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-%% Copyright (c) 2011-2012, Loïc Hoguin <[email protected]>
-%% Copyright (c) 2011, Anthony Ramine <[email protected]>
-%%
-%% Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
-%% purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-%% copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-%%
-%% THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-%% WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-%% MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
-%% ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-%% WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-%% ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
-%% OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
-%% @doc HTTP protocol handler.
-%%
-%% The available options are:
-%% <dl>
-%% <dt>dispatch</dt><dd>The dispatch list for this protocol.</dd>
-%% <dt>max_empty_lines</dt><dd>Max number of empty lines before a request.
-%% Defaults to 5.</dd>
-%% <dt>timeout</dt><dd>Time in milliseconds before an idle
-%% connection is closed. Defaults to 5000 milliseconds.</dd>
-%% <dt>urldecode</dt><dd>Function and options argument to use when decoding
-%% URL encoded strings. Defaults to `{fun cowboy_http:urldecode/2, crash}'.
-%% </dd>
-%% </dl>
-%%
-%% Note that there is no need to monitor these processes when using Cowboy as
-%% an application as it already supervises them under the listener supervisor.
-%%
-%% @see cowboy_dispatcher
-%% @see cowboy_http_handler
--module(cowboy_http_protocol).
-
-%% API.
--export([start_link/4]).
-
-%% Internal.
--export([init/4]).
--export([parse_request/1]).
--export([handler_loop/3]).
-
--include("http.hrl").
--include_lib("eunit/include/eunit.hrl").
-
--record(state, {
- listener :: pid(),
- socket :: inet:socket(),
- transport :: module(),
- dispatch :: cowboy_dispatcher:dispatch_rules(),
- handler :: {module(), any()},
- onrequest :: undefined | fun((#http_req{}) -> #http_req{}),
- onresponse = undefined :: undefined | fun((cowboy_http:status(),
- cowboy_http:headers(), #http_req{}) -> #http_req{}),
- urldecode :: {fun((binary(), T) -> binary()), T},
- req_empty_lines = 0 :: integer(),
- max_empty_lines :: integer(),
- req_keepalive = 1 :: integer(),
- max_keepalive :: integer(),
- max_line_length :: integer(),
- timeout :: timeout(),
- buffer = <<>> :: binary(),
- hibernate = false :: boolean(),
- loop_timeout = infinity :: timeout(),
- loop_timeout_ref :: undefined | reference()
-}).
-
-%% API.
-
-%% @doc Start an HTTP protocol process.
--spec start_link(pid(), inet:socket(), module(), any()) -> {ok, pid()}.
-start_link(ListenerPid, Socket, Transport, Opts) ->
- Pid = spawn_link(?MODULE, init, [ListenerPid, Socket, Transport, Opts]),
- {ok, Pid}.
-
-%% Internal.
-
-%% @private
--spec init(pid(), inet:socket(), module(), any()) -> ok.
-init(ListenerPid, Socket, Transport, Opts) ->
- Dispatch = proplists:get_value(dispatch, Opts, []),
- MaxEmptyLines = proplists:get_value(max_empty_lines, Opts, 5),
- MaxKeepalive = proplists:get_value(max_keepalive, Opts, infinity),
- MaxLineLength = proplists:get_value(max_line_length, Opts, 4096),
- OnRequest = proplists:get_value(onrequest, Opts),
- OnResponse = proplists:get_value(onresponse, Opts),
- Timeout = proplists:get_value(timeout, Opts, 5000),
- URLDecDefault = {fun cowboy_http:urldecode/2, crash},
- URLDec = proplists:get_value(urldecode, Opts, URLDecDefault),
- ok = ranch:accept_ack(ListenerPid),
- wait_request(#state{listener=ListenerPid, socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- dispatch=Dispatch, max_empty_lines=MaxEmptyLines,
- max_keepalive=MaxKeepalive, max_line_length=MaxLineLength,
- timeout=Timeout, onrequest=OnRequest, onresponse=OnResponse,
- urldecode=URLDec}).
