support exist or not at compile time using the C preprocessor macro ERL_NIF_DIRTY_SCHEDULER_SUPPORT has been removed.

The enif_is_on_dirty_scheduler() function has been removed. Use enif_thread_type() instead.

Own Id: OTP-13123

Various optimizations done to process dictionary access.

Own Id: OTP-13167

Added max_heap_size process flag. max_heap_size allows the user to limit the maximum heap used by a process. See erlang:process_flag for more details.

Own Id: OTP-13174

Allow dynamic drivers and NIF libraries to be built with gcc option -fvisibility=hidden for faster loading and more optimized code.

Own Id: OTP-13227

Add erlang:process_info(Pid, garbage_collection_info) which returns extended garbage_collection information. For more details see the documentation.

Own Id: OTP-13265

The functions erlang:list_to_integer/1 and string:to_integer/1 have been optimized for large inputs.

Own Id: OTP-13293

Improved memory allocation strategy for hipe native code on x86_64 (amd64) architectures by reserving enough low virtual address space needed for the HiPE/AMD64 small code model. The default virtual address area for hipe code is set to 512Mb, but can be changed with emulator flag +MXscs.

Own Id: OTP-13359

Introduction of configurable management of data referred to by the message queue of a process. Each process can be configured individually.

It is now possible to configure the message queue of a process, so that all data referred by it will be kept outside of the heap, and by this prevent this data from being part of garbage collections.

For more information see the documentation of process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).

Own Id: OTP-13366 Aux Id: OTP-13047

Processes now yield when scanning large message queues and not finding a matching message. This in order to improve real time characteristics.

Own Id: OTP-13401

Optimized an erts internal function that is used to traverse erlang terms. The internal function was mainly used by term_to_binary and comparison of terms. Benchmarks have shown up to a 10% performance increase in those functions after the optimization.

Own Id: OTP-13440

Add the following NIF API functions:

enif_cpu_time enif_now_time enif_make_unique_integer enif_is_process_alive enif_is_port_alive enif_term_to_binary enif_binary_to_term enif_port_command

For details of what each function does, see the erl_nif documentation.

Own Id: OTP-13442

Optimize '++' operator and lists:append/2 by using a single pass to build a new list while checking for properness.

Own Id: OTP-13487

Handle terms (pids,ports and refs) from nodes with a 'creation' value larger than 3. This is a preparation of the distribution protocol to allow OTP 19 nodes to correctly communicate with future nodes (20 or higher). The 'creation' value differentiates different incarnations of the same node (name).

Own Id: OTP-13488

Don't send unasked for systemd notifications in epmd

Own Id: OTP-13493 Aux Id: PR-999

The enif_send API has been extended to allow NULL to be used as the message environment. When used this way, a message environment is implicitly created and the given term is copied into that environment before sending. This can be an optimization if many small messages are being sent by the nif.

Own Id: OTP-13495

The tracing support has been extended to allow tracing on ports. Ports can be traced on using the 'ports', 'send' and 'receive' trace flags.

The first argument of erlang:trace/3 has been extended so that 'all', 'existing' and 'new' now include both processes and ports. New Tracee variants, 'all_processes', 'all_ports', 'existing_processes' etc have been added to specify only processes or ports.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13496

When the 'procs' trace flag is enabled, a 'spawned' trace event is now also generated by a newly created process. The previous event 'spawn' remains, but as it is generated by the process that did the spawn, it is not guaranteed that it is ordered with other trace events from the newly spawned process. So when tracking the lifetime of a process this new event should be used as the creation event.

This new trace event is marked as an incompatibility because tools that expect certain trace events when enabling 'procs' will have to updated.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13497

Add the erlang:match_spec_test/3 function. The functions allows the testing of match specifications for both tracing and ets tables. It can be used to test that a match specification does the expected filtering on specific data. It also returns more verbose error reasons for incorrectly constructed match specifications.

Own Id: OTP-13501

The erts internal tracing support has been changed to have much less overhead and be more scalable.

This rewrite does not break any backwards incompatibilities, but it does change the ordering of some trace messages when compared to previous releases. It should be noted that this only applies to trace messages sent to processes or ports, it does not apply to the new tracer module. However in future releases they may also be effected by this.

Trace messages are only guaranteed to be ordered from one traced process or port. In previous releases this was not visible as a 'send' trace message would always arrive before the corresponding 'receive' trace message that is no longer always the case. This also means that timestamped trace messages may seem to arrive out of order as the timestamp is taken when the event is triggered and not when it is put in the queue of the tracer.

Own Id: OTP-13503

Add possibility to filter send and receive trace with match specifications.

Own Id: OTP-13507

Add maps:update_with/3,4 and maps:take/2

Own Id: OTP-13522 Aux Id: PR-1025

Introduce LTTng tracing via Erlang tracing.

For LTTng to be enabled OTP needs to be built with configure option --with-dynamic-trace=lttng.

The dynamic trace module dyntrace is now capable to be used as a LTTng sink for Erlang tracing. For a list of all tracepoints, see Runtime Tools User's Guide .

This feature also introduces an incompatible change in trace tags. The trace tags gc_start and gc_end has been split into gc_minor_start, gc_minor_end and gc_major_start, gc_major_end.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-13532

Print heap pointers for garbing processes during crashdump

Own Id: OTP-13541 Aux Id: PR-1026

Changed and improved low level memory statistics returned by erlang:system_info/1. The info for erts_mmap has been moved from mseg_alloc to its own section returned by {allocator, erts_mmap}.

Own Id: OTP-13560

Add enif_snprintf to the NIF API

The function enif_snprintf is similar to snprintf call but can handle formatting of Erlang terms via %T format specifier.

Own Id: OTP-13580

The warning in the documentation for erlang:raise/3 has been removed. It is now officially perfectly fine to use raise/3 in production code.

Own Id: OTP-13599

Fix bugs caused by the VM sometimes truncating object sizes or offsets to 32 bits on 64-bit hosts. These bugs were mainly found when working with large unicode strings and nifs environments.

Own Id: OTP-13606

Add -start_epmd command line option, this lets you disable automatic starting of epmd when starting a distributed node.

Add -epmd_module command line option, this lets you specify a module to register and look-up node names in. The default module is erl_epmd.

Own Id: OTP-13627

erlang:halt now truncates strings longer than 200 characters instead of failing with badarg.

Own Id: OTP-13630

Fix possible race in poller wake up on windows

Own Id: OTP-13634

Erts 7.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

The '-path' flag to 'erl' has been documented. This flag replaces the path specified in the boot script. It has always existed, but was earlier only documented in SASL (script).

Own Id: OTP-13060

The call_time tracing functionality internally used a time based on OS system time in order to measure call time which could cause erroneous results if OS system time was changed during tracing.

This functionality now use Erlang monotonic time in order to measure time. Besides fixing the erroneous results due to OS system time being used, the results are often also better since Erlang monotonic time often has better accuracy and precision.

Own Id: OTP-13216

Fix behaviour of -delay_write command line switch of epmd, which is used for debugging - in some cases epmd was sleeping twice the requested amount of time.

Own Id: OTP-13220

Fix race between timeout and exit signal that could cause a process to ignore the exit signal and continue execution. Bug exist since OTP 18.0.

Own Id: OTP-13245

Fix bug in erlang:halt/1,2 for large exit status values, causing either badarg (on 32-bit) or exit with a crash dump and/or core dump (on 64-bit). Make erlang:halt/1,2 tolerate any non negative integer as exit status and truncate high order bits if the OS does not support it.

Own Id: OTP-13251 Aux Id: ERL-49

gen_tcp:accept/2 was not time warp safe. This since it used the same time as returned by erlang:now/0 when calculating timeout. This has now been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-13254 Aux Id: OTP-11997, OTP-13222

Fix faulty error handling when writing to a compressed file.

Own Id: OTP-13270

Fix sendfile usage for large files on FreeBSD

Own Id: OTP-13271

Fix bug that could cause process_info(P,current_location) to crash emulator for hipe compiled modules.

Own Id: OTP-13282 Aux Id: ERL-79

Out of memory errors have been changed to cause an exit instead of abort.

Own Id: OTP-13292

When calling garbage_collect/[1,2] or check_process_code/[2,3] from a process with a higher priority than the priority of the process operated on, the run queues could end up in an inconsistent state. This bug has now been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-13298 Aux Id: OTP-11388

A workaround for an issue with older gcc versions (less than 5) and inline assembly on 32-bit x86 caused an emulator crash when it had been compiled with a newer gcc version. An improved configure test, run when building OTP, now detects whether the workaround should be used or not.

Own Id: OTP-13326 Aux Id: ERL-80

Improvements and New Features

Introduced new statistics functionality in order to more efficiently retrieve information about run able and active processes and ports. For more information see:

statistics(total_run_queue_lengths) statistics(run_queue_lengths) statistics(total_active_tasks) statistics(active_tasks)

Own Id: OTP-13201

Time warp safety improvements.

Introduced the options monotonic_timestamp, and strict_monotonic_timestamp to the trace, sequential trace, and system profile functionality. This since the already existing timestamp option is not time warp safe.

Introduced the option safe_fixed_monotonic_time to ets:info/2 and dets:info/2. This since the already existing safe_fixed option is not time warp safe.

Own Id: OTP-13222 Aux Id: OTP-11997

Fix a register race where down nodes goes undetected in epmd

Own Id: OTP-13301

Improved the gcc inline assembly implementing double word atomic compare and exchange on x86/x86_64 so that it also can be used when compiling with clang.

Own Id: OTP-13336

An optimization preventing a long wait for a scheduler thread looking up information about a process executing on another scheduler thread had unintentionally been lost in erts-5.10 (OTP R16A). This optimization has now been reintroduced.

Own Id: OTP-13365 Aux Id: OTP-9892

Erts 7.0

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix issuing with spaces and quoting in the arguments when using erlang:open_port spawn_executable on windows. The behavior now mimics how unix works. This change implies a backwards incompatibility for how spawn_executable works on windows.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11905

Fix global call trace when hipe compiled code call beam compiled functions. Tracing of beam functions should now alway work regardless who the caller is.

Own Id: OTP-11939

Correct cache alignment for ETS write_concurrency locks to improve performance by reduced false sharing. May increase memory footprint for tables with write_concurrency.

Own Id: OTP-11974

All possibly blocking operations in the fd/spawn and terminal driver have been converted to non-blocking operations. Before this fix it was possible for the VM to be blocked for a long time if the entity consuming stdout/stderr did not consume it fast enough.

Own Id: OTP-12239

Add missing overhead for offheap binaries created from external format. This fix can improve the garbage collection of large binaries originating from binary_to_term or messages from remote nodes.

Own Id: OTP-12554

Ensure hashing of zero is consistent

Erlang treats positive and negative zero as equal:

true = 0.0 =:= 0.0/-1

However, Erlangs hash functions: hash, phash and phash2 did not reflect this behaviour. The hash values produced by the different hash functions would not be identical for positive and negative zero.

This change ensures that hash value of positive zero is always produced regardless of the signedness of the zero float, i.e.,

true = erlang:phash2(0.0) =:= erlang:phash2(0.0/-1)

Own Id: OTP-12641

Ensure NIF term creation disallows illegal floating point values and too long atoms. Such values will cause a NIF to throw badarg exception when it returns.

Own Id: OTP-12655

Fixed building of Map results from match_specs

A faulty "box-value" entered into the heap which could cause a segmentation fault in the garbage collector if it was written on a heap fragment.

Own Id: OTP-12656

Fix hipe bug when matching a "writable" binary. The bug has been seen to sometimes cause a failed binary matching of a correct utf8 character, but other symptoms are also possible.

Own Id: OTP-12667

Keep dirty schedulers from waking other schedulers.

Own Id: OTP-12685

Disable floating point exceptions if the VM is compiled by clang/llvm. This is a known long-standing problem in clang/llvm.

Own Id: OTP-12717

Fix bug in file:sendfile for FreeBSD causing not the entire file to be sent.

Own Id: OTP-12720

Fix the broken Android support in erl_child_setup.c

Own Id: OTP-12751

Faulty statistics reported by the fix_alloc allocator.

Own Id: OTP-12766

Fix two erts_snprintf() calls to correct sizes.

- run_erl.c (ose): Use the size of the signal type, not its pointer. - erl_node_tables.c: Use the size of the _BUFFER in erts_snprintf() to make sure we can use the full space.

Own Id: OTP-12771

Delayed memory allocations could be delayed an unnecessarily long time.

Own Id: OTP-12812

Make sure that timeouts on a pool of acceptors are released in the correct order.

Own Id: OTP-12817

Fix segmentation fault in module_info for deleted modules

Own Id: OTP-12820

Fix garbage collection of literals in code purge

During code purging and check_process_code, the checking of the binary reference embedded in the match binary state was omitted for the tracing tests. This would cause the binary match state to reference deallocated memory.

Own Id: OTP-12821

A bug has been corrected for gen_tcp:close so when {linger,{true,0}} is in effect it does not wait for data in the driver queue to transfer out before closing the port. Bug fix by Rory Byrne.

Own Id: OTP-12840

The documentation of the driver callback start() erroneously stated that a return value of ERL_DRV_ERROR_ERRNO caused the error value to be passed via erl_errno when it should have been errno.

Own Id: OTP-12855

Improvements and New Features

Add md5 and module entries to ?MODULE:module_info/0/1 and remove obsolete entry 'import'.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11940

Debug function erlang:display/1 shows content of binaries and bitstrings, not only the length.

Own Id: OTP-11941

The time functionality of Erlang has been extended. This both includes a new API for time, as well as time warp modes which alters the behavior of the system when system time changes. You are strongly encouraged to use the new API instead of the old API based on erlang:now/0. erlang:now/0 has been deprecated since it is and forever will be a scalability bottleneck. For more information see the Time and Time Correction chapter of the ERTS User's Guide.

Besides the API changes and time warp modes a lot of scalability and performance improvements regarding time management has been made internally in the runtime system. Examples of such improvements are scheduler specific timer wheels, scheduler specific BIF timer management, parallel retrieval of monotonic time and system time on systems with primitives that are not buggy.

Own Id: OTP-11997

erlang:function_exported(M, F, A) will now return true if M:F/A refers to a BIF.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12099

New BIF: erlang:get_keys/0, lists all keys associated with the process dictionary. Note: erlang:get_keys/0 is auto-imported.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12151 Aux Id: seq12521

Make distributed send of large messages yield to improve real-time characteristics.

Own Id: OTP-12232

Use high accuracy poll timeouts

Where available, use poll/select API's that can handle time resolutions less than 1ms. In the cases where such API's are not available the timeout is rounded up to the nearest ms.

Own Id: OTP-12236

The internal group to user_drv protocol has been changed to be synchronous in order to guarantee that output sent to a process implementing the user_drv protocol is printed before replying. This protocol is used by the standard_output device and the ssh application when acting as a client.

This change changes the previous unlimited buffer when printing to standard_io and other devices that end up in user_drv to 1KB.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12240

The previously introduced "eager check I/O" feature is now enabled by default.

Eager check I/O can be disabled using the erl command line argument: +secio false

Characteristics impact compared to previous default:

Lower latency and smoother management of externally triggered I/O operations. A slightly reduced priority of externally triggered I/O operations.

Own Id: OTP-12254 Aux Id: OTP-12117

Properly support maps in match_specs

Own Id: OTP-12270

The notice that a crashdump has been written has been moved to be printed before the crashdump is generated instead of afterwords. The wording of the notice has also been changed.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12292

New function ets:take/2. Works the same as ets:delete/2 but also returns the deleted object(s).

Own Id: OTP-12309

Tracing with cpu_timestamp option has been enabled on Linux.

Own Id: OTP-12366

ets:info/1,2 now contains information about whether write_concurrency or read_concurrency is enabled.

Own Id: OTP-12376

Improved usage of gcc's builtins for atomic memory access. These are used when no other implementation of atomic memory operations is available. For example, when compiling for ARM when libatomic_ops is not available.

The largest improvement will be seen when compiling with a gcc with support for the __atomic_* builtins (using a gcc of at least version 4.7), but also when only the legacy __sync_* builtins are available (using a gcc of at least version 4.1) an improvement can be seen.

For more information see the "Atomic Memory Operations and the VM" section of $ERL_TOP/HOWTO/INSTALL.md.

Own Id: OTP-12383

Introduce math:log2/1 function to math module.

Own Id: OTP-12411

The documentation of the Abstract Format (in the ERTS User's Guide) has been updated with types and specification. (Thanks to Anthony Ramine.)

The explicit representation of parentheses used in types of the abstract format has been removed. Instead the new functions erl_parse:type_inop_prec() and erl_parse:type_preop_prec() can be used for inserting parentheses where needed.

Own Id: OTP-12492

Remove perfctr support

Development of perfctr in the linux kernel ceased in 2010. The perfctr support code in the Erlang VM is thus effectively dead code and therefor removed.

Own Id: OTP-12508

zlib:inflateChunk/2 has been added. It works like zlib:inflate/2, but decompresses no more data than will fit in the buffer configured by zlib:setBufSize/2.

Own Id: OTP-12548

Use linear search for small select_val arrays

Own Id: OTP-12555

New BIF ets:update_counter/4 with a default object as argument, which will be inserted in the table if the key was not found.

Own Id: OTP-12563

Export missing types from zlib module

Own Id: OTP-12584

Use persistent hashmaps for large Maps

Maps will use a persistent hashmap implementation when the number of pairs in a Map becomes sufficiently large. The change will occur when a Map reaches 33 pairs in size but this limit might change in the future.

The most significant impact for the user by this change is speed, and to a lesser degree memory consumption and introspection of Maps. Memory consumption size is probalistic but lesser than gb_trees or dict for instance. Any other impacts will be transparent for the user except for the following changes.

Semantics of Maps have changed in two incompatible ways compared to the experimental implementation in OTP 17:

Hashing of maps is done different by erlang:phash2/1,2, erlang:phash/1 and erlang:hash/2. Comparing two maps with ==, /=, =<, <, >= and >, is done different if the keys contain floating point numbers.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12585

Scalability improvement for erlang:make_ref/0, and other functionality that create references. Each scheduler now manage its own set of references. By this no communication at all is needed when creating references.

Previous implementation generated a strictly monotonically increasing sequence of references corresponding to creation time on the runtime system instance. This is not the case with current implementation. You can only expect reference to be unique. The Erlang/OTP documentation has never mentioned anything else but the uniqueness property, so this change is fully compatible. The only reason we've marked this as a potential incompatibility is since an early draft for an Erlang specification mentions strict monotonicity as a property.

If you need to create data with a strict monotonicity property use erlang:unique_integer([monotonic]). Do not use the deprecated erlang:now().

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12610

Enable different abort signal from heart

By using environment variable HEART_KILL_SIGNAL, heart can now use a different signal to kill the old running Erlang.

By default the signal is SIGKILL but SIGABRT may also be used by setting environment variable: HEART_KILL_SIGNAL=SIGABRT

Own Id: OTP-12613 Aux Id: seq12826

Update autconf to latest version 2015-03-04

Own Id: OTP-12646

Optimization of timers internally in the VM. This include process timers (receive ... after), port timers (driver_set_timer()) as well as BIF timers (erlang:send_after()/erlang:start_timer()).

Each scheduler thread now has its own lock-free timer service instead of one locked central service. This dramatically improves performance of timer management on systems with a large amount of schedulers and timers.

The timer service internal data structure has also been optimized to be able to handle more timers than before. That is, each timer service is by its self able to handle more timers without dramatic performance loss than the old centralized timer service.

The API of BIF timers has also been extended. Timeout values are for example no longer limited to 32-bit integers. For more information see the documentation of erlang:start_timer/4, erlang:send_after/4, erlang:cancel_timer/2, and erlang:read_timer/2.

Characteristics impact: Calls to the synchronous versions of erlang:cancel_timer(), and erlang:read_timer() may take substantially longer time to complete than before. This occur when the timer that is accessed is managed by a remote scheduler. You typically want to use the new asynchronous option in order to avoid blocking the calling process.

Own Id: OTP-12650 Aux Id: OTP-11997

Specialize instructions from common assembler patterns

Specialize common instructions of rem, band, minus and plus in the beam loader. This will reduce the number of fetches and thus lessen the instruction dispatch pressure during runtime and speed up those operations in some common cases.

Specialize move patterns from x-registers to the stack with a new move_window instruction. This change will reduce instruction dispatch pressure.

Own Id: OTP-12690

Fix cross compilation for Android.

Own Id: OTP-12693

Fix incorrect use of autoconf macro AC_EGREP_CPP, which could cause faulty configuration if run from a path containing the string 'yes'.

Own Id: OTP-12706

Minimal Java version is now 1.6

Own Id: OTP-12715

Send format and args on process exit to error_logger

Previously, the emulator would generate a whole string with values and call the error_logger passing "~s~n". This changes it to a format string containing ~p with the respective values as arguments.

Own Id: OTP-12735

Map error logger warnings to warning messages by default.

Own Id: OTP-12755

Configure architecture ppc64le architecture as a ppc64

Own Id: OTP-12761

Add function enif_raise_exception to allow a NIF to raise an error exception with any type of reason.

Own Id: OTP-12770

Optimized node table statistics retrieval.

Own Id: OTP-12777

Map beam error logger warnings to warning messages by default. Previously these messages were mapped to the error channel by default.

Own Id: OTP-12781

gen_tcp:shutdown/2 is now asynchronous

This solves the following problems with the old implementation:

It doesn't block when the TCP peer is idle or slow. This is the expected behaviour when shutdown() is called: the caller needs to be able to continue reading from the socket, not be prevented from doing so.

It doesn't truncate the output. The current version of gen_tcp:shutdown/2 will truncate any outbound data in the driver queue after about 10 seconds if the TCP peer is idle of slow. Worse yet, it doesn't even inform anyone that the data has been truncated: 'ok' is returned to the caller; and a FIN rather than an RST is sent to the TCP peer.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12797

Introduced delayed node table GC. This in order to avoid oscillation of entries in and out of the tables. The oscillation caused unnecessary lock contention on the table locks. The delay length can be set by passing the +zdntgc command line argument.

Characteristics impact: The tables can grow to very large sizes with unused entries if the node is get huge amounts of short lived connections from other nodes. This problem can be alleviated by shortening the length of the delay using the +zdntgc command line argument.

Own Id: OTP-12802

Improved implementation of erlang:statistics(io) in order to reduce contention between schedulers.

Characteristics impact: The actual call to erlang:statistics(io) takes longer time to complete, but the overall impact on the system is improved.

Own Id: OTP-12842

There are many cases where user code needs to be able to distinguish between a socket that was closed normally and one that was aborted. Setting the option {show_econnreset, true} enables the user to receive ECONNRESET errors on both active and passive sockets.

Own Id: OTP-12843

Do not preallocate too large event pool

A default pool size of 4000 is too excessive for the common case. This corresponds directly to the number of threads in the system. Change ERTS_TS_EV_ALLOC_DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE to 2048. Change ERTS_TS_EV_ALLOC_POOL_SIZE to 32.

Own Id: OTP-12849

Erts 6.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix HiPE debug lock checking on OS X 64bit

Position-independent code is mandatory on OS X. We use r11 as an intermediate register to fill BIF_P->hipe.bif_callee. This fixes the following error when doing `make debug FLAVOR=smp`:

clang -cc1as: fatal error: error in backend: 32-bit absolute addressing is not supported in 64-bit mode

Own Id: OTP-12188

Fix race bug that could cause VM crash in erlang:port_get_data/1 if the port was closed by a concurrent process. Also fix fatal bug if port_set_data/2 is called with a non-immediate data term. Both bugs exist since R16B01.

Own Id: OTP-12208

Correct make variable SSL_DED_LD_RUNTIME_LIBRARY_PATH when erl_xcomp_sysroot ends with a slash.

Own Id: OTP-12216 Aux Id: seq12700

Fix two cases of unreachable code caused by false use of assigment operators.

Own Id: OTP-12222

Fix bug when hipe compiled code makes tail call to a BIF that disables GC while trapping (sush as binary_to_list, list_to_binary, binary_to_term, term_to_binary).

Own Id: OTP-12231

Fix bug when a migrated empty memory carrier is reused just before it should be destroyed by the thread that created it.

Own Id: OTP-12249

Prevents compile-time errors in NIFs, when the compiler is instructed to treat missing field initializers as errors, by adding an initializer for the new options field which was added to ErlNifEntry for 17.3.

Own Id: OTP-12266

Fixed CPU topology detection on FreeBSD systems where Erlang/OTP is compiled by new C compilers (including, but possibly not limited to, gcc 4.9 and clang).

Own Id: OTP-12267

Use C99 function isfinite() instead of finite() when available on non GCC compilers.

Own Id: OTP-12268

Fix bug on windows where an incorrect number of links could be returned when doing file:read_file_info on a directory.

Own Id: OTP-12269

Fix rare bug when purging module on VM started with +Meamin.

Own Id: OTP-12273

Repair run_erl terminal window size adjustment sent from to_erl. This was broken in OTP 17.0 which could lead to strange cursor behaviour in the to_erl shell.

Own Id: OTP-12275 Aux Id: seq12739

Fixed bug on windows causing gen_tcp/udp to return an error when given an fd to work with.

Own Id: OTP-12289

Fix various internal erts issues where negating a signed integer in C would trigger undefined behavior. This fixes issues when dividing with bignums and list_to_integer.

Own Id: OTP-12290

When flushing output to stdout on windows, the emulator could sometimes hang indefinitely waiting for the flush to complete. This has been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-12291

Fix so that non-smp emulators with dirty scheduler support shows the correct number of dirty schedulers when calling erlang:system_info(system_version).

Own Id: OTP-12295

Add nif_version to erlang:system_info/1 in order to get the NIF API version of the runtime system in a way similar to driver_version.

Own Id: OTP-12298

Fix bug that could cause the return value from dirty NIF with zero arity to be treated as garbage, leading to VM crash.

Own Id: OTP-12300

Improve allocation carrier migration search logic. This will reduce the risk of failed migrations that could lead to excess memory consumption. It will also improve smp performance due to reduced memory contention on the migration pool.

Own Id: OTP-12323

Improvements and New Features

Introduced support for eager check I/O.

By default eager check I/O will be disabled, but this will most likely be changed in OTP 18. When eager check I/O is enabled, schedulers will more frequently check for I/O work. Outstanding I/O operations will however not be prioritized to the same extent as when eager check I/O is disabled.

Eager check I/O can be enabled using the erl command line argument: +secio true

Characteristics impact when enabled:

Lower latency and smoother management of externally triggered I/O operations. A slightly reduced priority of externally triggered I/O operations.

Own Id: OTP-12117

Fix erts .app-file

Own Id: OTP-12189

Add configure option --with-ssl-incl=PATH to support OpenSSL installations with headers and libraries at different places.

Own Id: OTP-12215 Aux Id: seq12700

Optimization of atomic memory operations with release barrier semantics on 32-bit PowerPC when using the implementation included in OTP.

Own Id: OTP-12250

Minor adjustment of scheduler activation code making sure that an activation of a scheduler is not prevented by its run-queue being non-empty. (Thanks to Songlu Cai)

Own Id: OTP-12287

Improved support for atomic memory operations provided by the libatomic_ops library. Most importantly support for use of native double word atomics when implemented by libatomic_ops (for example, implemented for ARM).

The $ERL_TOP/HOWTO/INSTALL.md document now also more clearly describes when you want to build together with a libatomic_ops installation.

Own Id: OTP-12302

Add configure option --with-ssl-rpath to control which runtime library path to use for dynamic linkage toward OpenSSL.

Own Id: OTP-12316 Aux Id: seq12753

Added systemd notify support to epmd

Own Id: OTP-12321

Erts 6.2

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

General documentation updates.

Own Id: OTP-12052

A bug in the VM code implementing sending of signals to ports could cause the receiving port queue to remain in a busy state forever. When this state had been reached, processes sending command signals to the port either got suspended forever, or, if the nosuspend feature was used, always failed to send to the port. This bug was introduced in ERTS version 5.10.

