path: root/lib/compiler/src/beam_validator.erl

%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%%
%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2004-2014. All Rights Reserved.
%%
%% The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
%% Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
%% compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
%% Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
%% retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
%%
%% Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
%% basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
%% the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
%% under the License.
%%
%% %CopyrightEnd%

-module(beam_validator).

-compile({no_auto_import,[min/2]}).

%% Avoid warning for local function error/1 clashing with autoimported BIF.
-compile({no_auto_import,[error/1]}).

%% Interface for compiler.
-export([module/2, format_error/1]).

-include("beam_disasm.hrl").

-import(lists, [reverse/1,foldl/3,foreach/2,member/2,dropwhile/2]).

-define(MAXREG, 1024).

%%-define(DEBUG, 1).
-ifdef(DEBUG).
-define(DBG_FORMAT(F, D), (io:format((F), (D)))).
-else.
-define(DBG_FORMAT(F, D), ok).
-endif.

%% To be called by the compiler.
module({Mod,Exp,Attr,Fs,Lc}=Code, _Opts)
  when is_atom(Mod), is_list(Exp), is_list(Attr), is_integer(Lc) ->
    case validate(Mod, Fs) of
	[] ->
	    {ok,Code};
	Es0 ->
	    Es = [{?MODULE,E} || E <- Es0],
	    {error,[{atom_to_list(Mod),Es}]}
    end.

-spec format_error(term()) -> iolist().

format_error({{_M,F,A},{I,Off,limit}}) ->
    io_lib:format(
      "function ~p/~p+~p:~n"
      "  An implementation limit was reached.~n"
      "  Try reducing the complexity of this function.~n~n"
      "  Instruction: ~p~n", [F,A,Off,I]);
format_error({{_M,F,A},{undef_labels,Lbls}}) ->
    io_lib:format(
      "function ~p/~p:~n"
      "  Internal consistency check failed - please report this bug.~n"
      "  The following label(s) were referenced but not defined:~n", [F,A]) ++
	"  " ++ [[integer_to_list(L)," "] || L <- Lbls] ++ "\n";
format_error({{_M,F,A},{I,Off,Desc}}) ->
    io_lib:format(
      "function ~p/~p+~p:~n"
      "  Internal consistency check failed - please report this bug.~n"
      "  Instruction: ~p~n"
      "  Error:       ~p:~n", [F,A,Off,I,Desc]);
format_error(Error) ->
    io_lib:format("~p~n", [Error]).

%%%
%%% Local functions follow.
%%% 

%%%
%%% The validator follows.
%%%
%%% The purpose of the validator is to find errors in the generated
%%% code that may cause the emulator to crash or behave strangely.
%%% We don't care about type errors in the user's code that will
%%% cause a proper exception at run-time.
%%%

%%% Things currently not checked. XXX
%%%
%%% - Heap allocation for binaries.
%%% - That put_tuple is followed by the correct number of
%%%   put instructions.
%%%

%% validate(Module, [Function]) -> [] | [Error]
%%  A list of functions with their code. The code is in the same
%%  format as used in the compiler and in .S files.

validate(Module, Fs) ->
    Ft = index_bs_start_match(Fs, []),
    validate_0(Module, Fs, Ft).

index_bs_start_match([{function,_,_,Entry,Code0}|Fs], Acc0) ->
    Code = dropwhile(fun({label,L}) when L =:= Entry -> false;
			(_) -> true
		     end, Code0),
    case Code of
	[{label,Entry}|Is] ->
	    Acc = index_bs_start_match_1(Is, Entry, Acc0),
	    index_bs_start_match(Fs, Acc);
	_ ->
	    %% Something serious is wrong. Ignore it for now.
	    %% It will be detected and diagnosed later.
	    index_bs_start_match(Fs, Acc0)
    end;
index_bs_start_match([], Acc) ->
    gb_trees:from_orddict(lists:sort(Acc)).

index_bs_start_match_1([{test,bs_start_match2,_,_,_,_}=I|_], Entry, Acc) ->
    [{Entry,[I]}|Acc];
index_bs_start_match_1([{test,_,{f,F},_},{bs_context_to_binary,_}|Is0], Entry, Acc) ->
    [{label,F}|Is] = dropwhile(fun({label,L}) when L =:= F -> false;
				  (_)  -> true
			       end, Is0),
    index_bs_start_match_1(Is, Entry, Acc);
index_bs_start_match_1(_, _, Acc) -> Acc.

validate_0(_Module, [], _) -> [];
validate_0(Module, [{function,Name,Ar,Entry,Code}|Fs], Ft) ->
    try validate_1(Code, Name, Ar, Entry, Ft) of
	_ -> validate_0(Module, Fs, Ft)
    catch
	throw:Error ->
	    %% Controlled error.
	    [Error|validate_0(Module, Fs, Ft)];
	Class:Error ->
	    %% Crash.
	    Stack = erlang:get_stacktrace(),
	    io:fwrite("Function: ~w/~w\n", [Name,Ar]),
	    erlang:raise(Class, Error, Stack)
    end.

-type index() :: non_neg_integer().
-type reg_tab() :: gb_trees:tree(index(), 'none' | {'value', _}).

-record(st,				%Emulation state
	{x=init_regs(0, term)        :: reg_tab(),%x register info.
	 y=init_regs(0, initialized) :: reg_tab(),%y register info.
	 f=init_fregs(),                %
	 numy=none,			%Number of y registers.
	 h=0,				%Available heap size.
	 hf=0,				%Available heap size for floats.
	 fls=undefined,			%Floating point state.
	 ct=[],				%List of hot catch/try labels
	 bits=undefined,	        %Number of bits in bit syntax binary.
	 setelem=false			%Previous instruction was setelement/3.
	}).

-type label()        :: integer().
-type label_set()    :: gb_sets:set(label()).
-type branched_tab() :: gb_trees:tree(label(), #st{}).
-type ft_tab()       :: gb_trees:tree().

-record(vst,				%Validator state
	{current=none              :: #st{} | 'none',	%Current state
	 branched=gb_trees:empty() :: branched_tab(),	%States at jumps
	 labels=gb_sets:empty()    :: label_set(),	%All defined labels
	 ft=gb_trees:empty()       :: ft_tab()          %Some other functions
	 		% in the module (those that start with bs_start_match2).
	}).

-ifdef(DEBUG).
print_st(#st{x=Xs,y=Ys,numy=NumY,h=H,ct=Ct}) ->
    io:format("  #st{x=~p~n"
	      "      y=~p~n"
	      "      numy=~p,h=~p,ct=~w~n",
	      [gb_trees:to_list(Xs),gb_trees:to_list(Ys),NumY,H,Ct]).
-endif.

validate_1(Is, Name, Arity, Entry, Ft) ->
    validate_2(labels(Is), Name, Arity, Entry, Ft).

validate_2({Ls1,[{func_info,{atom,Mod},{atom,Name},Arity}=_F|Is]},
	   Name, Arity, Entry, Ft) ->
    lists:foreach(fun (_L) -> ?DBG_FORMAT("  ~p.~n", [{label,_L}]) end, Ls1),
    ?DBG_FORMAT("  ~p.~n", [_F]),
    validate_3(labels(Is), Name, Arity, Entry, Mod, Ls1, Ft);
validate_2({Ls1,Is}, Name, Arity, _Entry, _Ft) ->
    error({{'_',Name,Arity},{first(Is),length(Ls1),illegal_instruction}}).

validate_3({Ls2,Is}, Name, Arity, Entry, Mod, Ls1, Ft) ->
    lists:foreach(fun (_L) -> ?DBG_FORMAT("  ~p.~n", [{label,_L}]) end, Ls2),
    Offset = 1 + length(Ls1) + 1 + length(Ls2),
    EntryOK = (Entry =:= undefined) orelse lists:member(Entry, Ls2),
    if
	EntryOK ->
	    St = init_state(Arity),
	    Vst0 = #vst{current=St,
			branched=gb_trees_from_list([{L,St} || L <- Ls1]),
			labels=gb_sets:from_list(Ls1++Ls2),
			ft=Ft},
	    MFA = {Mod,Name,Arity},
	    Vst = valfun(Is, MFA, Offset, Vst0),
	    validate_fun_info_branches(Ls1, MFA, Vst);
	true ->
	    error({{Mod,Name,Arity},{first(Is),Offset,no_entry_label}})
    end.

