Dialyzer will no longer emit warnings when inspecting or modifying opaque types within the scope of a module.

Hitherto the shape of terms (tuple, list, etc.) has been used to determine the opaque terms, but now the contracts are used for decorating types with opaqueness.

Own Id: OTP-10397

With --Wunmatched_returns, dialyzer will no longer warn when the value of a list comprehension is ignored, provided that the each value in the list would be an atomic value (such as integer or atoms, as opposed to tuples and lists). Example: ignoring '[io:format(...) || ...]' will not cause a warning, while ignoring '[file:close(Fd) || ...]' will.

Own Id: OTP-11626

The man page for dialyzer now contains correct information regarding -Wno_behaviours. (Thanks to Steve Vinosky.)

Own Id: OTP-11706

Fix handling of 'on_load' attribute. (Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.)

Own Id: OTP-11743

Application upgrade (appup) files are corrected for the following applications:

asn1, common_test, compiler, crypto, debugger, dialyzer, edoc, eldap, erl_docgen, et, eunit, gs, hipe, inets, observer, odbc, os_mon, otp_mibs, parsetools, percept, public_key, reltool, runtime_tools, ssh, syntax_tools, test_server, tools, typer, webtool, wx, xmerl

A new test utility for testing appup files is added to test_server. This is now used by most applications in OTP.

(Thanks to Tobias Schlager)

Own Id: OTP-11744

The generalization of guard constraints has been modified.

Own Id: OTP-11798 Aux Id: seq12547

Dialyzer now plays nicely with funs that come as "external" arguments. (Thanks to Stavros Aronis for fixing the bug.)

Own Id: OTP-11826

The pre-defined types array/0, dict/0, digraph/0, gb_set/0, gb_tree/0, queue/0, set/0, and tid/0 have been deprecated. They will be removed in Erlang/OTP 18.0.

Instead the types array:array/0, dict:dict/0, digraph:graph/0, gb_set:set/0, gb_tree:tree/0, queue:queue/0, sets:set/0, and ets:tid/0 can be used. (Note: it has always been necessary to use ets:tid/0.)

It is allowed in Erlang/OTP 17.0 to locally re-define the types array/0, dict/0, and so on.

New types array:array/1, dict:dict/2, gb_sets:set/1, gb_trees:tree/2, queue:queue/1, and sets:set/1 have been added.

A compiler option, nowarn_deprecated_type, has been introduced. By including the attribute

in an Erlang source file, warnings about deprecated types can be avoided in Erlang/OTP 17.0.

The option can also be given as a compiler flag:

Own Id: OTP-10342

Removed gs based applications and gs based backends. The observer application replaces the removed applications.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-10915

Forbid unsized fields in patterns of binary generators and simplified v3_core's translation of bit string generators. (Thanks to Anthony Ramine.)

Own Id: OTP-11186

EEP43: New data type - Maps

With Maps you may for instance: M0 = #{ a => 1, b => 2}, % create associations M1 = M0#{ a := 10 }, % update values M2 = M1#{ "hi" => "hello"}, % add new associations #{ "hi" := V1, a := V2, b := V3} = M2. % match keys with values

For information on how to use Maps please see Map Expressions in the Reference Manual.

The current implementation is without the following features: No variable keys No single value access No map comprehensions

Note that Maps is experimental during OTP 17.0.

Own Id: OTP-11616

Parameterized opaque types have been introduced.

Own Id: OTP-11625

Some function specs are corrected or moved and some edoc comments are corrected in order to allow use of edoc. (Thanks to Pierre Fenoll)

Own Id: OTP-11702

A bug that made it impossible to do any analyses from the GUI has been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-11057 Aux Id: seq12313

Include module, function and arity in Dialyzer's "overlapping domain" warnings. Thanks to Magnus Henoch.

Own Id: OTP-10918

Improve Dialyzer output for scan errors. Thanks to Magnus Henoch.

Own Id: OTP-10996

Integrate elliptic curve contribution from Andreas Schultz

In order to be able to support elliptic curve cipher suites in SSL/TLS, additions to handle elliptic curve infrastructure has been added to public_key and crypto.

This also has resulted in a rewrite of the crypto API to gain consistency and remove unnecessary overhead. All OTP applications using crypto has been updated to use the new API.