In order for this bug to be triggered on a port, one had to at least once utilize the nosuspend functionality when passing a signal to the port. This by either calling

port_command(Port, Data, [nosuspend | Options]), erlang:send(Port, {PortOwner, {command, Data}}, [nosuspend | Options]), erlang:send_nosuspend(Port, {PortOwner, {command, Data}}), or erlang:send_nosuspend(Port, {PortOwner, {command, Data}}, Options).

Thanks Vasily Demidenok for reporting the issue, and Sergey Kudryashov for providing a testcase.

Own Id: OTP-12082 Aux Id: OTP-10336

Fix size overflow bug at memory allocation. A memory allocation call, with an insane size close to the entire address space, could return successfully as if it had allocated just a few bytes. (Thanks to Don A. Bailey for reporting)

Own Id: OTP-12091

Fix various issues where negating a signed integer would trigger undefined behaviour. This fixes issues in the enif_make_int64 interface and some edge cases inside the erlang runtime system.

Own Id: OTP-12097

The documentation erroneously listed the +swct command line argument under +sws.

Own Id: OTP-12102 Aux Id: OTP-10994

Profiling messages could be delivered out of order when profiling on runnable_procs and/or runnable_ports using erlang:system_profile/2. This bug was introduced in ERTS version 5.10.

Own Id: OTP-12105 Aux Id: OTP-10336

Various logging fixes, including: Add run queue index to the process dump in crash dumps.
Add thread index to enomem slogan when crashing.
Remove error logger message for sending messages to old instances of the same node.

Own Id: OTP-12115

Fix compiler warnings reported by LLVM

Own Id: OTP-12138

Correct conversion of MIN_SMALL by list_to_integer/1 and binary_to_integer/1. The bug produced an unnormalized bignum which can cause strange behavior such as comparing different to a correct MIN_SMALL integer. The value MIN_SMALL is -(1 bsl 27) = -134217728 on a 32-bit VM and -(1 bsl 59) = -576460752303423488 on a 64-bit VM. (Thanks to Jesper Louis Andersen, Mikael Pettersson and Anthony Ramine for report, patch and optimization suggestion)

Own Id: OTP-12140

Fix bug in term_to_binary that reallocates binary with inconsistent size information. Bug has never been confirmed to be the cause of any faulty behavior.

Own Id: OTP-12141

Real_path method used while prim loading archive files was not taking into account the fact that windows directory symlinks can be across different drives.

Own Id: OTP-12155

Improvements and New Features

Add log2 histogram to lcnt for lock wait time

Own Id: OTP-12059

Introduced enif_schedule_nif() to the NIF API.

The enif_schedule_nif() function allows a long-running NIF to be broken into separate NIF invocations without the help of a wrapper function written in Erlang. The NIF first executes part of the long-running task, then calls enif_schedule_nif() to schedule a NIF for later execution to continue the task. Any number of NIFs can be scheduled in this manner, one after another. Since the emulator regains control between invocations, this helps avoid problems caused by native code tying up scheduler threads for too long.

The enif_schedule_nif() function also replaces the enif_schedule_dirty_nif() in the experimental dirty NIF API. Note that the only incompatible changes made are in the experimental dirty NIF API.

See the NIF documentation for more information.

Thanks to Steve Vinoski.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-12128

Erts 6.0

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

The option dupnames did not work as intended in re. When looking for names with {capture, [Name, ...]}, re:run returned a random instance of the match for that name, instead of the leftmost matching instance, which was what the documentation stated. This is now corrected to adhere to the documentation. The option {capture,all_names} along with a re:inspect/2 function is also added to further help in using named subpatterns.

Own Id: OTP-11205

Allow loading of NIF library with unicode path name

Own Id: OTP-11408

Allow loading of driver with unicode path name

Own Id: OTP-11549

Fixed a bug where starting Erlang without having an open stdin on fd 0 would sometimes deadlock the emulator when terminating.

Own Id: OTP-11558

The option '-names' in epmd now works on Windows (Thanks to Johannes Weißl)

Own Id: OTP-11565

Correction of the examples in escript documentation. (Thanks to Pierre Fenoll).

Own Id: OTP-11577

Fix bs_get_integer instruction

The instruction bs_get_integer could unnecessarily trigger a garbage collection in failure cases which is unwanted or outright dangerous.

Ex:

<<X:Sz,_/bits>> = <<"some binary">>

Previously, if Sz induced X to a bignum it would reserved memory size this on the heap via a garbage collection before checking if the size could actually match.

It will now check the binary size before triggering a collection.

Own Id: OTP-11581

Remove heap space overestimation in binary_to_term (and remote message reception) for integers in the intervals [-2147483648,-1] and [256,2147483647] on 64-bit emulators.

Own Id: OTP-11585

Add support for detecting the separate tinfo library from ncurses (Thanks to Dirkjan Ochtman)

Own Id: OTP-11590

Deprecation warning for system_flag(cpu_topology) has been extended for removal in OTP 18 (Thanks to Steve Vinoski for the update)

Own Id: OTP-11602

Documentation improvement regarding some awkward wording around the +spp flag. (Thanks to Brian L. Troutwine )

Own Id: OTP-11607

Fixed bug where sendfile would return the wrong error code for a remotely closed socket if the socket was in passive mode. (Thanks to Vincent Siliakus for reporting the bug.)

Own Id: OTP-11614

Increase garbage collection tenure rate

The garbage collector tries to maintain the previous heap block size during a minor gc, i.e. 'need' is not utilized in determining the size of the new heap, instead it relies on tenure and garbage to be sufficiently large.

In instances during intense growing with exclusively live data on the heap coupled with delayed tenure, fullsweeps would be triggered directly after a minor gc to make room for 'need' since the new heap would be full.

To remedy this, the tenure of terms on the minor heap will always happen (if it is below the high watermark) instead of every other minor gc.

Characteristics Impact: Reduced CPU-time spent in garbage collection but may infer delays in collecting garbage from the heap. Tweak 'fullsweep_after' options to increase gc pressure if needed.

Own Id: OTP-11617

Fix bug when comparing integers with floats larger than 2^992. The bug could potentially cause memory corruption on 32-bit emulators.

Own Id: OTP-11618

Cross-compilation fixes for TileraMDE-3.0.1.125620

Own Id: OTP-11635

sendfile no longer uses async threads by default

This has been done because a slow client attack is possible if the async thread pool is used. The scenario is:

Client does a request for a file and then slowly receives the file one byte at a time. This will eventually fill the async thread pool with blocking sendfile operations and thus starving the vm of all file operations.

If you still want to use the async threads pool for sendfile an option to enable it has been introduced.

Thanks to Christopher Faulet for identifying this vulnerability.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11639

Do proper rollback of calls to enif_open_resource_type when load/upgrade callbacks of NIF library return failure.

Own Id: OTP-11722

Changed the default configuration when configuring with $ERL_TOP/configure to be the same as when configuring with $ERL_TOP/otp_build configure.

Previously floating point exceptions got enabled by default on Linux when HiPE was enabled when configuring with $ERL_TOP/configure, but not when configuring with $ERL_TOP/otp_build configure. The default is now in both cases not to use floating point exceptions since there still exist unresolved issues with floating point exceptions on Linux.

For more information see $ERL_TOP/HOWTO/INSTALL.md.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11723

A comment in erl_db_tree.c no longer differ from the code. (Thanks to Cobus Carstens)

Own Id: OTP-11793

Fix epmd debug functionality for VxWorks (Thanks to Jay True)

Own Id: OTP-11808

Use closefrom/2 when available in child_setup (Thanks to Rick Reed and Anthony Ramine)

Own Id: OTP-11809

Fix dtrace/systemtap bug where the probe arguments would be concatenated due to faulty length calculation.

Thanks to Michal Ptaszek and Scott Lystig Fritchie

Own Id: OTP-11816

It is now better documented that the +fn* flags to erl also affect how command line parameters and environment variables are read. (Thanks to Vlad Dumitrescu)

Own Id: OTP-11818

Improvements and New Features

Options to set match_limit and match_limit_recursion are added to re:run. The option report_errors is also added to get more information when re:run fails due to limits or compilation errors.

Own Id: OTP-10285

Dialyzer's unmatched_return warnings have been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-10908

A common case is to wrap an argument to list_to_binary/1 in a list to ensure conversion can happen even though the argument may already be a binary. Take special care of this case and do not copy binary.

Impact: May cause incompatibility since a single binary is no longer copied. Use binary:copy/1,2 instead.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11082

Make erlang:open_port/2 spawn and spawn_executable handle unicode.

Own Id: OTP-11105

Handle unicode (widestring) in erl, erlc, heart, etc on windows.

Own Id: OTP-11135

The version of the PCRE library Used by Erlang's re module is raised to 8.33 from 7.6. This means, among other things, better Unicode and Unicode Character Properties support. New options connected to PCRE 8.33 are also added to the re module (ucd, notempty_atstart, no_start_optimize). PCRE has extended the regular expression syntax between 7.6 and 8.33, why this imposes a potential incompatibility. Only very complicated regular expressions may be affected, but if you know you are using obscure features, please test run your regular expressions and verify that their behavior has not changed.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11204

Filenames containing UTF-8 encoded characters can now be handled by erlc.

If you have set the ERLC_EMULATOR environment variable, note that erlc in OTP 17 will only work with erl in OTP 17 since the protocol between the erlc program and the erl_compile module has changed.

Own Id: OTP-11248

By giving --enable-static-{nifs,drivers} to configure it is now possible to statically linking of nifs and drivers to the main Erlang VM binary. At the moment only the asn1 and crypto nifs of the Erlang/OTP nifs and drivers have been prepared to be statically linked. For more details see the Installation Guide in the System documentation.

Own Id: OTP-11258

Erlang/OTP has been ported to the realtime operating system OSE. The port supports both smp and non-smp emulator. For details around the port and how to started see the User's Guide in the ose application.

Note that not all parts of Erlang/OTP has been ported.

Notable things that work are: non-smp and smp emulators, OSE signal interaction, crypto, asn1, run_erl/to_erl, tcp, epmd, distribution and most if not all non-os specific functionality of Erlang.

Notable things that does not work are: udp/sctp, os_mon, erl_interface, binding of schedulers.

Own Id: OTP-11334

Add the {active,N} socket option for TCP, UDP, and SCTP, where N is an integer in the range -32768..32767, to allow a caller to specify the number of data messages to be delivered to the controlling process. Once the socket's delivered message count either reaches 0 or is explicitly set to 0 with inet:setopts/2 or by including {active,0} as an option when the socket is created, the socket transitions to passive ({active, false}) mode and the socket's controlling process receives a message to inform it of the transition. TCP sockets receive {tcp_passive,Socket}, UDP sockets receive {udp_passive,Socket} and SCTP sockets receive {sctp_passive,Socket}.

The socket's delivered message counter defaults to 0, but it can be set using {active,N} via any gen_tcp, gen_udp, or gen_sctp function that takes socket options as arguments, or via inet:setopts/2. New N values are added to the socket's current counter value, and negative numbers can be used to reduce the counter value. Specifying a number that would cause the socket's counter value to go above 32767 causes an einval error. If a negative number is specified such that the counter value would become negative, the socket's counter value is set to 0 and the socket transitions to passive mode. If the counter value is already 0 and inet:setopts(Socket, [{active,0}]) is specified, the counter value remains at 0 but the appropriate passive mode transition message is generated for the socket.

Thanks to Steve Vinoski

Own Id: OTP-11368

A new optional scheduler utilization balancing mechanism has been introduced. For more information see the +sub command line argument.

Characteristics impact: None, when not enabled. When enabled, changed timing in the system, normally a small overhead due to measuring of utilization and calculating balancing information. On some systems, such as old Windows systems, the overhead can be quite substantial. This time measurement overhead highly depend on the underlying primitives provided by the OS.

Own Id: OTP-11385

A call to either the garbage_collect/1 BIF or the check_process_code/2 BIF may trigger garbage collection of another processes than the process calling the BIF. The previous implementations performed these kinds of garbage collections without considering the internal state of the process being garbage collected. In order to be able to more easily and more efficiently implement yielding native code, these types of garbage collections have been rewritten. A garbage collection like this is now triggered by an asynchronous request signal, the actual garbage collection is performed by the process being garbage collected itself, and finalized by a reply signal to the process issuing the request. Using this approach processes can disable garbage collection and yield without having to set up the heap in a state that can be garbage collected.

The garbage_collect/2, and check_process_code/3 BIFs have been introduced. Both taking an option list as last argument. Using these, one can issue asynchronous requests.

code:purge/1 and code:soft_purge/1 have been rewritten to utilize asynchronous check_process_code requests in order to parallelize work.

Characteristics impact: A call to the garbage_collect/1 BIF or the check_process_code/2 BIF will normally take longer time to complete while the system as a whole wont be as much negatively effected by the operation as before. A call to code:purge/1 and code:soft_purge/1 may complete faster or slower depending on the state of the system while the system as a whole wont be as much negatively effected by the operation as before.

Own Id: OTP-11388 Aux Id: OTP-11535, OTP-11648

Cleanup 'Buckets' and 'Time left' fields in crashdump to ease parsing.

Own Id: OTP-11419

Add sync option to file:open/2.

The sync option adds the POSIX O_SYNC flag to the open system call on platforms that support the flag or its equivalent, e.g., FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH on Windows. For platforms that don't support it, file:open/2 returns {error, enotsup} if the sync option is passed in. Thank to Steve Vinoski and Joseph Blomstedt

Own Id: OTP-11498

erlang:binary_to_term will now cost an appropriate amount of reductions and will interrupt (yield) for reschedule if the term is big. This avoids too long schedules when binary_to_term is used. (Thanks to Svante Karlsson for the original patch)

Impact: Programs running binary_to_term on large binaries will run more smoothly, but rescheduling will impact the single process performance of the BIF. Single threaded benchmarks might show degraded performance of the BIF, while general system behaviour will be improved.

Own Id: OTP-11535 Aux Id: OTP-11388

Added high resolution icon for windows. (Thanks to Daniel Goertz for the inspiration.)

Own Id: OTP-11560

Migration of memory carriers has been enabled by default on all ERTS internal memory allocators based on the alloc_util framework except for temp_alloc. That is, +M<S>acul de is default for these allocators. Note that this also implies changed allocation strategies for all of these allocators. They will all now use the "address order first fit carrier best fit" strategy.

By passing +Muacul 0 on the command line, all configuration changes made by this change will be reverted.

Characteristics impact: Improved memory characteristics with a smaller memory footprint at the expense of a quite small performance cost.

Own Id: OTP-11604 Aux Id: OTP-10279

A clarification has been added to the documentation of -on_load() in the Reference Manual that it is only recommended for loading NIF libraries.

Own Id: OTP-11611

+fnaw is now default when starting the emulator; it used to be +fnl.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11612

EEP43: New data type - Maps

With Maps you may for instance:

M0 = #{ a => 1, b => 2}, % create associations M1 = M0#{ a := 10 }, % update values M2 = M1#{ "hi" => "hello"}, % add new associations #{ "hi" := V1, a := V2, b := V3} = M2. % match keys with values

For information on how to use Maps please see Map Expressions in the Reference Manual.

The current implementation is without the following features:

No variable keys No single value access No map comprehensions

Note that Maps is experimental during OTP 17.0.

Own Id: OTP-11616

The previously deprecated driver API function driver_async_cancel() has been removed. Due to this, the driver API version has been bumped to 3.0.

Thanks to Steve Vinoski.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11628

Experimental "dirty scheduler" functionality has been introduced. In order to try the functionality out, you need to pass the command line argument --enable-dirty-schedulers to configure when building the system.

Dirty schedulers can currently only be used by NIFs on a system with SMP support. More information can be found in the erl_nif(3) documentation, the erl(1) documentation, and in the git commit comment of commit 'c1c03ae4ee50e58b7669ea88ec4d29c6b2b67c7b'.

Note that the functionality is experimental, and not supported. This functionality will be subject to backward incompatible changes. You should not enable the dirty scheduler functionality on production systems. It is only provided for testing.

Thanks to Steve Vinoski.

Own Id: OTP-11629

Improve reduction cost and yielding of term_to_binary. The reduction cost is increased and garbage collection is disabled during yield.

Impact: Improves system responsiveness when term_to_binary is called with large terms without significant degradation of single threaded performance.

Own Id: OTP-11648 Aux Id: OTP-11388

By default, the system's version of zlib will be used, provided its version is 1.2.4 or higher; otherwise the built-in zlib will be used. The built-in version of zlib has been bumped to 1.2.8. (Use the --enable-builtin-zlib option to configure to force the use of the built-in zlib.)

Own Id: OTP-11669

The default float encoding in binary_to_term and external_size has been changed to use minor_mode 1 instead of 0.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11738

Introduced the configure option --with-assumed-cache-line-size=SIZE. For more information see $ERL_TOP/HOWTO/INSTALL.md.

Own Id: OTP-11742

Halfword emulator is marked as deprecated. It still works as before but is planned to be removed in a future major release.

Own Id: OTP-11777

The external format for Maps has changed in a way that is not compatible with the format used in OTP 17.0-rc1 and OTP 17.0-rc2.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11782

Fixed faulty make dependency that would make some make versions fail while building gen_git_version.mk.

Own Id: OTP-11784

Introduced functionality for allowing old drivers and NIF libraries to be loaded during a transition period. For more information see the version management section in the erl_driver(3) documentation and the version management section in the erl_nif(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-11799

Support file paths longer than 259 characters on Windows. Long absolute paths are automatically converted to UNC format with a \\?\ prefix which is the only way to represent long paths. The 259 character limit still applies for individual file names, relative paths and the current working directory.

Own Id: OTP-11813

Document that escript:create/2 also accepts a 3-elements tuple containing files and zip:create/3 options to build a zip file.

Thanks to Pierre Fenoll

Own Id: OTP-11827

Add systemd socket activation for epmd.

Thanks to Matwey V. Kornilov

Own Id: OTP-11829

Erts 5.10.4

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

When normalizing paths, erl_prim_loader would always convert backslash to forward slash. This is correct on Windows, but not on other operating systems. erl_prim_loader now checks which OS is running before performing this conversion.

Own Id: OTP-11170

Fixed syslog defines and defined LOG_ERR for systems without syslog.h. Thanks to Matt Lewandowsky.

Own Id: OTP-11349

Check all pattern arguments passed to binary:matches/2. Thanks to Mike Sassak.

Own Id: OTP-11350

Fix two small silent rules omissions. Thanks to Anthony Ramine.

Own Id: OTP-11351

Teach configure to detect if posix_memalign cannot align to more than the system page size.

For cross-compiled systems a new environment variable called erl_xcomp_posix_memalign has been introduced to indicate whether posix_memalign should be used.

Own Id: OTP-11371

Fix bsr bug occurring when shifting a huge number a huge number of bits to the right. Thanks to Lars Hesel Christensen.

Own Id: OTP-11381

Fix memory leak for distributed monitors

Own Id: OTP-11410

Fix various typos in erts, kernel and ssh. Thanks to Martin Hässler.

Own Id: OTP-11414

Crashdumps initiated by out-of-memory on process spawn could cause the beam to segfault during crashdump writing due to invalid pointers.

The pointers are invalid since the process creation never finished. This fix removes these processes from the printouts. Reported by Richard Carlsson.

Own Id: OTP-11420

Crash dumps from 64-bit Erlang machines would have all memory addresses truncated to 32 bits, which could cause trouble inspecting processes message queues and stacks in the crashdump viewer.

Own Id: OTP-11450

Threads other than schedulers threads could make thread unsafe accesses when support for migration of memory carriers had been enabled, i.e., when the +M<S>acul command line flag had been passed to erl. This could cause corruption of the VMs internal state.

This bug was introduced in erts-5.10.2 when the support for migration of memory carriers was introduced.

Own Id: OTP-11456 Aux Id: OTP-10279

Fix bug in binary_to_term for invalid bitstrings and very large binaries (>2Gb).

Own Id: OTP-11479

Under rare circumstances a process calling inet:close/1, gen_tcp:close/1, gen_udp:close/1, or gen_sctp:close/1 could hang in the call indefinitely.

Own Id: OTP-11491

Fix bug that could cause a 32-bit emulator to always crash at start (since R16B01) depending on the alignment of static data in the beam executable.

Own Id: OTP-11496

Fix benign bugs regarding bitstring compare. Only a nuisance for debug and valgrind VM.

Own Id: OTP-11501

Silence warnings (Thanks to Anthony Ramine)

Own Id: OTP-11517

The default wordsize of the emulator (beam) is now determined by compiler default on Mac OSX (Darwin). This was previously forced to 32bits by the configure script unless otherwise specified.

Own Id: OTP-11521

Improvements and New Features

A new memory allocation feature called "super carrier" has been introduced. The super carrier feature can be used in different ways. It can for example be used for pre-allocation of all memory that the runtime system should be able to use.

By default the super carrier is disabled. It is enabled by passing the +MMscs <size in MB> command line argument. For more information see the documentation of the +MMsco, +MMscrfsd, +MMscrpm, +MMscs, +MMusac, and, +Mlpm command line arguments in the erts_alloc(3) documentation.

Since it is disabled by default there should be no impact on system characteristics if not used.

This change has been marked as a potential incompatibility since the returned list when calling erlang:system_info({allocator, mseg_alloc}) now also include an {erts_mmap, _} tuple as one element in the list.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11149

Added erlang:system_info(ets_limit) to provide a way to retrieve the runtime's maximum number of ETS tables. Thanks to Steve Vinoski

Own Id: OTP-11362

Add new BIF os:unsetenv/1 which deletes an environment variable. Thanks to Martin Hässler.

Own Id: OTP-11446

Introduced a new guarantee regarding exit signals from ports:

If the process calling one of the synchronous port BIFs listed below is linked to the port identified by the first argument, and the port exits before sending the result of the port operation, the exit signal issued due to this link will be received by the processes before the BIF returns, or fail with an exception due to the port not being open.

The synchronous port BIFs are:

port_close/1 port_command/2 port_command/3 port_connect/2 port_control/3 erlang:port_call/3 erlang:port_info/1 erlang:port_info/2

Note that some ports under certain circumstances unlink themselves from the calling process before exiting, i.e. even though the process linked itself to the port there might be no link triggering an exit signal.

Characteristics impact: The return or exception from the synchronous port BIF will be delayed if the port simultaneously exit due to some issue unrelated to the outstanding synchronous port BIF call. In all other cases characteristics are unchanged.

Own Id: OTP-11489

Erts 5.10.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

The documentation of predefined types and built-in types has been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-11090

Fix changing terminal parameters in to_erl

Change the behaviour of to_erl to use TCSADRAIN instead of TCSANOW when changing terminal parameters. This makes the serial driver wait for the output queues to be empty before applying the terminal parameter change. Thanks to Stefan Zegenhagen.

Own Id: OTP-11206

The default value of {flush, boolean()} in erlang:halt/2 is documented to be 'true' if the status is an integer. The implementation behaviour was reversed. The Implementation is now corrected to adhere to the documentation. Thanks to Jose Valim for reporting the error.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11218

Fix serious race bug in R16B01 that could cause PID mix-ups when a lot of processes were spawned and terminated in a very rapid pace on an SMP emulator with at least two scheduler threads.

Own Id: OTP-11225

Validating a trace pattern with the option silent no longer incorrectly enables/disables the silent option of the calling process.

Own Id: OTP-11232

Fixed a bug where GCC 4.8 and later use a more aggressive loop optimization algorithm that broke some previously working code in the efile driver. Thanks to Tomas Abrahamsson for reporting this issue.

Own Id: OTP-11246

Fixed bug when printing memory allocator acul option in crash dump.

Own Id: OTP-11264

Opening a new compressed file on Windows could in rare (random) cases result in {error,eisdir} or other error codes although it should have succeeded. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-11265

Fixed a race condition when closing a trace port that would cause the emulator to crash.

Own Id: OTP-11290

Improvements and New Features

There is a new somewhat experimental socket option 'netns' that can set the network namespace for a socket on Linux:es where it is supported. See the documentation.

Own Id: OTP-11157

New allocator strategy aoffcbf (address order first fit carrier best fit). Supports carrier migration but with better CPU performance than aoffcaobf.

Own Id: OTP-11174

Introduced functionality for inspection of system and build configuration.

Own Id: OTP-11196

Fix matching of floating point middle-endian machines. Thanks to Johannes Weissl.

Own Id: OTP-11201

Fix compile error on ARM and GCC versions greater than 4.1.0. Thanks to Johannes Weissl.

Own Id: OTP-11214

run_erl: Redirect standard streams to /dev/null. Thanks to Johannes Weissl.

Own Id: OTP-11215

Misc. corrections in documentation for erl_driver. Thanks to Giacomo Olgeni.

Own Id: OTP-11227

Fix documentation regarding binary_part.

Own Id: OTP-11239

Make edlin understand a few important control keys. Thanks to Stefan Zegenhagen.

Own Id: OTP-11251

Export type zlib:zstream/0. Thanks to Loic Hoguin.

Own Id: OTP-11278

Add erl option to set schedulers by percentages.

For applications where measurements show enhanced performance from the use of a non-default number of emulator scheduler threads, having to accurately set the right number of scheduler threads across multiple hosts each with different numbers of logical processors is difficult because the erl +S option requires absolute numbers of scheduler threads and scheduler threads online to be specified.

To address this issue, add a +SP option to erl, similar to the existing +S option but allowing the number of scheduler threads and scheduler threads online to be set as percentages of logical processors configured and logical processors available, respectively. For example, "+SP 50:25" sets the number of scheduler threads to 50% of the logical processors configured, and the number of scheduler threads online to 25% of the logical processors available. The +SP option also interacts with any settings specified with the +S option, such that the combination of options "+S 4:4 +SP 50:50" (in either order) results in 2 scheduler threads and 2 scheduler threads online.

Thanks to Steve Vinoski

Own Id: OTP-11282

Extend erl_driver interface with lock names

Lock and thread names are already a feature in the driver interface. This extension will let developers read these names which eases debugging.

Own Id: OTP-11303

Fix incorrect values returned by integer_to_binary/2. Thanks to Juan Jose Comellas.

Own Id: OTP-11311

Fix system_flag scheduling_statistics - disable . Thanks to Steve Vinoski.

Own Id: OTP-11317

The documentation of predefined types has been corrected Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-11321

Erts 5.10.2

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

A bug in prim_inet has been corrected. If the port owner was killed at a bad time while closing the socket port the port could become orphaned hence causing port and socket leaking. Reported by Fred Herbert, Dmitry Belyaev and others.

Own Id: OTP-10497 Aux Id: OTP-10562

Compilation fixes for NetBSD. Thanks to YAMAMOTO Takashi.

Own Id: OTP-10941

Fixed a race condition when using delayed_write when writing to a file which would cause the same data to be written multiple times.

Own Id: OTP-10984

Fix small memory leak from tracing with option meta.

Own Id: OTP-10997

Correct typo in erlsrv usage. Thanks to Bryan Hunter

Own Id: OTP-11002

ct_run: delete unused function. Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz.

Own Id: OTP-11003

Corrections to run_erl/to_erl handshake behaviour.

Own Id: OTP-11012

Fix typo in type: erlang:process_info_item(). Thanks to Andrew Tunnell-Jones.

Own Id: OTP-11024

Fix src/dest overlap issue in ttsl driver. Thanks to Steve Vinoski.

Own Id: OTP-11064

When sending to a port using erlang:send(Port, Msg, [nosuspend]), the send operation was performed synchronously. This bug has now been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-11076 Aux Id: OTP-10336

When converting a faulty binary to a list with unicode:characters_to_list, the error return value could contain a faulty "rest", i.e. the io_list of characters that could not be converted was wrong. This happened only if input was a sub binary and conversion was from utf8. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-11080

Runtime system could crash when reporting stale driver_select().

Own Id: OTP-11084

Fix lock order violation for memory instrumentation (+Mim, +Mis, +Mit).

Own Id: OTP-11085

Fixed some compilation warnings on miscellaneous platforms. Thanks to Anthony Ramine.