validate_fun_info_branches([L|Ls], MFA, #vst{branched=Branches}=Vst0) ->
    Vst = Vst0#vst{current=gb_trees:get(L, Branches)},
    validate_fun_info_branches_1(0, MFA, Vst),
    validate_fun_info_branches(Ls, MFA, Vst);
validate_fun_info_branches([], _, _) -> ok.

validate_fun_info_branches_1(Arity, {_,_,Arity}, _) -> ok;
validate_fun_info_branches_1(X, {Mod,Name,Arity}=MFA, Vst) ->
    try
	get_term_type({x,X}, Vst)
    catch Error ->
	    I = {func_info,{atom,Mod},{atom,Name},Arity},
	    Offset = 2,
	    error({MFA,{I,Offset,Error}})
    end,
    validate_fun_info_branches_1(X+1, MFA, Vst).

first([X|_]) -> X;
first([]) -> [].

labels(Is) ->
    labels_1(Is, []).

labels_1([{label,L}|Is], R) ->
    labels_1(Is, [L|R]);
labels_1([{line,_}|Is], R) ->
    labels_1(Is, R);
labels_1(Is, R) ->
    {reverse(R),Is}.

init_state(Arity) ->
    Xs = init_regs(Arity, term),
    Ys = init_regs(0, initialized),
    kill_heap_allocation(#st{x=Xs,y=Ys,numy=none,ct=[]}).

kill_heap_allocation(St) ->
    St#st{h=0,hf=0}.

init_regs(0, _) ->
    gb_trees:empty();
init_regs(N, Type) ->
    gb_trees_from_list([{R,Type} || R <- lists:seq(0, N-1)]).

valfun([], MFA, _Offset, #vst{branched=Targets0,labels=Labels0}=Vst) ->
    Targets = gb_trees:keys(Targets0),
    Labels = gb_sets:to_list(Labels0),
    case Targets -- Labels of
	[] -> Vst;
	Undef ->
	    Error = {undef_labels,Undef},
	    error({MFA,Error})
    end;
valfun([I|Is], MFA, Offset, Vst0) ->
    ?DBG_FORMAT("    ~p.\n", [I]),
    valfun(Is, MFA, Offset+1,
	   try
	       Vst = val_dsetel(I, Vst0),
	       valfun_1(I, Vst)
	   catch Error ->
		   error({MFA,{I,Offset,Error}})
	   end).

%% Instructions that are allowed in dead code or when failing,
%% that is while the state is undecided in some way.
valfun_1({label,Lbl}, #vst{current=St0,branched=B,labels=Lbls}=Vst) ->
    St = merge_states(Lbl, St0, B),
    Vst#vst{current=St,branched=gb_trees:enter(Lbl, St, B),
	    labels=gb_sets:add(Lbl, Lbls)};
valfun_1(_I, #vst{current=none}=Vst) ->
    %% Ignore instructions after erlang:error/1,2, which
    %% the original R10B compiler thought would return.
    ?DBG_FORMAT("Ignoring ~p\n", [_I]),
    Vst;
valfun_1({badmatch,Src}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    kill_state(Vst);
valfun_1({case_end,Src}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    kill_state(Vst);
valfun_1(if_end, Vst) ->
    kill_state(Vst);
valfun_1({try_case_end,Src}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    kill_state(Vst);
%% Instructions that can not cause exceptions
valfun_1({bs_context_to_binary,Ctx}, #vst{current=#st{x=Xs}}=Vst) ->
    case Ctx of
	{Tag,X} when Tag =:= x; Tag =:= y ->
	    Type = case gb_trees:lookup(X, Xs) of
		       {value,{match_context,_,_}} -> term;
		       _ -> get_term_type(Ctx, Vst)
		   end,
	    set_type_reg(Type, Ctx, Vst);
	_ ->
	    error({bad_source,Ctx})
    end;
valfun_1(bs_init_writable=I, Vst) ->
    call(I, 1, Vst);
valfun_1({move,{y,_}=Src,{y,_}=Dst}, Vst) ->
    %% The stack trimming optimization may generate a move from an initialized
    %% but unassigned Y register to another Y register.
    case get_term_type_1(Src, Vst) of
	{catchtag,_} -> error({catchtag,Src});
	{trytag,_} -> error({trytag,Src});
	Type -> set_type_reg(Type, Dst, Vst)
    end;
valfun_1({move,Src,Dst}, Vst) ->
    Type = get_move_term_type(Src, Vst),
    set_type_reg(Type, Dst, Vst);
valfun_1({fmove,Src,{fr,_}=Dst}, Vst) ->
    assert_type(float, Src, Vst),
    set_freg(Dst, Vst);
valfun_1({fmove,{fr,_}=Src,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    assert_freg_set(Src, Vst0),
    assert_fls(checked, Vst0),
    Vst = eat_heap_float(Vst0),
    set_type_reg({float,[]}, Dst, Vst);
valfun_1({kill,{y,_}=Reg}, Vst) ->
    set_type_y(initialized, Reg, Vst);
valfun_1({init,{y,_}=Reg}, Vst) ->
    set_type_y(initialized, Reg, Vst);
valfun_1({test_heap,Heap,Live}, Vst) ->
    test_heap(Heap, Live, Vst);
valfun_1({bif,Op,{f,_},Src,Dst}=I, Vst) ->
    case is_bif_safe(Op, length(Src)) of
	false ->
	    %% Since the BIF can fail, make sure that any catch state
	    %% is updated.
	    valfun_2(I, Vst);
	true ->
	    %% It can't fail, so we finish handling it here (not updating
	    %% catch state).
	    validate_src(Src, Vst),
	    Type = bif_type(Op, Src, Vst),
	    set_type_reg(Type, Dst, Vst)
    end;
%% Put instructions.
valfun_1({put_list,A,B,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(A, Vst0),
    assert_term(B, Vst0),
    Vst = eat_heap(2, Vst0),
    set_type_reg(cons, Dst, Vst);
valfun_1({put_tuple,Sz,Dst}, Vst0) when is_integer(Sz) ->
    Vst = eat_heap(1, Vst0),
    set_type_reg({tuple,Sz}, Dst, Vst);
valfun_1({put,Src}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    eat_heap(1, Vst);
%% Instructions for optimization of selective receives.
valfun_1({recv_mark,{f,Fail}}, Vst) when is_integer(Fail) ->
    Vst;
valfun_1({recv_set,{f,Fail}}, Vst) when is_integer(Fail) ->
    Vst;
%% Misc.
valfun_1({'%live',Live}, Vst) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst),
    Vst;
valfun_1(remove_message, Vst) ->
    Vst;
valfun_1({'%',_}, Vst) ->
    Vst;
valfun_1({line,_}, Vst) ->
    Vst;
%% Exception generating calls
valfun_1({call_ext,Live,Func}=I, Vst) ->
    case return_type(Func, Vst) of
	exception ->
	    verify_live(Live, Vst),
	    kill_state(Vst);
	_ ->
	    valfun_2(I, Vst)
    end;
valfun_1(_I, #vst{current=#st{ct=undecided}}) ->
    error(unknown_catch_try_state);
%%
%% Allocate and deallocate, et.al
valfun_1({allocate,Stk,Live}, Vst) ->
    allocate(false, Stk, 0, Live, Vst);
valfun_1({allocate_heap,Stk,Heap,Live}, Vst) ->
    allocate(false, Stk, Heap, Live, Vst);
valfun_1({allocate_zero,Stk,Live}, Vst) ->
    allocate(true, Stk, 0, Live, Vst);
valfun_1({allocate_heap_zero,Stk,Heap,Live}, Vst) ->
    allocate(true, Stk, Heap, Live, Vst);
valfun_1({deallocate,StkSize}, #vst{current=#st{numy=StkSize}}=Vst) ->
    verify_no_ct(Vst),
    deallocate(Vst);
valfun_1({deallocate,_}, #vst{current=#st{numy=NumY}}) ->
    error({allocated,NumY});
valfun_1({trim,N,Remaining}, #vst{current=#st{y=Yregs0,numy=NumY}=St}=Vst) ->
    if
	N =< NumY, N+Remaining =:= NumY ->
	    Yregs1 = [{Y-N,Type} || {Y,Type} <- gb_trees:to_list(Yregs0), Y >= N],
	    Yregs = gb_trees_from_list(Yregs1),
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{y=Yregs,numy=NumY-N}};
	true ->
	    error({trim,N,Remaining,allocated,NumY})
    end;
%% Catch & try.
valfun_1({'catch',Dst,{f,Fail}}, Vst0) when Fail /= none ->
    Vst = #vst{current=#st{ct=Fails}=St} = 
	set_type_y({catchtag,[Fail]}, Dst, Vst0),
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{ct=[[Fail]|Fails]}};
valfun_1({'try',Dst,{f,Fail}}, Vst0) ->
    Vst = #vst{current=#st{ct=Fails}=St} = 
	set_type_y({trytag,[Fail]}, Dst, Vst0),
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{ct=[[Fail]|Fails]}};
valfun_1({catch_end,Reg}, #vst{current=#st{ct=[Fail|Fails]}=St0}=Vst0) ->
    case get_special_y_type(Reg, Vst0) of
	{catchtag,Fail} ->
	    Vst = #vst{current=St} = 
		set_type_y(initialized_ct, Reg, 
			   Vst0#vst{current=St0#st{ct=Fails}}),
	    Xs = gb_trees_from_list([{0,term}]),
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{x=Xs,fls=undefined}};
	Type ->
	    error({bad_type,Type})
    end;
valfun_1({try_end,Reg}, #vst{current=#st{ct=[Fail|Fails]}=St}=Vst0) ->
    case get_special_y_type(Reg, Vst0) of
	{trytag,Fail} ->
	    Vst = case Fail of
		      [FailLabel] -> branch_state(FailLabel, Vst0);
		      _ -> Vst0
		  end,
	    set_type_reg(initialized_ct, Reg, 
			 Vst#vst{current=St#st{ct=Fails,fls=undefined}});
	Type ->
	    error({bad_type,Type})
    end;
valfun_1({try_case,Reg}, #vst{current=#st{ct=[Fail|Fails]}=St0}=Vst0) ->
    case get_special_y_type(Reg, Vst0) of
	{trytag,Fail} ->
	    Vst = #vst{current=St} = 
		set_type_y(initialized_ct, Reg, 
			   Vst0#vst{current=St0#st{ct=Fails}}),
	    Xs = gb_trees_from_list([{0,{atom,[]}},{1,term},{2,term}]), %XXX
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{x=Xs,fls=undefined}};
	Type ->
	    error({bad_type,Type})
    end;
valfun_1(I, Vst) ->
    valfun_2(I, Vst).

