19972017 Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. filename Kenneth Lundin 1 1997-11-13 B
filename Filename manipulation functions.

This module provides functions for analyzing and manipulating filenames. These functions are designed so that the Erlang code can work on many different platforms with different filename formats. With filename is meant all strings that can be used to denote a file. The filename can be a short relative name like foo.erl, a long absolute name including a drive designator, a directory name like D:\usr/local\bin\erl/lib\tools\foo.erl, or any variations in between.

In Windows, all functions return filenames with forward slashes only, even if the arguments contain backslashes. To normalize a filename by removing redundant directory separators, use join/1.

The module supports raw filenames in the way that if a binary is present, or the filename cannot be interpreted according to the return value of file:native_name_encoding/0, a raw filename is also returned. For example, join/1 provided with a path component that is a binary (and cannot be interpreted under the current native filename encoding) results in a raw filename that is returned (the join operation is performed of course). For more information about raw filenames, see the file module.

Functionality in this module generally assumes valid input and does not necessarily fail on input that does not use a valid encoding. You can validate the encoding of a filename using filename:validate/1.

File operations used to accept filenames containing null characters (integer value zero). This caused the name to be truncated at the first null character. Filenames containing null characters inside the filename are now rejected and will cause primitive file operations fail.

Currently null characters at the end of the filename will be accepted by primitive file operations. Such filenames are however still documented as invalid. The implementation will also change in the future and reject such filenames.

Convert a filename to an absolute name, relative the working directory.

Converts a relative Filename and returns an absolute name. No attempt is made to create the shortest absolute name, as this can give incorrect results on file systems that allow links.

Unix examples:

1> pwd().
"/usr/local"
2> filename:absname("foo").
"/usr/local/foo"
3> filename:absname("../x").
"/usr/local/../x"
4> filename:absname("/").
"/"

Windows examples:

1> pwd().
"D:/usr/local"
2> filename:absname("foo").
"D:/usr/local/foo"
3> filename:absname("../x").
"D:/usr/local/../x"
4> filename:absname("/").
"D:/"
 Convert a filename to an absolute name, relative a specified directory.

Same as absname/1, except that the directory to which the filename is to be made relative is specified in argument Dir.

 Join an absolute directory with a relative filename.

Joins an absolute directory with a relative filename. Similar to join/2, but on platforms with tight restrictions on raw filename length and no support for symbolic links (read: VxWorks), leading parent directory components in Filename are matched against trailing directory components in Dir so they can be removed from the result - minimizing its length.

 Equivalent to basedir(Type,Application,#{}).

Equivalent to basedir(Type, Application, #{}).

Returns a suitable path, or paths, for a given type. If os is not set in Opts the function will default to the native option, that is 'linux', 'darwin' or 'windows', as understood by os:type/0. Anything not recognized as 'darwin' or 'windows' is interpreted as 'linux'.

The options 'author' and 'version' are only used with 'windows' option mode.

user_cache

The path location is intended for transient data files on a local machine.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CACHE_HOME. 

1> filename:basedir(user_cache, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.cache/my_application"
On Darwin: 
1> filename:basedir(user_cache, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Caches/my_application"
On Windows: 
1> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/Cache"
2> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/Cache"
3> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App", #{author=>"Erlang"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/Cache"
4> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App", #{version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/1.2/Cache"
5> filename:basedir(user_cache, "My App", #{author=>"Erlang",version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/1.2/Cache"
 user_config

The path location is intended for persistent configuration files.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CONFIG_HOME. 

2> filename:basedir(user_config, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.config/my_application"
On Darwin:
2> filename:basedir(user_config, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Application Support/my_application"
On Windows:
1> filename:basedir(user_config, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Roaming/My App"
2> filename:basedir(user_config, "My App", #{author=>"Erlang", version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Roaming/Erlang/My App/1.2"
 user_data

The path location is intended for persistent data files.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_DATA_HOME. 

3> filename:basedir(user_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.local/my_application"
On Darwin:
3> filename:basedir(user_data, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Application Support/my_application"
On Windows:
8> filename:basedir(user_data, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App"
9> filename:basedir(user_data, "My App",#{author=>"Erlang",version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/1.2"
 user_log

The path location is intended for transient log files on a local machine.