Own Id: OTP-11086

Fixed issue when flushing i/o during shutdown on windows where the Erlang VM would sometime hang due to a race condition.

Own Id: OTP-11096

Fixed issue where repeated calls to erlang:nodes() could cause unnecessary contention in the dist_table lock.

Own Id: OTP-11097

Properly guard WIDE_TAG use with HAVE_WCWIDTH in ttsl_drv. Thanks to Anthony Ramine

Own Id: OTP-11106

Fix some Makefile rules that didn't support silent rules. Thanks to Anthony Ramine.

Own Id: OTP-11111

Fix receive support in erl_eval with a BEAM module. Thanks to Anthony Ramine.

Own Id: OTP-11137

erlang:now() could suddenly jump ~24 days into the future on Windows. This is now corrected. Thanks to Garret Smith for reporting and testing fixes.

Own Id: OTP-11146

erlang:term_to_binary will now cost an appropriate amount of reductions and will interrupt (yield) for reschedule if the term is big. This avoids too long schedules when term_to_binary is used.

Impact: Programs running term_to_binary on large terms will run more smothly, but rescheduling will impact the single process performance of the BIF. Single threaded benchmarks will show degraded performance of the BIF when called with very large terms, while general system behaviour will be improved. The overhead for allowing restart and reduction counting also degrades local performance of the BIF with between 5% and 10% even for small terms.

Own Id: OTP-11163

Improvements and New Features

Replaced the lock protecting gathering of garbage collection statistics with a lock-free solution.

Own Id: OTP-10271 Aux Id: kunagi-108 [04c5410f-9cc4-4696-8639-36bf98686c7a-7]

Support for migration of memory carriers between memory allocator instances has been introduced.

By default this feature is not enabled and do not effect the characteristics of the system. When enabled it has the following impact on the characteristics of the system:

Reduced memory footprint when the memory load is unevenly distributed between scheduler specific allocator instances. Depending on the default allocaton strategy used on a specific allocator there might or might not be a slight performance loss. When enabled on the fix_alloc allocator, a different strategy for management of fix blocks will be used. The information returned from erlang:system_info({allocator, A}), and erlang:system_info({allocator_sizes, A}) will be slightly different when this feature has been enabled. An mbcs_pool tuple will be present giving information about abandoned carriers, and in the fix_alloc case no fix_types tuple will be present.

For more information, see the documentation of the +M<S>acul command line argument.

Own Id: OTP-10279

Change specs for spawn_opt to use the process_level() type declaration instead of re-defining it in various places. Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-11008

Postscript files no longer needed for the generation of PDF files have been removed.

Own Id: OTP-11016

Erlang source files with non-ASCII characters are now encoded in UTF-8 (instead of latin1).

Own Id: OTP-11041 Aux Id: OTP-10907

Optimization of simultaneous inet_db operations on the same socket by using a lock free implementation.

Impact on the characteristics of the system: Improved performance.

Own Id: OTP-11074

The high_msgq_watermark and low_msgq_watermark inet socket options introduced in OTP-R16A could only be set on TCP sockets. These options are now generic and can be set on all types of sockets.

Own Id: OTP-11075 Aux Id: OTP-10336

A new better algorithm for management of the process, and port tables has been introduced.

Impact on the characteristics of the system:

The new algorithm ensures that both insert and delete operations can be made in O(1) time complexity. Previously used algorithm either caused insert or delete to be O(N). The new algorithm will also ensure that reuse of identifiers will be less frequent than when the old algorithm was used. Previously used algorithm ensured that the latest created identifier compared as the largest when comparing two identifiers of the same type that had been created on the same node as long as no identifiers had been reused. Since identifiers can be reused quite fast, one has never been able to rely on this property. Due to the introduction of this new algorithm this property will not hold even if no identifiers has been reused yet. This could be considered as an incompatibility.

Due to the above mensioned potential incompatibility, it will still be possible to enable the old algorithm for some time. The command line argument +P legacy will enable the old algorithm on the process table, and +Q legacy will do the same for the port table. These command line arguments are however deprecated as of their introduction and have been scheduled for removal in OTP-R18.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-11077

Support wide characters in the shell through wcwidth(). Thanks to Anthony Ramine. Reported by Loïc Hoguin.

Own Id: OTP-11088

Added total used memory for each process in erlang crash dumps.

Own Id: OTP-11098

Added support for hipe on Raspberry Pi (armv6l). Thanks to Klaus Alfert.

Own Id: OTP-11125

Remove 'query' from the list of reserved words in docs. Thanks to Matthias Endler and Loïc Hoguin.

Own Id: OTP-11158

Lift static limitation (FD_SETSIZE) for file descriptors on Mac OS X. (Thanks to Anthony Ramine)

Own Id: OTP-11159

Known Bugs and Problems

Miscellaneous native code in OTP misbehave either due to lengthy execution, or due to not bumping reductions properly. Problems typically occur when passing huge sets of data to a misbehaving BIF. Fixing this has high priority and is being worked on, but there will remain issues like this for some time.

In order to alleviate problems with scheduling which might occur when executing misbehaving native code, the command line argument +sfwi has been introduced.

By default this feature is disabled and you are advised not to enable it if you do not encounter problems with misbehaving native code.

When enabled it has the following impact on the characteristics of the system:

Work will always be distributed between schedulers even when executing misbehaving native code. It may cause an increased amount of processes and/or ports bouncing between schedulers which in turn will cause a performance loss. It may cause reduced performance due to reduced or lost work compaction when all schedulers do not execute under full load. An increased contention on run queue locks.

Own Id: OTP-11164

Erts 5.10.1

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Threads created internally in the runtime system by vanilla, fd, and spawn drivers on Windows systems could make thread unsafe calls to driver_select().

Own Id: OTP-10802

Threads created internally in the runtime system by the vanilla, fd, and spawn drivers on Windows systems could make unsafe memory accesses to driver data after port had terminated.

Own Id: OTP-10803

The runtime system could crash when flushing data to standard out or standard error on Windows.

Own Id: OTP-10807

Bugs due to the port optimizations introduced in erts-5.10/OTP-R16A have been fixed:

Memory leak when terminating ports Memory leak when reaching the system limit of maximum amount of concurrently existing ports Crashs due to missing, or late test of bad port handle The newly introduced driver API function erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits() could not be used by dynamically linked in drivers on Windows

Own Id: OTP-10809 Aux Id: OTP-10336

Fix {packet,httph} header capitalization for unrecognized header fields longer than 20 charachters such as Sec-Websocket-Version. The limit is simply raised from 20 to 50 characters with the hope that valid headers longer than 50 are not used.

Own Id: OTP-10824

Fix rounding issues in float_to_list/1,2. Thanks to Serge Aleynikov

Own Id: OTP-10837

Fix memory leak in file driver introduced in R16A.

Own Id: OTP-10841

A bug in an ERTS internal queue implementation could cause the loss of a wake up signal to a consumer thread. This has now been fixed.

The effect of this bug, when triggered, was often only a small or even no delay of certain operations. This since, threads often are woken due to other unrelated reasons. However, if the consumer thread was not woken due to other reasons when the bug was triggered, these operations could be left hanging, potentially for ever. Such effects seems to have been very rare, but we have on at least one occasion gotten a report about such an issue.

Operations potentially effected by this bug:

Inspection of memory allocation status The Erlang process calling erlang:memory/[0,1], or erlang:system_info({allocator|allocator_sizes, _}) could potentially hang waiting for responses from involved threads. Async thread pool jobs An async thread pool job request and/or reply could potentially be left hanging. In OTP this only effected file operations, but user implemented drivers using the async thread pool were also effected. In the file operation case, this would typically translate into an Erlang process potentially hanging on the file operation. Shutting down the runtime system Due to the issue with the async thread pool mentioned above, flushing of I/O while terminating the runtime system could also potentially hang. ETS memory deallocation Scheduled jobs handling deallocation of the main structure of an ETS table could potentially hang. This more or less only translates into minor memory leaks. Shutting down distribution The distribution shutdown phase used when manually shutting down the distribution, i.e., when calling net_kernel:stop(), could potentially hang.

Own Id: OTP-10854

OS X Snow Leopard now only uses write, as writev does not work properly on very large files.

Own Id: OTP-10858

Fixed a bug where line oriented file I/O using read_ahead was very slow for files with very large difference in line length.

Own Id: OTP-10859

In erts-5.10 (R16A) faulty hashvalues were produced for non-ASCII atoms (characters in byte-range 128..255). This has now been fixed and hashvalues conforms to previous OTP releases.

Own Id: OTP-10860

Fixes of memory accesses that might be thread unsafe when the runtime system has been linked against third-party libraries for atomic memory operations during the build. Most builds are uneffected by this bug. If triggered, the runtime system will most likely crash more or less immediately.

Own Id: OTP-10875 Aux Id: OTP-10854

Fixed a bug where it was longer possible to give the +sws proposal flag to non-smp emulators.

Own Id: OTP-10881 Aux Id: seq12258

Faulty type to bytes read for ReadFile on Windows. This could cause windows systems to misbehave. The correct type is now used.

Own Id: OTP-10890

Change default max ports for Windows to 8192. Having a too large value caused Windows to not be able to recover properly. If you want to use another value, pass +Q Value to erl or werl.

Own Id: OTP-10892

Fix rare crash on halfword vm during code loading.

Own Id: OTP-10896

Improvements and New Features

Tuple funs (deprecated in R15B) are no longer supported.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10170

Added four new bifs, erlang:binary_to_integer/1,2, erlang:integer_to_binary/1, erlang:binary_to_float/1 and erlang:float_to_binary/1,2. These bifs work similarly to how their list counterparts work, except they operate on binaries. In most cases converting from and to binaries is faster than converting from and to lists.

These bifs are auto-imported into erlang source files and can therefore be used without the erlang prefix.

Own Id: OTP-10300 Aux Id: kunagi-74 [74]

The experimental support for packages has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-10348 Aux Id: kunagi-316 [227]

The driver API function erl_drv_consume_timeslice(), and the NIF API function enif_consume_timeslice() have been introduced.

These functions are provided in order to better support co-operative scheduling, improve system responsiveness, and to make it easier to prevent misbehaviors of the VM due to a process or port monopolizing a scheduler thread. They can be used when dividing lengthy work into a number of repeated calls without the need to use threads.

Own Id: OTP-10810

The list_to_integer/2 bif has been optimized when used with bases other than 10.

Own Id: OTP-10834 Aux Id: kunagi-74 [74]

The git commit sha of the HEAD commit is now added to the Erlang shell when compiling a non-released Erlang version.

Own Id: OTP-10838

Change caching policy for memory segment allocator. For instance, prefer sbc segments over mbc segments, caching policy is time-arrow aware, evicting older cached segments to store newer segments.

The default number of cachable segment has been increased from five to ten segments. This can be modified, same as before, with the command line option +MMmcs 5

Impact: Increased speed for processing on larger objects, e.g. binaries. Slight increase of mapped and resident memory. Tune your system with memory options to erl for best performance.

Own Id: OTP-10840

Updated config.sub and config.guess to latest version from gnu.org

Own Id: OTP-10848

Add an xcomp file for Blue Gene/Q. Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-10849

Cleanup of documentation of the type language. Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-10850

Change the return value of hipe_bifs:remove_refs_from/1. Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-10851

As of ERTS-5.10/OTP-R16A node names passed in the EPMD protocol are required to be encoded in UTF-8. Since EPMD previously accepted latin1 encoded node names this is an incompatibility. However, since Erlang nodes always have required characters in node names to be 7-bit ASCII characters (and still do require this), this incompatibility should not effect anyone using EPMD as an Erlang Port Mapper Daemon.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10872 Aux Id: OTP-10753

The +pc flag to erl can be used to set the range of characters considered printable. This affects how the shell and io:format("~tp",...) functionality does heuristic string detection. More can be read in STDLIB users guide.

Own Id: OTP-10884

Fix a number of type cast errors related to formatted printing on Win64 that can potentially cause problem when the Erlang VM exceeds 4 GB of ram. (Thanks to Blaine Whittle for the original patch)

Own Id: OTP-10887

The effect of the deprecated environment variable ERL_MAX_PORTS had been removed premeturely. It has now been readded. Note that this is still scheduled to be released in R17B.

Own Id: OTP-10895

Erts 5.10

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Set new peeled off SCTP socket to nonblocking socket (Thanks to Jonas Falkevik)

Own Id: OTP-10491

Fix various typos (thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-10611

Fix fd leak when using async thread pool

When using the async thread pool, if an erlang process asks to open a file and it gets shutdown/killed while the file:open/2 call hasn't returned, it's possible to leak a file descriptor against the target file. This has now been fixed. (Thanks to Filipe David Manana)

Own Id: OTP-10677

Use sys/types.h instead of string.h to pull ssize_t definition to erl_driver.h. This fixes build issue on NetBSD. (Thanks to Yamamoto Takashi).

Own Id: OTP-10699

Arguments given with the -run or -s flags to erl are now translated according to the file name encoding mode of the runtime system.

Own Id: OTP-10702

The octet counters in the gen_tcp/inet interface could behave in unexpected ways on 64bit platforms. The behaviour is now as expected.

Own Id: OTP-10746

Certain linux kernels, most notably in redhat and CentOS distribution, had a bug in writev which generated an infinite loop in the tcp code of the VM. The bug is now worked around.

Own Id: OTP-10747

A process that got killed (got an exit signal) while operating on a compresseed file, could cause a segmentation fault in the VM. This is now corrected. Thanks to Filipe David Manana for identifying the problem and submitting a solution.

Own Id: OTP-10748

Windows previously used three digit exponent in formatting which caused difference between platforms, as can be seen by float_to_list/1. This has now been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-10751

Improvements and New Features

A boolean socket option 'ipv6_v6only' for IPv6 sockets has been added. The default value of the option is OS dependent, so applications aiming to be portable should consider using {ipv6_v6only,true} when creating an inet6 listening/destination socket, and if necessary also create an inet socket on the same port for IPv4 traffic. See the documentation.

Own Id: OTP-8928 Aux Id: kunagi-193 [104]

It is now allowed to define stubs for BIFs, to allow type specs to be written for BIFs. For example, if there is BIF called lists:member/2, a dummy definition of lists:member/2 is now allowed.

Own Id: OTP-9861

Process optimizations. The most notable:

New internal process table implementation allowing for both parallel reads as well as writes. Especially read operations have become really cheap. This reduce contention in various situations. For example when, spawning processes, terminating processes, sending messages, etc. Optimizations of run queue management reducing contention. Optimizations of process internal state changes reducing contention.

These changes imply changes of the characteristics the system. Most notable: changed timing in the system.

Own Id: OTP-9892 Aux Id: OTP-10167

Non-blocking code loading. Earlier when an Erlang module was loaded, all other execution in the VM were halted while the load operation was carried out in single threaded mode. Now modules are loaded without blocking the VM. Processes may continue executing undisturbed in parallel during the entire load operation. The load operation is completed by making the loaded code visible to all processes in a consistent way with one single atomic instruction. Non-blocking code loading will improve realtime characteristics when modules are loaded/upgraded on a running SMP system.

Own Id: OTP-9974

In the SMP emulator, turning on and off tracing will no longer take down the system to single-scheduling.

Own Id: OTP-10122

Remove VxWorks support

Own Id: OTP-10146

Added a general framework for executing benchmarks of Erlang/OTP. Benchmarks for the Erlang VM and mnesia have been incorporated in the framework.

For details about how to add more benchmarks see $ERL_TOP/HOWTO/BENCHMARKS.md in the source distribution.

Own Id: OTP-10156

Optimized deletion of ETS-tables which significantly improves performance when large amounts of temporary tables are used.

This change imply changes of the characteristics the system. Most notable: changed timing in the system.

Own Id: OTP-10167 Aux Id: OTP-9892

Tuple funs (deprecated in R15B) are no longer supported.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10170

New internal header scheme for allocators

Impact: Reduces size on object allocated in multiblock carriers by one word

Own Id: OTP-10273 Aux Id: kunagi-20 [20]

Major port improvements. The most notable:

New internal port table implementation allowing for both parallel reads as well as writes. Especially read operations have become really cheap.This reduce contention in various situations. For example when, creating ports, terminating ports, etc. Dynamic allocation of port structures. This allow for a much larger maximum amount of ports allowed as a default. The previous default of 1024 has been raised to 65536. Maximum amount of ports can be set using the +Q command line flag of erl(1). The previously used environment variable ERL_MAX_PORTS has been deprecated and scheduled for removal in OTP-R17. Major rewrite of scheduling of port tasks. Major benefits of the rewrite are reduced contention on run queue locks, and reduced amount of memory allocation operations needed. The rewrite was also necessary in order to make it possible to schedule signals from processes to ports. Improved internal thread progress functionality for easy management of unmanaged threads. This improvement was necessary for the rewrite of the port task scheduling. Rewrite of all process to port signal implementations in order to make it possible to schedule those operations. All port operations can now be scheduled which allows for reduced lock contention on the port lock as well as truly asynchronous communication with ports. Optimized lookup of port handles from drivers. Optimized driver lookup when creating ports. Preemptable erlang:ports/0 BIF. Improving responsiveness by bumping reductions for a process calling a driver callback directly.

These changes imply changes of the characteristics of the system. The most notable:

Order of signal delivery The previous implementation of the VM has delivered signals from processes to ports in a synchronous stricter fashion than required by the language. As of ERTS version 5.10, signals are truly asynchronously delivered. The order of signal delivery still adheres to the requirements of the language, but only to the requirements. That is, some signal sequences that previously always were delivered in one specific order may now from time to time be delivered in different orders. This may cause Erlang programs that have made false assumptions about signal delivery order to fail even though they previously succeeded. For more information about signal ordering guarantees, see the chapter on communication in the ERTS user's guide. The +n command line flag of erl(1) can be helpful when trying to find signaling order bugs in Erlang code that have been exposed by these changes. Latency of signals sent from processes to ports Signals from processes to ports where previously always delivered immediately. This kept latency for such communication to a minimum, but it could cause lock contention which was very expensive for the system as a whole. In order to keep this latency low also in the future, most signals from processes to ports are by default still delivered immediately as long as no conflicts occur. Such conflicts include not being able to acquire the port lock, but also include other conflicts. When a conflict occur, the signal will be scheduled for delivery at a later time. A scheduled signal delivery may cause a higher latency for this specific communication, but improves the overall performance of the system since it reduce lock contention between schedulers. The default behavior of only scheduling delivery of these signals on conflict can be changed by passing the +spp command line flag to erl(1). The behavior can also be changed on port basis using the parallelism option of the open_port/2 BIF. Execution time of the erlang:ports/0 BIF Since erlang:ports/0 now can be preempted, the responsiveness of the system as a whole has been improved. A call to erlang:ports/0 may, however, take a much longer time to complete than before. How much longer time heavily depends on the system load. Reduction cost of calling driver callbacks Calling a driver callback is quite costly. This was previously not reflected in reduction cost at all. Since the reduction cost now has increased, a process performing lots of direct driver calls will be scheduled out more frequently than before.

Potential incompatibilities:

driver_send_term() has been deprecated and has been scheduled for removal in OTP-R17. Replace usage of driver_send_term() with usage of erl_drv_send_term(). driver_output_term() has been deprecated and has been scheduled for removal in OTP-R17. Replace usage of driver_output_term() with usage of erl_drv_output_term(). The new function erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits() has been added in order to able to control management of port queues.

The driver API version has been bumped to 2.1 from 2.0 due to the above changes in the driver API.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10336 Aux Id: OTP-9892

The experimental support for packages has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-10348 Aux Id: kunagi-316 [227]

Wrong parameters when setting seq_trace-tokens from within a trace-pattern could crash the VM. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-10522

Erlang specification 4.7.3 defines max tuple size to 65535 elements It is now enforced to no more than 16777215 elements (arity 24 bits)

Previous edge cases (28 bits) were not validated and could cause undefined behaviour.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10633

Add insert_element/3 and delete_element/2

Own Id: OTP-10643

The previous default of a maximum of 32768 simultaneous processes has been raised to 262144. This value can be changed using the the +P command line flag of erl(1). Note that the value passed now is considered as a hint, and that actual value chosen in most cases will be a power of two.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10647 Aux Id: OTP-9892, OTP-10336

The previously (in R15) proposed scheduler wakeup strategy is now used by default. This strategy is not as quick to forget about previous overload as the previous strategy.

This change imply changes of the characteristics the system. Most notable: When a small overload comes and then disappears repeatedly, the system will for a bit longer time be willing to wake up schedulers than before. Timing in the system will due to this also change.

The previous strategy can still be enabled by passing the +sws legacy command line flag to erl.

Own Id: OTP-10661 Aux Id: OTP-10033

The +stbt command line argument of erl was added. This argument can be used for trying to set scheduler bind type. Upon failure unbound schedulers will be used.

Own Id: OTP-10668

Support ANSI in console

Unix platforms will no longer filter control sequences to the ttsl driver thus enabling ANSI and colors in console. (Thanks to Pedram Nimreezi)

Own Id: OTP-10678

Add file:allocate/3 operation

This operation allows pre-allocation of space for files. It succeeds only on systems that support such operation. (Thanks to Filipe David Manana)

Own Id: OTP-10680

Treat -Wreturn-type warnings as error when using GCC (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-10683

Implement ./otp_build configure --enable-silent-rules

With silent rules, the output of make is less verbose and compilation warnings are easier to spot. Silent rules are disabled by default and can be disabled or enabled at will by make V=0 and make V=1. (Thanks to Anthony Ramine)

Own Id: OTP-10726

Use share flags for all file operations on Windows. Thanks to Filipe David Borba Manana.

Own Id: OTP-10727

Make/fakefop adjustments. Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz and Sebastian Rasmussen.

Own Id: OTP-10733

The runtime system will now by default use 10 async threads if thread support has been enabled when building the runtime system.

This will prevent long blocking file-operations from blocking scheduler threads for long periods of time, which can be harmful. Apart from file-operations, it also effects other operations scheduled on the async thread pool by user implemented drivers.

The amount of async threads can be controlled by using the +A command line argument of erl(1). When running some offline tools you might want to disable async threads, but you are advised not to in the general case. Instead, you might want to increase the amount of async threads used.

This change imply changes of the characteristics the system compared to the previous default. The responsiveness of the system as a whole will be improved. Operations scheduled on the async thread pool will get an increased latency. The throughput of these operations may increase, or decrease depending on the type of the operations and how they get scheduled. In the case of file operations, the throughput very much depends on how the Erlang application access files. Multiple concurrent accesses to different files have the potential of an increased throughput.

Own Id: OTP-10736

The default reader group limit has been increased to 64 from 8. This limit can be set using the +rg command line argument of erl(1).

This change of default value will reduce lock contention on ETS tables using the read_concurrency option at the expense of memory consumption when the amount of schedulers and logical processors are between 8 and 64. For more information, see documentation of the +rg command line argument of erl(1).

Own Id: OTP-10737

New BIF float_to_list/2 which solves a problem of float_to_list/1 that doesn't allow specifying the number of digits after the decimal point when formatting floats (Thanks to Serge Aleynikov).

Own Id: OTP-10752

Limited support for unicode atoms in the external format and in the internal representation of the vm. This is a preparative feature in order to support communication with future releases of Erlang/OTP that may create unicode atoms.

Own Id: OTP-10753

Increased potential concurrency in ETS for write_concurrency option. The number of internal table locks has increased from 16 to 64. This makes it four times less likely that two concurrent processes writing to the same table would collide and thereby serialized. The cost is an increased constant memory footprint for tables using write_concurrency. The memory consumption per inserted record is not affected. The increased footprint can be particularly large if write_concurrency is combined with read_concurrency.

Own Id: OTP-10787

Erts 5.9.2

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix erl_prim_loader errors in handling of primary archive. The following errors have been corrected:

If primary archive was named "xxx", then a file in the same directory named "xxxyyy" would be interpreted as a file named "yyy" inside the archive. erl_prim_loader did not correctly create and normalize absolute paths for primary archive and files inside it, so unless given with exact same path files inside the archive would not be found. E.g. if escript was started as /full/path/to/xxx then "./xxx/file" would not be found since erl_prim_loader would try to match /full/path/to/xxx with /full/path/to/./xxx. Same problem with ../. Depending on how the primary archive was built, erl_prim_loader:list_dir/1 would sometimes return an empty string inside the file list. This was a virtual element representing the top directory of the archive. This has been removed.

Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz and Shunichi Shinohara for reporting and co-authoring corrections.

Own Id: OTP-10071

Fix: Add port-I/O statistics for active once and true and not only active false.

Own Id: OTP-10073

The 64-bit windows installer did not look in the right directories for 64-bit version of Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistibutable Package and hence took the wrong decision about having to install the redistributable package if the 32-bit version was installed but not the 64-bit and vice versa. This bug has now been fixed Furthermore the sub-installer for the redistributable package is now run in silent mode if the erlang installer is.

Own Id: OTP-10096

epmd would fail to start automatically when starting a distributed erlang node installed in a location with a whitespace in the path.

Own Id: OTP-10106

A more or less harmless bug that sometimes caused memory deallocations to be delayed longer than intended has been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-10116

Fix bug causing emulator crash when running HiPE on ARM. Bug has existed since R15B.

Own Id: OTP-10137

A bug regarding spaces in C function prototypes has been fixed. (Thanks to Richard O'Keefe.)

Own Id: OTP-10138

Corrected dtrace pid length in message related probes. (Thanks to Zheng Siyao)

Own Id: OTP-10142

Correct formating in exit error messages

Ensure displayed sizes are not negative. (Thanks to Michael Santos)

Own Id: OTP-10148

fix escript/primary archive reloading

If the mtime of an escript/primary archive file changes after being added to the code path, correctly reload the archive and update the cache. (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-10151

Doc fix: link from erlang:now/0 to os:timestamp/0

Sometimes os:timestamp/0 is more appropriate than erlang:now/0. The documentation for the former has a link to the latter; this patch adds a link in the other direction to make os:timestamp/0 more visible. Thanks to Magnus Henoch

Own Id: OTP-10180

The caret in the werl window (on Windows) could appear at the wrong place after regaining focus. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-10181

Fix bug that in some cases could cause corrupted binaries in ETS tables with compressed option.

Own Id: OTP-10182

Fix use of "clever" mktime

Commit 1eef765 introduced regression (conditional _always_ evaluates to true) in which erlang:localtime_to_universaltime/2 stopped working on systems configured with timezone without DST (i.e. UTC) on *BSD platforms: 1> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{2012,1,1},{0,0,0}}, true). ** exception error: bad argument Thanks to Piotr Sikora

Own Id: OTP-10187

Relocate bodies of DTrace probes to the statically-linked VM.

Due to various operating systems (in both the DTrace and SystemTap worlds) not fully supporting DTrace probes (or SystemTap-compatibility mode probes) in shared libraries, we relocate those probes to the statically-linked virtual machine. This could be seen as pollution of the pristine VM by a (yet) experimental feature. However:

1. This code can be eliminated completely by the C preprocessor. 2. Leaving the probes in the dyntrace NIF shared library simply does not work correctly on too many platforms. *Many* thanks to Macneil Shonle at Basho for assisting when my RSI-injured fingers gave out. (note: Solaris 10 and FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE can take a long time to compile)

Own Id: OTP-10189

Fix bug in ets:test_ms/2 that could cause emulator crash when using '$_' in match spec.

Own Id: OTP-10190

Supplying a filename longer than the operating system MAX_PATH to file:read_link/1 would cause a crash (Segemntation fault/Critical Error) on all platforms. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-10200

If Perl was configured to interpret files as being encoded in UTF-8, the build would crash in make_preload. (Thanks to Aaron Harnly for noticing this issue.)

Own Id: OTP-10201

Fix the erlc -MP flag

Because of a copy-and-paste error in erlc.c, the -MP flag had the same effect as -MG. As a workaround, you had to pass +makedep_phony to enable the MP option. This patch makes -MP work as intended.