%% Update branched state if necessary and try next set of instructions.
valfun_2(I, #vst{current=#st{ct=[]}}=Vst) ->
    valfun_3(I, Vst);
valfun_2(I, #vst{current=#st{ct=[[Fail]|_]}}=Vst) when is_integer(Fail) ->
    %% Update branched state
    valfun_3(I, branch_state(Fail, Vst));
valfun_2(_, _) ->
    error(ambiguous_catch_try_state).

%% Handle the remaining floating point instructions here.
%% Floating point.
valfun_3({fconv,Src,{fr,_}=Dst}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    set_freg(Dst, Vst);
valfun_3({bif,fadd,_,[_,_]=Src,Dst}, Vst) ->
    float_op(Src, Dst, Vst);
valfun_3({bif,fdiv,_,[_,_]=Src,Dst}, Vst) ->
    float_op(Src, Dst, Vst);
valfun_3({bif,fmul,_,[_,_]=Src,Dst}, Vst) ->
    float_op(Src, Dst, Vst);
valfun_3({bif,fnegate,_,[_]=Src,Dst}, Vst) ->
    float_op(Src, Dst, Vst);
valfun_3({bif,fsub,_,[_,_]=Src,Dst}, Vst) ->
    float_op(Src, Dst, Vst);
valfun_3(fclearerror, Vst) ->
    case get_fls(Vst) of
	undefined -> ok;
	checked -> ok;
	Fls -> error({bad_floating_point_state,Fls})
    end,
    set_fls(cleared, Vst);
valfun_3({fcheckerror,_}, Vst) ->
    assert_fls(cleared, Vst),
    set_fls(checked, Vst);
valfun_3(I, Vst) ->
    %% The instruction is not a float instruction.
    case get_fls(Vst) of
	undefined ->
	    valfun_4(I, Vst);
	checked ->
	    valfun_4(I, Vst);
	Fls ->
	    error({unsafe_instruction,{float_error_state,Fls}})
    end.

%% Instructions that can cause exceptions.
valfun_4({apply,Live}, Vst) ->
    call(apply, Live+2, Vst);
valfun_4({apply_last,Live,_}, Vst) ->
    tail_call(apply, Live+2, Vst);
valfun_4({call_fun,Live}, Vst) ->
    validate_src([{x,Live}], Vst),
    call('fun', Live+1, Vst);
valfun_4({call,Live,Func}, Vst) ->
    call(Func, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({call_ext,Live,Func}, Vst) ->
    %% Exception BIFs has already been taken care of above.
    call(Func, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({call_only,Live,Func}, Vst) ->
    tail_call(Func, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({call_ext_only,Live,Func}, Vst) ->
    tail_call(Func, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({call_last,Live,Func,StkSize}, #vst{current=#st{numy=StkSize}}=Vst) ->
    tail_call(Func, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({call_last,_,_,_}, #vst{current=#st{numy=NumY}}) ->
    error({allocated,NumY});
valfun_4({call_ext_last,Live,Func,StkSize}, 
	 #vst{current=#st{numy=StkSize}}=Vst) ->
    tail_call(Func, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({call_ext_last,_,_,_}, #vst{current=#st{numy=NumY}}) ->
    error({allocated,NumY});
valfun_4({make_fun2,_,_,_,Live}, Vst) ->
    call(make_fun, Live, Vst);
%% Other BIFs
valfun_4({bif,tuple_size,{f,Fail},[Tuple],Dst}, Vst0) ->
    TupleType0 = get_term_type(Tuple, Vst0),
    Vst1 = branch_state(Fail, Vst0),
    TupleType = upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,[0]}, TupleType0),
    Vst = set_type(TupleType, Tuple, Vst1),
    set_type_reg({integer,[]}, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bif,element,{f,Fail},[Pos,Tuple],Dst}, Vst0) ->
    TupleType0 = get_term_type(Tuple, Vst0),
    PosType = get_term_type(Pos, Vst0),
    Vst1 = branch_state(Fail, Vst0),
    TupleType = upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,[get_tuple_size(PosType)]}, TupleType0),
    Vst = set_type(TupleType, Tuple, Vst1),
    set_type_reg(term, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bif,Op,{f,Fail},Src,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    validate_src(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = branch_state(Fail, Vst0),
    Type = bif_type(Op, Src, Vst),
    set_type_reg(Type, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({gc_bif,Op,{f,Fail},Live,Src,Dst}, #vst{current=St0}=Vst0) ->
    St = kill_heap_allocation(St0),
    Vst1 = Vst0#vst{current=St},
    verify_live(Live, Vst1),
    Vst2 = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    Vst = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst2),
    validate_src(Src, Vst),
    Type = bif_type(Op, Src, Vst),
    set_type_reg(Type, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4(return, #vst{current=#st{numy=none}}=Vst) ->
    assert_term({x,0}, Vst),
    kill_state(Vst);
valfun_4(return, #vst{current=#st{numy=NumY}}) ->
    error({stack_frame,NumY});
valfun_4({jump,{f,Lbl}}, Vst) ->
    kill_state(branch_state(Lbl, Vst));
valfun_4({loop_rec,{f,Fail},Dst}, Vst0) ->
    Vst = branch_state(Fail, Vst0),
    set_type_reg(term, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({wait,_}, Vst) ->
    kill_state(Vst);
valfun_4({wait_timeout,_,Src}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    Vst;
valfun_4({loop_rec_end,_}, Vst) ->
    kill_state(Vst);
valfun_4(timeout, #vst{current=St}=Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{x=init_regs(0, term)}};
valfun_4(send, Vst) ->
    call(send, 2, Vst);
valfun_4({set_tuple_element,Src,Tuple,I}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    assert_type({tuple_element,I+1}, Tuple, Vst),
    Vst;
%% Match instructions.
valfun_4({select_val,Src,{f,Fail},{list,Choices}}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    Lbls = [L || {f,L} <- Choices]++[Fail],
    kill_state(foldl(fun(L, S) -> branch_state(L, S) end, Vst, Lbls));
valfun_4({select_tuple_arity,Tuple,{f,Fail},{list,Choices}}, Vst) ->
    assert_type(tuple, Tuple, Vst),
    kill_state(branch_arities(Choices, Tuple, branch_state(Fail, Vst)));
valfun_4({get_list,Src,D1,D2}, Vst0) ->
    assert_type(cons, Src, Vst0),
    Vst = set_type_reg(term, D1, Vst0),
    set_type_reg(term, D2, Vst);
valfun_4({get_tuple_element,Src,I,Dst}, Vst) ->
    assert_type({tuple_element,I+1}, Src, Vst),
    set_type_reg(term, Dst, Vst);