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CACHE_HOME.

4> filename:basedir(user_log, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
"/home/otptest/.cache/my_application/log"
On Darwin:
4> filename:basedir(user_log, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
"/home/otptest/Library/Caches/my_application"
On Windows:
12> filename:basedir(user_log, "My App").
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/My App/Logs"
13> filename:basedir(user_log, "My App",#{author=>"Erlang",version=>"1.2"}).
"c:/Users/otptest/AppData/Local/Erlang/My App/1.2/Logs"
 site_config

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_CONFIG_DIRS.

5> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/usr/local/share/my_application",
 "/usr/share/my_application"]
6> os:getenv("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS").
"/etc/xdg/xdg-ubuntu:/usr/share/upstart/xdg:/etc/xdg"
7> filename:basedir(site_config, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/etc/xdg/xdg-ubuntu/my_application",
 "/usr/share/upstart/xdg/my_application",
 "/etc/xdg/my_application"]
8> os:unsetenv("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS").
true
9> filename:basedir(site_config, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/etc/xdg/my_application"]
On Darwin:
5> filename:basedir(site_config, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
["/Library/Application Support/my_application"]
 site_data

On Linux: Respects the os environment variable XDG_DATA_DIRS.

10> os:getenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS").
"/usr/share/ubuntu:/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/"
11> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/usr/share/ubuntu/my_application",
 "/usr/share/gnome/my_application",
 "/usr/local/share/my_application",
 "/usr/share/my_application"]
12> os:unsetenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS").
true
13> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>linux}).
["/usr/local/share/my_application",
 "/usr/share/my_application"]
On Darwin:
5> filename:basedir(site_data, "my_application", #{os=>darwin}).
["/Library/Application Support/my_application"]
 Return the last component of a filename.

Returns the last component of Filename, or Filename itself if it does not contain any directory separators.

Examples:

5> filename:basename("foo").
"foo"
6> filename:basename("/usr/foo").
"foo"
7> filename:basename("/").
[]
 Return the last component of a filename, stripped of the specified extension.

Returns the last component of Filename with extension Ext stripped. This function is to be used to remove a (possible) specific extension. To remove an existing extension when you are unsure which one it is, use rootname(basename(Filename)).

Examples:

8> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.erl", ".erl").
"kalle"
9> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.beam", ".erl").
"kalle.beam"
10> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.old.erl", ".erl").
"kalle.old"
11> filename:rootname(filename:basename("~/src/kalle.erl")).
"kalle"
12> filename:rootname(filename:basename("~/src/kalle.beam")).
"kalle"
 Return the directory part of a path name.

Returns the directory part of Filename.

Examples:

13> filename:dirname("/usr/src/kalle.erl").
"/usr/src"
14> filename:dirname("kalle.erl").
"."
5> filename:dirname("\\usr\\src/kalle.erl"). % Windows
"/usr/src"
 Return the file extension.

Returns the file extension of Filename, including the period. Returns an empty string if no extension exists.

Examples:

15> filename:extension("foo.erl").
".erl"
16> filename:extension("beam.src/kalle").
[]
 Find the filename and compiler options for a module.

Finds the source filename and compiler options for a module. The result can be fed to compile:file/2 to compile the file again.

This function is deprecated. Use filelib:find_source/1 instead for finding source files.

If possible, use the beam_lib(3) module to extract the compiler options and the abstract code format from the Beam file and compile that instead.

Argument Beam, which can be a string or an atom, specifies either the module name or the path to the source code, with or without extension ".erl". In either case, the module must be known by the code server, that is, code:which(Module) must succeed.

Rules describes how the source directory can be found when the object code directory is known. It is a list of tuples {BinSuffix, SourceSuffix} and is interpreted as follows: if the end of the directory name where the object is located matches BinSuffix, then the source code directory has the same name, but with BinSuffix replaced by SourceSuffix. Rules defaults to:

[{"", ""}, {"ebin", "src"}, {"ebin", "esrc"}]

If the source file is found in the resulting directory, the function returns that location together with Options. Otherwise the next rule is tried, and so on.