Own Id: OTP-10211

Allow mixed IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to sctp_bindx

Also allow mixed address families to bind, since the first address on a multihomed sctp socket must be bound with bind, while the rest are to be bound using sctp_bindx. At least Linux supports adding address of mixing families. Make inet_set_faddress function available also when HAVE_SCTP is not defined, since we use it to find an address for bind to be able to mix ipv4 and ipv6 addresses. Thanks to Tomas Abrahamsson

Own Id: OTP-10217

Fix support for leap seconds-aware timezones

erlang:universaltime_to_localtime is leap seconds-aware (since 2008), however erlang:localtime_to_universaltime is not, which gives surprising results on systems configured with leap seconds-aware timezones: 1> erlang:universaltime_to_localtime({{2012,1,1},{0,0,0}}). {{2012,1,1},{0,0,0}} 2> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{2012,1,1},{0,0,0}}). {{2012,1,1},{0,0,24}} and completely breaks calendar:local_time_to_universal_time_dst: 3> calendar:local_time_to_universal_time_dst({{2011,1,1},{0,0,0}}). [] Thanks to Piotr Sikora

Own Id: OTP-10227

erlsrv: gracefully stop emulator on Windows shutdown

Windows will send the SERVICE_CONTROL_SHUTDOWN event to the service control handler when shutting down the system. Instead of ignoring the event, erlsrv will now invoke the stop action. Likewise, the Erlang emulator (and it's po drivers) must not quit upon reception of the CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT event in th console control handler. Thanks to Jan Kloetzke

Own Id: OTP-10228

Fix dtrace bug in file rename operation.

Own Id: OTP-10234

Fix bug in memory management of driver port data locks (PDL). In some cases PDLs could be deallocated before ready_async or async_free callback was called.

Own Id: OTP-10249

Improvements and New Features

Add port and suspend options to lock-counter profiling. (Thanks to Rick Reed)

Own Id: OTP-10051

Latency when using the active_once option in gen_tcp communication is reduced.

Own Id: OTP-10055 Aux Id: sto139

Remove bit8 option support from inet

Own Id: OTP-10056

The OS Pid of a port program is now available by calling erlang:port_info(Port,os_pid), Thanks to Matthias Lang for the original patch.

Own Id: OTP-10057

Fix openpty usage in run_erl.

Reopening a slave file descriptor which was closed earlier could lead to a misbehaving connection. This has now been remedied.

Own Id: OTP-10076

Remove all code, documentation, options and diagnostic functions which were related to the experimental hybrid heap implementation.

Own Id: OTP-10105

Optimizations of memory deallocations.

Own Id: OTP-10162 Aux Id: OTP-7775

Optimization of process locking.

Own Id: OTP-10163

Added a xcomp example file for powerpc-dso-linux-gnu

Own Id: OTP-10198

Detect when middle endian doubles are used by a platform and account for it when decoding floats. (Thanks to Mike Sperber)

Own Id: OTP-10209

Erts 5.9.1

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

erlang:system_profile errorneous profiled the profiler process when observing runnable processes. This has been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9849

Calling trace_info/2 asking for information about a function that had native could could crash the run-time system.

Own Id: OTP-9886

reduce smp locking time range in erts_garbage_collect (thanks to Jovi Zhang)

Own Id: OTP-9912

Fix typo in supervisor behaviour doc (Thanks to Ricardo Catalinas Jiménez)

Own Id: OTP-9924

Correct spelling of registered (Thanks to Richard Carlsson)

Own Id: OTP-9925

erts: Remove unused variable (Thanks to Jovi Zhang)

Own Id: OTP-9926

Fix bug in ETS with compressed option and insertion of term containing large integers (>2G) on 64-bit machines. Seen to cause emulator crash. (Thanks to Diego Llarrull for excellent bug report)

Own Id: OTP-9932

Handle Linux OS where /sys/devices/system/node is only readable by root. Fallback to /sys/devices/system/cpu for topology info.

Own Id: OTP-9978

When an escript ends now all printout to standard output and standard error gets out on the terminal. This bug has been corrected by changing the behaviour of erlang:halt/0,1, which should fix the same problem for other escript-like applications, i.e that data stored in the output port driver buffers got lost when printing on a TTY and exiting through erlang:halt/0,1.

The BIF:s erlang:halt/0,1 has gotten improved semantics and there is a new BIF erlang:halt/2 to accomplish something like the old semantics. See the documentation.

Now erlang:halt/0 and erlang:halt/1 with an integer argument will close all ports and allow all pending async threads operations to finish before exiting the emulator. Previously erlang:halt/0 and erlang:halt(0) would just wait for pending async threads operations but not close ports. And erlang:halt/1 with a non-zero integer argument would not even wait for pending async threads operations.

To roughly the old behaviour, to not wait for ports and async threads operations when you exit the emulator, you use erlang:halt/2 with an integer first argument and an option list containing {flush,false} as the second argument. Note that now is flushing not dependant of the exit code, and you can not only flush async threads operations which we deemed as a strange behaviour anyway.

Also, erlang:halt/1,2 has gotten a new feature: If the first argument is the atom 'abort' the emulator is aborted producing a core dump, if the operating system so allows.

Own Id: OTP-9985

Added check to inet driver to avoid building on operating systems that do not yet have IPv6 compatible socket API. (Thanks to Peer Stritzinger)

Own Id: OTP-9996

Fix bug when the number of CPUs actually found is lower than the configured value. (Thanks to Benjamin Herrenschmidt)

Own Id: OTP-10004

The runtime system without SMP support and without thread support erroneously busy waited when no work was present. This bug first appeared in erts-5.9.

Own Id: OTP-10019

Various typographical errors corrected in documentation for common_test, driver, erl_driver and windows installation instructions. (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-10037

Fix memory leak caused by race on exiting process

Own Id: OTP-10041

Improvements and New Features

Add erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time) to ensure correct determination of scheduler utilization. Measuring scheduler utilization is strongly preferred over CPU utilization, since CPU utilization gives very poor indications of actual scheduler/vm usage.

Own Id: OTP-9858

ERTS internal API improvements. In some cases the amount of atomic read operations needed have been reduced due to this.

Own Id: OTP-9922

The DTrace source patch from Scott Lystig Fritchie is integrated in the source tree. Using an emulator with dtrace probe is still not supported for production use, but may be a valuable debugging tool. Configure with --with-dynamic-trace=dtrace (or --with-dynamic-trace=systemtap) to create a build with dtrace probes enabled. See runtime_tools for documentation and examples.

Own Id: OTP-10017

Known Bugs and Problems

enif_make_copy may invalidate enif_inspect_binary.

Own Id: OTP-9828

Erts 5.9

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Honor option packet_size for http packet parsing by both TCP socket and erlang:decode_packet. This gives the ability to accept HTTP headers larger than the default setting, but also avoid DoS attacks by accepting lines only up to whatever length you wish to allow. For consistency, packet type line also honor option packet_size. (Thanks to Steve Vinoski)

Own Id: OTP-9389

A few contracts in the lists module have been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9616

The Unicode noncharacter code points 16#FFFE and 16#FFFE were not allowed to be encoded or decoded using the unicode module or bit syntax. That was inconsistent with the other noncharacters 16#FDD0 to 16#FDEF that could be encoded/decoded. To resolve the inconsistency, 16#FFFE and 16#FFFE can now be encoded and decoded. (Thanks to Alisdair Sullivan.)

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9624

Make epp search directory of current file first when including another file This completes a partial fix in R11 that only worked for include_lib(). (Thanks to Richard Carlsson)

Own Id: OTP-9645

Fixed memory leak in enif_inspect_io_list_as_binary when applied on a process independent environment.

Own Id: OTP-9668

The number of beam catches allowed in code are no longer statically defined and will grow according to its need.

Own Id: OTP-9692

Add missing parenthesis in heart doc.

Add missing spaces in the Reference Manual distributed section.

In the HTML version of the doc those spaces are necessary to separate those words.

Own Id: OTP-9693

Fixes module erlang doc style: option description (Thanks to Ricardo Catalinas Jiménez)

Own Id: OTP-9697

Specifying a scope to binary:match/3 when using multiple searchstrings resulted in faulty return values. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9701

The runtime system crashed if more than one thread tried to exit the runtime system at the same time.

Own Id: OTP-9705

Fix documentation for erlang:process_flag/2

For the subsection about process_flag(save_calls, N) there's an unrelated paragraph about process priorities which was copied from the preceding subsection regarding process_flag(priority, Level). (Thanks to Filipe David Manana)

Own Id: OTP-9714

Calls to erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, N) and/or erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, block|unblock) could cause internal data used by this functionality to get into an inconsistent state. When this happened various problems occurred. This bug was quite hard to trigger, so hopefully no-one has been effected by it.

A spinlock used by the run-queue management sometimes got heavily contended. This code has now been rewritten, and the spinlock has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-9727

Use libdlpi to get physical address (Thanks to Trond Norbye)

Own Id: OTP-9818

Improvements and New Features

An option list argument can now be passed to file:read_file_info/2, file:read_link_info/2 and file:write_file_info/3 and set time type information in the call. Valid options are {time, local}, {time, universal} and {time, posix}. In the case of posix time no conversions are made which makes the operation a bit faster.

Own Id: OTP-7687

A number of memory allocation optimizations have been implemented. Most optimizations reduce contention caused by synchronization between threads during allocation and deallocation of memory. Most notably:

Synchronization of memory management in scheduler specific allocator instances has been rewritten to use lock-free synchronization. Synchronization of memory management in scheduler specific pre-allocators has been rewritten to use lock-free synchronization. The 'mseg_alloc' memory segment allocator now use scheduler specific instances instead of one instance. Apart from reducing contention this also ensures that memory allocators always create memory segments on the local NUMA node on a NUMA system.

Own Id: OTP-7775

The ethread atomic memory operations API used by the runtime system has been extended and improved.

The ethread library now also performs runtime tests for presence of hardware features, such as for example SSE2 instructions, instead of requiring this to be determined at compile time.

All uses of the old deprecated atomic API in the runtime system have been replaced with the use of the new atomic API. In a lot of places this change imply a relaxation of memory barriers used.

Own Id: OTP-9014

gen_sctp:open/0-2 may now return {error,eprotonosupport} if SCTP is not supported

gen_sctp:peeloff/1 has been implemented and creates a one-to-one socket which also are supported now

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9239

Sendfile has been added to the file module's API. sendfile/2 is used to read data from a file and send it to a tcp socket using a zero copying mechanism if available on that OS.

Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz and Steve Vinovski for original implementation

Own Id: OTP-9240

enif_get_reverse_list function added to nif API. This function should be used to reverse small lists which are deep within other structures making it impractical to do the reverse in Erlang.

Own Id: OTP-9392

The deprecated concat_binary/1 BIF has been removed. Use list_to_binary or iolist_to_binary/1 instead.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9421

Erlang/OTP can now be built using parallel make if you limit the number of jobs, for instance using 'make -j6' or 'make -j10'. 'make -j' does not work at the moment because of some missing dependencies.

Own Id: OTP-9451

Line number and filename information are now included in exception backtraces as a fourth element in the MFA tuple. The information will be pretty-printed by the shell and used by common_test to provide better indication of where a test case.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9468

All binary constants used to be handled as heap binaries (i.e. the entire binary would be copied when sent to another process). Binary constants larger than 64 bytes are now refc binaries (i.e. the actual data in the binary will not be copied when sent to another process).

Own Id: OTP-9486

If a float and an integer is compared, the integer is only converted to a float if the float datatype can contain it. Otherwise the float is converted to an integer.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9497

Add NIF function enif_is_number

This function allows for easily determining if a term represents or not a number (integer, float, small or big).(Thanks to Filipe David Manana)

Own Id: OTP-9629

The ERTS internal system block functionality has been replaced by new functionality for blocking the system. The old system block functionality had contention issues and complexity issues. The new functionality piggy-backs on thread progress tracking functionality needed by newly introduced lock-free synchronization in the runtime system. When the functionality for blocking the system isn't used, there is more or less no overhead at all. This since the functionality for tracking thread progress is there and needed anyway.

Own Id: OTP-9631

An ERTS internal, generic, many to one, lock-free queue for communication between threads has been introduced. The many to one scenario is very common in ERTS, so it can be used in a lot of places in the future. Currently it is used by scheduling of certain jobs, and the async thread pool, but more uses are planned for the future.

Drivers using the driver_async functionality are not automatically locked to the system anymore, and can be unloaded as any dynamically linked in driver.

Scheduling of ready async jobs is now also interleaved in between other jobs. Previously all ready async jobs were performed at once.

Own Id: OTP-9632

Tuple funs (a two-element tuple with a module name and a function) are now officially deprecated and will be removed in R16. Use 'fun M:F/A' instead. To make you aware that your system uses tuple funs, the very first time a tuple fun is applied, a warning will be sent to the error logger.

Own Id: OTP-9649

Changed the internal BIF calling convention. Will make simpler faster code and allow BIFs with an arbitrary arity.

Own Id: OTP-9662

Windows native critical sections are now used internally in the runtime system on Windows as mutex implementation. This since they perform better under extreme contention than our own implementation.

Own Id: OTP-9671

Convert some erl_nif macros into inline functions. Allow for better compile time type checking. (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9675

The +scl command line flag has been added. It can be used for disabling compaction of scheduler load. For more information see the erl(1) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-9695

The build system has been updated so that Erlang/OTP can be built on Mac OS X Lion systems without a GCC compiler. The INSTALL guide has been updated with instructions on how to install a GCC compiler and build Erlang/OTP with it, in order to get a run-time system with better performance.

Own Id: OTP-9712

When loading a module, the system use to run on a single scheduler during the entire loading process. This has been changed to only take down the system just before inserting the loaded code into the system tables, resulting in a much shorter disruption if a module is loaded in a busy system. (Suggested by Bob Ippolito.)

Own Id: OTP-9720

Possible to run HiPE without floating point exceptions (FPE). Useful on platforms that lack reliable FPE. Slower float operations compared to HiPE with FPE.

Own Id: OTP-9724

As of ERTS version 5.9 (OTP-R15B) the runtime system will by default not bind schedulers to logical processors.

If the Erlang runtime system is the only operating system process that binds threads to logical processors, this improves the performance of the runtime system. However, if other operating system processes (as for example another Erlang runtime system) also bind threads to logical processors, there might be a performance penalty instead. In some cases this performance penalty might be severe. Due to this, we change the default so that the user must make an active decision in order to bind schedulers.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9726

The use of erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, _) and erlang:system_flag(cpu_topology, _) have been deprecated and scheduled for removal in erts-5.10/OTP-R16. For more information see the documentation of erlang:system_flag/2.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9749

An ancient workaround for a Windows bug was removed from the open_port code, open_port({spawn,...}...) is now faster. Thanks to Daniel Goertzen.

Own Id: OTP-9766

The use of deprecated 32bit time_t on 32bit Windows is removed.

Own Id: OTP-9767

The NIF reload mechanism is deprecated. Do not use it as an upgrade method for live production systems. It might be removed in future releases. It can still serve as a development feature but a warning message will be logged each time it is used.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9771

The driver interface has been changed to enable 64-bit aware drivers. Most importantly the return types for ErlDrvEntry callbacks 'call' and 'control' has ben enlarged which require drivers to be changed or they will cause emulator crashes. See Rewrites for 64-bit driver interface in the driver manual.

Due to this driver version management is now mandatory. A driver that is not written with version management or a driver that was compiled with the wrong major version will be not be loaded by the emulator.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-9795

Eliminate use of deprecated regexp module

Own Id: OTP-9810

Erts 5.8.5

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Several bugs concerning constant binary constructions such as <<0:4294967295>> have been corrected. Depending on the actual size of the binary and the type of run-time system (32-bit, halfword, 64-bit), such expression could either crash the run-time system or make the loader refuse loading of the module.

Own Id: OTP-9284

The Erlsrv utility failed to stop the erlang machine if no StopAction was defined when the service was stopped. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9344

Due to a bug in glibc the runtime system could abort while trying to destroy a mutex. A fix for this was introduced in R14B02. This fix did, however, not solve the problem. The runtime system will now issue a warning instead of aborting.

Own Id: OTP-9373 Aux Id: OTP-9009

Replace atom in DRV macro in prim_file with string

An experimental version of Dialyzer discovered that the atom that replaced the DRV macro in prim_file ends up in calls to erlang:open_port({spawn, Driver}, Portopts) as the Driver argument. The documentation states that this call requires a string there.

This change is also consistent with the one introduced in commit 0f03b1e9d2bef3bc830c31a369261af4c5234727 by Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-9377

Fix typos in the epmd documentation (Thanks to Holger Weiß )

Own Id: OTP-9387

Fix faulty integer terms created by NIF API from 64-bit integers on halfword emulator. (Thanks to Paolo Negri and Paul Davis)

Own Id: OTP-9394

Fix epmd crash on vxworks caused by faulty argument to select() system call.

Own Id: OTP-9427 Aux Id: seq11855

The ets:test_ms function could in rare cases truncate the error messages. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9435

Fix bug related to hibernate and HiPE (clear F_HIBERNATE_SCHED flag)

F_HIBERNATE_SCHED flag that was introduced in b7ecdcd1ae9e11b8f75e must be cleared in hipe_mode_switch as well. Otherwise, processes running HiPE code that hibernate, wake up and then trap into a BIF will not be rescheduled.(Thanks to Paul Guyot)

Own Id: OTP-9452

Fix bug in FreeBSD topology detection code (Thanks to Paul Guyot)

Own Id: OTP-9453

Fix use of logical operator && with constant operand instead of bitwise & (Thanks to Cristian Greco)

Own Id: OTP-9454

inet: error if fd does not match socket domain

If an IPv4 fd is opened as an IPv6 socket, unexpected behaviour can occur. For example, if an IPv4 UDP socket is opened and passed into Erlang as an IPv6 socket, the first 3 bytes (corresponding to 1 byte representing the protocol family, 2 bytes set to the port) are stripped from the payload. The cause of the UDP payload truncation happens in inet_drv.c:packet_inet_input when a call to inet_get_address fails silently because the family is set to PF_INET6 but the buffer len is the size of an IPv4 struct sockaddr_in.

(Thanks to Andrew Tunnell-Jones for finding the bug and the test case!)

Own Id: OTP-9455

erts: use a union to avoid strict aliasing issues

Use a union for pointer type conversion to avoid compiler warnings about strict-aliasing violations with gcc-4.1. gcc >= 4.2 does not emit the warning. erts: adapt matrix_nif to R14 erl_nif API changes (Thanks To Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9487

fix 64-bit issues in the garbage collection (Thanks to Richard Carlsson)

Own Id: OTP-9488

epmd: fix compiler warnings

Suppress compiler warnings about ignored return values. (Thanks to Michael Santos )

Own Id: OTP-9500

Fix non-existing function (erlang:disconnect/1) in distributed reference manual (Thanks to Fabian Król)

Own Id: OTP-9504

Document fdatasync -lrt requirement (SunOS <= 5.10) (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9512

Let epmd ignore empty ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS

If the environment variable ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS is set to the empty string, empd now behaves like it does by default when ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS is unset. That is, in this case, epmd now listens on all available interfaces instead of using only the loopback interface, which happened because epmd added the loopback address to the (in this case empty) list of addresses specified via ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS.

Also, epmd now ignores ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS if it contains only separator characters (comma and space).

The same applies to epmd's -address option.(Thanks to Holger Weiß)

Own Id: OTP-9525

Remove dead code in erl_compile (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9527

Add erlang:external_size/2 BIF

This BIF's second parameter is a list of options. Currently the only allowed option is {minor_version, Version} where version is either 0 (default) or 1. (Thanks to Filipe David Manana )

Own Id: OTP-9528

Fix enif_compare on 64bits machines

In 64bits machines the Sint type has a size of 8 bytes, while on 32bits machines it has a 4 bytes size. enif_compare was ignoring this and therefore returning incorrect values when the result of the CMP function (which returns a Sint value) doesn't fit in 4 bytes. (Thanks to Filipe David Manana)

Own Id: OTP-9533

Implement or fix -Werror option

If -Werror is enabled and there are warnings no output file is written. Also make sure that error/warning reporting is consistent. (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9536

In some rare cases we did not have a run queue when scheduling misc ops. This is now fixed.

Own Id: OTP-9537

Remove misc. compiler warnings

Own Id: OTP-9542

Two bugs in gen_sctp has been corrected: getopts/setopts hence also send could only be called from socket owner, and options 'linger', 'rcvbuf' and 'sndbuf' was read from wrong protocol layer hence read wrong values by getopts.

Own Id: OTP-9544

Erlang/OTP can now be built on MacOS X Lion.

Own Id: OTP-9547

XML files have been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9550 Aux Id: OTP-9541

Fix potential errors inspired by running cppcheck(1) (Thanks to Christian von Roques)

Own Id: OTP-9557

When auxiliary work was enqueued on a scheduler, the wakeup of the scheduler in order to handle this work could be lost. Wakeups in order to handle ordinary work were not effected by this bug. The bug only effected runtime systems with SMP support as follows:

Deallocation of some ETS data structures could be delayed. On Linux systems not using the NPTL thread library (typically ancient systems with kernel versions prior to 2.6) and Windows systems, the {Port, {exit_status, Status}} message from a terminating port program could be delayed. That is, it only effected port programs which had been started by passing exit_status as an option to open_port/2.

Own Id: OTP-9567

Handle rare race in the crypto key server functionality

Own Id: OTP-9586

Improvements and New Features

Types and specifications have been added.

Own Id: OTP-9356

New allocator strategy "address order first fit". May ease the emptying of memory carriers and thereby real release of memory back to the OS.

Own Id: OTP-9424

The new erlang:check_old_code/1 BIF checks whether a module has old code.

Own Id: OTP-9495

Update documentation and specifications of some of the zlib functions.

Own Id: OTP-9506

Detect the available CPUs on IRIX

Add support for querying the number of configured and online processors on SGI systems running IRIX.(Thanks to Holger Weiß)

Own Id: OTP-9531

Erts 5.8.4

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix binary and iolist overflow problems. Typically problems arose in length calculation where the result would exceed (1 bsl 32 - 1).

Own Id: OTP-9118

Using the old erlang shell (i.e. erl instead on werl) on windows and doing several init:restart's would eventually hang the VM. That is no longer the case.

Own Id: OTP-9139

Removed recursive C code when printing Erlang terms to buffers, avoiding stack overflows that could cause VM to crash.

Own Id: OTP-9140

The send_timeout option in gen_tcp did not work properly in active mode or with {active,once} options. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9145

Fixed various typos across the documentation (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9154

Remove duplicate stack entries which could occur after calling certain BIFs.

Own Id: OTP-9163

A race when starting two nodes simultaneously using run_erl has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-9164

Add documentation on .erlang processing back again (Thanks to Gabor Liptak)

Own Id: OTP-9189

Remove gratuitous paren in driver_entry(Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9192

Fix some wrong pointer dereferences (Thanks to Cristian Greco)

Own Id: OTP-9194

erts: Remove unused variables (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9205

The documentation for init:get_args/0 has been removed. init:get_args/0 itself was deprecated in R9C and removed in R12B. (Thanks to Eric Pailleau.)

Own Id: OTP-9209

Allow user to specify the IP address epmd binds to

The IP address(es) epmd binds to can now be specified by the user, either via epmd's new "-address" option or (if that's not used) by setting the environment variable ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS. Multiple addresses may be specified using a comma-separated list. If the loopback address is not in this list, it will be added implicitly, so that the daemon can be queried by an interactive epmd process.(Thanks to Holger Weiß)

Own Id: OTP-9213

epmd: include host address in local access check

In FreeBSD jails, the source and destination address of connections to localhost are changed to be the IP address of the jail. Consider connections from the host's IP address to itself (e.g., the source and destination address match) to be local for the access control checks. (Thanks to Michal Santos and Tom at diogunix.com)

Own Id: OTP-9214

Fix list returned by net_kernel:epmd_module

Function epmd_module of net_kernel returns a list instead of an atom, when the epmd_module-flag is used. (Thanks to Markus Knofe)

Own Id: OTP-9215

Fix epmd's dbg_perror() output

The dbg_perror() function now hands the current errno value over to dbg_gen_printf(). This fixes the problem that errno had been reset to zero by the time it was used (to print the corresponding error message) in the dbg_gen_printf() function. (Thanks to Holger Weiß)

Own Id: OTP-9223

heart: remove garbage appended to heart command

heart:get_cmd/0 is documented to return an empty string if the command is cleared. get_cmd/0 returns 2 extra bytes: 1 byte for the trailing null, 1 byte from the op (the op is an unsigned char and 2 bytes are allocated for it in the returned buffer). (Thanks to Michael Santos)

Own Id: OTP-9224

file: fix hang reading compressed files

The gzio driver goes into an infinite loop when reading past the end of a compressed file. Reported-By: Alex Morarash (Thanks to Michael Santos)

Own Id: OTP-9245

Eliminate alias warnings from gcc 4.5.2

Own Id: OTP-9250

Unsigned integer may overflow in error message (Thanks to Michael Santos)

Own Id: OTP-9251

Driver names should be strings, not atoms

Own Id: OTP-9253

driver_entry: Remove gratuitous paren and fix typo (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9254

Fix format specifiers in erl_exit messages

Fix an error message by using an unsigned integer specifier as seen in a tweet by @metabrew: #erlang VM crashed with "no next heap size found: -2090496108, offset 0", suddenly allocated all available RAM

Also correct mis-typed string formats in bif.c.(Thanks to Michael Santos)

Own Id: OTP-9262

net_drv: remove unused tcp request id inet_drv: remove gratuitous assignment (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9263

Teach run_erl RUN_ERL_DISABLE_FLOWCNTRL for disabling flow control

Flow control can cause unwanted behaviour of the beam process, if accidentally hit Ctrl-S (instead of Ctrl-D to detach) the entire beam may be blocked.

Fix this problem by making it possible to turn off flow control by setting the environment variable RUN_ERL_DISABLE_FLOWCNTRL. (Thanks to Jonas Faklkevik)

Own Id: OTP-9270

The following bugs due to missing memory barriers have been fixed:

ETS tables using the write_concurrency option could potentially get into an internally inconsistent state.

ETS tables using the ordered_set option could potentially get into an internally inconsistent state.

A number of memory barriers have been added when building with the libatomic_ops API (i.e. when passing --with-libatomic_ops=PATH to configure) and the tilera atomics API (i.e. when building for the tilera chip). Note that these bugs were due to erroneous usage of the APIs, and not in the implementations of the APIs. When using these APIs the following bugs where present:

The BIF erlang:ports/0 could return an erroneous result.

A thread blocking other threads during code loading, or setup of tracing could potentially read invalid data.

Fixation of ETS tables could potentially get into an internally inconsistent state.

Own Id: OTP-9281

Fix halfword bug for ETS ordered_set when doing select/match with partly bound key.

Own Id: OTP-9292

Fix bug in code:is_module_native that caused crash for deleted modules.

Own Id: OTP-9298

Calling driver_async_cancel() could cause a scheduler thread to enter an eternal loop doing no useful work. (Thanks to Anders Ramsell)

Own Id: OTP-9302

Improvements and New Features

New enif_is_exception function to allow NIFs to determine whether an ERL_NIF_TERM represents an exception. (Thanks to Steve Vinoski)

Own Id: OTP-9150

A process being garbage collected by another process could be scheduled on another scheduler. This prevented this scheduler from doing any useful work until the garbage collection was done. This either occurred due to a explicit call to the garbage_collect/1 BIF, or due to a garbage collection part of code loading. A process being garbage collected like this will now not be scheduled until the garbage collection has completed.

Own Id: OTP-9211

Remove unnecessary validation copy in prim_file:drv_command/3 (Thanks to Tony Rogvall)

Own Id: OTP-9276

Symbolic link handling on windows have been slightly updated to map error conditions more consequently and correctly read directory links created outside of the Erlang environment.

Own Id: OTP-9279

Due to standard library DLL mismatches between versions of OpenSSL and Erlang/OTP, OpenSSL is now linked statically to the crypto driver on Windows. This fixes problems starting crypto when running Erlang as a service on all Windows versions.