-
-%% @private
--spec parse_request(#state{}) -> ok.
-%% We limit the length of the Request-line to MaxLength to avoid endlessly
-%% reading from the socket and eventually crashing.
-parse_request(State=#state{buffer=Buffer, max_line_length=MaxLength}) ->
- case erlang:decode_packet(http_bin, Buffer, []) of
- {ok, Request, Rest} -> request(Request, State#state{buffer=Rest});
- {more, _Length} when byte_size(Buffer) > MaxLength ->
- error_terminate(413, State);
- {more, _Length} -> wait_request(State);
- {error, _Reason} -> error_terminate(400, State)
- end.
-
--spec wait_request(#state{}) -> ok.
-wait_request(State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- timeout=T, buffer=Buffer}) ->
- case Transport:recv(Socket, 0, T) of
- {ok, Data} -> parse_request(State#state{
- buffer= << Buffer/binary, Data/binary >>});
- {error, _Reason} -> terminate(State)
- end.
-
--spec request({http_request, cowboy_http:method(), cowboy_http:uri(),
- cowboy_http:version()}, #state{}) -> ok.
-request({http_request, _Method, _URI, Version}, State)
- when Version =/= {1, 0}, Version =/= {1, 1} ->
- error_terminate(505, State);
-%% We still receive the original Host header.
-request({http_request, Method, {absoluteURI, _Scheme, _Host, _Port, Path},
- Version}, State) ->
- request({http_request, Method, {abs_path, Path}, Version}, State);
-request({http_request, Method, {abs_path, AbsPath}, Version},
- State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- req_keepalive=Keepalive, max_keepalive=MaxKeepalive,
- onresponse=OnResponse, urldecode={URLDecFun, URLDecArg}=URLDec}) ->
- URLDecode = fun(Bin) -> URLDecFun(Bin, URLDecArg) end,
- {Path, RawPath, Qs} = cowboy_dispatcher:split_path(AbsPath, URLDecode),
- ConnAtom = if Keepalive < MaxKeepalive -> version_to_connection(Version);
- true -> close
- end,
- parse_header(#http_req{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- connection=ConnAtom, pid=self(), method=Method, version=Version,
- path=Path, raw_path=RawPath, raw_qs=Qs, onresponse=OnResponse,
- urldecode=URLDec}, State);
-request({http_request, Method, '*', Version},
- State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- req_keepalive=Keepalive, max_keepalive=MaxKeepalive,
- onresponse=OnResponse, urldecode=URLDec}) ->
- ConnAtom = if Keepalive < MaxKeepalive -> version_to_connection(Version);
- true -> close
- end,
- parse_header(#http_req{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- connection=ConnAtom, pid=self(), method=Method, version=Version,
- path='*', raw_path= <<"*">>, raw_qs= <<>>, onresponse=OnResponse,
- urldecode=URLDec}, State);
-request({http_request, _Method, _URI, _Version}, State) ->
- error_terminate(501, State);
-request({http_error, <<"\r\n">>},
- State=#state{req_empty_lines=N, max_empty_lines=N}) ->
- error_terminate(400, State);
-request({http_error, <<"\r\n">>}, State=#state{req_empty_lines=N}) ->
- parse_request(State#state{req_empty_lines=N + 1});
-request(_Any, State) ->
- error_terminate(400, State).
-
--spec parse_header(#http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-parse_header(Req, State=#state{buffer=Buffer, max_line_length=MaxLength}) ->
- case erlang:decode_packet(httph_bin, Buffer, []) of
- {ok, Header, Rest} -> header(Header, Req, State#state{buffer=Rest});
- {more, _Length} when byte_size(Buffer) > MaxLength ->
- error_terminate(413, State);
- {more, _Length} -> wait_header(Req, State);
- {error, _Reason} -> error_terminate(400, State)
- end.