Impact: Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) offers equivalent security with smaller key sizes than other public key algorithms. Smaller key sizes result in savings for power, memory, bandwidth, and computational cost that make ECC especially attractive for constrained environments.

Own Id: OTP-11009

Bitstring type inference and duplicate module error message fixes. Thanks to Stavros Aronis.

Own Id: OTP-11027

Erlang source files with non-ASCII characters are now encoded in UTF-8 (instead of latin1).

Own Id: OTP-11041 Aux Id: OTP-10907

Miscellaneous updates due to Unicode support.

Own Id: OTP-10820

User defined types with same name and different arity and documentation inconsistencies. Thanks Stavros Aronis.

Own Id: OTP-10861

Native code compilation changes. Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-10865

Support for Unicode has been implemented.

Own Id: OTP-10302

Dialyzer no longer outputs warnings for unused anonymous functions ("funs"). Warnings are still output for unused functions.

Own Id: OTP-10433

Where necessary a comment stating encoding has been added to Erlang files. The comment is meant to be removed in Erlang/OTP R17B when UTF-8 becomes the default encoding.

Own Id: OTP-10630

Some examples overflowing the width of PDF pages have been corrected.

Own Id: OTP-10665

Fix precision of record creation violation warnings. Thanks to Stavros Aronis

Own Id: OTP-10681

Report spec discrepancy on mismatching lists. Thanks to Stavros Aronis.

Own Id: OTP-10740

Properly support functions with arbitrary arity in type specs. Thanks to Stavros Aronis.

Own Id: OTP-10772

Fix a crash in race condition detection

Remove old untested experimental extension

Respect {plt_check,false} option when using dialyzer:run/1

Fix handling of tuple set remote types appearing in tuple sets

Own Id: OTP-10464

Correct handling of type names in contracts. Fix crash related to contract checking. Do not rewrite unchanged PLT.

Own Id: OTP-10083

Stop a forgotten server process

Dialyzer forgot to stop a server process before finishing its analysis. This is a concurrency error detected by Concuerror. Changes to fix warnings identified by running dialyzer -Wunmatched_returns. Thanks to Kostis Sagonas.

Own Id: OTP-10231

Bug fixes and improvements of dialyzer_typesig.

Own Id: OTP-10082

Add parallel dialyzer support

Own Id: OTP-10103

An alternative implementation of the solver in dialyzer_typesig has been introduced. It is faster than the original implementation.

Own Id: OTP-10110

Bugs in erl_types:t_inf() (HiPE) and in dialyzer_dataflow (Dialyzer) have been fixed.

Own Id: OTP-10191

Handle nowarn_unused_function the same way as the compiler does.

Own Id: OTP-9833

Fix false warning about closure application

Whenever a variable that could hold one of two or more possible closures was used in a particular application, the application was assumed to fail if ONE of the closures would fail in this application. This has been corrected to infer failing application if ALL possible closures would fail in the particular application.

Change category of 'might also return' warnings

Dialyzer emits warnings like the following "The specification for _ states that the function might also return _ but the inferred return is _", which are actually underspecifications and not wrong type specifications. This patch makes sure that they are filed under the appropriate category.

Own Id: OTP-9707

Wrap up behaviours patch for Dialyzer

Own Id: OTP-9731

No warnings for underspecs with remote types

Fix crash in Typer

Fix Dialyzer's warning for its own code

Fix Dialyzer's warnings in HiPE

Add file/line info in a particular Dialyzer crash

Update inets test results

Optimize the joining of maps in dialyzer_dataflow.

Own Id: OTP-9761

Update results of race_SUITE/extract_translations Update results of small_SUITE/flatten Add codec_can and list_to_bitstring tests Fix bug when reporting unused functions Update Dialyzer r9c_suite results Fix dialyzer warning on default clause for binary comprehension (Thanks to Ivan Dubrov)

Own Id: OTP-9483

Fix server loop detection

Dialyzer does not normally emit warnings for functions that implement non-terminating server loops. This detection failed when some of the elements in an SCC terminated normally (being for example list comprehensions or other generic anonymous functions that were included in the SCC). This patch fixes that.