Own Id: OTP-9280

Halfword emulator memory handling improvements:

Much more of internal memory structures have been made able to use "high" memory and are no longer restricted to the 4Gb limit that still applies for all process heap data.

Fixed faulty values from erlang:memory() caused by 32-bit counter overflow.

New counter low in erlang:memory() that sums up all memory restricted by 4Gb limit.

Own Id: OTP-9291 Aux Id: seq11841

The value set in the undocumented and unsupported ERL_version_FLAGS (e.g. ERL_R14B03_FLAGS) environment variable can now be overridden by the command line (similar to ERL_AFLAGS).

Own Id: OTP-9297

Erts 5.8.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

The scroll wheel now scrolls the werl window on Windows.

Own Id: OTP-8985

Some malformed distribution messages could cause VM to crash, this is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8993

The OS function getifaddrs() can return NULL in some address fields for e.g PPP and tunnel devices which caused the emulator to segfault. This bug has now been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8996

The expression <<A:0>> would always produce an empty binary, even if A was not an integer. Corrected to cause a badarg exception if the type of A is invalid. (Thanks to Zvi.)

Own Id: OTP-8997

A bug that potentially could cause an emulator crash when deleting an ETS-table has been fixed. A resource leak when hitting the maximum amount of ETS-tables allowed has also been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-8999

A bug in the exit/2 BIF could potentially cause an emulator crash.

Own Id: OTP-9005

Due to a bug in glibc the runtime system could abort while trying to destroy a mutex. The runtime system will now issue a warning instead of aborting.

Own Id: OTP-9009

A bug in epmd could create strange behaviour when listen() calls failed. This is now corrected thanks to Steve Vinoski.

Own Id: OTP-9024

When setting file_info the win32_driver will now correctly set access and modified time. Previously these entities were swapped.

Own Id: OTP-9046

Setting scheduler bind type to unbound failed if binding of schedulers wasn't supported, or if CPU topology wasn't present. This even though the documentation stated that it is possible to set the bind type to unbound.

Own Id: OTP-9056 Aux Id: Seq11779

Two problems were fixed in crash dump: The time left for timers are now shown as unsigned integers and the contents of ordered_set ETS tables is no longer included.

Own Id: OTP-9057

The VM could fail to set IP_TOS and SO_PRIORITY in certain situations, either because sockets were supplied as open file descriptors, or because SO_PRIORITY by default was set higher than the user can explicitly set it to. Those situations are now handled.

Own Id: OTP-9069

Wx on MacOS X generated complains on stderr about certain cocoa functions not being called from the "Main thread". This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-9081

Fix a couple typos in driver_entry(3) (thanks to Tuncer Ayaz).

Own Id: OTP-9085

Mention that "-detached" implies "-noinput"

Clarify that specifying "-noinput" is unnecessary if the "-detached" flag is given. (thanks to Holger Weiß)

Own Id: OTP-9086

A potential problem (found by code inspection) when calling a fun whose code was not loaded has been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-9095

The emulator could get into a state where it didn't check for I/O.

Own Id: OTP-9105 Aux Id: Seq11798

Attempting to create binaries exceeding 2Gb (using for example term_to_binary/1) would crash the emulator with an attempt to allocate huge amounts of memory. (Thanks to Jon Meredith.)

Own Id: OTP-9117

Fix erlang:hibernate/3 on HiPE enabled emulator (Thanks to Paul Guyot)

Own Id: OTP-9125

Improvements and New Features

From this release, the previously experimental halfword emulator is now official. It can be enabled by giving the --enable-halfword-emulator option to the configure script.

The halfword emulator is a 64-bit application, but uses halfwords (32-bit words) for all data in Erlang processes, therefore using less memory and being faster than the standard 64-bit emulator. The total size of all BEAM code and all process data for all processes is limited to 4Gb, but ETS tables and off-heap binaries are only limited by the amount of available memory.

Own Id: OTP-8941

32-bit atomic memory operations have been introduced internally in the run time system, and are now used where appropriate. There were previously only atomic memory operations of word size available. The 32-bit atomic memory operations slightly reduce memory consumption, and slightly improve performance on 64-bit runtime systems.

Own Id: OTP-8974

Performance enhancements for looking up timer-entries and removing timers from the wheel.

Own Id: OTP-8990

Write accesses to ETS tables have been optimized by reducing the amount of atomic memory operations needed during a write access.

Own Id: OTP-9000

Strange C coding in the VM made the -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE option to gcc-4.5 react badly. The code is now cleaned up so that it's accepted by gcc-4.5.

Own Id: OTP-9025

The memory footprint for loaded code has been somewhat reduced (especially in the 64-bit BEAM machine).

Own Id: OTP-9030

The maximum number of allowed arguments for an Erlang function has been lowered from 256 to 255, so that the number of arguments can now fit in a byte.

Own Id: OTP-9049

Dependency generation for Makefiles has been added to the compiler and erlc. See the manual pages for compile and erlc. (Thanks to Jean-Sebastien Pedron.)

Own Id: OTP-9065

Erts 5.8.2

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix format_man_pages so it handles all man sections and remove warnings/errors in various man pages.

Own Id: OTP-8600

The configure command line argument --enable-ethread-pre-pentium4-compatibility had no effect. This option is now also automatically enabled if required on the build machine.

Own Id: OTP-8847

Windows 2003 and Windows XP pre SP3 would sometimes not start the Erlang R14B VM at all due to a bug in the cpu topology detection. The bug affects Windows only, no other platform is even remotely affected. The bug is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8876

The HiPE run-time in the 64-bit emulator could do a 64-bit write to a 32-bit struct field. It happened to be harmless on Intel/AMD processors. Corrected. (Thanks to Mikael Pettersson.)

Own Id: OTP-8877

A bug in erl_drv_tsd_get() and enif_tsd_get() could cause an emulator crash. These functions are currently not used in OTP. That is, the crash only occur on systems with user implemented NIF libraries, or drivers that use one of these functions.

Own Id: OTP-8889

Calling erlang:system_info({cpu_topology, CpuTopologyType}) with another CpuTopologyType element than one of the documented atoms defined, detected, or used caused an emulator crash. (Thanks to Paul Guyot)

Own Id: OTP-8914

The ERTS internal rwlock implementation could get into an inconsistent state. This bug was very seldom triggered, but could be during heavy contention. The bug was introduced in R14B (erts-5.8.1).

The bug was most likely to be triggered when using the read_concurrency option on an ETS table that was frequently accessed from multiple processes doing lots of writes and reads. That is, in a situation where you typically don't want to use the read_concurrency option in the first place.

Own Id: OTP-8925 Aux Id: OTP-8544

Tracing to port could cause an emulator crash when unloading the trace driver.

Own Id: OTP-8932

Removed use of CancelIoEx on Windows that had been shown to cause problems with some drivers.

Own Id: OTP-8937

The fallback implementation used when no native atomic implementation was found did not compile. (Thanks to Patrick Baggett, and Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-8944

Some integer values used during load balancing could under rare circumstances wrap causing a load unbalance between schedulers.

Own Id: OTP-8950

The windows VM now correctly handles appending to large files (> 4GB).

Own Id: OTP-8958

Name resolving of IPv6 addresses has been implemented for Windows versions that support it. The use of ancient resolver flags (AI_V4MAPPED | AI_ADDRCONFIG) to the getaddrinfo() function has been removed since e.g FreeBSD regard mapped IPv4 addresses to be a security problem and the semantics of the address configured flag is uncertain.

Own Id: OTP-8969

Improvements and New Features

The help texts produced by the configure scripts in the top directory and in the erts directory have been aligned and cleaned up.

Own Id: OTP-8859

When the runtime system had fewer schedulers than logical processors, the system could get an unnecessarily large amount reader groups.

Own Id: OTP-8861

run_rel has been updated to support Solaris's /dev/ptmx device and to load the necessary STREAMS modules so that to_erl can provide terminal echo of keyboard input. (Thanks to Ryan Tilder.)

Own Id: OTP-8878

The Erlang VM now supports Unicode filenames. The feature is turned on by default on systems where Unicode filenames are mandatory (Windows and MacOSX), but can be enabled on other systems with the '+fnu' emulator option. Enabling the Unicode filename feature on systems where it is not default is however considered experimental and not to be used for production. Together with the Unicode file name support, the concept of "raw filenames" is introduced, which means filenames provided without implicit unicode encoding translation. Raw filenames are provided as binaries, not lists. For further information, see stdlib users guide and the chapter about using Unicode in Erlang. Also see the file module manual page.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8887

Buffer overflows have been prevented in erlc, dialyzer, typer, run_test, heart, escript, and erlexec.

(Thanks to Michael Santos.)

Own Id: OTP-8892

The runtime system is now less eager to suspend processes sending messages over the distribution. The default value of the distribution buffer busy limit has also been increased from 128 KB to 1 MB. This in order to improve throughput.

Own Id: OTP-8901

The distribution buffer busy limit can now be configured at system startup. For more information see the documentation of the erl +zdbbl command line flag. (Thanks to Scott Lystig Fritchie)

Own Id: OTP-8912

The inet driver internal buffer stack implementation has been rewritten in order to reduce lock contention.

Own Id: OTP-8916

New ETS option compressed, to enable a more compact storage format at the expence of heavier table operations. For test and evaluation, erl +ec can be used to force compression on all ETS tables.

Own Id: OTP-8922 Aux Id: seq11658

There is now a new function inet:getifaddrs/0 modeled after C library function getifaddrs() on BSD and LInux that reports existing interfaces and their addresses on the host. This replaces the undocumented and unsupported inet:getiflist/0 and inet:ifget/2.

Own Id: OTP-8926

Support for detection of CPU topology and binding of schedulers on FreeBSD 8 have been added. (Thanks to Paul Guyot)

Own Id: OTP-8939

Several bugs related to hibernate/3 and HiPE have been corrected. (Thanks to Paul Guyot.)

Own Id: OTP-8952

Support for soft and hard links on Windows versions and filesystems that support them is added.

Own Id: OTP-8955

The win32 virtual machine is now linked large address aware. his allows the Erlang VM to use up to 3 gigs of address space on Windows instead of the default of 2 gigs.

Own Id: OTP-8956

Erts 5.8.1

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Very small floating point numbers generated errors when converting from list to float in some versions of the VM, this is now corrected so that i.e. list_to_float("1.0e-324"). returns 0.0 in all versions of Erlang.

Own Id: OTP-7178

Windows Vista and Windows 7 file system virtualization, which makes "old style" windows programs execute in a file system sandbox, was previously unintentionally turned on for the Erlang VM. This is now corrected so that i.e. writes to C:\Program Files\. without administrator privileges will fail.

Own Id: OTP-7405

Fix faulty 64-bit integer term output from drivers. Large 64-bits integers did not generate correct bignums and could even cause emulator crash. Only affects drivers using ERL_DRV_INT64 or ERL_DRV_UINT64, introduced in R13B03.

Own Id: OTP-8716

Fixed: inet:setopts(S, [{linger,{true,2}}]) returned {error,einval} for SCTP sockets. The inet_drv had a bug when checking the option size.

Own Id: OTP-8726 Aux Id: seq11617

Fix libm linking with --as-needed flag

When building with "--as-needed" linker flags on Linux the build will fail. This has now been fixed.

(Thanks to Christian Faulhammer)

Own Id: OTP-8728

gen_udp:connect/3 was broken for SCTP enabled builds. It did not detect remote end errors as it should.

Own Id: OTP-8729

Reduce the risk of integer wrapping in bin vheap size counting.

The vheap size series will now use the golden ratio instead of doubling and fibonacci sequences.

Own Id: OTP-8730

ETS ordered_set containing [] as key could cause strange thing to happen, like an infinite hanging ets:select.

Own Id: OTP-8732

reference() has been substituted for ref() in the documentation.

Own Id: OTP-8733

When a native compiled module called a not loaded non-native compiled module that had an on_load function, the export entries were trashed after code loading so on the next call from the native compiled module to the non-native compiled the emulator crashed. This bug has now been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-8736

HiPE-enabled Erlang VMs running on BSD systems sometimes generated messages like "Yikes! erts_alloc() returned misaligned address 0x8016a512c". Fixed. (Thanks to Mikael Pettersson.)

Own Id: OTP-8769

A race condition in erts_poll() could cause delay of poll for I/O.

Own Id: OTP-8773

Removed some potential vulnerabilities from the Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd) and straightened up access control. Also removed hazardous interfaces allowing anyone on a machine to forcefully unregister other nodes. This means that the ei_unregister/erl_unregister interfaces in erl_interface is rendered not only error prone and mystifying as before, but totally ineffective. The old behaviour of unchecked node unregistering can be restored if needed, see epmd documentation for details.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8780

Building in a source tree without prebuilt platform independent build results failed on the SSL examples when:

cross building. This has been solved by not building the SSL examples during a cross build. building on Windows.

Own Id: OTP-8791

inet:getsockopt for SCTP sctp_default_send_param had a bug to not initialize required feilds causing random answers. It is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8795 Aux Id: seq11655

The hipe_bifs:get_hrvtime/0 BIF now always returns a real value even if the "perfctr" Linux kernel extension is not available. It used to return a dummy value. (Thanks to Mikael Pettersson.)

Own Id: OTP-8798

Calling a native-code compiled module with an on_load function could cause a crash. (Thanks to Mikael Pettersson.)

Own Id: OTP-8799

The emulator could crash while writing a crash dump if native-compiled modules had been loaded. (Thanks to Paul Guyot.)

Own Id: OTP-8801

The garbage collector could crash if invoked from native-compiled code after a call to a BIF. (Thanks to Paul Guyot.)

Own Id: OTP-8821

A rare memory leak in binary:matches is removed

Own Id: OTP-8823

For a socket in the HTTP packet mode, the return value from gen_tcp:recv/2,3 if there is an error in the header will be {ok,{http_error,String}} instead of {error,{http_error,String}} to be consistent with ssl:recv/2,3.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8831

Improvements and New Features

ets:select_reverse/{1,2,3} are now documented.

Own Id: OTP-7863

External format of integers changed to make full use of all 32 bits of INTEGER_EXT. This is a compatible change as old code can read full 32-bit integers but only produce 28-bit integers as INTEGER_EXT.

Own Id: OTP-8540 Aux Id: seq11534

Large parts of the ethread library have been rewritten. The ethread library is an Erlang runtime system internal, portable thread library used by the runtime system itself.

Most notable improvement is a reader optimized rwlock implementation which dramatically improve the performance of read-lock/read-unlock operations on multi processor systems by avoiding ping-ponging of the rwlock cache lines. The reader optimized rwlock implementation is used by miscellaneous rwlocks in the runtime system that are known to be read-locked frequently, and can be enabled on ETS tables by passing the {read_concurrency, true} option upon table creation. See the documentation of ets:new/2 for more information. The reader optimized rwlock implementation can be fine tuned when starting the runtime system. For more information, see the documentation of the +rg command line argument of erl.

There is also a new implementation of rwlocks that is not optimized for readers. Both implementations interleaves readers and writers during contention as opposed to, e.g., the NPTL (Linux) pthread rwlock implementation which use either a reader or writer preferred strategy. The reader/writer preferred strategy is problematic since it starves threads doing the non-preferred operation.

The new rwlock implementations in general performs better in ERTS than common pthread implementations. However, in some extremely heavily contended cases this is not the case. Such heavy contention can more or less only appear on ETS tables. This when multiple processes do very large amounts of write locked operations simultaneously on the same table. Such use of ETS is bad regardless of rwlock implementation, will never scale, and is something we strongly advise against.

The new rwlock implementations depend on atomic operations. If no native atomic implementation is found, a fallback solution will be used. Using the fallback implies a performance degradation. That is, it is more important now than before to build OTP with a native atomic implementation.

The ethread library contains native atomic implementations for, x86 (32 and 64 bit), powerpc (32 bit), sparc V9 (32 and 64 bit), and tilera (32 bit). On other hardware gcc's builtin support for atomic memory access will be used if such exists. If no such support is found, configure will warn about no atomic implementation available.

The ethread library can now also use the libatomic_ops library for atomic memory accesses. This makes it possible for the Erlang runtime system to utilize optimized native atomic operations on more platforms than before. If configure warns about no atomic implementation available, try using the libatomic_ops library. Use the --with-libatomic_ops=PATH configure command line argument when specifying where the libatomic_ops installation is located. The libatomic_ops library can be downloaded from: http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/linux/atomic_ops/

The changed API of the ethread library has also caused modifications in the Erlang runtime system. Preparations for the to come "delayed deallocation" feature has also been done since it depends on the ethread library.

Note: When building for x86, the ethread library will now use instructions that first appeared on the pentium 4 processor. If you want the runtime system to be compatible with older processors (back to 486) you need to pass the --enable-ethread-pre-pentium4-compatibility configure command line argument when configuring the system.

Own Id: OTP-8544

erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{2008, 8, 1}, {0, 0, 0}},true) when TZ=UTC now behaves consistently on all Unix platforms.

The problem fixed was originally reported by Paul Guyot on erlang-bugs mailing list:

http://www.erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-bugs/2008-November/001077.html

Own Id: OTP-8580

Optimization reducing memory consumption by two words per ETS object.

Own Id: OTP-8737

Fixes for unsupported halfword-emulator

Own Id: OTP-8745

NIF 64-bit integer support; enif_get_int64, enif_get_uint64, enif_make_int64, enif_make_uint64.

Own Id: OTP-8746

Alignment of trailing data in messages has been adjusted. This in order to be able to pass data of any type as trailing data in the future.

Own Id: OTP-8754

The obsolete/driver.h header file has been removed. It has been obsolete and deprecated since R8B. Drivers that still include obsolete/driver.h must be updated to include erl_driver.h.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8758

Added erlang:system_info(build_type) which makes it easier to chose drivers, NIF libraries, etc based on build type of the runtime system.

The NIF library for crypto can now be built for valgrind and/or debug as separate NIF libraries that will be automatically loaded if the runtime system has been built with a matching build type.

Own Id: OTP-8760

Further lessened the memory requirements of ETS objects.

Own Id: OTP-8762

The broken elib_malloc alternate memory allocator has been removed. erlang:system_info(elib_malloc) will always return false, and in R15, erlang:system_info(elib_malloc) will fail with a badarg exception.

Own Id: OTP-8764

Calling erlang:system_info/1 with the new argument update_cpu_info will make the runtime system reread and update the internally stored CPU information. For more information see the documentation of erlang:system_info(update_cpu_info).

The CPU topology is now automatically detected on Windows systems with less than 33 logical processors. The runtime system will now, also on Windows, by default bind schedulers to logical processors using the default_bind bind type if the amount of schedulers is at least equal to the amount of logical processors configured, binding of schedulers is supported, and a CPU topology is available at startup.

Own Id: OTP-8765

The SMP ERTS internal child waiter thread used on Linux system with NPTL was unintentionally disabled during cross compilation rewrites (OTP-8323 in R13B03). It has now been re-enabled. Enabling it again gives a slight performance improvement.

Own Id: OTP-8774

epmd used to generate a message to the syslog when it started up, which could be annoying. This has been changed to only generate the message if the debug swith is given. (Thanks to Michael Santos.)

Own Id: OTP-8775

The scheduler wakeup threshold is now possible to adjust at system boot. For more information see the +swt command line argument of erl.

Own Id: OTP-8811

The undocumented function inet:ifget/2 has been improved to return interface hardware address (MAC) on platforms supporting getaddrinfo() (such as BSD unixes). Note it still does not work on all platforms for example not Windows nor Solaris, so the function is still undocumented.

Buffer overflow and field init bugs for inet:ifget/2 and inet:getservbyname/2 has also been fixed.

Thanks to Michael Santos.

Own Id: OTP-8816

Optimizations for MIPS when using gcc atomics. (Thanks to Steve Vinoski)

Own Id: OTP-8834

Lock optimization in timer functionality.

Own Id: OTP-8835

Known Bugs and Problems

Fix epmd and build environment to build on VxWorks

Own Id: OTP-8838

Erts 5.8

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Driver threads, such as async threads, using port data locks peeked at the port status field without proper locking when looking up the driver queue.

Own Id: OTP-8475

The use of mmap() was unnecessarily disabled when cross compiling.

The configure arguments --with-ssl, and --with-odbc refused to accept libraries outside of $erl_xcomp_sysroot when cross compiling for no good reason.

The configure argument --with-odbc didn't handle the value yes correct.

The configure arguments --with-odbc, and --without-odbc have also been added to the configure help.

(Thanks to Steve Vinoski for reporting these issues)

Own Id: OTP-8484

A call to the BIF unregister(RegName) when a port had the name RegName registered in the runtime system without SMP support caused a runtime system crash. (Thanks to Per Hedeland for the bugfix and test case.)

Own Id: OTP-8487

The runtime system crashed if fewer logical processors were found than reported by sysconf( SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF).

Own Id: OTP-8549

Fix memory management bug causing crash of non-SMP emulator with async threads enabled. The bug did first appear in R13B03.

Own Id: OTP-8591 Aux Id: seq11554

Port locks could be prematurely destroyed.

Own Id: OTP-8612

The empd program could loop and consume 100% CPU time if an unexpected error occurred in listen() or accept(). Now epmd will terminate if a non-recoverable error occurs. (Thanks to Michael Santos.)

Own Id: OTP-8618

When kernel poll has been enabled, a livelock could in rare circumstances occur. Problem reported by Chetan Ahuja, fix by Mikael Pettersson.

Own Id: OTP-8632

Windows: Closing port of program that stalled without reading all data could deadlock scheduler thread.

Own Id: OTP-8641

On some combination of Montavista Linux on Cavium Octeon processors, some socket-related system calls returned other numbers than -1 for errors. This caused a core dump in inet_drv.c. Now the code works around this problem.

Own Id: OTP-8654

Missing memory barriers in erts_poll() could cause the runtime system to hang indefinitely.

Own Id: OTP-8658

ethr_rwmutex_tryrlock() acquired and refused to acquire a lock with inverted logic. The lock was however never acquired in a thread unsafe manner. (Thanks to JR Zhang for noting this issue)

Own Id: OTP-8662

Extreme combinations of register/unregister in a highly parallell SMP application could crash the VM. The error is corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8663

On Windows, files are now opened with FILE_SHARE_DELETE to get closer to Unix semantics.

Own Id: OTP-8667

erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling) sometimes erroneously returned enabled when it should have returned blocked.

Own Id: OTP-8675

Fix bug causing erlang:decode_packet and enif_make_string to generate faulty strings with negative character values for ascii values larger than 127. (Thanks to Paul Guyot)

Own Id: OTP-8685

open_port/2 with the spawn and spawn_executable options can include an {env,Env} option. In some cases unsetting variables would not work on Unix (typically if more variables were unset than were actually present in the environment).

Own Id: OTP-8701

A user defined CPU topology set via a call to erlang:system_flag(cpu_topology, CPUTopology) was not properly verified, and could in worst case cause an emulator crash. The emulator crash could only occur when a user defined CPU topology already existed and was redefined.

Own Id: OTP-8710

Improvements and New Features

The grammar for match specifications in ERTS users guide only described the tracing dialect of match specifications. An informal grammar for the ETS dialect is added.

Own Id: OTP-8086 Aux Id: seq11333

The module binary from EEP31 (and EEP9) is implemented.

Own Id: OTP-8217

New NIF API function enif_make_new_binary

Own Id: OTP-8474

The guard BIF is_boolean/1 (introduced in R10B) has now been included in the lists of BIFs allowed in guards in the Reference Manual.

Own Id: OTP-8477

Added function zip:foldl/3 to iterate over zip archives.

Added functions to create and extract escripts. See escript:create/2 and escript:extract/2.

The undocumented function escript:foldl/3 has been removed. The same functionality can be achieved with the more flexible functions escript:extract/2 and zip:foldl/3.

Record fields has been annotated with type info. Source files as been adapted to fit within 80 chars and trailing whitespace has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-8521

A regular expression with many levels of parenthesis could cause a buffer overflow. That has been corrected. (Thanks to Michael Santos.)

Own Id: OTP-8539

erlang:decode_packet(httph_bin,..) could return corrupt header strings or even crash the VM. This has been fixed. It only happened on 32-bit VM if the header name was unknown and between 16 and 20 characters long. Sockets with simular packet option did not suffer from this bug.

Own Id: OTP-8548

New NIF features:

Send messages from a NIF, or from thread created by NIF, to any local process (enif_send) Store terms between NIF calls (enif_alloc_env, enif_make_copy) Create binary terms with user defined memory management (enif_make_resource_binary)

And some incompatible changes made to the API. For more information see the warning text in erl_nif(3).

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8555

If the 'fop' program (needed for building PDF files) cannot not be found, it is now possible to build the HTML and man pages anyway (there will also be dummy PDF files with no real content created). (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz.)

Own Id: OTP-8559

When defining macros the closing right parenthesis before the dot is now mandatory.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8562

Local and imported functions now override the auto-imported BIFs when the names clash. The pre R14 behaviour was that auto-imported BIFs would override local functions. To avoid that old programs change behaviour, the following will generate an error:

Doing a call without explicit module name to a local function having a name clashing with the name of an auto-imported BIF that was present (and auto-imported) before OTP R14A

Explicitly importing a function having a name clashing with the name of an autoimported BIF that was present (and autoimported) before OTP R14A

Using any form of the old compiler directive nowarn_bif_clash

If the BIF was added or auto-imported in OTP R14A or later, overriding it with an import or a local function will only result in a warning,

To resolve clashes, you can either use the explicit module name erlang to call the BIF, or you can remove the auto-import of that specific BIF by using the new compiler directive -compile({no_auto_import,[F/A]})., which makes all calls to the local or imported function without explicit module name pass without warnings or errors.

The change makes it possible to add auto-imported BIFs without breaking or silently changing old code in the future. However some current code ingeniously utilizing the old behaviour or the nowarn_bif_clash compiler directive, might need changing to be accepted by the compiler.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8579

A bug in re that could cause certain regular expression matches never to terminate is corrected. (Thanks to Michael Santos and Gordon Guthrie.)

Own Id: OTP-8589

The erlang:open_port spawn and spawn_executable directives can include an {env,Env} directive to set up environment variables for the spawned process. A bug prevented applications from using {env,Env} to set an environment variable whose value ended with a '=' (equal sign) character; the trailing equal sign was mistaken as an indication that an environment variable was to be cleared from the environment of the spawned process. (Thanks to Steve Vinoski.)

Own Id: OTP-8614

receive statements that can only read out a newly created reference are now specially optimized so that it will execute in constant time regardless of the number of messages in the receive queue for the process. That optimization will benefit calls to gen_server:call(). (See gen:do_call/4 for an example of a receive statement that will be optimized.)

Own Id: OTP-8623

The functions file:advise/4 and file:datasync/1 have been added. (Thanks to Filipe David Manana.)

Own Id: OTP-8637

New NIF API functions: enif_make_atom_len, enif_make_existing_atom_len, enif_make_string_len, enif_get_atom_length, enif_get_list_length, enif_is_list, enif_is_tuple (by Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-8640

Support for using gcc's built-in functions for atomic memory access has been added. This functionallity will be used if available and no other native atomic implementation in ERTS is available.

Own Id: OTP-8659

The number of spinlocks used when implementing atomic fall-backs when no native atomic implementation is available has been increased from 16 to 1024.

Own Id: OTP-8660

Writer preferred pthread read/write locks has been enabled on Linux.

Own Id: OTP-8661

The runtime system will by default bind schedulers to logical processors using the default_bind bind type if the amount of schedulers are at least equal to the amount of logical processors configured, binding of schedulers is supported, and a CPU topology is available at startup.

NOTE: If the Erlang runtime system is the only operating system process that binds threads to logical processors, this improves the performance of the runtime system. However, if other operating system processes (as for example another Erlang runtime system) also bind threads to logical processors, there might be a performance penalty instead. If this is the case you, are are advised to unbind the schedulers using the +sbtu command line argument, or by invoking erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, unbound).

