The following example is a long dialogue with the shell. Commands starting with > are inputs to the shell. All other lines are output from the shell. All commands in this example are explained at the end of the dialogue. .

strider 1> erl
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 5.3 [hipe] [threads:0]

Eshell V5.3  (abort with ^G)
1>Str = "abcd".
"abcd"
2> L = length(Str).
4
3> Descriptor = {L, list_to_atom(Str)}.
{4,abcd}
4> L. 
4
5> b().
Descriptor = {4,abcd}
L = 4
Str = "abcd"
ok
6> f(L). 
ok
7> b().
Descriptor = {4,abcd}
Str = "abcd"
ok
8> f(L).
ok
9> {L, _} = Descriptor.
{4,abcd}
10> L.
4
11> {P, Q, R} = Descriptor.
** exception error: no match of right hand side value {4,abcd}
12> P.
* 1: variable 'P' is unbound **
13> Descriptor.
{4,abcd}
14>{P, Q} = Descriptor.
{4,abcd}
15> P.
4
16> f().
ok
17> put(aa, hello).
undefined
18> get(aa).
hello
19> Y = test1:demo(1).
11
20> get().
[{aa,worked}]
21> put(aa, hello).
worked
22> Z = test1:demo(2).
** exception error: no match of right hand side value 1
     in function  test1:demo/1
23> Z.
* 1: variable 'Z' is unbound **
24> get(aa).
hello
25> erase(), put(aa, hello).
undefined
26> spawn(test1, demo, [1]).
<0.57.0>
27> get(aa).
hello
28> io:format("hello hello\ ").
hello hello ok
29> e(28).
hello hello ok
30> v(28).
ok
31> c(ex).
{ok,ex}
32> rr(ex).
[rec]
33> rl(rec).
-record(rec,{a,b = val()}).
ok
34> #rec{}.
** exception error: undefined shell command val/0
35> #rec{b = 3}.
#rec{a = undefined,b = 3}
36> rp(v(-1)).
#rec{a = undefined,b = 3}
ok
37> rd(rec, {f = orddict:new()}).
rec
38> #rec{}.
#rec{f = []}
ok
39> rd(rec, {c}), A.
* 1: variable 'A' is unbound **
40> #rec{}.
#rec{c = undefined}
ok
41> test1:loop(0).
Hello Number: 0
Hello Number: 1
Hello Number: 2
Hello Number: 3

User switch command
 --> i
 --> c
.
.
.
Hello Number: 3374
Hello Number: 3375
Hello Number: 3376
Hello Number: 3377
Hello Number: 3378
** exception exit: killed
42> E = ets:new(t, []).
17
43> ets:insert({d,1,2}).
** exception error: undefined function ets:insert/1
44> ets:insert(E, {d,1,2}).
** exception error: argument is of wrong type
     in function  ets:insert/2
        called as ets:insert(16,{d,1,2})
45> f(E).
ok
46> catch_exception(true).
false
47> E = ets:new(t, []).
18
48> ets:insert({d,1,2}).
* exception error: undefined function ets:insert/1
49> ets:insert(E, {d,1,2}).
true
50> halt().
strider 2>

Command 1 sets the variable Str to the string "abcd".

Command 2 sets L to the length of the string evaluating the BIF atom_to_list.

Command 3 builds the tuple Descriptor.

Command 4 prints the value of the variable L.

Command 5 evaluates the internal shell command b(), which is an abbreviation of "bindings". This prints the current shell variables and their bindings. The ok at the end is the return value of the b() function.

Command 6 f(L) evaluates the internal shell command f(L) (abbreviation of "forget"). The value of the variable L is removed.

Command 7 prints the new bindings.

Command 8 has no effect since L has no value.

Command 9 performs a pattern matching operation on Descriptor, binding a new value to L.

Command 10 prints the current value of L.

Command 11 tries to match {P, Q, R} against Descriptor which is {4, abc}. The match fails and none of the new variables become bound. The printout starting with "** exception error:" is not the value of the expression (the expression had no value because its evaluation failed), but rather a warning printed by the system to inform the user that an error has occurred. The values of the other variables (L, Str, etc.) are unchanged.

Commands 12 and 13 show that P is unbound because the previous command failed, and that Descriptor has not changed.

Commands 14 and 15 show a correct match where P and Q are bound.

Command 16 clears all bindings.

The next few commands assume that test1:demo(X) is defined in the following way:

demo(X) ->
    put(aa, worked),
    X = 1,
    X + 10.    

Commands 17 and 18 set and inspect the value of the item aa in the process dictionary.

Command 19 evaluates test1:demo(1). The evaluation succeeds and the changes made in the process dictionary become visible to the shell. The new value of the dictionary item aa can be seen in command 20.

Commands 21 and 22 change the value of the dictionary item aa to hello and call test1:demo(2). Evaluation fails and the changes made to the dictionary in test1:demo(2), before the error occurred, are discarded.

Commands 23 and 24 show that Z was not bound and that the dictionary item aa has retained its original value.

Commands 25, 26 and 27 show the effect of evaluating test1:demo(1) in the background. In this case, the expression is evaluated in a newly spawned process. Any changes made in the process dictionary are local to the newly spawned process and therefore not visible to the shell.