Own Id: OTP-9489

Add a proplist() type

Recently I was adding specs to an API and found that there is no canonical proplist() type defined. (Thanks to Ryan Zezeski)

Own Id: OTP-9499

Suppress some warnings about generation of non-returning funs

No warnings are emitted for funs that are non-returning when the function that generates them has a contract that specifies that it will return such a non-returning fun.

Enhance Dialyzer's inference on comparisons

This patch makes Dialyzer aware of Erlang's total ordering of terms, enabling discrepancy detection in cases where e.g. integer() < tuple() is treated as a comparison that might also return false (when it is certain to always return true).

Minor fix in dead code

Fix infinite loop in dataflow

Update r9c/{inets,mnesia} results in dialyzer's test suite

Add origin information to #fun_var closures

(Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz and Maria Christakis)

Own Id: OTP-9529

Quote atoms if necessary in types

Atoms in some occurrences were not correctly quoted when formatted to strings, for instance by the typer program (Thanks to Tomas Abrahamsson)

Update Dialyzer's reference results

Own Id: OTP-9560

Fix typer's crash for nonexisting files Remove unused macro Fix bug in dataflow Decrease tuple arity limit This fixes a memory related crash.

Own Id: OTP-9597

Types for several BIFs have been extended/corrected. Also the types for types for lists:keyfind/3, lists:keysearch/3, and lists:keyemember/3 have been corrected. The incorrect/incomplete types could cause false dialyzer warnings.

Own Id: OTP-9496

Fix the name of an error function(Thanks to Maria christakis)

Own Id: OTP-9175

Fix crash related with the contract blame assignment patch

Own Id: OTP-9219

dialyzer/doc: synchronize manual.txt and dialyzer.xml (Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz)

Own Id: OTP-9226

Simplify Dialyzer's test suite structure

*_SUITE.erl files are now automatically generated by the respective data directories by the Makefile.

Own Id: OTP-9278

Add a --fullpath option to Dialyzer

This change adds a --fullpath option to Dialyzer, which makes the warning messages contain the full path of the corresponding file.

Original patch submitted by Magnus Henoch (legoscia) on 15/9/2010 and cooked to death in the 'pu' branch all this time.

The patch was essentially correct and most of it has been used as is, but there have been some changes to make the code slightly prettier, avoid some code duplication, and add documentation to dialyzer's doc files and to its help message.

Own Id: OTP-9098

Fix warnings about guards containing not

The wording of warnings about unsatisfiable guards that used 'not' was incorrect (the 'not' was not mentioned and it appeared as "Guard test is_atom(atom()) can never succeed") (thanks to Stavros Aronis).

Own Id: OTP-9099

Version 2.4.2 (in Erlang/OTP R14B02) ------------------------------------ - Added --fullpath option to display files with warnings with their full file names (thanks to Magnus Henoch for the original patch). - Better handling of 'and'/'or'/'not' guards that generate warnings (thanks to Stavros Aronis). - Better blame assignment for cases when a function's spec is erroneous (thanks to Stavros Aronis). - More descriptive warnings when a tuple/record pattern contains subterms that violate the declared types of record fields (thanks to Matthias Lang for the test case and for Stavros Aronis for the actual fix).

Own Id: OTP-9126

Add spec to dialyzer_cl_parse:get_lib_dir/1

Own Id: OTP-9129

Test suites for Dialyzer

This is a transcription of most of the cvs.srv.it.uu.se:/hipe repository dialyzer_tests into test suites that use the test server framework.

See README for information on how to use the included scripts for modifications and updates.

When testing Dialyzer it's important that several OTP modules are included in the plt. The suites takes care of that too.

Own Id: OTP-9116

- Fixed pretty rare infinite loop when refining the types of an SCC whose functions all returned none() (thanks to Stavros Aronis).

- Fixed pretty rare crash when taking the infimum of two tuple_sets.

Own Id: OTP-8979

- Added ability to supply multiple PLTs for the analysis (option --plts). Currently these PLTs must be independent (i.e., no module appears in more than one PLT) and there must not include files with module name clashes.

- Strengthened and streamlined hard-coded type information for some BIFs and key library functions.

Own Id: OTP-8962

Eliminated warnings for auto-imported BIF clashes.

Own Id: OTP-8840

Various changes to dialyzer-related files for R14.