-
--spec wait_header(#http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-wait_header(Req, State=#state{socket=Socket,
- transport=Transport, timeout=T, buffer=Buffer}) ->
- case Transport:recv(Socket, 0, T) of
- {ok, Data} -> parse_header(Req, State#state{
- buffer= << Buffer/binary, Data/binary >>});
- {error, timeout} -> error_terminate(408, State);
- {error, closed} -> terminate(State)
- end.
-
--spec header({http_header, integer(), cowboy_http:header(), any(), binary()}
- | http_eoh, #http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-header({http_header, _I, 'Host', _R, RawHost}, Req=#http_req{
- transport=Transport, host=undefined}, State) ->
- RawHost2 = cowboy_bstr:to_lower(RawHost),
- case catch cowboy_dispatcher:split_host(RawHost2) of
- {Host, RawHost3, undefined} ->
- Port = default_port(Transport:name()),
- parse_header(Req#http_req{
- host=Host, raw_host=RawHost3, port=Port,
- headers=[{'Host', RawHost}|Req#http_req.headers]}, State);
- {Host, RawHost3, Port} ->
- parse_header(Req#http_req{
- host=Host, raw_host=RawHost3, port=Port,
- headers=[{'Host', RawHost}|Req#http_req.headers]}, State);
- {'EXIT', _Reason} ->
- error_terminate(400, State)
- end;
-%% Ignore Host headers if we already have it.
-header({http_header, _I, 'Host', _R, _V}, Req, State) ->
- parse_header(Req, State);
-header({http_header, _I, 'Connection', _R, Connection},
- Req=#http_req{headers=Headers}, State=#state{
- req_keepalive=Keepalive, max_keepalive=MaxKeepalive})
- when Keepalive < MaxKeepalive ->
- Req2 = Req#http_req{headers=[{'Connection', Connection}|Headers]},
- {ConnTokens, Req3}
- = cowboy_http_req:parse_header('Connection', Req2),
- ConnAtom = cowboy_http:connection_to_atom(ConnTokens),
- parse_header(Req3#http_req{connection=ConnAtom}, State);
-header({http_header, _I, Field, _R, Value}, Req, State) ->
- Field2 = format_header(Field),
- parse_header(Req#http_req{headers=[{Field2, Value}|Req#http_req.headers]},
- State);
-%% The Host header is required in HTTP/1.1.
-header(http_eoh, #http_req{version={1, 1}, host=undefined}, State) ->
- error_terminate(400, State);
-%% It is however optional in HTTP/1.0.
-header(http_eoh, Req=#http_req{version={1, 0}, transport=Transport,
- host=undefined}, State=#state{buffer=Buffer}) ->
- Port = default_port(Transport:name()),
- onrequest(Req#http_req{host=[], raw_host= <<>>,
- port=Port, buffer=Buffer}, State#state{buffer= <<>>});
-header(http_eoh, Req, State=#state{buffer=Buffer}) ->
- onrequest(Req#http_req{buffer=Buffer}, State#state{buffer= <<>>});
-header(_Any, _Req, State) ->
- error_terminate(400, State).
-
-%% Call the global onrequest callback. The callback can send a reply,
-%% in which case we consider the request handled and move on to the next
-%% one. Note that since we haven't dispatched yet, we don't know the
-%% handler, host_info, path_info or bindings yet.
--spec onrequest(#http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-onrequest(Req, State=#state{onrequest=undefined}) ->
- dispatch(Req, State);
-onrequest(Req, State=#state{onrequest=OnRequest}) ->
- Req2 = OnRequest(Req),
- case Req2#http_req.resp_state of
- waiting -> dispatch(Req2, State);
- _ -> next_request(Req2, State, ok)
- end.
-
--spec dispatch(#http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-dispatch(Req=#http_req{host=Host, path=Path},
- State=#state{dispatch=Dispatch}) ->
- case cowboy_dispatcher:match(Host, Path, Dispatch) of
- {ok, Handler, Opts, Binds, HostInfo, PathInfo} ->
- handler_init(Req#http_req{host_info=HostInfo, path_info=PathInfo,
- bindings=Binds}, State#state{handler={Handler, Opts}});
- {error, notfound, host} ->
- error_terminate(400, State);
- {error, notfound, path} ->
- error_terminate(404, State)
- end.