%% New bit syntax matching instructions.
valfun_4({test,bs_start_match2,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,NeedSlots],Ctx}, Vst0) ->
    %% If source and destination registers are the same, match state
    %% is OK as input.
    CtxType = get_move_term_type(Ctx, Vst0),
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    Vst1 = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst0),
    BranchVst = case CtxType of
		    {match_context,_,_} ->
			%% The failure branch will never be taken when Ctx
			%% is a match context. Therefore, the type for Ctx
			%% at the failure label must not be match_context
			%% (or we could reject legal code).
			set_type_reg(term, Ctx, Vst1);
		    _ ->
			Vst1
		end,
    Vst = branch_state(Fail, BranchVst),
    set_type_reg(bsm_match_state(NeedSlots), Ctx, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_start_match2,{f,Fail},Live,[Src,Slots],Dst}, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    Vst1 = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst0),
    Vst = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    set_type_reg(bsm_match_state(Slots), Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_match_string,{f,Fail},[Ctx,_,_]}, Vst) ->
    bsm_validate_context(Ctx, Vst),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_skip_bits2,{f,Fail},[Ctx,Src,_,_]}, Vst) ->
    bsm_validate_context(Ctx, Vst),
    assert_term(Src, Vst),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_test_tail2,{f,Fail},[Ctx,_]}, Vst) ->
    bsm_validate_context(Ctx, Vst),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_test_unit,{f,Fail},[Ctx,_]}, Vst) ->
    bsm_validate_context(Ctx, Vst),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_skip_utf8,{f,Fail},[Ctx,Live,_]}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_skip_utf(Fail, Ctx, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_skip_utf16,{f,Fail},[Ctx,Live,_]}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_skip_utf(Fail, Ctx, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_skip_utf32,{f,Fail},[Ctx,Live,_]}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_skip_utf(Fail, Ctx, Live, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_get_integer2,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,_,_,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_get_float2,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,_,_,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_get_binary2,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,_,_,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_get_utf8,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_get_utf16,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({test,bs_get_utf32,{f,Fail},Live,[Ctx,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_save2,Ctx,SavePoint}, Vst) ->
    bsm_save(Ctx, SavePoint, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_restore2,Ctx,SavePoint}, Vst) ->
    bsm_restore(Ctx, SavePoint, Vst);

%% Other test instructions.
valfun_4({test,is_float,{f,Lbl},[Float]}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Float, Vst),
    set_type({float,[]}, Float, branch_state(Lbl, Vst));
valfun_4({test,is_tuple,{f,Lbl},[Tuple]}, Vst) ->
    Type0 = get_term_type(Tuple, Vst),
    Type = upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,[0]}, Type0),
    set_type(Type, Tuple, branch_state(Lbl, Vst));
valfun_4({test,is_nonempty_list,{f,Lbl},[Cons]}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(Cons, Vst),
    set_type(cons, Cons, branch_state(Lbl, Vst));
valfun_4({test,test_arity,{f,Lbl},[Tuple,Sz]}, Vst) when is_integer(Sz) ->
    assert_type(tuple, Tuple, Vst),
    set_type_reg({tuple,Sz}, Tuple, branch_state(Lbl, Vst));
valfun_4({test,has_map_fields,{f,Lbl},Src,{list,List}}, Vst) ->
    validate_src([Src], Vst),
    assert_strict_literal_termorder(List),
    branch_state(Lbl, Vst);
valfun_4({test,_Op,{f,Lbl},Src}, Vst) ->
    validate_src(Src, Vst),
    branch_state(Lbl, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_add,{f,Fail},[A,B,_],Dst}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(A, Vst),
    assert_term(B, Vst),
    set_type_reg({integer,[]}, Dst, branch_state(Fail, Vst));
valfun_4({bs_utf8_size,{f,Fail},A,Dst}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(A, Vst),
    set_type_reg({integer,[]}, Dst, branch_state(Fail, Vst));
valfun_4({bs_utf16_size,{f,Fail},A,Dst}, Vst) ->
    assert_term(A, Vst),
    set_type_reg({integer,[]}, Dst, branch_state(Fail, Vst));
valfun_4({bs_init2,{f,Fail},Sz,Heap,Live,_,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    if
	is_integer(Sz) ->
	    ok;
	true ->
	    assert_term(Sz, Vst0)
    end,
    Vst1 = heap_alloc(Heap, Vst0),
    Vst2 = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    Vst3 = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst2),
    Vst = bs_zero_bits(Vst3),
    set_type_reg(binary, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_init_bits,{f,Fail},Sz,Heap,Live,_,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    if
	is_integer(Sz) ->
	    ok;
	true ->
	    assert_term(Sz, Vst0)
    end,
    Vst1 = heap_alloc(Heap, Vst0),
    Vst2 = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    Vst3 = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst2),
    Vst = bs_zero_bits(Vst3),
    set_type_reg(binary, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_append,{f,Fail},Bits,Heap,Live,_Unit,Bin,_Flags,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    assert_term(Bits, Vst0),
    assert_term(Bin, Vst0),
    Vst1 = heap_alloc(Heap, Vst0),
    Vst2 = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    Vst3 = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst2),
    Vst = bs_zero_bits(Vst3),
    set_type_reg(binary, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_private_append,{f,Fail},Bits,_Unit,Bin,_Flags,Dst}, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Bits, Vst0),
    assert_term(Bin, Vst0),
    Vst1 = branch_state(Fail, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_zero_bits(Vst1),
    set_type_reg(binary, Dst, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_put_string,Sz,_}, Vst) when is_integer(Sz) ->
    Vst;
valfun_4({bs_put_binary,{f,Fail},Sz,_,_,Src}=I, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Sz, Vst0),
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_align_check(I, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_put_float,{f,Fail},Sz,_,_,Src}=I, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Sz, Vst0),
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_align_check(I, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_put_integer,{f,Fail},Sz,_,_,Src}=I, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Sz, Vst0),
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_align_check(I, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_put_utf8,{f,Fail},_,Src}=I, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_align_check(I, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_put_utf16,{f,Fail},_,Src}=I, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_align_check(I, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
valfun_4({bs_put_utf32,{f,Fail},_,Src}=I, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst = bs_align_check(I, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst);
%% Map instructions.
valfun_4({put_map_assoc,{f,Fail},Src,Dst,Live,{list,List}}, Vst) ->
    verify_put_map(Fail, Src, Dst, Live, List, Vst);
valfun_4({put_map_exact,{f,Fail},Src,Dst,Live,{list,List}}, Vst) ->
    verify_put_map(Fail, Src, Dst, Live, List, Vst);
valfun_4({get_map_elements,{f,Fail},Src,{list,List}}, Vst) ->
    verify_get_map(Fail, Src, List, Vst);
valfun_4(_, _) ->
    error(unknown_instruction).

verify_get_map(Fail, Src, List, Vst0) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst1 = branch_state(Fail, Vst0),
    Keys = extract_map_keys(List),
    assert_strict_literal_termorder(Keys),
    verify_get_map_pair(List,Vst0,Vst1).

extract_map_keys([Key,_Val|T]) ->
    [Key|extract_map_keys(T)];
extract_map_keys([]) -> [].

verify_get_map_pair([],_,Vst) -> Vst;
verify_get_map_pair([Src,Dst|Vs],Vst0,Vsti) ->
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    verify_get_map_pair(Vs,Vst0,set_type_reg(term,Dst,Vsti)).

verify_put_map(Fail, Src, Dst, Live, List, Vst0) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    verify_y_init(Vst0),
    foreach(fun (Term) -> assert_term(Term, Vst0) end, List),
    assert_term(Src, Vst0),
    Vst1 = heap_alloc(0, Vst0),
    Vst2 = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    Vst = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst2),
    set_type_reg(term, Dst, Vst).

