19972013 Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. filename Kenneth Lundin 1 97-11-13 B
filename Filename Manipulation Functions

The module filename provides a number of useful functions for analyzing and manipulating file names. These functions are designed so that the Erlang code can work on many different platforms with different formats for file names. With file name is meant all strings that can be used to denote a file. They can be short relative names like foo.erl, very long absolute name which include a drive designator and directory names like D:\usr/local\bin\erl/lib\tools\foo.erl, or any variations in between.

In Windows, all functions return file names with forward slashes only, even if the arguments contain back slashes. Use join/1 to normalize a file name by removing redundant directory separators.

The module supports raw file names in the way that if a binary is present, or the file name cannot be interpreted according to the return value of file:native_name_encoding/0, a raw file name will also be returned. For example filename:join/1 provided with a path component being a binary (and also not being possible to interpret under the current native file name encoding) will result in a raw file name being returned (the join operation will have been performed of course). For more information about raw file names, see the file module.

 Convert a filename to an absolute name, relative the working directory

Converts a relative Filename and returns an absolute name. No attempt is made to create the shortest absolute name, because this can give incorrect results on file systems which allow links.

Unix examples:

1> pwd().
"/usr/local"
2> filename:absname("foo").
"/usr/local/foo"
3> filename:absname("../x").
"/usr/local/../x"
4> filename:absname("/").
"/"

Windows examples:

1> pwd().
"D:/usr/local"
2> filename:absname("foo").
"D:/usr/local/foo"
3> filename:absname("../x").
"D:/usr/local/../x"
4> filename:absname("/").
"D:/"
 Convert a filename to an absolute name, relative a specified directory

This function works like absname/1, except that the directory to which the file name should be made relative is given explicitly in the Dir argument.

 Join an absolute directory with a relative filename

Joins an absolute directory with a relative filename. Similar to join/2, but on platforms with tight restrictions on raw filename length and no support for symbolic links (read: VxWorks), leading parent directory components in Filename are matched against trailing directory components in Dir so they can be removed from the result - minimizing its length.

 Equivalent to basedir(Type,Application,#{}).

Equivalent to basedir(Type, Application, #{}).

Returns a suitable path, or paths, for a given type. If os is not set in Opts the function will default to the native option, i.e. 'linux', 'darwin' or 'windows', as understood by os:type/0. Anything not recognized as 'darwin' or 'windows' is interpreted as 'linux'.

The options 'author' and 'version' are only used with 'windows' option mode.

user_cache

The path location is intended for transient data files on a local machine.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CACHE_HOME. 

1> filename:basedir(user_cache, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.cache/my_application"
On Darwin: 
1> filename:basedir(user_cache, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Caches/my_application"
On Windows: 
1> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/Cache"
2> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/Cache"
3> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App", #{author=>"Erlang"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/Cache"
4> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App", #{version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/1.2/Cache"
5> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App", #{author=>"Erlang",version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/1.2/Cache"
 user_config

The path location is intended for persistent configuration files.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CONFIG_HOME. 

2> filename:basedir(user_config, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.config/my_application"
On Darwin:
2> filename:basedir(user_config, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Application Support/my_application"
On Windows:
1> filename:basedir(user_config, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Roaming/My App"
2> filename:basedir(user_config, "My App", #{author=>"Erlang", version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Roaming/Erlang/My App/1.2"
 user_data

The path location is intended for persistent data files.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_DATA_HOME. 

3> filename:basedir(user_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.local/my_application"
On Darwin:
3> filename:basedir(user_data, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Application Support/my_application"
On Windows:
8> filename:basedir(user_data, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App"
9> filename:basedir(user_data, "My App",#{author=>"Erlang",version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/1.2"
 user_log

The path location is intended for transient log files on a local machine.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CACHE_HOME.

4> filename:basedir(user_log, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.cache/my_application/log"
On Darwin:
4> filename:basedir(user_log, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Caches/my_application"
On Windows:
12> filename:basedir(user_log, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/Logs"
13> filename:basedir(user_log, "My App",#{author=>"Erlang",version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/1.2/Logs"
 site_config

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CONFIG_DIRS.

5> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/usr/local/share/my_application",
 "/usr/share/my_application"]
6> os:getenv("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS").
"/etc/xdg/xdg-ubuntu:/usr/share/upstart/xdg:/etc/xdg"
7> filename:basedir(site_config, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/etc/xdg/xdg-ubuntu/my_application",
 "/usr/share/upstart/xdg/my_application",
 "/etc/xdg/my_application"]
8> os:unsetenv("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS").
true
9> filename:basedir(site_config, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/etc/xdg/my_application"]
On Darwin:
5> filename:basedir(site_config, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
["/Library/Application Support/my_application"]
 site_data

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_DATA_DIRS.

10> os:getenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS").
"/usr/share/ubuntu:/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/"
11> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/usr/share/ubuntu/my_application",
 "/usr/share/gnome/my_application",
 "/usr/local/share/my_application",
 "/usr/share/my_application"]
12> os:unsetenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS").
true
13> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/usr/local/share/my_application",
 "/usr/share/my_application"]
On Darwin:
5> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
["/Library/Application Support/my_application"]
 Return the last component of a filename

Returns the last component of Filename, or Filename itself if it does not contain any directory separators.