-
--spec handler_init(#http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-handler_init(Req, State=#state{transport=Transport,
- handler={Handler, Opts}}) ->
- try Handler:init({Transport:name(), http}, Req, Opts) of
- {ok, Req2, HandlerState} ->
- handler_handle(HandlerState, Req2, State);
- {loop, Req2, HandlerState} ->
- handler_before_loop(HandlerState, Req2, State);
- {loop, Req2, HandlerState, hibernate} ->
- handler_before_loop(HandlerState, Req2,
- State#state{hibernate=true});
- {loop, Req2, HandlerState, Timeout} ->
- handler_before_loop(HandlerState, Req2,
- State#state{loop_timeout=Timeout});
- {loop, Req2, HandlerState, Timeout, hibernate} ->
- handler_before_loop(HandlerState, Req2,
- State#state{hibernate=true, loop_timeout=Timeout});
- {shutdown, Req2, HandlerState} ->
- handler_terminate(HandlerState, Req2, State);
- %% @todo {upgrade, transport, Module}
- {upgrade, protocol, Module} ->
- upgrade_protocol(Req, State, Module)
- catch Class:Reason ->
- error_terminate(500, State),
- PLReq = lists:zip(record_info(fields, http_req), tl(tuple_to_list(Req))),
- error_logger:error_msg(
- "** Handler ~p terminating in init/3~n"
- " for the reason ~p:~p~n"
- "** Options were ~p~n"
- "** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
- [Handler, Class, Reason, Opts, PLReq, erlang:get_stacktrace()])
- end.
-
--spec upgrade_protocol(#http_req{}, #state{}, atom()) -> ok.
-upgrade_protocol(Req, State=#state{listener=ListenerPid,
- handler={Handler, Opts}}, Module) ->
- case Module:upgrade(ListenerPid, Handler, Opts, Req) of
- {UpgradeRes, Req2} -> next_request(Req2, State, UpgradeRes);
- _Any -> terminate(State)
- end.
-
--spec handler_handle(any(), #http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-handler_handle(HandlerState, Req, State=#state{handler={Handler, Opts}}) ->
- try Handler:handle(Req, HandlerState) of
- {ok, Req2, HandlerState2} ->
- terminate_request(HandlerState2, Req2, State)
- catch Class:Reason ->
- PLReq = lists:zip(record_info(fields, http_req), tl(tuple_to_list(Req))),
- error_logger:error_msg(
- "** Handler ~p terminating in handle/2~n"
- " for the reason ~p:~p~n"
- "** Options were ~p~n** Handler state was ~p~n"
- "** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
- [Handler, Class, Reason, Opts,
- HandlerState, PLReq, erlang:get_stacktrace()]),
- handler_terminate(HandlerState, Req, State),
- error_terminate(500, State)
- end.
-
-%% We don't listen for Transport closes because that would force us
-%% to receive data and buffer it indefinitely.
--spec handler_before_loop(any(), #http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-handler_before_loop(HandlerState, Req, State=#state{hibernate=true}) ->
- State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),
- catch erlang:hibernate(?MODULE, handler_loop,
- [HandlerState, Req, State2#state{hibernate=false}]),
- ok;
-handler_before_loop(HandlerState, Req, State) ->
- State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),
- handler_loop(HandlerState, Req, State2).
-
-%% Almost the same code can be found in cowboy_http_websocket.
--spec handler_loop_timeout(#state{}) -> #state{}.
-handler_loop_timeout(State=#state{loop_timeout=infinity}) ->
- State#state{loop_timeout_ref=undefined};
-handler_loop_timeout(State=#state{loop_timeout=Timeout,
- loop_timeout_ref=PrevRef}) ->
- _ = case PrevRef of undefined -> ignore; PrevRef ->
- erlang:cancel_timer(PrevRef) end,
- TRef = erlang:start_timer(Timeout, self(), ?MODULE),
- State#state{loop_timeout_ref=TRef}.