- Dialyzer properly supports the new attribute -export_type and checks that remote types only refer to exported types. A warning is produced if some files/applications refer to types defined in modules which are neither in the PLT nor in the analyzed applications.

- Support for detecting data races involving whereis/1 and unregister/1.

- More precise identification of the reason(s) why a record construction violates the types declared for its fields.

- Fixed bug in the handling of the 'or' guard.

- Better handling of the erlang:element/2 BIF.

- Complete handling of Erlang BIFs.

Own Id: OTP-8699

Much better support for opaque types (thanks to Manouk Manoukian).

Added support for recursive types (experimental).

Added support for parameterized modules.

Dialyzer now warns when -specs state that a function returns some type when in fact it does not.

Added --no_native (-nn) option so that the user can bypass the native code compilation that dialyzer heuristically performs when dialyzing many files.

Fixed minor bug in the dialyzer script allowing the --wx option to bring up the wx-based GUI regardless of its placement in the options list.

Options --apps and -Wrace_conditions, which were added in the previous version, are now properly documented in the manual.

Own Id: OTP-8464

The documentation is now built with open source tools (xsltproc and fop) that exists on most platforms. One visible change is that the frames are removed.

Own Id: OTP-8201

Dialyzer can statically detect some kinds of data races in Erlang programs. Use the new option -Wrace_conditions to enable the race analysis. The technique is described in a paper which is available at: http://www.it.uu.se/research/group/hipe/dialyzer/publications/races.pdf

Added support for packages (thanks to Maria Christakis).

There has been a major change in the default mode of Dialyzer. Previously, the default mode was the GUI, while now it is the command line. As a result of this change, it is now possible to analyze a set of files/dirs with the command:

In other words, the -c (--command-line) option is no longer necessary, though it will be retained for some time for backwards compatibility. To start dialyzer's GUI use either of the following commands:

There is a new option --apps which allows the user to easily refer to Erlang/OTP applications and include them in the analysis or in the building of the PLT. For example, we recommend building the PLT with:

The new option can also take absolute file names as well as applications. Note that the application versions that will be included in the PLT are those that correspond to the Erlang/OTP system which is used.

Dialyzer has a new wxWidgets based GUI (thanks to Elli Frangaki) for platforms where the wx application is available.

Own Id: OTP-8300

There is a major addition to the capabilities of dialyzer, worthy of bumping the version number. Starting with this version, dialyzer not only accepts but also properly processes remote types (i.e., types of the form ModuleName:TypeName()). Previous dialyzer versions only accepted this notation in -type and -spec declarations, but effectively ignored its information by mapping remote types to the type any(). In contrast, starting with this version, remote types are used in the analysis and are also stored in the PLTs. (This addition changes the format of PLTs and requires rebuilding any PLTs created by an older dialyzer version.) Note that dialyzer will complain and abort the analysis of a set of modules if it needs to process a remote type without a definition (either because the module does not include a definition of the type or the module is not included in the analysis). We may relax this restriction in a future version.

Fixed minor issue with dialyzer:run/1 crashing (upon its return) when used for adding type information to an existing PLT.

Fixed minor but quite annoying issues in dialyzer's GUI.

Own Id: OTP-8187

Fixed problem with type inference going into an infinite loop when analyzing a strongly connected component of functions that do not return but also contain an erroneous call which makes them fail and be assigned the type none() instead of the type unit().

More accurate type information for some BIFs and library files.

Introduced boolean() as the `official' name for the type was so far known as bool(). The latter is still accepted as well as boolean().

Own Id: OTP-8037

Has better handling of opaque types.

The handling of UTF segments of bitstreams has been significantly strengthened and revised. In all probability, now it is correct.

Own Id: OTP-7958

The analysis accepts opaque type declarations and detects violations of opaqueness of terms of such types. Starting with R13, many Erlang/OTP standard libraries (array, dict, digraph, ets, gb_sets, gb_trees, queue, and sets) contain opaque type declarations of their main data types. Dialyzer will spit out warnings in code that explicitly depends on the structure of these terms.

Added support for handling UTF segments in bitstreams and for detecting obvious type errors in these segments. Warning: This code is not terribly tested though since there are very few Erlang programs which use Unicode-based binaries - not surprising since this is a new language feature of R13.