5> filename:basename("foo").
"foo"
6> filename:basename("/usr/foo").
"foo"
7> filename:basename("/").
[]
 Return the last component of a filename, stripped of the specified extension

Returns the last component of Filename with the extension Ext stripped. This function should be used to remove a specific extension which might, or might not, be there. Use rootname(basename(Filename)) to remove an extension that exists, but you are not sure which one it is.

8> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.erl", ".erl").
"kalle"
9> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.beam", ".erl").
"kalle.beam"
10> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.old.erl", ".erl").
"kalle.old"
11> filename:rootname(filename:basename("~/src/kalle.erl")).
"kalle"
12> filename:rootname(filename:basename("~/src/kalle.beam")).
"kalle"
 Return the directory part of a path name

Returns the directory part of Filename.

13> filename:dirname("/usr/src/kalle.erl").
"/usr/src"
14> filename:dirname("kalle.erl").
"."

5> filename:dirname("\\usr\\src/kalle.erl"). % Windows
"/usr/src"
 Return the file extension

Returns the file extension of Filename, including the period. Returns an empty string if there is no extension.

15> filename:extension("foo.erl").
".erl"
16> filename:extension("beam.src/kalle").
[]
 Convert a filename to a flat string

Converts a possibly deep list filename consisting of characters and atoms into the corresponding flat string filename.

 Join a list of filename components with directory separators

Joins a list of file name Components with directory separators. If one of the elements of Components includes an absolute path, for example "/xxx", the preceding elements, if any, are removed from the result.

The result is "normalized":

Redundant directory separators are removed. In Windows, all directory separators are forward slashes and the drive letter is in lower case. 
17> filename:join(["/usr", "local", "bin"]).
"/usr/local/bin"
18> filename:join(["a/b///c/"]).
"a/b/c"

6> filename:join(["B:a\\b///c/"]). % Windows
"b:a/b/c"
 Join two filename components with directory separators

Joins two file name components with directory separators. Equivalent to join([Name1, Name2]).

 Return the native form of a file path

Converts Path to a form accepted by the command shell and native applications on the current platform. On Windows, forward slashes is converted to backward slashes. On all platforms, the name is normalized as done by join/1.

19> filename:nativename("/usr/local/bin/"). % Unix
"/usr/local/bin"

7> filename:nativename("/usr/local/bin/"). % Windows
"\\usr\\local\\bin"
 Return the type of a path

Returns the type of path, one of absolute, relative, or volumerelative.

absolute

The path name refers to a specific file on a specific volume.

Unix example: /usr/local/bin

Windows example: D:/usr/local/bin

 relative

The path name is relative to the current working directory on the current volume.

Example: foo/bar, ../src

 volumerelative

The path name is relative to the current working directory on a specified volume, or it is a specific file on the current working volume.

Windows example: D:bar.erl, /bar/foo.erl

 Remove a filename extension

Remove a filename extension. rootname/2 works as rootname/1, except that the extension is removed only if it is Ext.

20> filename:rootname("/beam.src/kalle").
/beam.src/kalle"
21> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.erl").
"/beam.src/foo"
22> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.erl", ".erl").
"/beam.src/foo"
23> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.beam", ".erl").
"/beam.src/foo.beam"
 Split a filename into its path components

Returns a list whose elements are the path components of Filename.

24> filename:split("/usr/local/bin").
["/","usr","local","bin"]
25> filename:split("foo/bar").
["foo","bar"]
26> filename:split("a:\\msdev\\include").
["a:/","msdev","include"]
 Find the filename and compiler options for a module

Finds the source filename and compiler options for a module. The result can be fed to compile:file/2 in order to compile the file again.

We don't recommend using this function. If possible, use beam_lib(3) to extract the abstract code format from the BEAM file and compile that instead.

The Beam argument, which can be a string or an atom, specifies either the module name or the path to the source code, with or without the ".erl" extension. In either case, the module must be known by the code server, i.e. code:which(Module) must succeed.

Rules describes how the source directory can be found, when the object code directory is known. It is a list of tuples {BinSuffix, SourceSuffix} and is interpreted as follows: If the end of the directory name where the object is located matches BinSuffix, then the source code directory has the same name, but with BinSuffix replaced by SourceSuffix. Rules defaults to:

[{"", ""}, {"ebin", "src"}, {"ebin", "esrc"}]

If the source file is found in the resulting directory, then the function returns that location together with Options. Otherwise, the next rule is tried, and so on.

The function returns {SourceFile, Options} if it succeeds. SourceFile is the absolute path to the source file without the ".erl" extension. Options include the options which are necessary to recompile the file with compile:file/2, but excludes options such as report or verbose which do not change the way code is generated. The paths in the {outdir, Path} and {i, Path} options are guaranteed to be absolute.