-
--spec handler_loop(any(), #http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-handler_loop(HandlerState, Req, State=#state{loop_timeout_ref=TRef}) ->
- receive
- {timeout, TRef, ?MODULE} ->
- terminate_request(HandlerState, Req, State);
- {timeout, OlderTRef, ?MODULE} when is_reference(OlderTRef) ->
- handler_loop(HandlerState, Req, State);
- Message ->
- handler_call(HandlerState, Req, State, Message)
- end.
-
--spec handler_call(any(), #http_req{}, #state{}, any()) -> ok.
-handler_call(HandlerState, Req, State=#state{handler={Handler, Opts}},
- Message) ->
- try Handler:info(Message, Req, HandlerState) of
- {ok, Req2, HandlerState2} ->
- terminate_request(HandlerState2, Req2, State);
- {loop, Req2, HandlerState2} ->
- handler_before_loop(HandlerState2, Req2, State);
- {loop, Req2, HandlerState2, hibernate} ->
- handler_before_loop(HandlerState2, Req2,
- State#state{hibernate=true})
- catch Class:Reason ->
- PLReq = lists:zip(record_info(fields, http_req), tl(tuple_to_list(Req))),
- error_logger:error_msg(
- "** Handler ~p terminating in info/3~n"
- " for the reason ~p:~p~n"
- "** Options were ~p~n** Handler state was ~p~n"
- "** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
- [Handler, Class, Reason, Opts,
- HandlerState, PLReq, erlang:get_stacktrace()]),
- handler_terminate(HandlerState, Req, State),
- error_terminate(500, State)
- end.
-
--spec handler_terminate(any(), #http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-handler_terminate(HandlerState, Req, #state{handler={Handler, Opts}}) ->
- try
- Handler:terminate(Req#http_req{resp_state=locked}, HandlerState)
- catch Class:Reason ->
- PLReq = lists:zip(record_info(fields, http_req), tl(tuple_to_list(Req))),
- error_logger:error_msg(
- "** Handler ~p terminating in terminate/2~n"
- " for the reason ~p:~p~n"
- "** Options were ~p~n** Handler state was ~p~n"
- "** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
- [Handler, Class, Reason, Opts,
- HandlerState, PLReq, erlang:get_stacktrace()])
- end.
-
--spec terminate_request(any(), #http_req{}, #state{}) -> ok.
-terminate_request(HandlerState, Req, State) ->
- HandlerRes = handler_terminate(HandlerState, Req, State),
- next_request(Req, State, HandlerRes).
-
--spec next_request(#http_req{}, #state{}, any()) -> ok.
-next_request(Req=#http_req{connection=Conn}, State=#state{
- req_keepalive=Keepalive}, HandlerRes) ->
- RespRes = ensure_response(Req),
- {BodyRes, Buffer} = ensure_body_processed(Req),
- %% Flush the resp_sent message before moving on.
- receive {cowboy_http_req, resp_sent} -> ok after 0 -> ok end,
- case {HandlerRes, BodyRes, RespRes, Conn} of
- {ok, ok, ok, keepalive} ->
- ?MODULE:parse_request(State#state{
- buffer=Buffer, req_empty_lines=0,
- req_keepalive=Keepalive + 1});
- _Closed ->
- terminate(State)
- end.
-
--spec ensure_body_processed(#http_req{}) -> {ok | close, binary()}.
-ensure_body_processed(#http_req{body_state=done, buffer=Buffer}) ->
- {ok, Buffer};
-ensure_body_processed(Req=#http_req{body_state=waiting}) ->
- case cowboy_http_req:skip_body(Req) of
- {ok, Req2} -> {ok, Req2#http_req.buffer};
- {error, _Reason} -> {close, <<>>}
- end;
-ensure_body_processed(Req=#http_req{body_state={multipart, _, _}}) ->
- {ok, Req2} = cowboy_http_req:multipart_skip(Req),
- ensure_body_processed(Req2).