Own Id: OTP-8666

The recently added BIFs erlang:min/2, erlang:max/2 and erlang:port_command/3 are now auto-imported (as they were originally intended to be). Due to the recent compiler change (OTP-8579), the only impact on old code defining it's own min/2, max/2 or port_command/3 functions will be a warning, the local functions will still be used. The warning can be removed by using -compile({no_auto_import,[min/2,max/2,port_command/3]}). in the source file.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8669 Aux Id: OTP-8579

There is a new option 'exclusive' to file:open/2 that uses the OS O_EXCL flag where supported to open the file in exclusive mode.

Own Id: OTP-8670

Now, binary_to_term/2 is auto-imported. This will cause a compile warning if and only if a module has got a local function with that name.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8671

Alignment of scheduler data and run queues were adjusted.

Own Id: OTP-8673

Call time breakpoint tracing

Introduce a call_time option to erlang:trace_pattern/3.This option enables call time breakpoint tracing on code that is executed by processes with call tracing enabled. Call time tracing stores the number of calls and the time spent of each function with this trace pattern enabled. The information can be retrieved with erlang:trace_info/2 Add a scheduler array for BpData. To solve the issue of multiple schedulers constantly updating the head pointer to the bp data wheel, each scheduler now has its own entrypoint to the wheel. This head pointer can be updated without a locking being taken.

Teach call count tracing to use atomics

Call count previously used a global lock for accessing and writing its counter in the breakpoint. This is now changed to atomics instead. The change will let call count tracing and cprof to scale better when increasing the number of schedulers.

Own Id: OTP-8677

eprof has been reimplemented with support in the Erlang virtual machine and is now both faster (i.e. slows down the code being measured less) and scales much better. In measurements we saw speed-ups compared to the old eprof ranging from 6 times (for sequential code that only uses one scheduler/core) up to 84 times (for parallel code that uses 8 cores).

Note: The API for the eprof has been cleaned up and extended. See the documentation.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8706

Erts 5.7.5

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Fix binary_to_term crash on compressed term with corrupt size field.

Own Id: OTP-8336

Processes and/or ports could get stuck on a blocked scheduler when erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, block) was used.

Processes and/or ports could get stuck on an offline scheduler when schedulers online were reduced using erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline).

Own Id: OTP-8342

Building on Windows will now work if the paths to mc.exe and rc.exe contain spaces. The README.win32 file has been updated with some information about building using Visual Studio 2008. (Thanks to Andrew Thompson.)

Own Id: OTP-8345

EPMD now correctly handles the extra data field which can be given in the ALIVE2_REQ request and retrieved in the PORT2_RESP response. (Thanks to Klas Johansson.)

Own Id: OTP-8361

The configure test for reliable floating point exceptions has been update to work on modern versions of Mac OS X. (Thanks to Trannie Carter.)

Own Id: OTP-8368

ERTS makefiles used to detect the use of a gcc C compiler by checking if CC equaled gcc. That is, the makefiles failed to detect gcc C compilers with other command line names than gcc. `configure' now substitute GCC into the makefiles. If CC is a gcc C compiler, GCC will have the value yes. (Thanks to Jean-Sébastien Pédron)

Own Id: OTP-8373

ETS bug causing the memory counter from ets:info for ordered_set's to sometimes get out of synch and absurdly high.

Own Id: OTP-8377 Aux Id: seq11442

Immediately repeated multi-scheduling block/unblock cycles using erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, block | unblock) could deadlock the runtime system.

Own Id: OTP-8386

A number of bugs concerning re and unicode are corrected:

re:compile no longer loses unicode option, which also fixes bug in re:split.

re:replace now handles unicode charlist replacement argument

re:replace now handles unicode RE charlist argument correctly

re:replace now handles binary unicode output correctly when nothing is replaced.

Most code, testcases and error isolation done by Rory Byrne.

Own Id: OTP-8394

The loading of native code was not properly atomic in the SMP emulator, which could cause crashes. Also a per-MFA information table for the native code has now been protected with a lock since it turns that it could be accessed concurrently in the SMP emulator. (Thanks to Mikael Pettersson.)

Own Id: OTP-8397

Fix processes in exiting status that are about to be scheduled, to not be allowed to garbage collect.

Own Id: OTP-8420

Removed bogus "\011" character sequence in documentation.

Own Id: OTP-8422

The resolver routines failed to look up the own node name as hostname, if the OS native resolver was erroneously configured, bug reported by Yogish Baliga, now fixed.

The resolver routines now tries to parse the hostname as an IP string as most OS resolvers do, unless the native resolver is used.

The DNS resolver inet_res and file resolver inet_hosts now do not read OS configuration files until they are needed. Since the native resolver is default, in most cases they are never needed.

The DNS resolver's automatic updating of OS configuration file data (/etc/resolv.conf) now uses the 'domain' keyword as default search domain if there is no 'search' keyword.

Own Id: OTP-8426 Aux Id: OTP-8381

The re module: A regular expression with an option change at the start of a pattern that had top-level alternatives could cause overwriting and/or a crash. (Thanks to Michael Santos.)

Own Id: OTP-8438

Harmless buffer overflow by one byte in asn1 and ram_file_drv.

Own Id: OTP-8451

Improvements and New Features

Improved GC performance after BIF/NIF call when a lot of heap fragments was created. This will mainly benefit NIFs that return large compound terms.

Own Id: OTP-8240

Incompatible changes in the experimental NIF feature.

Changed the NIF function prototypes in order to allow more than 3 function arguments. enif_get_data renamed as enif_priv_data. enif_make_string got a third argument for character encoding. The return value of erlang:load_nif/2 on error changed.

Read more in the documentation of erl_nif and erlang:load_nif/2

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8304

Cross compilation improvements and other build system improvements.

Most notable:

Lots of cross compilation improvements. The old cross compilation support was more or less non-existing as well as broken. Please, note that the cross compilation support should still be considered as experimental. Also note that old cross compilation configurations cannot be used without modifications. For more information on cross compiling Erlang/OTP see the $ERL_TOP/INSTALL-CROSS.md file. Support for staged install using DESTDIR. The old broken INSTALL_PREFIX has also been fixed. For more information see the $ERL_TOP/INSTALL.md file. Documentation of the release target of the top Makefile. For more information see the $ERL_TOP/INSTALL.md file. make install now by default creates relative symbolic links instead of absolute ones. For more information see the $ERL_TOP/INSTALL.md file. $ERL_TOP/configure --help=recursive now works and prints help for all applications with configure scripts. Doing make install, or make release directly after make all no longer triggers miscellaneous rebuilds. Existing bootstrap system is now used when doing make install, or make release without a preceding make all. The crypto and ssl applications use the same runtime library path when dynamically linking against libssl.so and libcrypto.so. The runtime library search path has also been extended. The configure scripts of Erl_interface and ODBC now search for thread libraries and thread library quirks the same way as ERTS do. The configure script of the odbc application now also looks for odbc libraries in lib64 and lib/64 directories when building on a 64-bit system. The config.h.in file in the erl_interface application is now automatically generated in instead of statically updated which reduces the risk of configure tests without any effect.

(Thanks to Henrik Riomar for suggestions and testing)

(Thanks to Winston Smith for the AVR32-Linux cross configuration and testing)

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-8323

NIF improvements:

Driver API for multi-threading made available for NIFs. Support for mempory managed (garbage collected) resource objects. A way to pass "pointers" to native data structures between C and Erlang in a safe way. Support for references, floats and term comparison. Various new functions, like enif_inspect_iolist_as_binary, enif_make_sub_binary, enif_get_string, enif_get_atom, enif_make_tuple_from_array, enif_make_list_from_array, enif_make_existing_atom.

Own Id: OTP-8335

Minor alignment adjustments of scheduler specific data.

Own Id: OTP-8341

The documentation is now possible to build in an open source environment after a number of bugs are fixed and some features are added in the documentation build process.

- The arity calculation is updated.

- The module prefix used in the function names for bif's are removed in the generated links so the links will look like "http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#append_element-2" instead of "http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#erlang:append_element-2".

- Enhanced the menu positioning in the html documentation when a new page is loaded.

- A number of corrections in the generation of man pages (thanks to Sergei Golovan)

- The legal notice is taken from the xml book file so OTP's build process can be used for non OTP applications.

Own Id: OTP-8343

There is new erlang:binary_to_term/2 BIF that takes an option list. The option safe can be used to prevent creation of resources that are not garbage collected (such as atoms). (Thanks to Jayson Vantuyl.)

Own Id: OTP-8367

The default settings for garbage collection of binaries has been adjusted to be less aggressive than in R13B03. It is now also possible configure the settings for binary GC. See the documentation for spawn_opt/2-5, erlang:system_info/1, erlang:system_flag/2, process_flag/2-3, erlang:trace/3, and the documenation for erl for the new command line options +hms and +hmbs.

Own Id: OTP-8370

A bug causing memory corruption in re:run() has been corrected. (Thanks to Yamashina Hio.)

Own Id: OTP-8375

The -Werror option for erlc and the compiler option warnings_as_errors will cause warnings to be treated as errors. (Thanks to Christopher Faulet.)

Own Id: OTP-8382

Explicit top directories in archive files are now optional.

For example, if an archive (app-vsn.ez) just contains an app-vsn/ebin/mod.beam file, the file info for the app-vsn and app-vsn/ebin directories are faked using the file info from the archive file as origin. The virtual direcories can also be listed. For short, the top directories are virtual if they does not exist.

Own Id: OTP-8387

An unnecessary lock operation in os:timestamp/0 has been eliminated, making it slightly more efficient. (Thanks to Jonas Falkevik and Tuncer Ayaz.)

Own Id: OTP-8390

There is a new +t emulator option for changing the maximum number of atoms. (Thanks to Julien Barbot.)

Own Id: OTP-8405

Fixed numerous compiler warnings generated by gcc 4.4.1 and tile-cc 2.0.1.78377 when compiling the runtime system.

Own Id: OTP-8412

configure learned the option --enable-m32-build to force the building of a 32-bit run-time on systems where the default C compiler generates 64-bit executables by default.

Own Id: OTP-8415

HiPE now works in the 64-bit emulator on Mac OS X. (Thanks to Geoff Cant.)

Own Id: OTP-8416

Improved handling of symbolic links to escripts

Own Id: OTP-8417

Add lock profiling tool.

The Lock profiling tool, lcnt, can make use of the internal lock statistics when the runtime system is built with this feature enabled.

This provides a mechanism to examine potential lock bottlenecks within the runtime itself.

- Add erts_debug:lock_counters({copy_save, bool()}). This option enables or disables statistics saving for destroyed processes and ets-tables. Enabling this might consume a lot of memory.

- Add id-numbering for lock classes which is otherwise undefined.

Own Id: OTP-8424

Removed spurious options to the emulator from escript.

Own Id: OTP-8427

Minor documentation fixes. Mainly anchor adjustments.

Own Id: OTP-8457

Erts 5.7.4

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

An insufficient stack allocation was made when reading CPU information on BSD operating systems. (Thanks Michael Turner and Akira Kitada)

Own Id: OTP-8207

A bug when supplying an argument without a dash directly after the program name when starting erlang could prevent distribution to start. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8209

A ticker process could potentially be blocked indefinitely trying to send a tick to a node not responding. If this happened, the connection would not be brought down as it should.

Own Id: OTP-8218

Using certain firewalls (i.e. MS IAS Client and certain versions of COMODO) could expose an undocumented behaviour in the Win32 socket interface causing the name resolution calls to hang infinitely. This is now worked around by adding possibilities for port programs under Windows to use overlapped I/O on their standard input/output file handles.

Own Id: OTP-8230

Fixed bug on ETS tables with write_concurrency. The emulator could crash when doing a select or match with a bound key without finding any object.

Own Id: OTP-8242

The information-request / information-response, and group-leader-change-request / group-leader-changed-response signal pairs described below did not always adhere to the signal order guarantees of Erlang's signal model in the runtime system with SMP support. These signals could for example sometimes pass exit signals.

The following BIFs behaviors can be modeled as if an asynchronous information-request signal is sent to Pid. If Pid is alive, it responds with an asynchronous information-response signal; otherwise, the runtime system responds with a no-such-process signal. When the response is received, the caller transforms it into the result of the BIF.

is_process_alive(Pid) erlang:process_display(Pid, Type) process_info(Pid) process_info(Pid, ItemSpec)

When Pid resides on the same node as the caller of group_leader(GroupLeader, Pid), the group_leader/2 BIFs behavior can be modeled as if an asynchronous group-leader-change-request signal is sent to Pid. If Pid is alive, it responds with an asynchronous group-leader-changed-response signal; otherwise, the runtime system responds with a no-such-process signal. When the response is received, the caller transforms it into the result of the BIF. The distributed case which only consists of an asynchronous group-leader-change-request signal and no response is not effected.

Own Id: OTP-8245

Errors in the system_profile documentation has been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8257

Low watermark socket option modified high watermark instead of low watermark in the inet_driver. (Thanks to Feng Yu and Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-8279

A race condition could cause the runtime system with SMP support to end up in a completely unresponsive state.

Own Id: OTP-8297

Improvements and New Features

The use of pthread_cond_timedwait() have been completely removed from the runtime system. This since its behavior is unpredictable when the system clock is suddenly changed. The previous use of it was harmless.

Own Id: OTP-8193

The documentation is now built with open source tools (xsltproc and fop) that exists on most platforms. One visible change is that the frames are removed.

Own Id: OTP-8201

A new garbage collecting strategy for binaries which is more aggressive than the previous implementation. Binaries now has a virtual binary heap tied to each process. When binaries are created or received to a process it will check if the heap limit has been reached and if a reclaim should be done. This imitates the behavior of ordinary Erlang terms. The virtual heaps are grown and shrunk like ordinary heaps. This will lessen the memory footprint of binaries in a system.

Own Id: OTP-8202

The ErlDrvTermData term types used by driver_output_term() and driver_send_term() have been extended with the term types ERL_DRV_INT64, and ERL_DRV_UINT64 for passing 64-bit integers. Also the 64-bit integer data types ErlDrvSInt64 and ErlDrvUInt64 have been introduced.

For more information see the erl_driver(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-8205

[escript] The restriction that the first line in escripts must begin with #! has been removed.

[escript] Some command line options to the escript executable has now been documented. For example you can run an escript in the debugger by just adding a command line option.

[escript] The documentation of the escript header syntax has been clarified. For example the header is optional. This means that it is possible to directly "execute" .erl, .beam and.zip files.

Own Id: OTP-8215

The instruction for building OTP on Windows was outdated and incomplete, the document is updated.

Also the otp_build script required windows drives to show up in Cygwin using the /cygdrive prefix. That requirement is now removed.

Own Id: OTP-8219

A module can have native implemented functions (NIFs) that are dynamically loaded by calling erlang:load_nif/2. This is an experimental feature that is not yet intended for production systems. It is released with intention to get some early feedback on the interfaces before they are carved in stone.

Own Id: OTP-8220

The float/1 BIF would always force a garbage collection. The BIFs size/1, byte_size/1, bit_size/1, abs/1, and round/1 would force a garbage-collection if the result was not a sufficiently small integer.

Own Id: OTP-8221

The erlang:port_command/3 BIF has been added. erlang:port_command/3 is currently not auto imported, but it is planned to be auto imported in OTP R14. For more information see the erlang(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-8225

'configure --enable-darwin-64bit' would fail if Snow Leopard had been booted with the 64-bit kernel. (Thanks to Ryan M. Graham.)

Own Id: OTP-8236

Erts 5.7.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

On Windows, open_port({spawn,Command},Opts) could not run executables with spaces in the path or filename, regardless of quoting efforts. While open_port({spawn_executable,Exec},Opts) can run any executable, it was still impossible to use 'spawn' to do the same thing. This is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-8055

The scheduler bind type processor_spread spread schedulers too much on large NUMA systems.

The new scheduler bind type spread spreads schedulers as much as possible, and behaves as processor_spread previously did. For more information see the documentation of the +sbt command line argument in the erl(1) documentation, and the documentation of erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, SchedulerBindType).

Own Id: OTP-8063

Automatically detected CPU topology on Linux system could erroneously contain logical processors with -1 as identifiers. This happened when sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF) returned a value larger than the amount of logical processors found.

Own Id: OTP-8064

When the minimal term [] (end of list) was sent as the complete message to a process on another node, and received there, it could not be decoded. This bug is now corrected. Fortunately [] is uncommon as the complete message in real applications but it is a serious bug anyway.

Own Id: OTP-8092

A bug when the floating point exception pointer was not initialized has been corrected. It manifested itself on CentOS 5.1 sometimes when a floating point value was sent to a remote node. Bug reported and patch suggested by David Reiss, confirmed by Mikael Pettersson.

Some build problems on IRIX was also corrected. Problem reported by Patrick Baggett, patch by Mikael Pettersson.

Own Id: OTP-8095

A terminating process could erroneously unregister a name for another process. This could occur under the following conditions: The name of the terminating process was unregistered and then registered for another process simultaneously as the process that first had the name was terminating.

Own Id: OTP-8099 Aux Id: seq11344

Running erlc in a very deep directory (with a path length of more 256 or more characters) would cause the emulator to crash in a call to list_to_atom/1. (Thanks to Chris Newcombe.)

Own Id: OTP-8124

A deadlock of the runtime system could occur when unregistering the name of a port.

Own Id: OTP-8145

Makefile.in has been updated to use the LDFLAGS environment variable (if set). (Thanks to Davide Pesavento.)

Own Id: OTP-8157

The pthread rwlock implemention on Linux could cause starvation of writers. We, therefore, now use our own rwlock implementation on Linux.

Own Id: OTP-8158

Open source Erlang builds are updated to work well on Snow Leopard (MacOS X 10.6)

Own Id: OTP-8168

A call to erlang:system_info(schedulers_online) could end up in an infinite loop. This happened if the amount of schedulers was larger than one, the amount of schedulers online was one, and someone was blocking multi-scheduling.

Own Id: OTP-8169

An error in erlang:system_profile/2 could cause timestamped messages to arrive out of order in the SMP case. This has now been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-8171

binary_to_atom/2 and binary_to_existing_atom/2 would leak memory if the binary contained unaligned data.

Own Id: OTP-8192

The async thread pool in the runtime system without SMP support used a memory allocator that was not thread safe for async jobs.

Own Id: OTP-8194

Improvements and New Features

Processor internal NUMA nodes are now supported in the ERTS internal CPU topology representation. For more information see the documentation of the +sct command line argument in the erl(1) documentation, and the documentation of erlang:system_info(cpu_topology).

Own Id: OTP-8041

Documentation for ets improved about concurrency.

Own Id: OTP-8050

Emulator flags in an escript were earlier inherited to emulators started from from the emulator running the escript. For example when an escript invoked os:cmd("erl"), the new emulator were given erroneous emulator flags. This bug has now been fixed

Escript filenames may now contain dots.

Own Id: OTP-8060

Made some BIFs non-recursive (relational operators,hash and phash) to limit internal stack usage.

Own Id: OTP-8065

Fixed Windows specific bug in erl_prim_loader. Now it handles the root directory (e.g. c:/) better. This bug affected the directory listing in the debugger.

Own Id: OTP-8080

A TCP socket with option {packet,4} could crash the emulator if it received a packet header with a very large size value (>2Gb). The same bug caused erlang:decode_packet/3 to return faulty values. (Thanks to Georgos Seganos.)

Own Id: OTP-8102

The maximum size of the export table has been raised from 65536 to 524288 entries.

Own Id: OTP-8104 Aux Id: seq11345

The file module has now a read_line/1 function similar to the io:get_line/2, but with byte oriented semantics. The function file:read_line/1 works for raw files as well, but for good performance it is recommended to use it together with the 'read_ahead' option for raw file access.

Own Id: OTP-8108

Fixed bug causing emulator crash when reading a term in external format containing a corrupt list with a negative length.

Own Id: OTP-8117

New emulator flag +sss, to set stack size of scheduler threads.

Own Id: OTP-8119

The Windows utility Erlsrv, run in interactive mode now accepts options for registering internal service name and description field of Windows registry database.

Own Id: OTP-8132

erlang:demonitor(Mon, [flush]) has been optimized. Previously it always searched the message queue of the caller for a 'DOWN' message. Current implementation only search the message queue when necessary. It is quite common that the search is not necessary.

A new option info has been added to erlang:demonitor/2. For more information see the erlang(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-8143

I/O tasks could unnecessarily be rescheduled. This was harmless, but not useful work.

Own Id: OTP-8148

Minor improvements of erlang:memory/[1,2].

Own Id: OTP-8152

New configuration option to enable use of shared zlib.

Own Id: OTP-8155

Fixed smp bug in ETS that could cause emulator crash when table with more than 1000 objects accessed by several processes, including calls to variants of select or match combined with concurrent object deletion.

Own Id: OTP-8166 Aux Id: seq11392

The code path interpretation is now more relaxed. The flag -code_path_choice now defaults to relaxed instead of strict. See the documentation of code and init for more info.

Own Id: OTP-8170

Load balancing of run queues and check for I/O are triggered more often than before in situations where processes are scheduled often but are doing very little work each time they execute.

Own Id: OTP-8172

Call tracing binary comprehensions would cause an emulator crash. (Thanks to Paul Mineiro.)

Own Id: OTP-8179

binary_to_term/1 would crash the emulator instead of generating a badarg exception when given certain invalid terms. (Thanks to Scott Lystig Fritchie.)

Own Id: OTP-8180

Erts 5.7.2

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Crash dumps should now cause less problems for the crashdump_viewer application. (For processes where arity was non-zero, the arguments are now longer printed - they used to be printed in a format that was not parseable.)

Own Id: OTP-7472 Aux Id: seq11019, 11292

Processes could potentially get stuck on an offline scheduler.

Own Id: OTP-7990

binary_to_atom/2 and binary_to_existing_atom/2 could leak memory if they caused a badarg exception.

Own Id: OTP-7997

A process could under very rare circumstances erroneously be resumed.

Own Id: OTP-8000

Load balancing between schedulers could under rare circumstances cause an emulator crash.

Own Id: OTP-8008

erlang:memory(processes_used) always returned 0 instead of the correct value. (Thanks to Geoff Cant)

Own Id: OTP-8022

Improvements and New Features

Major improvements of the Erlang distribution for Erlang runtime systems with SMP support. Previously distribution port locks were heavily contended, and all encoding and decoding for a specific distribution channel had to be done in sequence. Lock contention due to the distribution is now negligible and both encoding and decoding of Erlang messages can be done in parallel.

The old atom cache protocol used by the Erlang distribution has been dropped since it effectively prevented all parallel encoding and decoding of messages passed over the same distribution channel.

A new atom cache protocol has been introduced which isolates atom cache accesses and makes parallel encoding and decoding of messages passed over the same distribution channel possible. The new atom cache protocol also use an atom cache size 8 times larger than before. The new atom cache protocol is documented in the ERTS users guide.

Erlang messages received via the distribution are now decoded by the receiving Erlang processes without holding any distribution channel specific locks. Erlang messages and signals sent over the distribution are as before encoded by the sending Erlang process, but now without holding any distribution channel specific locks during the encoding. That is, both encoding and decoding can be and are done in parallel regardless of distribution channel used.

The part that cannot be parallelized is the atom cache updates. Atom cache updates are therefore now scheduled on the distribution port. Since it is only one entity per distribution channel doing this work there is no lock contention due to the atom cache updates.

The new runtime system does not understand the old atom cache protocol. New and old runtime systems can however still communicate, but no atom cache will be used.

Own Id: OTP-7774

Fixed a bug that caused error logging from driver_select sometimes with additional symptoms such as failing IP communications or even an emulator crash.

Own Id: OTP-7898 Aux Id: seq11304

Improved SMP concurrency for ETS tables. Several mutating operations can now be performed truly concurrent on different records of the same table. To support this, the table has to be created with option write_concurrency, as it is achieved at the expense of some execution and memory overhead. ets:select and select_count has also been improved for all tables to not acquire exclusive table lock during the iteration.

Own Id: OTP-7922

erl (that is erl.exe and dyn_erl) and erlexec has been made more dynamic so no hard coded paths needs to added at installation time to erl (that is erl.ini and erl). Reltool will make use of this in a future release.

Own Id: OTP-7952

Added functionality to get higher resolution timestamp from system. The erlang:now function returns a timestamp that's not always consistent with the actual operating system time (due to resilience against large time changes in the operating system). The function os:timestamp/0 is added to get a similar timestamp as the one being returned by erlang:now, but untouched by Erlangs time correcting and smoothing algorithms. The timestamp returned by os:timestamp is always consistent with the operating systems view of time, like the calendar functions for getting wall clock time, but with higher resolution. Example of usage can be found in the os manual page.

Own Id: OTP-7971

Two new options are added to open_port - spawn_executable which runs external executables in a controlled way, and spawn_driver which only opens port to loaded Erlang drivers. See the erlang manual page for details.

Own Id: OTP-7995

New functionality in ETS to transfer the ownership of a table. A table can either change owner be declaring an "heir", another process that will inherit the table if the owner terminates. A table can also change owner by calling a new function ets:give_away.

Own Id: OTP-8006

Updates to Tilera build environment.

Own Id: OTP-8009

A stack trace was unnecessarily saved during process termination.

Own Id: OTP-8014

User defined CPU topology and scheduler bind type can now be set from the command line when starting an emulator. For more information see the documentation of the +sct, and the +sbt emulator flags in the erl(1) documentation.

The CPU topologies returned from erlang:system_info/1 and erlang:system_flag/2 now always contain the processor level, also when not strictly necessary.

Own Id: OTP-8030

Various fixes in ETS: ets:first could return a deleted key in a fixated table. ets:lookup could return objects out of order if a deleted object was re-inserted into a fixed bag. ets:delete_object could fail to delete duplicate objects in a duplicate_bag.

Own Id: OTP-8040

Erts 5.7

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

OpenSource:

FreeBSD leap-seconds are handled according to patch submitted by OpenSource user Kenji Rikitake. No test case covers this functionality (unsupported platform).

Own Id: OTP-7609

A corrected bug in ETS for bag and duplicate_bag. A delete/2 or lookup_element/3 could miss objects in a fixed table if one or more objects with the same key had already been deleted.

Own Id: OTP-7665

A new driver call-back stop_select is introduced to allow drivers to de-select and then close a file descriptor in a safe way in a SMP emulator. The old way was not strictly according to posix standard and could in some rare cases lead to unexpected behavior. A new flag ERL_DRV_USE can be passed to driver_select() to tell it that the descriptor should be closed. stop_select is then called when it is safe to do so. Old drivers will however still work as before.

Own Id: OTP-7670

A bug fixed for TCP sockets with option {packet,http}. An HTTP request with an absolute URI was returned with a corrupt path string. This bug did only exist in R12B-4 and R12B-5.

Own Id: OTP-7682 Aux Id: OTP-7647

run_erl did in some cases fail to extract control sequences from to_erl (like: winsize=X,Y) and did instead send them to be interpreted by the erlang shell.

Own Id: OTP-7688

A bug in the installer on Windows not updating file associations properly is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-7746

More space than necessary could be allocated in binaries when appending to a binary (also in a binary comprehension) and the data appended did not consist of wholes bytes (e.g. 13 bits).

Own Id: OTP-7747

The gen_sctp option sctp_peer_addr_params, #sctp_paddrparams{address={IP,Port} was erroneously decoded in the inet driver. This bug has now been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-7755

Outstanding async driver jobs leaked memory if the issuing port died before the async jobs completed.

Own Id: OTP-7784

A bug in the dynamic library loading affecting, among others, OpenSolaris is now corrected. (Thanks to Paul Fisher.)

Own Id: OTP-7796

run_erl compile errors fixed for FreeBSD

Own Id: OTP-7817

A bug in the inet driver for SCTP on Solaris showing for e.g gen_sctp:abort/1 and gen_sctp:eof/1 has been corrected. Patch suggestion by Simon Cornish.

Own Id: OTP-7866

Improvements and New Features

The order of objects visited in select for ordered_set is now documented.