%%
%% Common code for validating bs_get* instructions.
%%
validate_bs_get(Fail, Ctx, Live, Dst, Vst0) ->
    bsm_validate_context(Ctx, Vst0),
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    Vst1 = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst0),
    Vst = branch_state(Fail, Vst1),
    set_type_reg(term, Dst, Vst).

%%
%% Common code for validating bs_skip_utf* instructions.
%%
validate_bs_skip_utf(Fail, Ctx, Live, Vst0) ->
    bsm_validate_context(Ctx, Vst0),
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    Vst = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst0),
    branch_state(Fail, Vst).

%%
%% Special state handling for setelement/3 and set_tuple_element/3 instructions.
%% A possibility for garbage collection must not occur between setelement/3 and
%% set_tuple_element/3.
%%
val_dsetel({move,_,_}, Vst) ->
    Vst;
val_dsetel({call_ext,3,{extfunc,erlang,setelement,3}}, #vst{current=St}=Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{setelem=true}};
val_dsetel({set_tuple_element,_,_,_}, #vst{current=#st{setelem=false}}) ->
    error(illegal_context_for_set_tuple_element);
val_dsetel({set_tuple_element,_,_,_}, #vst{current=#st{setelem=true}}=Vst) ->
    Vst;
val_dsetel({line,_}, Vst) ->
    Vst;
val_dsetel(_, #vst{current=#st{setelem=true}=St}=Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{setelem=false}};
val_dsetel(_, Vst) -> Vst.

kill_state(#vst{current=#st{ct=[[Fail]|_]}}=Vst) when is_integer(Fail) ->
    %% There is an active catch. Make sure that we merge the state into
    %% the catch label before clearing it, so that that we can be sure
    %% that the label gets a state.
    kill_state_1(branch_state(Fail, Vst));
kill_state(Vst) ->
    kill_state_1(Vst).

kill_state_1(Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{current=none}.

%% A "plain" call.
%%  The stackframe must be initialized.
%%  The instruction will return to the instruction following the call.
call(Name, Live, #vst{current=St}=Vst) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst),
    verify_y_init(Vst),
    case return_type(Name, Vst) of
	Type when Type =/= exception ->
	    %% Type is never 'exception' because it has been handled earlier.
	    Xs = gb_trees_from_list([{0,Type}]),
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{x=Xs,f=init_fregs()}}
    end.

%% Tail call.
%%  The stackframe must have a known size and be initialized.
%%  Does not return to the instruction following the call.
tail_call(Name, Live, Vst) ->
    verify_call_args(Name, Live, Vst),
    verify_y_init(Vst),
    verify_no_ct(Vst),
    kill_state(Vst).

verify_call_args(_, 0, #vst{}) ->
    ok;
verify_call_args({f,Lbl}, Live, Vst) when is_integer(Live)->
    Verify = fun(R) ->
		     case get_move_term_type(R, Vst) of
			 {match_context,_,_} ->
			     verify_call_match_context(Lbl, Vst);
			 _ ->
			     ok
		     end
	     end,
    verify_call_args_1(Live, Verify, Vst);
verify_call_args(_, Live, Vst) when is_integer(Live)->
    Verify = fun(R) -> get_term_type(R, Vst) end,
    verify_call_args_1(Live, Verify, Vst);
verify_call_args(_, Live, _) ->
    error({bad_number_of_live_regs,Live}).

verify_call_args_1(0, _, _) -> ok;
verify_call_args_1(N, Verify, Vst) ->
    X = N - 1,
    Verify({x,X}),
    verify_call_args_1(X, Verify, Vst).

verify_call_match_context(Lbl, #vst{ft=Ft}) ->
    case gb_trees:lookup(Lbl, Ft) of
	none ->
	    error(no_bs_start_match2);
	{value,[{test,bs_start_match2,_,_,[Ctx,_],Ctx}|_]} ->
	    ok;
	{value,[{test,bs_start_match2,_,_,[Bin,_,_],Ctx}|_]} ->
	    error({binary_and_context_regs_different,Bin,Ctx})
    end.

allocate(Zero, Stk, Heap, Live, #vst{current=#st{numy=none}=St}=Vst0) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    Vst = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst0),
    Ys = init_regs(Stk, case Zero of 
			    true -> initialized;
			    false -> uninitialized
			end),
    heap_alloc(Heap, Vst#vst{current=St#st{y=Ys,numy=Stk}});
allocate(_, _, _, _, #vst{current=#st{numy=Numy}}) ->
    error({existing_stack_frame,{size,Numy}}).

deallocate(#vst{current=St}=Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{y=init_regs(0, initialized),numy=none}}.

test_heap(Heap, Live, Vst0) ->
    verify_live(Live, Vst0),
    Vst = prune_x_regs(Live, Vst0),
    heap_alloc(Heap, Vst).

heap_alloc(Heap, #vst{current=St0}=Vst) ->
    St1 = kill_heap_allocation(St0),
    St = heap_alloc_1(Heap, St1),
    Vst#vst{current=St}.

heap_alloc_1({alloc,Alloc}, St) ->
    heap_alloc_2(Alloc, St);
heap_alloc_1(HeapWords, St) when is_integer(HeapWords) ->
    St#st{h=HeapWords}.

heap_alloc_2([{words,HeapWords}|T], St0) ->
    St = St0#st{h=HeapWords},
    heap_alloc_2(T, St);
heap_alloc_2([{floats,Floats}|T], St0) ->
    St = St0#st{hf=Floats},
    heap_alloc_2(T, St);
heap_alloc_2([], St) -> St.
    
prune_x_regs(Live, #vst{current=#st{x=Xs0}=St0}=Vst) when is_integer(Live) ->
    Xs1 = gb_trees:to_list(Xs0),
    Xs = [P || {R,_}=P <- Xs1, R < Live],
    St = St0#st{x=gb_trees:from_orddict(Xs)},
    Vst#vst{current=St}.

%%%
%%% Floating point checking.
%%%
%%% Possible values for the fls field (=floating point error state).
%%%
%%% undefined 	- Undefined (initial state). No float operations allowed.
%%%
%%% cleared	- fclearerror/0 has been executed. Float operations
%%%		  are allowed (such as fadd).
%%%
%%% checked	- fcheckerror/1 has been executed. It is allowed to
%%%               move values out of floating point registers.
%%%
%%% The following instructions may be executed in any state:
%%%
%%%   fconv Src {fr,_}             
%%%   fmove Src {fr,_}		%% Move INTO floating point register.
%%%

float_op(Src, Dst, Vst0) ->
    foreach (fun(S) -> assert_freg_set(S, Vst0) end, Src),
    assert_fls(cleared, Vst0),
    Vst = set_fls(cleared, Vst0),
    set_freg(Dst, Vst).

assert_fls(Fls, Vst) ->
    case get_fls(Vst) of
	Fls -> ok;
	OtherFls -> error({bad_floating_point_state,OtherFls})
    end.

set_fls(Fls, #vst{current=#st{}=St}=Vst) when is_atom(Fls) ->
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{fls=Fls}}.

get_fls(#vst{current=#st{fls=Fls}}) when is_atom(Fls) -> Fls.

init_fregs() -> 0.

set_freg({fr,Fr}, #vst{current=#st{f=Fregs0}=St}=Vst)
  when is_integer(Fr), 0 =< Fr ->
    limit_check(Fr),
    Bit = 1 bsl Fr,
    if
	Fregs0 band Bit =:= 0 ->
	    Fregs = Fregs0 bor Bit,
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{f=Fregs}};
	true -> Vst
    end;
set_freg(Fr, _) -> error({bad_target,Fr}).

assert_freg_set({fr,Fr}=Freg, #vst{current=#st{f=Fregs}})
  when is_integer(Fr), 0 =< Fr ->
    if
	Fregs band (1 bsl Fr) =/= 0 ->
	    limit_check(Fr);
	true -> error({uninitialized_reg,Freg})
    end;
assert_freg_set(Fr, _) -> error({bad_source,Fr}).

%%% Maps

%% A single item list may be either a list or a register.
%%
%% A list with more than item must contain literals in
%% ascending term order.
%%
%% An empty list is not allowed.

assert_strict_literal_termorder([]) ->
    %% There is no reason to use the get_map_elements and
    %% has_map_fields instructions with empty lists.
    error(empty_field_list);
assert_strict_literal_termorder([_]) ->
    ok;
assert_strict_literal_termorder([_,_|_]=Ls) ->
    Vs = [get_literal(L) || L <- Ls],
    case check_strict_value_termorder(Vs) of
	true ->  ok;
	false -> error(not_strict_order)
    end.

check_strict_value_termorder([V1|[V2|_]=Vs]) ->
    erts_internal:cmp_term(V1, V2) < 0 andalso
	check_strict_value_termorder(Vs);
check_strict_value_termorder([_]) -> true.