Strengthened the discrepancy identification when testing for equality and matching between terms of different types. This detects more bugs in code.

Added warning for M:F(...) calls where M is not a module term and F is not an atom. Previously, such calls where found to fail but the reason for the failure was not reported.

Added a convenient shorthand for the --no_check_plt option (-n).

Added the --dump_callgraph option for dumping the callgraph of all files that are analyzed into a specified file. The callgraph either be dumped in raw format, in .dot format, or converted to a .ps (postscript) file. Note that in large callgraphs the generated postscript file might not be interpretable by Ghostview. (Thanks to Ilya Khlopotov for the initial version of this functionality.)

Own Id: OTP-7864

Added the --no_check_plt option that makes the startup time faster when working with stable PLTs that do not change.

Changed the phrasing of some warnings so that they do not cause confusion to some users and correspond better to reality.

Own Id: OTP-7632

Minor updates.

Own Id: OTP-7522

There is new --raw option for Dialyzer to output the result of the analysis in Erlang term, to facilitate later filtering and/or formatting.

Own Id: OTP-7386

The return type of the Erlang interface dialyzer:run/1 has changed to only return a list of warnings. If something goes wrong dialyzer dies with an exception.

The handling of the PLT is now more flexible. There is no longer any default PLT included with OTP. Please consult the manual for the changes.

Own Id: OTP-7389

Dialyzer's analysis is from now on exclusively based on success typings. In particular, support for options --old_style and --dataflow has been discontinued.

Better and more aggressive handling of type information in records.

Dialyzer has a new warning option -Wunmatched_returns which warns for function calls that ignore the return value. This catches many common programming errors (e.g. calling file:close/1 and not checking for the absence of errors), interface discrepancies (e.g. a function returning multiple values when in reality the function is void and only called for its side-effects), calling the wrong function (e.g. io_lib:format/1 instead of io:format/1), and even possible performance defects (e.g. unnecessarily constructing a list using a list comprehension instead of using lists:foreach/2). Whenever a function returns a single atomic value (e.g. 'ok' or pid()), the warning is suppressed. This allows for "void" functions (returning a single atom like 'ok') or for calls to certain builtins like spawn. Because not all calls which ignore the return value are discrepancies, the option is off by default and has to be explicitly requested by the user. But we recommend it nevertheless.

Some warning options (-Wno_comp, -Wno_guards, -Wno_unsafe_beam, etc.) which could be used when analyzing bytecode produced by an old BEAM compiler have been removed.

Own Id: OTP-7241

The warnings returned by the Erlang interface now contains a tag describing the type of warning.

*** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***

Own Id: OTP-7134

Use of success typings is now default, is robust and detects significantly more errors than in previous versions.

Dialyzer now accepts and takes into account type information in record declarations and in contracts -- see related paper in Erlang'07 workshop. Various OTP applications (e.g. stdlib and kernel) are partially annotated with appropriate contracts specifying types information for their functions.

The type previously known as unit() has been renamed to no_return(). Its use in a contract as the return type of a function now silences off the "function has no local return" dialyzer warning without use of the corresponding option.

Own Id: OTP-6997

Minor Makefile changes.

Own Id: OTP-6689

Dialyzer can now use success typings to find discrepancies. As a consequence significantly more discrepancies are detected. The downside is that the analysis takes about 2 to 2.5 times longer than in previous versions, and may also result in some warnings that might be harder to interpret even though they are correct. This has been a major change, worth of increasing the version number.

New command-line options:

--succ_typings Use the success typings analysis.

--dataflow (default) Use the previous analysis.

The new type unit() has been introduced to handle the return type of non-terminating functions such as servers.

Dialyzer's code server uses a compressed representation and the analysis requires significantly less memory than in previous versions.

Own Id: OTP-6736

Dialyzer (in the modes where either source or BEAM code which contains debug_info is analyzed) spits out line information for all discrepancies. This has been a major change, worth of increasing the version number.

We warn users that *considerably* more discrepancies are identified by this version of Dialyzer compared with previous ones and applications. If, for some reason, warnings generated by previous versions of Dialyzer are preferable, the command line option --old_style can be employed.

Own Id: OTP-6546

Dialyzer handles term comparison operators more precisely and is able to identify more discrepancies in 'if' or 'case' statements with comparisons.