Own Id: OTP-7339

The runtime system with SMP support now uses multiple, scheduler specific run queues, instead of one globally shared run queue.

The lock protecting the shared run queue was heavily contended, and the shared run queue also caused Erlang processes to randomly migrate between schedulers with negative cache effects as a result.

With the current scheduler specific run queue solution, lock contention due to run queue protection has been reduced, and Erlang processes are only migrated when needed to balance the load between the schedulers. The reduced amount of migration also reduce lock contention on locks protecting the scheduler specific instances of the erts internal memory allocators.

The scheduler specific run queues are also a necessity for a lot of future planned NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) specific optimizations.

Own Id: OTP-7500

Support for Unicode is implemented as described in EEP10. Formatting and reading of unicode data both from terminals and files is supported by the io and io_lib modules. Files can be opened in modes with automatic translation to and from different unicode formats. The module 'unicode' contains functions for conversion between external and internal unicode formats and the re module has support for unicode data. There is also language syntax for specifying string and character data beyond the ISO-latin-1 range.

The interactive shell will support input and output of unicode characters when the terminal and operating system supports it.

Please see the EEP and the io/io_lib manual pages as well as the stdlib users guide for details.

I/O-protocol incompatibilities:

The io_protocol between io_Server and client is updated to handle protocol data in unicode formats. The updated protocol is now documented. The specification resides in the stdlib users manual, which is a new part of the manual.

io module incompatibilities:

The io:put_chars, io:get_chars and io:get_line all handle and return unicode data. In the case where binaries can be provided (as to io:put_chars), they shall be encoded in UTF-8. When binaries are returned (as by io:get_line/get_chars when the io_server is set in binary mode) the returned data is also always encoded as UTF-8. The file module however still returns byte-oriented data, why file:read can be used instead of io:get_chars to read binary data in ISO-latin-1.

io_lib module incompatibilities:

io_lib:format can, given new format directives (i.e "~ts" and "~tc"), return lists containing integers larger than 255.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7648 Aux Id: OTP-7580 OTP-7514 OTP-7494 OTP-7443 OTP-7181 EEP10 EEP11

The format of the string returned by erlang:system_info(system_version) (as well as the first message when Erlang is started) has changed. The string now contains the both the OTP version number as well as the erts version number.

Own Id: OTP-7649

Message passing has been further optimized for parallel execution. Serial message passing is slightly more expensive than before, but parallel send to a common receiver is much cheaper.

Own Id: OTP-7659

Lock contention on the atom table lock when decoding Erlang terms on the external format has been drastically reduced.

Own Id: OTP-7660

The undocumented, unsupported, and deprecated guard BIF is_constant/1 has been removed.

*** INCOMPATIBILITY with R12B ***

Own Id: OTP-7673

The Erlang process lock implementation has been improved by Mat Hostetter at Tilera Corporation.

Own Id: OTP-7692

A {nodedown, Node} message passed by the net_kernel:monitor_nodes/X functionality is now guaranteed to be sent after Node has been removed from the result returned by erlang:nodes/Y.

Own Id: OTP-7725

The short-circuit operators andalso and orelse no longer guarantees that their second argument is either true or false. As a consequence, andalso/orelse are now tail-recursive.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7748

A new BIF, lists:keyfind/3, has been added. It works like lists:keysearch/3 except that it does not wrap the returned tuple in a value tuple in case of success. (Thanks to James Hague for suggesting this function.)

Own Id: OTP-7752

Optimization for drivers by creating small binaries direct on process heap.

Own Id: OTP-7762

I bsl N could cause the Erlang virtual machine to run of memory instead generating a system_limit if N was absurdly huge. (Thanks to Daniel Hedlund.)

There would always be a garbage collection when evaluating I bsl N or I bsr N if I was a bignum.

If I is an integer and N a bignum, I bsl N will now cause the correct system_limit exception instead of bad_arith as in earlier releases.

If I is an integer and N a bignum, I bsr N will return either 0 or -1 depending on the sign of I instead of causing a bad_arith exception as in earlier releases.

Own Id: OTP-7764

Scheduler threads can now be bound to logical processors on newer Linux and Solaris systems. More systems will be supported in the future.

In some cases performance has increased drastically when binding schedulers. Schedulers are not bound by default, though. This since it might cause a performance degradation if multiple programs have bound to processors, e.g. multiple Erlang runtime systems. For more information see the documentation of erlang:system_flag/2.

In order to bind scheduler threads the CPU topology need to be known. On some newer Linux and Solaris systems the runtime system automatically detects the CPU topology. If the emulator isn't able to automatically detect the CPU topology, the CPU topology can be defined. For more information see the documentation of erlang:system_flag/2.

Own Id: OTP-7777

The compiler will refuse to a compile file where the module name in the file differs from the output file name.

When compiling using erlc, the current working directory will no be included in the code path (unless explicitly added using "-pa .").

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7793

The BIFs atom_to_binary/2, binary_to_atom/2, and binary_to_existing_atom/2 have been added.

Own Id: OTP-7804

The amount of schedulers online can now be changed during operation. The amount of schedulers online defaults to the same amount as available logical processors. For more information see the documentation of erlang:system_flag/2 and erl.

Own Id: OTP-7811

The deprecated functions erlang:fault/1, erlang:fault/2, and file:rawopen/2 have been removed.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7812

Erts internal dynamically allocated process and port specific data for rarely used data. This is used to reduce memory usage of processes and ports that do not use specific functionality. More functionality will be moved to process and port specific data in future releases.

Own Id: OTP-7818

New packet type http_bin for gen_tcp sockets and erlang:decode_packet. It works like http except that strings are returned as binaries instead of lists.

Own Id: OTP-7821

The obsolete wd_keeper program for embedded Solaris systems has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-7822

Nodes belonging to different independent clusters can now co-exist on the same host with the help of a new environment variable setting ERL_EPMD_PORT.

Own Id: OTP-7826

There are new functions erlang:min/2 and erlang:max/2 to calculate the minimum and maximum of two terms, respectively. Note that the functions are not auto-imported, so they need to be imported explicitly or the erlang prefix must be used when calling them.

Own Id: OTP-7841

The copyright notices have been updated.

Own Id: OTP-7851

Enhanced build environment for cross compilation to Tilera Tile architecture.

Support for native ethread atomics on Tilera Tile64/TilePro (Thanks to Tilera Corporation).

Own Id: OTP-7852

The escape sequences \x and \{ have been assigned new interpretations (they used to return the ASCII code for x and { respectively). One or more octal characters inside curly brackets after a leading backslash is from now on an alternative to the existing syntax \NNN, but can also be used for codes greater than 255. In a similar fashion, one or more hexadecimal characters can be put inside curly brackets after a leading \x. Furthermore, the escape sequences \xH and \xHH, where N is a hexadecimal character, can be used for codes less than 256.

NOTE: These new escape sequences are still considered experimental and may be changed in the R13B release.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7855

The PCRE library's exported function names are now prefixed with erts_ in the erlang emulator to avoid clashes with dynamically loaded drivers.

Own Id: OTP-7861

A runtime system with SMP support will now be built by default on most platforms if a usable posix thread library or native windows threads are found.

For more information see the top README file.

Own Id: OTP-7872

Erts 5.6.5

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

A bug in inet_drv concerning gen_tcp:connect has been corrected. A connect towards a non-open port through open firewalls could sometimes erroneously be successful. Any subsequent operation would fail, though.

Own Id: OTP-6542

Floating point arithmetics in drivers could cause a runtime system crash and/or unexpected results on runtime systems with floating point exceptions enabled. Floating point exceptions are disabled unless explicitly enabled or if hipe is enabled.

Own Id: OTP-7237

A bug when many sockets got signalled simultaneously causing the emulator to panic with the message "Inconsistent, why isnt io reported?" is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-7420

Starting erl with option "-detached" now disconnects correctly from terminal session on Unix.

Own Id: OTP-7461

Mended gdb etp-commands for ETS access.

Own Id: OTP-7538

erlang:decode_packet/3 allows white space between HTTP header tag and colon according to RFC2616.

Own Id: OTP-7543

An emulator compiled for SCTP now starts even if the dynamic libraries are not present. The SCTP driver is then of course not loaded.

Own Id: OTP-7551

To build on Mac OS X, 10.3.0 or later is now required because of fixes for two problems:

There would be a resource leak when erl_ddl attempted to unload a driver. This problem has been corrected by using dlopen() (which works on all modern Unix-like platforms) instead of the Mac OS X specific API calls.

Signal handling in the run-time system for HiPE has been updated to work on later versions of Mac OS X than 10.2.x. Therefore, --enable-hipe now works on Mac OS X with Intel CPUs.

Thanks to Geoff Cant for the patches.

Own Id: OTP-7562

Corrected some information about the protocol between EPMD and Erlang nodes. (Thanks to Michael Regen.)

Own Id: OTP-7594

When using erlang:system_monitor(Pid,{long_gc,Time}), and the GC time exceeded 1 second, it sometimes erroneously showed up as about 4300 seconds. (This bug was corrected in R9C, but re-introduced in R12B.) (Thanks to Chris Newcombe.)

Own Id: OTP-7622 Aux Id: OTP-4903, seq8379

Improvements and New Features

The driver entry of a dynamically loaded driver is now copied when loaded which enables some internal optimizations. Note that drivers that modify the driver entry during execution will not work anymore. Such a miss-use of the driver interface is however not supported.

Own Id: OTP-6900

The split function is now added to the re library. Exceptions and errors from both run, replace and split are made more consistent.

Own Id: OTP-7514 Aux Id: OTP-7494

Fixed harmless compiler warnings when building the emulator and minor build changes in order to avoid unnecessary rebuilds.

Own Id: OTP-7530

There is now experimental support for loading of code from archive files. See the documentation of code, init, erl_prim_loader and escript for more info.

The error handling of escripts has been improved.

An escript may now set explicit arguments to the emulator, such as -smp enabled.

An escript may now contain a precompiled beam file.

An escript may now contain an archive file containing one or more applications (experimental).

The internal module code_aux has been removed.

Own Id: OTP-7548 Aux Id: otp-6622

The reallocation functionality part of the ERTS internal memory allocators, now consider current block in combination with surrounding free blocks as an alternative location for a reallocation.

Own Id: OTP-7555

There could remain false references from a process to a module that has been called earlier, so that the process would be killed if the module was reloaded. (Thanks to Richard Carlsson.)

Also, the fix for this bug also made it possible to make stack backtraces (as returned from erlang:get_stacktrace/0 and other functions) more correct in that the immediate caller is always included in the stack backtrace (it could sometimes be missing).

Own Id: OTP-7559

Improved locking in IO-handling for better smp performance.

Own Id: OTP-7560

Improved BIF rescheduling functionality.

Own Id: OTP-7587

Loading a module compiled with Erlang/OTP R9C and calling module_info/0 in the module would crash the emulator. The emulator now refuses to load any module compiled with R9C or earlier. (Note: only trivial modules compiled with R10B or earlier could be loaded anyway.) (Thanks to Martin Kjellin.)

Own Id: OTP-7590

Erts 5.6.4

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Double backslashes in format string passed to the erts internal printf implementation produced erroneous results. No such format strings were passed to the erts internal printf implementation, i.e., the bug was therefore completely harmless. (Thanks to Perry Smith.)

Own Id: OTP-7408

Large files are now handled on Windows, where the filesystem supports it.

Own Id: OTP-7410

Bug fixed for {packet,http} when space follows http headers.

Own Id: OTP-7458

The trace option running could cause an emulator crash if the current function couldn't be determined.

Own Id: OTP-7484

Using 16#ffffFFFF as a timeout value in receive...after would often cause a timeout almost at once due to an 32-bit integer overflow. (Thanks to Serge Aleynikov and Matthias Lang.)

Own Id: OTP-7493

For the process that an escript runs in, the trap_exit process flag is now false instead of true (as in previous releases). Scripts that depend on the previous (counter-intuitive) behaviour might not work. (Thanks to Bengt Kleberg.)

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7517

A bug in the string:to_integer/1 builtin made the emulator unstable. This is now corrected. (Thanks to Lev Walkin.)

Own Id: OTP-7526

Improvements and New Features

Performance for ETS intensive applications should now be better in the SMP emulator. Also, ETS table identifiers (as returned by ets:new/2) are now spread out in wider range than before (using 28 bits in a 32-bit emulator) to make sure that the table identifier for a deleted table will not be quickly re-used.

NOTE: Table identifiers can now be negative integers. Programs that (incorrectly) assume that table identifiers can only be positive integers might stop to work. (The type of a table identifier is intentionally not documented, and may change in a future release.)

Own Id: OTP-7348

New BIF erlang:decode_packet/3 that extracts a protocol packet from a binary. Similar to the socket option {packet, Type}. Also documented the socket packet type http and made it official. NOTE: The tuple format for http packets sent from an active socket has been changed in an incompatible way.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7404

The source code for the documentation for some applications (erts, kernel, stdlib, and several others) are now included in the source tar ball. There is currently no Makefile support for building HTML files from the source (such support will be included in a future release).

Own Id: OTP-7406

A lot of frequently accessed memory counters (erts internal) have been removed. This since they hurt performance on the runtime system with SMP support. As a result erlang:memory/[0,1] will only deliver a result if all erts_alloc(3) allocators are enabled (default). The result delivered when all erts_alloc(3) allocators are enabled are both more accurate and less accurate than before. More memory than before are included in the result, but the different parts that are summed are not gathered atomically. A call to erlang:memory/[0,1] is much cheaper for the system than before. This since the information isn't gathered atomically anymore which was very expensive.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7468

Pre-allocators used for, for example, timers, and messages have been rewritten to be scheduler specific. That is, different schedulers will now allocate from different pools which reduces lock contention.

Own Id: OTP-7470

On Mac OS X, file:sync/1 now guarantees that all filesystem buffers are written to the disk by using the fcntl() with F_FULLFSYNC option. Previously, file:sync/1 called fsync(), which only guaranteed that the data had been transferred to the disk drive. (Thanks to Jan Lehnardt.)

Own Id: OTP-7471

Termination of a process that takes a long time can now be preempted, i.e., the terminating process will be rescheduled for later continuation of termination so that other processes can execute. Termination of a process that owns many and/or large ets tables typically takes a long time.

Own Id: OTP-7477

A new trace option exiting has been added. The exiting trace is similar to the running trace, but for exiting processes. For more information see the erlang(3) documentation.

The erlang:trace/3 bif now doesn't block other scheduler threads if only one tracee is specified in the call to erlang:trace/3.

Own Id: OTP-7481

The re module is extended with repetitive matches (global option) and replacement function.

Own Id: OTP-7494 Aux Id: OTP-7181

In the section about binary construction, the reference manual now mentions what happens when an integer value does not fit into an integer segment of size N (namely, that the N least significant bits will be put into into the binary and that the most significant bits will be silently discarded). (Thanks to Edwin Fine.)

Own Id: OTP-7506

Setting the {active,once} for a socket (using inets:setopts/2) is now specially optimized (because the {active,once} option is typically used much more frequently than other options).

Own Id: OTP-7520

Known Bugs and Problems

Floating point arithmetics in drivers can cause a runtime system crash and/or unexpected results on runtime systems with floating point exceptions enabled. Floating point exceptions are disabled unless explicitly enabled or if hipe is enabled.

Own Id: OTP-7237

Erts 5.6.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Only one to_erl process at a time is allowed to connect to the same run_erl pipe. Prevents buggy behaviour when IO from several to_erl's get interleaved.

Own Id: OTP-5107

IPv6 name resolving has now been fixed to use getaddrinfo() patch (thoroughly reworked) courtesy of Love Hörnquist-Åstrand submitted by Fredrik Thulin. It also can use gethostname2() patch (also reworked) courtesy of Mikael Magnusson for debian submitted by Sergei Golovan.

Own Id: OTP-5382

Improved error handling in run_erl

Own Id: OTP-7252

A permanent fix for the deadlock issue temporarily fixed by OTP-7260.

OTP-7260 The runtime system with SMP support could under rare circumstances deadlock when a distribution channel was taken down while multiple simultaneous operations were performed on it.

Own Id: OTP-7267 Aux Id: OTP-7260

./configure has been improved to find 64-bit OpenSSL libraries.

Own Id: OTP-7270

A terminating process could under very rare circumstances trigger a bug which could crash the runtime system with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-7272

SCTP_ADDR_CONFIRMED events are now handled by gen_sctp.

Own Id: OTP-7276

binary_to_term/1 would crash the emulator if the binary data contained an external fun with non-atom module and/or function. Corrected to generate a badarg exception.

Own Id: OTP-7281

On Mac OS 10.5 (Leopard), sending to socket which the other end closes could cause the emulator to consume 100% CPU time. (Thanks to Matthias Radestock.)

Own Id: OTP-7289

The vanilla driver used on Windows could crash the emulator and sometimes produced corrupt files. The vanilla driver is the driver that is used when one only pass a filename as first argument to open_port/2. NOTE: This use of open_port/2 is obsolete, and the documentation of this use has previously been removed. The functionality is only present for backward compatibility reasons and will eventually be removed.

Own Id: OTP-7301

Faulty matching in binaries larger than 512Mb on 64bit machines fixed.(On 32bit, the size limit for binaries is still 512Mb). Thanks to Edwin Fine and Per Gustafsson for finding fault and fix.

Own Id: OTP-7309

crypto:start() on Windows caused emulator to hang on error popup window if openssl DLL was not found. Windows error popups now suppressed.

Own Id: OTP-7325

Configuration option without-termcap can be used to disable the use of termcap libraries for terminal cursor control in the shell.

Own Id: OTP-7338

to_erl reports its terminal window size to run_erl in order to get output formatted accordingly

Own Id: OTP-7342

On Solaris, the compressed option for file operations did not work if the file descriptor happened to be greater than 255 (a problem with fopen() and friends in Solaris itself).

Own Id: OTP-7343 Aux Id: seq10949

A race condition in the runtime system with SMP support causing an erroneous removal of a newly created ets table has been fixed.

The race occurred when a process removed a table during termination simultaneously as another process removed the same table via ets:delete/1 and a third process created a table that accidentally got the same internal table index as the table being removed.

Own Id: OTP-7349

zlib:inflate failed when the size of the inflated data was an exact multiple of the internal buffer size (4000 bytes by default).

Own Id: OTP-7359

If the total number of allowed atoms is exceeded, there will now be a controlled termination of the emulator with a crash dump file. The emulator used to simply crash. (Thanks Howard Yeh and Thomas Lindgren.)

Own Id: OTP-7372

The break handler in werl on Windows could cause the emulator to hang or crash, that is now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-7394 Aux Id: seq10969

The configure script now tests for an serious optimization bug in gcc-4.3.0. If the bug is present, the configure script will abort (if this happens, the only way to build Erlang/OTP is to change to another version of gcc). (Thanks to Mikael Pettersson.)

Own Id: OTP-7397

Improvements and New Features

On Unix, the emulator now notices when the width of the terminal has changed. (Thanks to Matthew Dempsky and Patrick Mahoney.)

Own Id: OTP-7290

There is a new function init:stop/1 which can be used to shutdown the system cleanly AND generate a non-zero exit status or crash dump. (Thanks to Magnus Froberg.)

Own Id: OTP-7308

process_info(Pid, garbage_collection) now returns more information

Own Id: OTP-7311

The hide option for open_port/2 is now documented. (Thanks to Richard Carlsson.)

Own Id: OTP-7358

Known Bugs and Problems

Floating point arithmetics in drivers can cause a runtime system crash on runtime systems with floating point exceptions enabled. Floating point exceptions are disabled unless explicitly enabled or if hipe is enabled.

Own Id: OTP-7237

Erts 5.6.1

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

The SMP emulator on sparc64 erroneously used the sparc32 atomic and the sparc32 spinlock implementations which caused it to crash.

Own Id: OTP-7006

Call tracing the new guard BIFs byte_size, bit_size, or tuple_size and the loading a module that uses one of those functions, could cause the emulator to terminate.

Own Id: OTP-7008

configuring --enable-darwin-universal or --enable-darwin-64bit on MacOSX could result in a non optimized emulator. Top level configure script now corrected.

Own Id: OTP-7014

configuring --with-gd did not produce correct include flags for percept.

Own Id: OTP-7015

Environment variables weren't handled in thread safe manner in the runtime system with SMP support on Windows.

erl_drv_putenv(), and erl_drv_getenv() has been introduced for use in drivers. Do not use putenv(), or getenv() directly in drivers. For more information see the erl_driver documentation.

Own Id: OTP-7035

HIPE: Corrected the choice of interface to the send/3 and setnode/3 BIFs for native-compiled code. Using the incorrect interface could, in unusual circumstances, lead to random runtime errors.

Own Id: OTP-7067

Garbage collections could become extremely slow when there were many keys in the process dictionary. (Thanks to Fredrik Svahn.)

Own Id: OTP-7068

The duplicate documentation directory in the windows installation is removed.

Own Id: OTP-7070

Documentation bugfixes and clarifications.

(Thanks to Joern (opendev@gmail.com), Matthias Lang, and Richard Carlsson.)

Own Id: OTP-7079

The runtime system with SMP support not using the native atomic integer implementation part of OTP could deadlock when run on a system with more than one logical processor. That is, only the runtime system with SMP support on other hardware platforms than x86, x86_64, sparc32, and powerpc32 were effected by this bug.

Own Id: OTP-7080

The break handling code (run when Ctrl-C is hit) could could potentially deadlock the runtime system with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-7104

The sctp driver has been updated to work against newer lksctp packages e.g 1.0.7 that uses the API spelling change adaption -> adaptation. Older lksctp (1.0.6) still work. The erlang API in gen_sctp.erl and inet_sctp.hrl now spells 'adaptation' regardless of the underlying C API.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7120

A bug in erlang:phash2/1 on 64-bit platforms has been fixed. (Thanks to Scott Lystig Fritchie.)

Own Id: OTP-7127

The emulator could under rare circumstances crash while garbage collecting.

Own Id: OTP-7132

Improvements and New Features

The documentation has been updated so as to reflect the last updates of the Erlang shell as well as the minor modifications of the control sequence p of the io_lib module.

Superfluous empty lines have been removed from code examples and from Erlang shell examples.

Own Id: OTP-6944 Aux Id: OTP-6554, OTP-6911

Bit syntax construction with a small integer in a non-byte aligned field wider than the CPU's word size could cause garbage bits in the beginning of the field.

Own Id: OTP-7085

All Windows versions older than Windows 2000 are now not supported by the Erlang runtime system. This since there was a need for usage of features introduced in Windows 2000.

Own Id: OTP-7086

Memory management improvements especially for the runtime system with SMP support:

The runtime system with SMP support can now use multiple, thread specific instances of most memory allocators. This improves performance since it reduces lock contention in the memory allocators. It may however increase memory usage for some applications. The runtime system with SMP support will by default enable this feature on most allocators. The amount of instances used can be configured. driver_alloc(), driver_realloc(), and driver_free() now use their own erts specific memory allocator instead of the default malloc() implementation on the system. The default configuration of some allocators have been changed to fit applications that use much memory better. Some new erts_alloc configuration parameters have been added. erts_alloc_config has been modified to be able to create configurations suitable for multiple instances of allocators. The returned value from erlang:system_info({allocator, Alloc}) has been changed. This since an allocator may now run in multiple instances.

If you for some reason want the memory allocators to be configured as before, you can pass the +Mea r11b command-line argument to erl.

For more information see the erts_alloc(3), the erts_alloc_config(3), and the erlang(3) documentation.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7100

On Unix, denormalized floating point numbers could not be created using list_to_float/1 or binary_to_term/1. (Thanks to Matthew Dempsky.)

Own Id: OTP-7122

Native atomic integers and spin-locks are now also available for the runtime system with SMP support on sparc64.

Own Id: OTP-7130

FP exceptions support for sparc64 userspace on Linux has been added. Note that FP exception support is now turned off by default, so to actually enable it you need to do './configure --enable-fp-exceptions'.

Own Id: OTP-7131

Erts 5.6

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

A bug for raw files when reading 0 bytes returning 'eof' instead of empty data has been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-6291 Aux Id: OTP-6967

All exported functions in gzio.c have now been renamed to avoid conflict with drivers that are indirectly linked with an external zlib library.

Own Id: OTP-6816 Aux Id: OTP-6591

On the 64-bit Erlang emulator, bit syntax construction with integers containing more than 60 bits ("big numbers") into fields with more than 60 bits could produce incorrect results.

Own Id: OTP-6833

When the runtime system failed to allocate memory for binaries, it could dead lock while writing the erl_crash.dump.

Own Id: OTP-6848

The runtime system with SMP support could deadlock if a process called the erlang:suspend_process(Pid) BIF or the erlang:garbage_collect(Pid) BIF while the process identified by Pid was currently running and the process calling the BIFs was terminated during the call to the BIFs.

Processes suspending each other via the erlang:suspend_process/1 BIF or garbage collecting each other via the erlang:garbage_collect/1 BIF could deadlock each other when the runtime system with SMP support was used.

Own Id: OTP-6920

dbg could leave traced processes in a suspended state if the tracer process was killed with exit reason kill.

erlang:suspend_process/2 has been introduced which accepts an option list as second argument. For more information see the erlang(3) documentation.

Processes suspended via erlang:suspend_process/[1,2] will now be automatically resumed if the process that called erlang:suspend_process/[1,2] terminates.

Processes could previously be suspended by one process and resumed by another unless someone was tracing the suspendee. This is not possible anymore. The process resuming a process has to be the one that suspended it.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6946

file:write_file/3, file:write/2 and file:read/2 could crash (contrary to documentation) for odd enough file system problems, e.g write to full file system. This bug has now been corrected.

In this process the file module has been rewritten to produce better error codes. Posix error codes now originate from the OS file system calls or are generated only for very similar causes (for example 'enomem' is generated if a memory allocation fails, and 'einval' is generated if the file handle in Erlang is a file handle but currently invalid).

More Erlang-ish error codes are now generated. For example {error,badarg} is now returned from file:close/1 if the argument is not of a file handle type. See file(3).

The possibility to write a single byte using file:write/2 instead of a list or binary of one byte, contradictory to the documentation, has been removed.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6967 Aux Id: OTP-6597 OTP-6291

Monitor messages produced by the system monitor functionality, and garbage collect trace messages could contain erroneous heap and/or stack sizes when the actual heaps and/or stacks were huge.

As of erts version 5.6 the large_heap option to erlang:system_monitor/[1,2] has been modified. The monitor message is sent if the sum of the sizes of all memory blocks allocated for all heap generations is equal to or larger than the specified size. Previously the monitor message was sent if the memory block allocated for the youngest generation was equal to or larger than the specified size.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6974 Aux Id: seq10796

inet:getopts/2 returned random values on Windows Vista.

Own Id: OTP-7003

Improvements and New Features

The emulator internal process lock implementation has been rewritten and optimized. A slight risk of starvation existed in the previous implementation. This risk has also been eliminated in the new implementation.

Own Id: OTP-6500

Bitstrings (bit-level) binaries and binary comprehensions are now part of the language. See the Reference Manual.

Own Id: OTP-6558

The windows version of erlang now has SMP support. The SMP emulator is run by default on machines which shows more than one virtual or physical processor.

Own Id: OTP-6560 Aux Id: OTP-6925

The details of the compressed term format has been documented in erl_ext_dist.txt. (Thanks to Daniel Goertzen.)

Own Id: OTP-6755

The runtime system with SMP support is now started by default if more than one logical processor are detected. For more information, see the erl(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-6756

The external format for Erlang terms and the distribution protocol are now documented in ERTS User's Guide.

Own Id: OTP-6779

New BIF's erlang:system_profile/1 and erlang:system_profile/2. These BIF's controls concurrency profiling options for processes, ports and schedulers.

Own Id: OTP-6783 Aux Id: OTP-6285

The ErlDrvTermData term types used by driver_output_term() and driver_send_term() have been extended with the term types ERL_DRV_BUF2BINARY, ERL_DRV_EXT2TERM, and ERL_DRV_UINT. ERL_DRV_BUF2BINARY is used for passing and creating a binary, ERL_DRV_EXT2TERM is used for passing terms encoded with the external term format, and ERL_DRV_UINT is used for passing unsigned integers.