%%%
%%% New binary matching instructions.
%%%

bsm_match_state(Slots) ->
    {match_context,0,Slots}.

bsm_validate_context(Reg, Vst) ->
    _ = bsm_get_context(Reg, Vst),
    ok.

bsm_get_context({x,X}=Reg, #vst{current=#st{x=Xs}}=_Vst) when is_integer(X) ->
    case gb_trees:lookup(X, Xs) of
	{value,{match_context,_,_}=Ctx} -> Ctx;
	_ -> error({no_bsm_context,Reg})
    end;
bsm_get_context(Reg, _) -> error({bad_source,Reg}).
    
bsm_save(Reg, {atom,start}, Vst) ->
    %% Save point refering to where the match started.
    %% It is always valid. But don't forget to validate the context register.
    bsm_validate_context(Reg, Vst),
    Vst;
bsm_save(Reg, SavePoint, Vst) ->
    case bsm_get_context(Reg, Vst) of
	{match_context,Bits,Slots} when SavePoint < Slots ->
	    Ctx = {match_context,Bits bor (1 bsl SavePoint),Slots},
	    set_type_reg(Ctx, Reg, Vst);
	_ -> error({illegal_save,SavePoint})
    end.

bsm_restore(Reg, {atom,start}, Vst) ->
    %% (Mostly) automatic save point refering to where the match started.
    %% It is always valid. But don't forget to validate the context register.
    bsm_validate_context(Reg, Vst),
    Vst;
bsm_restore(Reg, SavePoint, Vst) ->
    case bsm_get_context(Reg, Vst) of
	{match_context,Bits,Slots} when SavePoint < Slots ->
	    case Bits band (1 bsl SavePoint) of
		0 -> error({illegal_restore,SavePoint,not_set});
		_ -> Vst
	    end;
	_ -> error({illegal_restore,SavePoint,range})
    end.
    

%%%
%%% Validation of alignment in the bit syntax. (Currently, construction only.)
%%%
%%% We make sure that the aligned flag is only set when we can be sure of the
%%% aligment.
%%%

bs_zero_bits(#vst{current=St}=Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{bits=0}}.

bs_align_check({bs_put_utf8,_,Flags,_}, #vst{current=#st{}=St}=Vst) ->
    bs_verify_flags(Flags, St),
    Vst;
bs_align_check({bs_put_utf16,_,Flags,_}, #vst{current=#st{}=St}=Vst) ->
    bs_verify_flags(Flags, St),
    Vst;
bs_align_check({bs_put_utf32,_,Flags,_}, #vst{current=#st{}=St}=Vst) ->
    bs_verify_flags(Flags, St),
    Vst;
bs_align_check({_,_,Sz,U,Flags,_}, #vst{current=#st{bits=Bits}=St}=Vst) ->
    bs_verify_flags(Flags, St),
    bs_update_bits(Bits, Sz, U, St, Vst).

bs_update_bits(undefined, _, _, _, Vst) -> Vst;
bs_update_bits(Bits0, {integer,Sz}, U, St, Vst) ->
    Bits = Bits0 + U*Sz,
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{bits=Bits}};
bs_update_bits(_, {atom,all}, _, _, Vst) ->
    %% A binary will not change the alignment.
    Vst;
bs_update_bits(_, _, U, _, Vst) when U rem 8 =:= 0 ->
    %% Units of 8, 16, and so on will not change the aligment.
    Vst;
bs_update_bits(_, _, _, St, Vst) ->
    %% We can no longer be sure about aligment.
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{bits=undefined}}.

bs_verify_flags({field_flags,Fl}, #st{bits=Bits}) ->
    case bs_is_aligned(Fl) of
	false -> ok;
	true when is_integer(Bits), Bits rem 8 =:= 0 -> ok;
	true -> error({aligned_flag_set,{bits,Bits}})
    end.

bs_is_aligned(Fl) when is_integer(Fl) -> Fl band 1 =:= 1;
bs_is_aligned(Fl) when is_list(Fl) -> member(aligned, Fl).
    
%%%
%%% Keeping track of types.
%%%

set_type(Type, {x,_}=Reg, Vst) -> set_type_reg(Type, Reg, Vst);
set_type(Type, {y,_}=Reg, Vst) -> set_type_y(Type, Reg, Vst);
set_type(_, _, #vst{}=Vst) -> Vst.

set_type_reg(Type, {x,X}, #vst{current=#st{x=Xs}=St}=Vst) 
  when is_integer(X), 0 =< X ->
    limit_check(X),
    Vst#vst{current=St#st{x=gb_trees:enter(X, Type, Xs)}};
set_type_reg(Type, Reg, Vst) ->
    set_type_y(Type, Reg, Vst).

set_type_y(Type, {y,Y}=Reg, #vst{current=#st{y=Ys0,numy=NumY}=St}=Vst) 
  when is_integer(Y), 0 =< Y ->
    limit_check(Y),
    case {Y,NumY} of
	{_,none} ->
	    error({no_stack_frame,Reg});
	{_,_} when Y > NumY ->
	    error({y_reg_out_of_range,Reg,NumY});
	{_,_} ->
	    Ys = if  Type =:= initialized_ct ->
			 gb_trees:enter(Y, initialized, Ys0);
		     true ->
			 case gb_trees:lookup(Y, Ys0) of
			     none -> 
				 gb_trees:insert(Y, Type, Ys0);
			     {value,uinitialized} ->
				 gb_trees:insert(Y, Type, Ys0);
			     {value,{catchtag,_}=Tag} ->
				 error(Tag);
			     {value,{trytag,_}=Tag} ->
				 error(Tag);
			     {value,_} ->
				 gb_trees:update(Y, Type, Ys0)
			 end
		 end,
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{y=Ys}}
    end;
set_type_y(Type, Reg, #vst{}) -> error({invalid_store,Reg,Type}).

assert_term(Src, Vst) ->
    get_term_type(Src, Vst),
    ok.

%% The possible types.
%%
%% First non-term types:
%%
%% initialized		Only for Y registers. Means that the Y register
%%			has been initialized with some valid term so that
%%			it is safe to pass to the garbage collector.
%%			NOT safe to use in any other way (will not crash the
%%			emulator, but clearly points to a bug in the compiler).
%%
%% {catchtag,[Lbl]}	A special term used within a catch. Must only be used
%%			by the catch instructions; NOT safe to use in other
%%			instructions.
%%
%% {trytag,[Lbl]}	A special term used within a try block. Must only be
%%			used by the catch instructions; NOT safe to use in other
%%			instructions.
%%
%% exception		Can only be used as a type returned by return_type/2
%%			(which gives the type of the value returned by a BIF).
%%			Thus 'exception' is never stored as type descriptor
%%			for a register.
%%
%% {match_context,_,_}	A matching context for bit syntax matching. We do allow
%%			it to moved/to from stack, but otherwise it must only
%%			be accessed by bit syntax matching instructions.
%%
%%
%% Normal terms:
%%
%% term			Any valid Erlang (but not of the special types above).
%%
%% bool			The atom 'true' or the atom 'false'.
%%
%% cons         	Cons cell: [_|_]
%%
%% nil			Empty list: []
%%
%% {tuple,[Sz]}		Tuple. An element has been accessed using
%%              	element/2 or setelement/3 so that it is known that
%%              	the type is a tuple of size at least Sz.
%%
%% {tuple,Sz}		Tuple. A test_arity instruction has been seen
%%           		so that it is known that the size is exactly Sz.
%%
%% {atom,[]}		Atom.
%% {atom,Atom}
%%
%% {integer,[]}		Integer.
%% {integer,Integer}
%%
%% {float,[]}		Float.
%% {float,Float}
%%
%% number		Integer or Float of unknown value
%%


assert_type(WantedType, Term, Vst) ->
    assert_type(WantedType, get_term_type(Term, Vst)).

assert_type(Correct, Correct) -> ok;
assert_type(float, {float,_}) -> ok;
assert_type(tuple, {tuple,_}) -> ok;
assert_type({tuple_element,I}, {tuple,[Sz]})
  when 1 =< I, I =< Sz ->
    ok;
assert_type({tuple_element,I}, {tuple,Sz})
  when is_integer(Sz), 1 =< I, I =< Sz ->
    ok;
assert_type(Needed, Actual) ->
    error({bad_type,{needed,Needed},{actual,Actual}}).