Dialyzer has more precise type information for many standard OTP functions.

Own Id: OTP-6547

Updated the chapter "More on the Persistent Lookup Table (PLT)" in Dialyzer User's Guide and added information on how to use Dialyzer from Erlang to . Also, the Dialyzer text files used by its GUI are now included in the Erlang/OTP release.

Own Id: OTP-6361

New options and .

Improvements in the analysis (meaning that this version can find more discrepancies than the previous version).

Own Id: OTP-6421

Dialyzer's building of PLT is based on a different type inference algorithm. More specifically, Dialyzer uses inference of refined success typings to infer function prototypes. As a result, Dialyzer bases its analysis on a significantly more powerful basis and thus is able to detect more discrepancies. The downside is that building the PLT is a considerably slower process. We will work on improving that.

Dialyzer takes into account the BEAM compiler directive and then suppresses the warning that function F/A will never be called.

Dialyzer's default initial PLT now also includes "mnesia".

Own Id: OTP-6304

Improvements in PLT management.

Own Id: OTP-6128

Some minor changes.

Some minor changes.

Changes for Dialyzer to work with Erlang/OTP R10B-10.

Dialyzer's analysis is significantly faster as it uses a global function call-graph for obtaining type signatures for all analyzed functions.

Small changes for Dialyzer to work with Erlang/OTP R10B-5.

Fixed a small buglet in the analysis; this affected one of HiPE's files.

Modified setup script for execution under Cygwin (patch by Vlad Dumitrescu).

Added command line option --no_warn_on_inline.

Dialyzer now explicitly warns when modules with the same name but from different dirs are being analyzed (contribution by Ulf Wiger).

Fixed a number of false positives that Dialyzer 1.2.0 was spitting out.

Requires the presence of an Erlang/OTP R10B-4 system.

Dialyzer is significantly (approx 40%) faster since it now uses 'ets' rather than 'dets' for its PLT.

Slightly improved the precision of the analysis.

In the GUI version, Dialyzer now reports the list of modules that should be included in the modules to analyze in order to possibly improve the accuracy of the reported results.

Some more information is displayed when calling a function or closure with arguments of the wrong type.

The record guard now allows discrepancies involving tuples that are known to be records to be displayed as #rec{} rather than {'rec',_,...,_}

Added -q option which makes the command-line version of Dialyzer a bit more silent.

Dialyzer works with the open source and commercial versions of Erlang/OTP R10B-2 on all platforms (i.e., HiPE support is not a prerequisite anymore).

Whenever a .beam file contains abstract code (i.e., has been compiled with the +debug_info option), the analysis starts from this code rather than from BEAM bytecode -- this makes the results identical to those obtained by analysis starting from source code. (This is a contribution from Bjorn Gustavsson - Thanks!)

Added -pa command line option for easier handling of -include_lib() directives in source code.

Includes all changes added in v1.1.1; see below. The "Add Recursively" functionality is also available in the command-line mode (-r option).

Fixed problems using the shell script on Solaris machines.

Fixed small inconsistencies in Dialyzer's documentation and help.

The command-line mode of Dialyzer spits discrepancies in stdout by default and returns a numeric value indicating its exit status.

Added "Add Recursively" button contributed by Martin Bjorklund (thanks!).

Dialyzer works with the open source version of Erlang/OTP R10B-1 (on platforms where HiPE support is available) and it does not require installation of a customized Erlang/OTP system anymore.

Dialyzer comes with an extensive command-line interface, in addition to an enhanced GUI.

Analysis can start from source code (through Core Erlang) as well as from BEAM bytecode.

Dialyzer finds considerably more discrepancies in Erlang code than previous versions.

Added ability to selectively turn on/off different warning categories.

Fixed major bug of v1.0.0 which caused the analysis to stop prematurely (i.e., without properly reaching fixpoint) when analyzing more than one module. This did not affect correctness of the results, but lost many opportunities to detect discrepancies.

Performance improvements in the analysis.

Initial Dialyzer version: Analysis starts from BEAM bytecode only and only a GUI version is available. Dialyzer reports discrepancies in the use of the "sequential" part of Erlang. To be used, Dialyzer requires the presence of a specific snapshot of Erlang/OTP which can be obtained from Dialyzer's homepage.