Also the data types ErlDrvUInt and ErlDrvSInt have been added which makes it more obvious how arguments to term types are interpreted with regards to width and signedness.

The incorrect data types ErlDriverTerm, ErlDriverBinary, and ErlDriverPort in the erl_driver(3) documentation have been replaced with the correct data types ErlDrvTermData, ErlDrvBinary, and ErlDrvPort.

For more information see the erl_driver(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-6823

Miscellaneous improvements of the erts internal thread library.

It now support optimized atomic operations and spin-locks on windows.

Fall-backs based on mutexes and/or spin-locks for missing optimized atomic operations, spin-locks, or rwlocks has been implemented. This makes it possible to compile the runtime system with SMP support on a lot more platforms.

Default stack size on OpenBSD has been increased to 256 kilo-words.

Own Id: OTP-6831 Aux Id: OTP-6560

Many bit syntax operations, both construction and matching, are faster. For further information, see the Efficiency Guide.

Own Id: OTP-6838

Literal lists, tuples, and binaries are no longer constructed at run-time as they used to be, but are stored in a per-module constant pool. Literals that are used more than once are stored only once.

This is not a change to the language, only in the details of its implementation. Therefore, the implications of this change is described in the Efficiency Guide.

Example 1: In the expression element(BitNum-1, {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128}), the tuple used to be constructed every time the expression was executed, which could be detrimental to performance in two ways if the expression was executed in a loop: the time to build the tuple itself and the time spent in garbage collections because the heap filled up with garbage faster.

Example 2: Literal strings, such as "abc", used to be stored in the compiled code compactly as a byte string and expanded to a list at run-time. Now all strings will be stored expanded to lists (such as [$a,$b,$c]) in the constant pool. That means that the string will be faster to use at run-time, but that it will require more space even when not used. If space is an issue, you might want to use binary literals (that is, <<"abc">>) instead of string literals for infrequently used long strings (such as error messages).

Own Id: OTP-6850

The Erlang driver API has been extended with a portable POSIX thread like API for multi-threading. The Erlang driver thread API provides:

Threads Mutexes Condition variables Read/Write locks Thread specific data

For more information see the erl_driver(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-6857

Recursive calls now usually consume less stack than in R11B. See the Efficiency Guide.

Own Id: OTP-6862 Aux Id: seq10746

The deprecated BIFs erlang:old_binary_to_term/1 and erlang:info/1 have been removed.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6876

Calls to driver call-backs triggered by external events are now scheduled and interleaved with execution of Erlang processes also on the runtime system without SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-6878

Faster arithmetic of integers of more than 27 bits signed (or 60 bits signed on an 64-bit CPU), and also faster integer multiplication. (Thanks to Tony Rogvall.)

Own Id: OTP-6891

Significant improvements of the process_info BIFs:

process_info/2 can now be called with a list of items as second argument in order to atomically retrieve information about multiple items. process_info/[1,2] has been optimized in the runtime system with SMP support. The whole scheduler could previously be blocked for a significant period of time in process_info/[1,2] waiting for a lock on the process being inspected. The Erlang process calling process_info/[1,2] can still be blocked for a significant period of time waiting for the lock, but the scheduler will now be able to run other processes while the process calling process_info/[1,2] waits for the lock. process_info/2 now accept a few more items than before. The documentation of process_info/[1,2] has been improved.

For more information see the erlang(3) documentation.

Own Id: OTP-6899

open_port({}, []) could crash the emulator. (Thanks to Matthew Dempsky.)

Own Id: OTP-6901

Two new guard BIFs have been introduced as a recommended replacement for size/1. (The size/1 BIF will be removed no earlier than in R14B.) The BIFs are tuple_size/1 to calculate the size of a tuple and byte_size/1 to calculate the number of bytes needed for the contents of the binary or bitstring (rounded up to the nearest number of bytes if necessary).

There is also a new bit_size/1 BIF that returns the exact number of bits that a binary or bitstring contains.

Own Id: OTP-6902

The ets:fixtable/2 function, which has been deprecated for several releases, has been removed.

The ets:info/1 function has been reimplemented as a BIF, which guarantees that information returned is consistent.

The ets:info/2 function now fails with reason badarg if the second argument is invalid. (Dialyzer can be used to find buggy code where the second argument is misspelled.)

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6906

As the linux kernel may generate a minor fault when tracing with CPU timestamps, and there exists no patch to the Linux kernel that fixes the problem, cpu timestamps are disabled on Linux for now.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6922

The functions io:columns/0, io:columns/1, io:rows/0 and io:rows/1 are added to allow the user to get information about the terminal geometry. The shell takes some advantage of this when formatting output. For regular files and other io-devices where height and width are not applicable, the functions return {error,enotsup}.

Potential incompatibility: If one has written a custom io-handler, the handler has to either return an error or take care of io-requests regarding terminal height and width. Usually that is no problem as io-handlers, as a rule of thumb, should give an error reply when receiving unknown io-requests, instead of crashing.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6933

driver_caller() can now also be used from the start callback of a driver.

Own Id: OTP-6951

The emulator can now be compiled for 64bit intel, as well as a 32bit universal binary on darwin/MacOSX 10.4 and 10.5.

Own Id: OTP-6961

If open_port fails because all available ports are already in use, it will now throw a system_limit exception instead of an enfile exception. (enfile might still be thrown if the operating system would return ENFILE.)

Own Id: OTP-6968

The spawn_monitor/1 and spawn_monitor/3 BIFs are now auto-imported (i.e. they no longer need an erlang: prefix).

Own Id: OTP-6975

On Windows, the werl window now handles resize, so that the whole window can be utilized. Text selection is also updated to be line oriented instead of rectangle oriented as in earlier versions.

Own Id: OTP-6994 Aux Id: OTP-6933

Kqueue support (kernel-poll) has been enabled on FreeBSD. The problem with kqueue not detecting writes on a pipe on FreeBSD was actually not a kqueue issue, but a writev on pipes issue. Neither poll(), nor select() detected the write when the bug hit. NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD probably have or have had the same bug. This bug should have been fixed in FreeBSD 6.3 and FreeBSD 7.0 thanks to Jean-Sebastien Pedron.

Own Id: OTP-7001

Erts 5.5.4

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Corrected misspelling of '' in the help text for . (Thanks to Ulf Wiger.)

Own Id: OTP-6433

The MD5 calculation of a BEAM file done by , , and by the compiler for the default value of the attribute have all been changed so that its result will be the same on all platforms; modules containing funs could get different MD5s on different platforms.

Own Id: OTP-6459

The emulator could dump core while writing an file if there were funs with a large terms in its environment. Since there is no way to inspect a fun's environment in the crashdump_viewer application anyway, a variables in the environment are now set to [] before dumping the fun. (Thanks to Jean-Sebastien Pedron.)

Own Id: OTP-6504

messages from ports opened with the option could under rare circumstances be delayed. This bug was present on Erlang runtime systems without SMP support on all unix operating systems other than SunOS.

Own Id: OTP-6528

A bug in linuxthreads could cause the emulator to dump core when dlerror() was called before the first call to dlopen(). As a workaround the emulator always makes a call to dlopen() on initialization when linuxthreads is used as thread library.

Own Id: OTP-6530

file:sync/1 did not do anything on Windows. Now it calls the system function for flushing buffers (FlushFileBuffers()). (Thanks to Matthew Sackman.)

Own Id: OTP-6531

could on the runtime system with SMP support fail with the wrong exit reason when a port couldn't be created. When this happened the exit reason was typically , or instead of .

Own Id: OTP-6536

The file driver (efile_drv) did not flush data written using the option 'delayed_write' after the set timeout time, rather at the next file operation. This bug has now been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-6538

Improvements and New Features

An interface towards the SCTP Socket API Extensions has been implemented.It is an Open Source patch courtesy of Serge Aleynikov and Leonid Timochouk. The Erlang code parts has been adapted by the OTP team, changing the Erlang API somewhat.

The Erlang interface consists of the module and an include file for option record definitions. The module is documented.

The delivered Open Source patch, before the OTP team rewrites, was written according to http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-tsvwg-sctpsocket-13 and was claimed to work fine, tested on Linux Fedora Core 5.0 (kernel 2.6.15-2054 or later) and on Solaris 10 and 11. The OTP team rewrites used the same standard document but might have accidentally broken some functionality. If so it will soon be patched to working state. The tricky parts in C and the general design has essentially not changed. During the rewrites the code was hand tested on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 10, and briefly on Solaris 10. Feedbach on code and docs is very much appreciated.

The SCTP interface is in beta state. It has only been hand tested and has no automatic test suites in OPT meaning everything is most certainly not tested. Socket active mode is broken. IPv6 is not tested. The documentation has been reworked due to the API changes, but has not been proofread after this.

Thank you from the OTP team to Serge Aleynikov and Leonid Timochouk for a valuable contribution. We hope we have not messed it up too much.

Own Id: OTP-6336

A option is now recognized by . {minor_version,1} will cause floats to be encoded in an exact and more space-efficient way compared to the previous encoding.

Own Id: OTP-6434

There is a new program that can be used for writing scripts in Erlang. Erlang scripts don't need to be compiled and any arguments can be passed to them without risk that they are interpreted by the Erlang system.

Own Id: OTP-6505

Setting and getting socket options in a "raw" fashion is now allowed. Using this feature will inevitably produce non portable code, but will allow setting ang getting arbitrary uncommon options on TCP stacks that do have them.

Own Id: OTP-6519

Miscellaneous signal handling improvements on the Erlang runtime system with SMP support.

The fallback implementation of spin locks and atomic operations are now implemented using pthread spin locks when pthread spin locks are found on the system.

The Erlang runtime system with SMP support can now run on Linux systems that has Linuxthreads instead of NPTL (Native POSIX Thread Library). Note that the SMP support hasn't been as thoroughly tested with Linuxthreads as with NPTL. A runtime system with SMP support will therefore not be built by default on Linux when NPTL isn't found. In order to force a build of the runtime system with SMP support, pass to when building OTP.

Own Id: OTP-6525

Erts 5.5.3

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Node and fun table entries could under rare circumstances be deallocated multiple times on the emulator with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-6369

epoll_wait() can repeat entries for the same file descriptor in the result array. This could cause the ready_input, ready_output, or event callbacks of a driver to unintentionally be called multiple times. We have only noted repeated entries when an error condition has occurred on the file descriptor. In this case, the repeated entries should normally not be a problem for the driver since it should detect the error and de-select the file descriptor. Therefore this bug should be considered harmless. The emulator now coalesce repeated entries into one.

You are only affected by this bug if you are using erts-5.5.2.* and the kernel-poll feature on linux.

Own Id: OTP-6376 Aux Id: OTP-6222

If a process that was waiting in gen_tcp:accept/1 was killed, calling gen_tcp:accept/1 again on the same listen socket would fail with ''.

Own Id: OTP-6381 Aux Id: seq10535

The emulator failed to start on Solaris 10 when kernel-poll support was enabled and the maximum number of filedescriptors configured was less than or equal to 256.

Own Id: OTP-6384 Aux Id: OTP-6222

The R10B compiler could generate unsafe instructions that could cause memory corruption. (The R11B compiler does not have that problem.) The erlang emulator will now refuse to load R10B-compiled modules that contain such unsafe instructions. In addition, the beam_validator module in the compiler will also reject such instructions (in case it is used to validate R10B code). (Thanks to Matthew Reilly.)

Own Id: OTP-6386

Process and port timers could fail to work properly on the runtime system with SMP support. Many thanks to Dmitriy Kargapolov and Serge Aleynikov who tracked down this bug.

Own Id: OTP-6387

Bit syntax code compiled by an R10B compiler that matched out a floating point number would not properly check that the floating point number was valid; if the float was, for instance, NaN the emulator could crash.

Own Id: OTP-6395

statistics(runtime) on Windows used to return the elapsed system time for the process, instead of the user time. Corrected. (Thanks to Robert Virding.)

Own Id: OTP-6407

A loadable driver (loaded by erl_ddll) which used driver_async() would cause the emulator to crash. (Thanks to Dmitriy Kargapolov.)

Own Id: OTP-6410

Under rare circumstances the emulator on unix platforms could fail to terminate the Erlang port corresponding to a port program opened with the option.

Own Id: OTP-6411

A link removed via could under rare circumstances transfer exit signals for a short period of time after the call to had returned when the runtime system with SMP support was used.

Own Id: OTP-6425 Aux Id: OTP-6160

Improvements and New Features

In the runtime system with SMP support, ports are now being scheduled on the scheduler threads interleaved with processes instead of being run in a separate I/O thread.

Own Id: OTP-6262

More interfaces are added in erl_ddll, to support different usage scenarios.

Own Id: OTP-6307 Aux Id: OTP-6234

In the runtime system with SMP support, the global I/O lock has been replaced with a more fine grained port locking scheme. Port locking is either done on driver level, i.e., all ports executing the same driver share a lock, or on port level, i.e., each port has its own lock. Currently the inet driver, the efile driver, and the spawn driver use port level locking and all other statically linked in drivers use driver level locking. By default dynamically linked in drivers will use locking on driver level. For more information on how to enable port level locking see the and the man pages.

As of erts version 5.5.3 the driver interface has been extended. The extended interface introduce version management, the possibility to pass capability flags to the runtime system at driver initialization, and some new driver API functions. For example, the function which can be used to determine if the driver is run in a runtime system with SMP support or not. The extended interface doesn't have to be used, but dynamically linked in driver have to be recompiled. For information see the and the man pages.

NOTE: Dynamically linked in drivers have to be recompiled.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6330 Aux Id: OTP-6262

A test and debug feature which modifies the timing of the runtime system has been added. For more information, see documentation of the ]]> command line argument of .

Own Id: OTP-6382

The version of zlib (http://zlib.net) linked into run-time system has been updated to version 1.2.3.

Own Id: OTP-6394

The program now passes on the and options to the Erlang emulator it starts. This is mainly useful for compiling native code, because native code must be compiled with same type of run-time system as in which it will be run.

If the option is given, now prints a warning that it is deprecated and that it will be removed in R12B.

Own Id: OTP-6398

The option of has been removed, i.e., the number of scheduler threads cannot be changed after emulator boot time any more.

A option has been added to . This option can be used for blocking and unblocking multi-scheduling. For more information see the documentation.

Own Id: OTP-6403

A port program that had been started with the option and closed one of the pipes used for communication with the emulator caused the emulator to continuously poll for termination of the port program. This only became a problem when the emulator didn't have other things to do and the port program closed a pipe much earlier than it terminated. When the emulator had other things to do, such as running Erlang processes, the emulator polled for termination in between scheduling of processes.

Now the emulator doesn't poll for termination of the port program at all; instead, it waits for the child signal from the terminated port program to arrive and then schedules the Erlang port for termination.

The termination of any port programs have also been optimized. Previously the termination of any port program did always cause a scan of a table of the size equal to maximum number of file descriptors. If the maximum number of file descriptors was large, this scan could be quite expensive. Now the search have been reduced to the set of ports started with the option.

Note, all of the above only applies to Erlang emulators on Unix platforms.

Own Id: OTP-6412 Aux Id: seq10194

* BEAM: added support for floating-point exceptions on FreeBSD (32-bit x86)

* SMP: made locking procedures work even when native lock operations aren't implemented

* SMP: improved timing accuracy in the timer thread (if enabled)

Own Id: OTP-6424

Erts 5.5.2

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

erlc: A typo in the help text for '-pa path' was corrected.

Own Id: OTP-6218

Failure in port command/control driver callbacks could crash the non-SMP emulator. This bug was introduced in the 5.5 version of erts.

Own Id: OTP-6224

Erroneous "" error reports could sometimes occur when a driver instance terminated in the ready_output() callback of the driver. This bug was only present in emulators that used poll(). Note, that this bug was harmless, the only effect it had was the erroneous error report.

Own Id: OTP-6229 Aux Id: OTP-3993, Seq5266, Seq7247, OTP-4307

The emulator could cause a type assertion failure while writing an erl_crash.dump, causing the erl_crash.dump to be terminated and a core dump generated.

Own Id: OTP-6235 Aux Id: seq10444

The registered name of a process is now the last observable resource removed before links and monitors are triggered when a process terminates.

Previously ets tables were removed after the registered name. This could cause problems on the runtime system with SMP support for code that expected that ets tables owned by a specific process had been removed if the name of the process had been removed.

Own Id: OTP-6237

Failure to fork() a new (os) process could cause the emulator to deadlock. This bug affect all emulators with SMP support, and emulators with async thread support on SunOS.

Own Id: OTP-6241 Aux Id: OTP-3906

Fprof traces could become truncated for the SMP emulator. This bug has now been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-6246

The undocumented functions inet:getiflist/0,1 inet:ifget/2,3 and inet:getif/1 were completely broken on Windows. That has been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-6255

Behavior in case of disappeared nodes when using the dist_auto_connect once got changed in R11B-1. The timeouts regarding normal distributed operations is now reverted to the old (pre R11B-1).

Own Id: OTP-6258 Aux Id: OTP-6200, seq10449

The bsl and bsr operators could cause the emulator to crash if given invalid arguments. (Thanks to datacompboy and Per Gustafsson.)

Own Id: OTP-6259

driver_cancel_timer() could under certain circumstances fail to cancel the timer on the runtime system with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-6261

A call to erlang:system_info(info) could deadlock the runtime system with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-6268

Improvements and New Features

Exit signals are now truly asynchronous in the runtime system with SMP support. This simplifies locking in bifs a lot, and makes process termination cheaper.

Own Id: OTP-6160

When tracing on the runtime system with SMP support it can be difficult to know when a trace has been delivered to the tracer. A new built in function has been introduced in order to make it easier to know when the trace has been delivered. See the erlang(3) man page for more information.

Own Id: OTP-6205 Aux Id: OTP-6269

Kernel poll support can now be combined with SMP support. Currently the following kernel poll versions exist: , , and . Linux has been replaced with . Some time in the future there will also be a kernel poll version using Solaris event ports.

The "check io" implementation for unix has been completely rewritten. The current kernel poll implementation reduce the amount of system calls needed compared to the old kernel poll implementation.

When or is used either or is used as fallback. Previously only could be used as fallback. Since now can be used as fallback, kernel poll support is now also available on newer MacOSX. Note however, when is used as fallback, the maximum number of file descriptors is limited to .

Kernel poll support is now enabled by default if , , or is found when building OTP, i.e. you do not have to pass the argument to . As before, kernel poll is disabled by default in the runtime system. In order to enable it, pass the command line argument to .

Note: will refuse to enable kernel poll support on FreeBSD since have problems with (at least) pipes on all version of FreeBSD that we have tested.

Own Id: OTP-6222 Aux Id: seq10380

The module and the code in the emulator have been completely rewritten; several bugs were fixed.

Own Id: OTP-6234

The SMP emulator now avoids locking for the following operations (thus making them as fast as in the UP emulator): , atom comparison, atom hashing, .

Own Id: OTP-6252

There are new BIFs , and the new option for .

The module has been updated to handle the new BIFs.

Own Id: OTP-6281

Erts 5.5.1

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Complex pattern matching of strings would fail in the 64 bits emulator because of a bug in the loader. (Thanks to Igor Goryachev.)

Own Id: OTP-6142

and would be calculated incorrectly. could in unlucky circumstances cause a heap overflow, as could size(Binary) when size of the binary was larger than 128Mb.

Own Id: OTP-6154

erlang:display/1 displayed erroneous values for negative integers.

Big integers (both positive and negative) were previously displayed in hexadecimal form while small integers were displayed in decimal form. All integers are now displayed in decimal form.

NOTE: erlang:display/1 should only be used for debugging.

Own Id: OTP-6156

A call to erlang:trace/3 with erroneous flags caused the SMP emulator to deadlock instead of exiting the calling process with badarg.

Own Id: OTP-6175

A bug causing the emulator to hang when exiting a process that is exception traced has been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-6180

ets:rename/1 could deadlock, or crash the SMP emulator when the table wasn't a named table.

ets:next/2, and ets:prev/2 could return erroneous results on the SMP emulator.

Own Id: OTP-6198 Aux Id: seq10392, seq10415

A memory allocation bug could cause the SMP emulator to crash when a process had executed a with a larger timeout than 10 minutes.

Own Id: OTP-6199

The runtime system with SMP support did not slowly adjust its view of time when the system time suddenly changed.

Timeouts could sometimes timeout too early on the runtime system with SMP support.

Own Id: OTP-6202

Improvements and New Features

The smp runtime system now automatically detects the number of logical processors on MacOSX (darwin) and OpenBSD.

The smp runtime system is now built by default on MacOSX (darwin) on x86.

Own Id: OTP-6119

The command line argument now take the following options: , , or .

Especially the argument is useful since it starts the Erlang runtime system with SMP support if it is available and more than one logical processor are detected; otherwise, it starts the Erlang runtime system without SMP support. For more information see the man page.

Own Id: OTP-6126

Increased the reduction cost for sending messages in the SMP emulator so it behaves more like the non-SMP emulator.

Own Id: OTP-6196

A port running a dynamically linked-in driver that exits due to the driver being unloaded now exits with exit reason . Previously the port exited with exit reason .

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6204

Changed name of the argument to . This since the argument so easily could be mixed up with the argument (both returning integers).

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6208

The changes below were made by Mikael Pettersson, HiPE.

HiPE runtime system:

Reduce overheads in the HiPE runtime system's BIF glue code.

Fix bug when exceptions are thrown from BEAM to HiPE.

Support SPARC on Linux.

Support x86 on FreeBSD.

Floating-point exceptions:

Reduce overheads in checking results of floating-point operations.

Minor bug fix in SSE2 floating-point exception handling.

Support SSE2 floating-point exceptions on 32-bit x86 machines.

Make FP exceptions work in the SMP runtime system on FreeBSD/x86.

Support floating-point exceptions on SPARCs running Linux.

Runtime system:

Minor scheduler optimisation in the non-SMP runtime system.

Substantial reduction of I/O thread overheads in the SMP runtime system if the separate timer thread is used. (In R11B-1, the separate timer thread is not used.)

Own Id: OTP-6211

ERTS 5.5

Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions

Previously and behaved completely asynchronous. This had one undesirable effect, though. You could never know when you were guaranteed not to be affected by a link that you had unlinked or a monitor that you had demonitored.

The new behavior of and can be viewed as two operations performed atomically. Asynchronously send an unlink signal or a demonitor signal, and ignore any future results of the link or monitor.

NOTE: This change can cause some obscure code to fail which previously did not. For example, the following code might hang:

 ok
            %% We were previously guaranteed to get a down message
            %% (since we exited the process ourself), so we could
            %% in this case leave out:
            %% after 0 -> ok
            end,
          ]]>

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-5772

Two bugs fixed: If the environment variable was set, its contents would be appended to the end of the command line even if the command line had an options. Changed to place the options from just before . Also, the and flags no longer have any effect if placed after .

Own Id: OTP-6054

Improvements and New Features

The documentation for writing drivers in the ERTS User's Guide has been expanded and updated.

Own Id: OTP-5192

The and operators are now allowed to be used in guards. That also applies to match specifications.

Own Id: OTP-5894 Aux Id: OTP-5149

There is a new trace match spec function and a corresponding trace message that can be used to trace on any exit from a function, both normal function return and exception return. See the documentation for details.

The trace message is now also generated when the execution returns to a function due to catching an exception.

Own Id: OTP-5956

Erlang runtime system with SMP (symmetric multi processing) support.

The runtime system with SMP support is in this release focused on stability and there are a number of steps with optimizations to follow before it will take full advantage of multi processor systems. The released system is however truly multi threaded and you will notice increased performance for many applications already. We recommend that you evaluate your application on the SMP version of the runtime system and wait for some more optimizations before you use it in a real product. You will then discover if there are any problems in your application that needs to be fixed in order for it to work properly in a multi threaded environment. More optimized versions of the runtime system with SMP support will be included in the R11B maintenance releases.

The SMP enabled runtime system will be started if the command line argument is passed to the command. In order to make use of more than one processor core, multiple scheduler threads are used. By default, the number of scheduler threads will equal the number of processor cores. The number of scheduler threads can be set with the command line argument. For more information see the man page.

A runtime system with SMP support is by default built on the following platforms if posix threads, and a gcc compiler of at least version 2.95 is found:

Linux with at least kernel version 2.6 and the Native POSIX Thread Library on x86, x86_64, and 32-bits PowerPC.

Solaris of at least version 8 on 32-bits SPARC-V9.

MacOSX of at least version 10.4 (Darwin 8.0) on 32-bits PowerPC.

The runtime system with SMP support is known not to build on:

Windows.

Linux with kernel versions less than 2.4, or without the Native POSIX Thread Library.

Other hardware platforms than x86, x86_64, 32-bits SPARC-V9 and 32-bits PowerPC.

Windows will be supported in a future release.

The runtime system with SMP support might build on other operating systems in combination with supported hardware. In order to force a build of a runtime system with SMP support, pass the command line argument to configure. Note, however, that it is not enough that it builds. The underlying thread library and operating system has to provide SMP support as well. If the thread library does not distribute scheduler threads over multiple processor cores then the runtime system will only seemingly provide SMP support. If the runtime system is not built by default on a specific platform, we have not tested it on that platform.

NOTE: The design of SMP support for drivers is ongoing. There will probably be incompatible driver changes (only affecting drivers run on the runtime system with SMP support) released as patches for R11B.

Potential incompatibility: Previously, specific driver call-backs were always called from the same thread. This is not true in the runtime system with SMP support. Calls to call-backs will be made from different threads, e.g., two consecutive calls to exactly the same call-back can be made from two different threads. This will in most cases not be a problem. All calls to call-backs are synchronized, i.e., only one call-back will be called at a time.

In the future the default behavior will probably be the following: Calls to call-backs will, as now, be made from different threads. Calls to call-backs in the same driver instance will be synchronized. It will probably be possible to configure so that all calls to call-backs in all driver instances of a specific driver type will be synchronized. It may be possible to configure so that all calls to call-backs of a driver instance or a of a specific driver type will be made from the same thread.

Parallelism in the Erlang code executed is a necessity for the Erlang runtime system to be able to take advantage of multi-core or multi-processor hardware. There need to be at least as many Erlang processes runnable as processor cores for the Erlang runtime system to be able to take advantage of all processor cores.

An Erlang runtime system with SMP support with only one Erlang process runnable all the time will almost always be slower than the same Erlang runtime system without SMP support. This is due to thread synchronization overhead.

Known major bottleneck in the Erlang runtime system:

Currently the I/O system uses one "big lock", i.e. only one thread can do I/O at a time (with the exception of async threads and threads created by users own linked-in drivers). This is high on the list of things to optimize. Note, code that does not do I/O can be executed at the same time as one thread does I/O.

Some pitfalls which might cause Erlang programs that work on the non-SMP runtime system to fail on the SMP runtime system:

A newly spawned process will often begin executing immediately. Code that expects that the parent process will be able to execute for a while before the child process begins executing is likely to fail.

High priority processes could previously provide mutual exclusion (bad programming style) by preventing normal and low priority processes from being run. High priority processes cannot be used this way to provide mutual exclusion.

could be used to provide some kind of temporary mutual exclusion (also bad programming style). cannot be used to provide any kind of mutual exclusion.

Obscure pitfall, only if a process being traced also sends normal messages to the tracer:

The order between trace messages and normal messages is undefined. I.e. the order between normal messages sent from a tracee to a tracer and the trace messages generated from the same tracee to the same tracer is undefined. The internal order of normal messages and the internal order of trace messages will, of course, be preserved as before.

The kernel poll feature is currently not supported by the runtime system with SMP support. It will probably be supported in a future release.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6006 Aux Id: OTP-6095

Linked-in driver modifications.

Linked-in drivers must be recompiled.

The field in the type has been removed. The reference count can be accessed via API functions. For more information see the man page.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-6095 Aux Id: OTP-6006