%% upgrade_tuple_type(NewTupleType, OldType) -> TupleType.
%%  upgrade_tuple_type/2 is used when linear code finds out more and
%%  more information about a tuple type, so that the type gets more
%%  specialized. If OldType is not a tuple type, the type information
%%  is inconsistent, and we know that some instructions will never
%%  be executed at run-time.

upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,[Sz]}, {tuple,[OldSz]}=T) when Sz < OldSz ->
    %% The old type has a higher value for the least tuple size.
    T;
upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,[Sz]}, {tuple,OldSz}=T) 
  when is_integer(Sz), is_integer(OldSz), Sz =< OldSz ->
    %% The old size is exact, and the new size is smaller than the old size.
    T;
upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,_}=T, _) ->
    %% The new type information is exact or has a higher value for
    %% the least tuple size.
    %%     Note that inconsistencies are also handled in this
    %% clause, e.g. if the old type was an integer or a tuple accessed
    %% outside its size; inconsistences will generally cause an exception
    %% at run-time but are safe from our point of view.
    T.

get_tuple_size({integer,[]}) -> 0;
get_tuple_size({integer,Sz}) -> Sz;
get_tuple_size(_) -> 0.

validate_src(Ss, Vst) when is_list(Ss) ->
    foreach(fun(S) -> get_term_type(S, Vst) end, Ss).

%% get_move_term_type(Src, ValidatorState) -> Type
%%  Get the type of the source Src. The returned type Type will be
%%  a standard Erlang type (no catch/try tags). Match contexts are OK.

get_move_term_type(Src, Vst) ->
    case get_term_type_1(Src, Vst) of
	initialized -> error({unassigned,Src});
	{catchtag,_} -> error({catchtag,Src});
	{trytag,_} -> error({trytag,Src});
	Type -> Type
    end.

%% get_term_type(Src, ValidatorState) -> Type
%%  Get the type of the source Src. The returned type Type will be
%%  a standard Erlang type (no catch/try tags or match contexts).

get_term_type(Src, Vst) ->
    case get_term_type_1(Src, Vst) of
	initialized -> error({unassigned,Src});
	{catchtag,_} -> error({catchtag,Src});
	{trytag,_} -> error({trytag,Src});
	{match_context,_,_} -> error({match_context,Src});
	Type -> Type
    end.

%% get_special_y_type(Src, ValidatorState) -> Type
%%  Return the type for the Y register without doing any validity checks.

get_special_y_type({y,_}=Reg, Vst) -> get_term_type_1(Reg, Vst);
get_special_y_type(Src, _) -> error({source_not_y_reg,Src}).

get_term_type_1(nil=T, _) -> T;
get_term_type_1({atom,A}=T, _) when is_atom(A) -> T;
get_term_type_1({float,F}=T, _) when is_float(F) -> T;
get_term_type_1({integer,I}=T, _) when is_integer(I) -> T;
get_term_type_1({literal,_}=T, _) -> T;
get_term_type_1({x,X}=Reg, #vst{current=#st{x=Xs}}) when is_integer(X) ->
    case gb_trees:lookup(X, Xs) of
	{value,Type} -> Type;
	none -> error({uninitialized_reg,Reg})
    end;
get_term_type_1({y,Y}=Reg, #vst{current=#st{y=Ys}}) when is_integer(Y) ->
    case gb_trees:lookup(Y, Ys) of
 	none -> error({uninitialized_reg,Reg});
	{value,uninitialized} -> error({uninitialized_reg,Reg});
	{value,Type} -> Type
    end;
get_term_type_1(Src, _) -> error({bad_source,Src}).


%% get_literal(Src) -> literal_value().
get_literal(nil) -> [];
get_literal({atom,A}) when is_atom(A) -> A;
get_literal({float,F}) when is_float(F) -> F;
get_literal({integer,I}) when is_integer(I) -> I;
get_literal({literal,L}) -> L;
get_literal(T) -> error({not_literal,T}).


branch_arities([], _, #vst{}=Vst) -> Vst;
branch_arities([Sz,{f,L}|T], Tuple, #vst{current=St}=Vst0) 
  when is_integer(Sz) ->
    Vst1 = set_type_reg({tuple,Sz}, Tuple, Vst0),
    Vst = branch_state(L, Vst1),
    branch_arities(T, Tuple, Vst#vst{current=St}).

branch_state(0, #vst{}=Vst) -> Vst;
branch_state(L, #vst{current=St,branched=B}=Vst) ->
    Vst#vst{
      branched=case gb_trees:is_defined(L, B) of
		   false ->
		       gb_trees:insert(L, St, B);
		   true ->
		       MergedSt = merge_states(L, St, B),
		       gb_trees:update(L, MergedSt, B)
	       end}.

%% merge_states/3 is used when there are more than one way to arrive
%% at this point, and the type states for the different paths has
%% to be merged. The type states are downgraded to the least common
%% subset for the subsequent code.

merge_states(L, St, Branched) when L =/= 0 ->
    case gb_trees:lookup(L, Branched) of
	none -> St;
	{value,OtherSt} when St =:= none -> OtherSt;
	{value,OtherSt} -> merge_states_1(St, OtherSt)
    end.

merge_states_1(#st{x=Xs0,y=Ys0,numy=NumY0,h=H0,ct=Ct0}=St,
	       #st{x=Xs1,y=Ys1,numy=NumY1,h=H1,ct=Ct1}) ->
    NumY = merge_stk(NumY0, NumY1),
    Xs = merge_regs(Xs0, Xs1),
    Ys = merge_y_regs(Ys0, Ys1),
    Ct = merge_ct(Ct0, Ct1),
    St#st{x=Xs,y=Ys,numy=NumY,h=min(H0, H1),ct=Ct}.

merge_stk(S, S) -> S;
merge_stk(_, _) -> undecided.

merge_ct(S, S) -> S;
merge_ct(Ct0, Ct1) -> merge_ct_1(Ct0, Ct1).

merge_ct_1([C0|Ct0], [C1|Ct1]) ->
    [ordsets:from_list(C0++C1)|merge_ct_1(Ct0, Ct1)];
merge_ct_1([], []) -> [];
merge_ct_1(_, _) -> undecided.

merge_regs(Rs0, Rs1) ->
    Rs = merge_regs_1(gb_trees:to_list(Rs0), gb_trees:to_list(Rs1)),
    gb_trees_from_list(Rs).

merge_regs_1([Same|Rs1], [Same|Rs2]) ->
    [Same|merge_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2)];
merge_regs_1([{R1,_}|Rs1], [{R2,_}|_]=Rs2) when R1 < R2 ->
    merge_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2);
merge_regs_1([{R1,_}|_]=Rs1, [{R2,_}|Rs2]) when R1 > R2 ->
    merge_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2);
merge_regs_1([{R,Type1}|Rs1], [{R,Type2}|Rs2]) ->
    [{R,merge_types(Type1, Type2)}|merge_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2)];
merge_regs_1([], []) -> [];
merge_regs_1([], [_|_]) -> [];
merge_regs_1([_|_], []) -> [].

merge_y_regs(Rs0, Rs1) ->
    Rs = merge_y_regs_1(gb_trees:to_list(Rs0), gb_trees:to_list(Rs1)),
    gb_trees_from_list(Rs).

merge_y_regs_1([Same|Rs1], [Same|Rs2]) ->
    [Same|merge_y_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2)];
merge_y_regs_1([{R1,_}|Rs1], [{R2,_}|_]=Rs2) when R1 < R2 ->
    [{R1,uninitialized}|merge_y_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2)];
merge_y_regs_1([{R1,_}|_]=Rs1, [{R2,_}|Rs2]) when R1 > R2 ->
    [{R2,uninitialized}|merge_y_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2)];
merge_y_regs_1([{R,Type1}|Rs1], [{R,Type2}|Rs2]) ->
    [{R,merge_types(Type1, Type2)}|merge_y_regs_1(Rs1, Rs2)];
merge_y_regs_1([], []) -> [];
merge_y_regs_1([], [_|_]=Rs) -> Rs;
merge_y_regs_1([_|_]=Rs, []) -> Rs.