The function returns {SourceFile, Options} if it succeeds. SourceFile is the absolute path to the source file without extension ".erl". Options includes the options that are necessary to recompile the file with compile:file/2, but excludes options such as report and verbose, which do not change the way code is generated. The paths in options {outdir, Path} and {i, Path} are guaranteed to be absolute.

 Convert a filename to a flat string.

Converts a possibly deep list filename consisting of characters and atoms into the corresponding flat string filename.

 Join a list of filename components with directory separators.

Joins a list of filename Components with directory separators. If one of the elements of Components includes an absolute path, such as "/xxx", the preceding elements, if any, are removed from the result.

The result is "normalized":

Redundant directory separators are removed. In Windows, all directory separators are forward slashes and the drive letter is in lower case.

Examples:

17> filename:join(["/usr", "local", "bin"]).
"/usr/local/bin"
18> filename:join(["a/b///c/"]).
"a/b/c"
6> filename:join(["B:a\\b///c/"]). % Windows
"b:a/b/c"
 Join two filename components with directory separators.

Joins two filename components with directory separators. Equivalent to join([Name1, Name2]).

Return the native form of a file path.

Converts Path to a form accepted by the command shell and native applications on the current platform. On Windows, forward slashes are converted to backward slashes. On all platforms, the name is normalized as done by join/1.

Examples:

19> filename:nativename("/usr/local/bin/"). % Unix
"/usr/local/bin"
7> filename:nativename("/usr/local/bin/"). % Windows
"\\usr\\local\\bin"
 Return the path type.

Returns the path type, which is one of the following:

absolute

The path name refers to a specific file on a specific volume.

Unix example: /usr/local/bin

Windows example: D:/usr/local/bin

 relative

The path name is relative to the current working directory on the current volume.

Example: foo/bar, ../src

 volumerelative

The path name is relative to the current working directory on a specified volume, or it is a specific file on the current working volume.

Windows example: D:bar.erl, /bar/foo.erl

 Remove a filename extension.

Removes a filename extension. rootname/2 works as rootname/1, except that the extension is removed only if it is Ext.

Examples:

20> filename:rootname("/beam.src/kalle").
/beam.src/kalle"
21> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.erl").
"/beam.src/foo"
22> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.erl", ".erl").
"/beam.src/foo"
23> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.beam", ".erl").
"/beam.src/foo.beam"
 Sanitize a relative path to avoid directory traversal attacks.

Sanitizes the relative path by eliminating ".." and "." components to protect against directory traversal attacks. Either returns the sanitized path name, or the atom unsafe if the path is unsafe. The path is considered unsafe in the following circumstances:

The path is not relative.

A ".." component would climb up above the root of the relative path.

Examples:

1> filename:safe_relative_path("dir/sub_dir/..").
"dir"
2> filename:safe_relative_path("dir/..").
[]
3> filename:safe_relative_path("dir/../..").
unsafe
4> filename:safe_relative_path("/abs/path").
unsafe
 Split a filename into its path components.

Returns a list whose elements are the path components of Filename.

Examples:

24> filename:split("/usr/local/bin").
["/","usr","local","bin"]
25> filename:split("foo/bar").
["foo","bar"]
26> filename:split("a:\\msdev\\include").
["a:/","msdev","include"]
 Validate encoding of filename

Validates filename encoding. Returns true if FileName has a valid encoding; otherwise, returns false.

Ordinary Filename

Type: FileName = file:name()

Validates encoding against the native file name encoding, and the capabilities of the operating system used. Regardless of configuration and OS, null characters (integer value zero) will be rejected by the validation (even when only present at the end of the filename).

Raw Filename

Type: FileName = binary()

The encoding will not be interpreted, but null bytes (integer value zero) will be rejected by the validation (even when only present at the end of the filename).

For information on filename encoding see the documentation of unicode filenames in STDLIB Users Guide ➜ Using Unicode in Erlang ➜ Unicode Filenames.