-
--spec ensure_response(#http_req{}) -> ok.
-%% The handler has already fully replied to the client.
-ensure_response(#http_req{resp_state=done}) ->
- ok;
-%% No response has been sent but everything apparently went fine.
-%% Reply with 204 No Content to indicate this.
-ensure_response(Req=#http_req{resp_state=waiting}) ->
- _ = cowboy_http_req:reply(204, [], [], Req),
- ok;
-%% Terminate the chunked body for HTTP/1.1 only.
-ensure_response(#http_req{method='HEAD', resp_state=chunks}) ->
- ok;
-ensure_response(#http_req{version={1, 0}, resp_state=chunks}) ->
- ok;
-ensure_response(#http_req{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- resp_state=chunks}) ->
- Transport:send(Socket, <<"0\r\n\r\n">>),
- ok.
-
-%% Only send an error reply if there is no resp_sent message.
--spec error_terminate(cowboy_http:status(), #state{}) -> ok.
-error_terminate(Code, State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
- onresponse=OnResponse}) ->
- receive
- {cowboy_http_req, resp_sent} -> ok
- after 0 ->
- _ = cowboy_http_req:reply(Code, #http_req{
- socket=Socket, transport=Transport, onresponse=OnResponse,
- connection=close, pid=self(), resp_state=waiting}),
- ok
- end,
- terminate(State).
-
--spec terminate(#state{}) -> ok.
-terminate(#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport}) ->
- Transport:close(Socket),
- ok.
-
-%% Internal.
-
--spec version_to_connection(cowboy_http:version()) -> keepalive | close.
-version_to_connection({1, 1}) -> keepalive;
-version_to_connection(_Any) -> close.
-
--spec default_port(atom()) -> 80 | 443.
-default_port(ssl) -> 443;
-default_port(_) -> 80.
-
-%% @todo While 32 should be enough for everybody, we should probably make
-%% this configurable or something.
--spec format_header(atom()) -> atom(); (binary()) -> binary().
-format_header(Field) when is_atom(Field) ->
- Field;
-format_header(Field) when byte_size(Field) =< 20; byte_size(Field) > 32 ->
- Field;
-format_header(Field) ->
- format_header(Field, true, <<>>).
-
--spec format_header(binary(), boolean(), binary()) -> binary().
-format_header(<<>>, _Any, Acc) ->
- Acc;
-%% Replicate a bug in OTP for compatibility reasons when there's a - right
-%% after another. Proper use should always be 'true' instead of 'not Bool'.
-format_header(<< $-, Rest/bits >>, Bool, Acc) ->
- format_header(Rest, not Bool, << Acc/binary, $- >>);
-format_header(<< C, Rest/bits >>, true, Acc) ->
- format_header(Rest, false, << Acc/binary, (cowboy_bstr:char_to_upper(C)) >>);
-format_header(<< C, Rest/bits >>, false, Acc) ->
- format_header(Rest, false, << Acc/binary, (cowboy_bstr:char_to_lower(C)) >>).
-
-%% Tests.
-
--ifdef(TEST).
-
-format_header_test_() ->
- %% {Header, Result}
- Tests = [
- {<<"Sec-Websocket-Version">>, <<"Sec-Websocket-Version">>},
- {<<"Sec-WebSocket-Version">>, <<"Sec-Websocket-Version">>},
- {<<"sec-websocket-version">>, <<"Sec-Websocket-Version">>},
- {<<"SEC-WEBSOCKET-VERSION">>, <<"Sec-Websocket-Version">>},
- %% These last tests ensures we're formatting headers exactly like OTP.
- %% Even though it's dumb, it's better for compatibility reasons.
- {<<"Sec-WebSocket--Version">>, <<"Sec-Websocket--version">>},
- {<<"Sec-WebSocket---Version">>, <<"Sec-Websocket---Version">>}
- ],
- [{H, fun() -> R = format_header(H) end} || {H, R} <- Tests].
-
--endif.