%% merge_types(Type1, Type2) -> Type
%%  Return the most specific type possible.
%%  Note: Type1 must NOT be the same as Type2.
merge_types(uninitialized=I, _) -> I;
merge_types(_, uninitialized=I) -> I;
merge_types(initialized=I, _) -> I;
merge_types(_, initialized=I) -> I;
merge_types({catchtag,T0},{catchtag,T1}) ->
    {catchtag,ordsets:from_list(T0++T1)};
merge_types({trytag,T0},{trytag,T1}) ->
    {trytag,ordsets:from_list(T0++T1)};
merge_types({tuple,A}, {tuple,B}) ->
    {tuple,[min(tuple_sz(A), tuple_sz(B))]};
merge_types({Type,A}, {Type,B}) 
  when Type =:= atom; Type =:= integer; Type =:= float ->
    if A =:= B -> {Type,A};
       true -> {Type,[]}
    end;
merge_types({Type,_}, number) 
  when Type =:= integer; Type =:= float ->
    number;
merge_types(number, {Type,_}) 
  when Type =:= integer; Type =:= float ->
    number;
merge_types(bool, {atom,A}) ->
    merge_bool(A);
merge_types({atom,A}, bool) ->
    merge_bool(A);
merge_types({match_context,B0,Slots},{match_context,B1,Slots}) ->
    {match_context,B0 bor B1,Slots};
merge_types({match_context,_,_}=M, _) ->
    M;
merge_types(_, {match_context,_,_}=M) ->
    M;
merge_types(T1, T2) when T1 =/= T2 ->
    %% Too different. All we know is that the type is a 'term'.
    term.

tuple_sz([Sz]) -> Sz;
tuple_sz(Sz) -> Sz.

merge_bool([]) -> {atom,[]};
merge_bool(true) -> bool;
merge_bool(false) -> bool;
merge_bool(_) -> {atom,[]}.
    
verify_y_init(#vst{current=#st{y=Ys}}) ->
    verify_y_init_1(gb_trees:to_list(Ys)).

verify_y_init_1([]) -> ok;
verify_y_init_1([{Y,uninitialized}|_]) ->
    error({uninitialized_reg,{y,Y}});
verify_y_init_1([{_,_}|Ys]) ->
    verify_y_init_1(Ys).

verify_live(0, #vst{}) -> ok;
verify_live(N, #vst{current=#st{x=Xs}}) ->
    verify_live_1(N, Xs).

verify_live_1(0, _) -> ok;
verify_live_1(N, Xs) when is_integer(N) ->
    X = N-1,
    case gb_trees:is_defined(X, Xs) of
	false -> error({{x,X},not_live});
	true -> verify_live_1(X, Xs)
    end;
verify_live_1(N, _) -> error({bad_number_of_live_regs,N}).

verify_no_ct(#vst{current=#st{numy=none}}) -> ok;
verify_no_ct(#vst{current=#st{numy=undecided}}) ->
    error(unknown_size_of_stackframe);
verify_no_ct(#vst{current=#st{y=Ys}}) ->
    case [Y || Y <- gb_trees:to_list(Ys), verify_no_ct_1(Y)] of
	[] -> ok;
	CT -> error({unfinished_catch_try,CT})
    end.

verify_no_ct_1({_, {catchtag, _}}) -> true;
verify_no_ct_1({_, {trytag, _}}) -> true;
verify_no_ct_1({_, _}) -> false.

eat_heap(N, #vst{current=#st{h=Heap0}=St}=Vst) ->
    case Heap0-N of
	Neg when Neg < 0 ->
	    error({heap_overflow,{left,Heap0},{wanted,N}});
	Heap ->
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{h=Heap}}
    end.

eat_heap_float(#vst{current=#st{hf=HeapFloats0}=St}=Vst) ->
    case HeapFloats0-1 of
	Neg when Neg < 0 ->
	    error({heap_overflow,{left,{HeapFloats0,floats}},{wanted,{1,floats}}});
	HeapFloats ->
	    Vst#vst{current=St#st{hf=HeapFloats}}
    end.

bif_type('-', Src, Vst) ->
    arith_type(Src, Vst);
bif_type('+', Src, Vst) ->
    arith_type(Src, Vst);
bif_type('*', Src, Vst) ->
    arith_type(Src, Vst);
bif_type(abs, [Num], Vst) ->
    case get_term_type(Num, Vst) of
	{float,_}=T -> T;
	{integer,_}=T -> T;
	_ -> number
    end;
bif_type(float, _, _) -> {float,[]};
bif_type('/', _, _) -> {float,[]};
%% Integer operations.
bif_type('div', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('rem', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type(length, [_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type(size, [_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type(trunc, [_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type(round, [_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('band', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('bor', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('bxor', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('bnot', [_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('bsl', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
bif_type('bsr', [_,_], _) -> {integer,[]};
%% Booleans.
bif_type('==', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('/=', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('=<', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('<', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('>=', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('>', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('=:=', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('=/=', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('not', [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('and', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('or', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type('xor', [_,_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_atom, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_boolean, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_binary, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_float, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_function, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_integer, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_list, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_number, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_pid, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_port, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_reference, [_], _) -> bool;
bif_type(is_tuple, [_], _) -> bool;
%% Misc.
bif_type(node, [], _) -> {atom,[]};
bif_type(node, [_], _) -> {atom,[]};
bif_type(hd, [_], _) -> term;
bif_type(tl, [_], _) -> term;
bif_type(get, [_], _) -> term;
bif_type(raise, [_,_], _) -> exception;
bif_type(Bif, _, _) when is_atom(Bif) -> term.

is_bif_safe('/=', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('<', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('=/=', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('=:=', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('=<', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('==', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('>', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe('>=', 2) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_atom, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_boolean, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_binary, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_float, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_function, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_integer, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_list, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_number, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_pid, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_port, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_reference, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(is_tuple, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(get, 1) -> true;
is_bif_safe(self, 0) -> true;
is_bif_safe(node, 0) -> true;
is_bif_safe(_, _) -> false.

arith_type([A,B], Vst) ->
    case {get_term_type(A, Vst),get_term_type(B, Vst)} of
	{{float,_},_} -> {float,[]};
	{_,{float,_}} -> {float,[]};
	{_,_} -> number
    end;
arith_type(_, _) -> number.

return_type({extfunc,M,F,A}, Vst) -> return_type_1(M, F, A, Vst);
return_type(_, _) -> term.

return_type_1(erlang, setelement, 3, Vst) ->
    Tuple = {x,1},
    TupleType =
	case get_term_type(Tuple, Vst) of
	    {tuple,_}=TT -> TT;
	    _ -> {tuple,[0]}
	end,
    case get_term_type({x,0}, Vst) of
	{integer,[]} -> TupleType;
	{integer,I} -> upgrade_tuple_type({tuple,[I]}, TupleType);
	_ -> TupleType
    end;
return_type_1(erlang, F, A, _) ->
    return_type_erl(F, A);
return_type_1(math, F, A, _) ->
    return_type_math(F, A);
return_type_1(M, F, A, _) when is_atom(M), is_atom(F), is_integer(A), A >= 0 ->
    term.

return_type_erl(exit, 1) -> exception;
return_type_erl(throw, 1) -> exception;
return_type_erl(fault, 1) -> exception;
return_type_erl(fault, 2) -> exception;
return_type_erl(error, 1) -> exception;
return_type_erl(error, 2) -> exception;
return_type_erl(F, A) when is_atom(F), is_integer(A), A >= 0 -> term.

return_type_math(cos, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(cosh, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(sin, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(sinh, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(tan, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(tanh, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(acos, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(acosh, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(asin, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(asinh, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(atan, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(atanh, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(erf, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(erfc, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(exp, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(log, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(log2, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(log10, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(sqrt, 1) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(atan2, 2) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(pow, 2) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(pi, 0) -> {float,[]};
return_type_math(F, A) when is_atom(F), is_integer(A), A >= 0 -> term.

limit_check(Num) when is_integer(Num), Num >= ?MAXREG ->
    error(limit);
limit_check(_) -> ok.

min(A, B) when is_integer(A), is_integer(B), A < B -> A;
min(A, B) when is_integer(A), is_integer(B) -> B.

gb_trees_from_list(L) -> gb_trees:from_orddict(lists:sort(L)).

-ifdef(DEBUG).
error(Error) -> exit(Error).
-else.
error(Error) -> throw(Error).
-endif.