<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License, Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/. Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the License. </legalnotice> <title>Preprocessor</title> <prepared></prepared> <docno></docno> <date></date> <rev></rev> <file>macros.xml</file> </header> <section> <title>File Inclusion</title> <p>A file can be included as follows:</p> <pre> -include(File). -include_lib(File).</pre> <p><c>File</c>, a string, is to point out a file. The contents of this file are included as is, at the position of the directive.</p> <p>Include files are typically used for record and macro definitions that are shared by several modules. It is recommended to use the file name extension <c>.hrl</c> for include files.</p> <p><c>File</c> can start with a path component <c>$VAR</c>, for some string <c>VAR</c>. If that is the case, the value of the environment variable <c>VAR</c> as returned by <c>os:getenv(VAR)</c> is substituted for <c>$VAR</c>. If <c>os:getenv(VAR)</c> returns <c>false</c>, <c>$VAR</c> is left as is.</p> <p>If the filename <c>File</c> is absolute (possibly after variable substitution), the include file with that name is included. Otherwise, the specified file is searched for in the following directories, and in this order:</p> <list type="ordered"> <item>The current working directory</item> <item>The directory where the module is being compiled</item> <item>The directories given by the <c>include</c> option</item> </list> <p>For details, see the <seealso marker="erts:erlc">erlc(1)</seealso> manual page in ERTS and <seealso marker="compiler:compile">compile(3)</seealso> manual page in Compiler.</p> <p><em>Examples:</em></p> <pre> -include("my_records.hrl"). -include("incdir/my_records.hrl"). -include("/home/user/proj/my_records.hrl"). -include("$PROJ_ROOT/my_records.hrl").</pre> <p><c>include_lib</c> is similar to <c>include</c>, but is not to point out an absolute file. Instead, the first path component (possibly after variable substitution) is assumed to be the name of an application.</p> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <pre> -include_lib("kernel/include/file.hrl").</pre> <p>The code server uses <c>code:lib_dir(kernel)</c> to find the directory of the current (latest) version of Kernel, and then the subdirectory <c>include</c> is searched for the file <c>file.hrl</c>.</p> </section> <section> <title>Defining and Using Macros</title> <p>A macro is defined as follows:</p> <code type="none"> -define(Const, Replacement). -define(Func(Var1,...,VarN), Replacement).</code> <p>A macro definition can be placed anywhere among the attributes and function declarations of a module, but the definition must come before any usage of the macro.</p> <p>If a macro is used in several modules, it is recommended that the macro definition is placed in an include file.</p> <p>A macro is used as follows:</p> <code type="none"> ?Const ?Func(Arg1,...,ArgN)</code> <p>Macros are expanded during compilation. A simple macro <c>?Const</c> is replaced with <c>Replacement</c>.</p> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <code type="none"> -define(TIMEOUT, 200). ... call(Request) -> server:call(refserver, Request, ?TIMEOUT).</code> <p>This is expanded to:</p> <code type="none"> call(Request) -> server:call(refserver, Request, 200).</code> <p>A macro <c>?Func(Arg1,...,ArgN)</c> is replaced with <c>Replacement</c>, where all occurrences of a variable <c>Var</c> from the macro definition are replaced with the corresponding argument <c>Arg</c>.</p> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <code type="none"> -define(MACRO1(X, Y), {a, X, b, Y}). ... bar(X) -> ?MACRO1(a, b), ?MACRO1(X, 123)</code> <p>This is expanded to:</p> <code type="none"> bar(X) -> {a,a,b,b}, {a,X,b,123}.</code> <p>It is good programming practice, but not mandatory, to ensure that a macro definition is a valid Erlang syntactic form.</p> <p>To view the result of macro expansion, a module can be compiled with the <c>'P'</c> option. <c>compile:file(File, ['P'])</c>. This produces a listing of the parsed code after preprocessing and parse transforms, in the file <c>File.P</c>.</p> </section> <section> <title>Predefined Macros</title> <p>The following macros are predefined:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>?MODULE</c></tag> <item>The name of the current module.</item> <tag><c>?MODULE_STRING</c>.</tag> <item>The name of the current module, as a string.</item> <tag><c>?FILE</c>.</tag> <item>The file name of the current module.</item> <tag><c>?LINE</c>.</tag> <item>The current line number.</item> <tag><c>?MACHINE</c>.</tag> <item>The machine name, <c>'BEAM'</c>.</item> </taglist> </section> <section> <title>Macros Overloading</title> <p>It is possible to overload macros, except for predefined macros. An overloaded macro has more than one definition, each with a different number of arguments.</p> <p>The feature was added in Erlang 5.7.5/OTP R13B04.</p> <p>A macro <c>?Func(Arg1,...,ArgN)</c> with a (possibly empty) list of arguments results in an error message if there is at least one definition of <c>Func</c> with arguments, but none with N arguments.</p> <p>Assuming these definitions:</p> <code type="none"> -define(F0(), c). -define(F1(A), A). -define(C, m:f).</code> <p>the following does not work:</p> <code type="none"> f0() -> ?F0. % No, an empty list of arguments expected. f1(A) -> ?F1(A, A). % No, exactly one argument expected.</code> <p>On the other hand,</p> <code> f() -> ?C().</code> <p>is expanded to</p> <code> f() -> m:f().</code> </section> <section> <title>Flow Control in Macros</title> <p>The following macro directives are supplied:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>-undef(Macro).</c></tag> <item>Causes the macro to behave as if it had never been defined.</item> <tag><c>-ifdef(Macro).</c></tag> <item>Evaluate the following lines only if <c>Macro</c> is defined.</item> <tag><c>-ifndef(Macro).</c></tag> <item>Evaluate the following lines only if <c>Macro</c> is not defined.</item> <tag><c>-else.</c></tag> <item>Only allowed after an <c>ifdef</c> or <c>ifndef</c> directive. If that condition is false, the lines following <c>else</c> are evaluated instead.</item> <tag><c>-endif.</c></tag> <item>Specifies the end of an <c>ifdef</c> or <c>ifndef</c> directive.</item> </taglist> <note> <p>The macro directives cannot be used inside functions.</p> </note> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <code type="none"> -module(m). ... -ifdef(debug). -define(LOG(X), io:format("{~p,~p}: ~p~n", [?MODULE,?LINE,X])). -else. -define(LOG(X), true). -endif. ...</code> <p>When trace output is desired, <c>debug</c> is to be defined when the module <c>m</c> is compiled:</p> <pre> % <input>erlc -Ddebug m.erl</input> or 1> <input>c(m, {d, debug}).</input> {ok,m}</pre> <p><c>?LOG(Arg)</c> is then expanded to a call to <c>io:format/2</c> and provide the user with some simple trace output.</p> </section> <section> <title>Stringifying Macro Arguments</title> <p>The construction <c>??Arg</c>, where <c>Arg</c> is a macro argument, is expanded to a string containing the tokens of the argument. This is similar to the <c>#arg</c> stringifying construction in C.</p> <p>The feature was added in Erlang 5.0/OTP R7.</p> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <code type="none"> -define(TESTCALL(Call), io:format("Call ~s: ~w~n", [??Call, Call])). ?TESTCALL(myfunction(1,2)), ?TESTCALL(you:function(2,1)).</code> <p>results in</p> <code type="none"> io:format("Call ~s: ~w~n",["myfunction ( 1 , 2 )",myfunction(1,2)]), io:format("Call ~s: ~w~n",["you : function ( 2 , 1 )",you:function(2,1)]).</code> <p>That is, a trace output, with both the function called and the resulting value.</p> </section> </chapter>