Commands 28, 29 and 30 use the history facilities of the shell.

Command 29 is e(28). This re-evaluates command 28. Command 30 is v(28). This uses the value (result) of command 28. In the cases of a pure function (a function with no side effects), the result is the same. For a function with side effects, the result can be different.

The next few commands show some record manipulation. It is assumed that ex.erl defines a record like this:

-record(rec, {a, b = val()}).

val() ->
    3.    

Commands 31 and 32 compiles the file ex.erl and reads the record definitions in ex.beam. If the compiler did not output any record definitions on the BEAM file, rr(ex) tries to read record definitions from the source file instead.

Command 33 prints the definition of the record named rec.

Command 34 tries to create a rec record, but fails since the function val/0 is undefined. Command 35 shows the workaround: explicitly assign values to record fields that cannot otherwise be initialized.

Command 36 prints the newly created record using record definitions maintained by the shell.

Command 37 defines a record directly in the shell. The definition replaces the one read from the file ex.beam.

Command 38 creates a record using the new definition, and prints the result.

Command 39 and 40 show that record definitions are updated as side effects. The evaluation of the command fails but the definition of rec has been carried out.

For the next command, it is assumed that test1:loop(N) is defined in the following way:

loop(N) ->
    io:format("Hello Number: ~w~n", [N]), 
    loop(N+1).

Command 41 evaluates test1:loop(0), which puts the system into an infinite loop. At this point the user types Control G, which suspends output from the current process, which is stuck in a loop, and activates JCL mode. In JCL mode the user can start and stop jobs.

In this particular case, the i command ("interrupt") is used to terminate the looping program, and the c command is used to connect to the shell again. Since the process was running in the background before we killed it, there will be more printouts before the "** exception exit: killed" message is shown.

Command 42 creates an ETS table.

Command 43 tries to insert a tuple into the ETS table but the first argument (the table) is missing. The exception kills the evaluator process.

Command 44 corrects the mistake, but the ETS table has been destroyed since it was owned by the killed evaluator process.

Command 46 sets the exception handling of the evaluator process to true. The exception handling can also be set when starting Erlang, like this: erl -stdlib shell_catch_exception true.

Command 48 makes the same mistake as in command 43, but this time the evaluator process lives on. The single star at the beginning of the printout signals that the exception has been caught.

Command 49 successfully inserts the tuple into the ETS table.

The halt() command exits the Erlang runtime system.

When the shell starts, it starts a single evaluator process. This process, together with any local processes which it spawns, is referred to as a job. Only the current job, which is said to be connected, can perform operations with standard IO. All other jobs, which are said to be detached, are blocked if they attempt to use standard IO.

All jobs which do not use standard IO run in the normal way.

The shell escape key ^G (Control G) detaches the current job and activates JCL mode. The JCL mode prompt is "-->". If "?" is entered at the prompt, the following help message is displayed:

          --> ?
          c [nn]            - connect to job
          i [nn]            - interrupt job
          k [nn]            - kill job
          j                 - list all jobs
          s [shell]         - start local shell
          r [node [shell]]  - start remote shell
          q        - quit erlang
          ? | h             - this message    

The JCL commands have the following meaning:

It is possible to alter the behavior of shell escape by means of the STDLIB application variable shell_esc. The value of the variable can be either jcl (erl -stdlib shell_esc jcl) or abort (erl -stdlib shell_esc abort). The first option sets ^G to activate JCL mode (which is also default behavior). The latter sets ^G to terminate the current shell and start a new one. JCL mode cannot be invoked when shell_esc is set to abort.

If you want an Erlang node to have a remote job active from the start (rather than the default local job), you start Erlang with the -remsh flag. Example: erl -sname this_node -remsh other_node@other_host

The shell may be started in a restricted mode. In this mode, the shell evaluates a function call only if allowed. This feature makes it possible to, for example, prevent a user from accidentally calling a function from the prompt that could harm a running system (useful in combination with the the system flag +Bi).

When the restricted shell evaluates an expression and encounters a function call or an operator application, it calls a callback function (with information about the function call in question). This callback function returns true to let the shell go ahead with the evaluation, or false to abort it. There are two possible callback functions for the user to implement:

local_allowed(Func, ArgList, State) -> {true,NewState} | {false,NewState}

to determine if the call to the local function Func with arguments ArgList should be allowed.

non_local_allowed(FuncSpec, ArgList, State) -> {true,NewState} | {false,NewState} | {{redirect,NewFuncSpec,NewArgList},NewState}

to determine if the call to non-local function FuncSpec ({Module,Func} or a fun) with arguments ArgList should be allowed. The return value {redirect,NewFuncSpec,NewArgList} can be used to let the shell evaluate some other function than the one specified by FuncSpec and ArgList.

These callback functions are in fact called from local and non-local evaluation function handlers, described in the erl_eval manual page. (Arguments in ArgList are evaluated before the callback functions are called.)

The State argument is a tuple {ShellState,ExprState}. The return value NewState has the same form. This may be used to carry a state between calls to the callback functions. Data saved in ShellState lives through an entire shell session. Data saved in ExprState lives only through the evaluation of the current expression.

There are two ways to start a restricted shell session:

Notes:

Errors when loading the callback module is handled in different ways depending on how the restricted shell is activated: