path: root/src/cowboy_websocket.erl

%% Copyright (c) 2011-2013, Loïc Hoguin <[email protected]>
%%
%% Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
%% purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
%% copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
%%
%% THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
%% WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
%% MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
%% ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
%% WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
%% ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
%% OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

%% @doc Websocket protocol implementation.
%%
%% Cowboy supports versions 7 through 17 of the Websocket drafts.
%% It also supports RFC6455, the proposed standard for Websocket.
-module(cowboy_websocket).

%% API.
-export([upgrade/4]).

%% Internal.
-export([handler_loop/4]).

-type frame() :: close | ping | pong
	| {text | binary | close | ping | pong, binary()}
	| {close, 1000..4999, binary()}.
-export_type([frame/0]).

-type opcode() :: 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 10.
-type mask_key() :: 0..16#ffffffff.
-type frag_state() :: undefined
	| {nofin, opcode(), binary()} | {fin, opcode(), binary()}.

-record(state, {
	env :: cowboy_middleware:env(),
	socket = undefined :: inet:socket(),
	transport = undefined :: module(),
	handler :: module(),
	handler_opts :: any(),
	key = undefined :: undefined | binary(),
	timeout = infinity :: timeout(),
	timeout_ref = undefined :: undefined | reference(),
	messages = undefined :: undefined | {atom(), atom(), atom()},
	hibernate = false :: boolean(),
	frag_state = undefined :: frag_state()
}).

%% @doc Upgrade an HTTP request to the Websocket protocol.
%%
%% You do not need to call this function manually. To upgrade to the Websocket
%% protocol, you simply need to return <em>{upgrade, protocol, {@module}}</em>
%% in your <em>cowboy_http_handler:init/3</em> handler function.
-spec upgrade(Req, Env, module(), any())
	-> {ok, Req, Env} | {error, 400, Req}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req(), Env::cowboy_middleware:env().
upgrade(Req, Env, Handler, HandlerOpts) ->
	{_, ListenerPid} = lists:keyfind(listener, 1, Env),
	ranch_listener:remove_connection(ListenerPid),
	[Socket, Transport] = cowboy_req:get([socket, transport], Req),
	State = #state{env=Env, socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
		handler=Handler, handler_opts=HandlerOpts},
	case catch websocket_upgrade(State, Req) of
		{ok, State2, Req2} -> handler_init(State2, Req2);
		{'EXIT', _Reason} -> upgrade_error(Req, Env)
	end.

-spec websocket_upgrade(#state{}, Req)
	-> {ok, #state{}, Req} when Req::cowboy_req:req().
websocket_upgrade(State, Req) ->
	{ok, ConnTokens, Req2}
		= cowboy_req:parse_header(<<"connection">>, Req),
	true = lists:member(<<"upgrade">>, ConnTokens),
	%% @todo Should probably send a 426 if the Upgrade header is missing.
	{ok, [<<"websocket">>], Req3}
		= cowboy_req:parse_header(<<"upgrade">>, Req2),
	{Version, Req4} = cowboy_req:header(<<"sec-websocket-version">>, Req3),
	IntVersion = list_to_integer(binary_to_list(Version)),
	true = (IntVersion =:= 7) orelse (IntVersion =:= 8)
		orelse (IntVersion =:= 13),
	{Key, Req5} = cowboy_req:header(<<"sec-websocket-key">>, Req4),
	false = Key =:= undefined,
	{ok, State#state{key=Key},
		cowboy_req:set_meta(websocket_version, IntVersion, Req5)}.

-spec handler_init(#state{}, Req)
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()} | {error, 400, Req}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
handler_init(State=#state{env=Env, transport=Transport,
		handler=Handler, handler_opts=HandlerOpts}, Req) ->
	try Handler:websocket_init(Transport:name(), Req, HandlerOpts) of
		{ok, Req2, HandlerState} ->
			websocket_handshake(State, Req2, HandlerState);
		{ok, Req2, HandlerState, hibernate} ->
			websocket_handshake(State#state{hibernate=true},
				Req2, HandlerState);
		{ok, Req2, HandlerState, Timeout} ->
			websocket_handshake(State#state{timeout=Timeout},
				Req2, HandlerState);
		{ok, Req2, HandlerState, Timeout, hibernate} ->
			websocket_handshake(State#state{timeout=Timeout,
				hibernate=true}, Req2, HandlerState);
		{shutdown, Req2} ->
			cowboy_req:ensure_response(Req2, 400),
			{ok, Req2, [{result, closed}|Env]}
	catch Class:Reason ->
		error_logger:error_msg(
			"** Cowboy handler ~p terminating in ~p/~p~n"
			"   for the reason ~p:~p~n** Options were ~p~n"
			"** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
			[Handler, websocket_init, 3, Class, Reason, HandlerOpts,
				cowboy_req:to_list(Req),erlang:get_stacktrace()]),
		upgrade_error(Req, Env)
	end.

-spec upgrade_error(Req, Env) -> {ok, Req, Env} | {error, 400, Req}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req(), Env::cowboy_middleware:env().
upgrade_error(Req, Env) ->
	receive
		{cowboy_req, resp_sent} ->
			{ok, Req, [{result, closed}|Env]}
	after 0 ->
		{error, 400, Req}
	end.

-spec websocket_handshake(#state{}, Req, any())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
websocket_handshake(State=#state{transport=Transport, key=Key},
		Req, HandlerState) ->
	Challenge = base64:encode(crypto:sha(
		<< Key/binary, "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11" >>)),
	{ok, Req2} = cowboy_req:upgrade_reply(
		101,
		[{<<"upgrade">>, <<"websocket">>},
		 {<<"sec-websocket-accept">>, Challenge}],
		Req),
	%% Flush the resp_sent message before moving on.
	receive {cowboy_req, resp_sent} -> ok after 0 -> ok end,
	State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),
	handler_before_loop(State2#state{key=undefined,
		messages=Transport:messages()}, Req2, HandlerState, <<>>).

-spec handler_before_loop(#state{}, Req, any(), binary())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
handler_before_loop(State=#state{
			socket=Socket, transport=Transport, hibernate=true},
		Req, HandlerState, SoFar) ->
	Transport:setopts(Socket, [{active, once}]),
	{suspend, ?MODULE, handler_loop,
		[State#state{hibernate=false}, Req, HandlerState, SoFar]};
handler_before_loop(State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport},
		Req, HandlerState, SoFar) ->
	Transport:setopts(Socket, [{active, once}]),
	handler_loop(State, Req, HandlerState, SoFar).

-spec handler_loop_timeout(#state{}) -> #state{}.
handler_loop_timeout(State=#state{timeout=infinity}) ->
	State#state{timeout_ref=undefined};
handler_loop_timeout(State=#state{timeout=Timeout, timeout_ref=PrevRef}) ->
	_ = case PrevRef of undefined -> ignore; PrevRef ->
		erlang:cancel_timer(PrevRef) end,
	TRef = erlang:start_timer(Timeout, self(), ?MODULE),
	State#state{timeout_ref=TRef}.

%% @private
-spec handler_loop(#state{}, Req, any(), binary())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
handler_loop(State=#state{socket=Socket, messages={OK, Closed, Error},
		timeout_ref=TRef}, Req, HandlerState, SoFar) ->
	receive
		{OK, Socket, Data} ->
			State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),
			websocket_data(State2, Req, HandlerState,
				<< SoFar/binary, Data/binary >>);
		{Closed, Socket} ->
			handler_terminate(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, closed});
		{Error, Socket, Reason} ->
			handler_terminate(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, Reason});
		{timeout, TRef, ?MODULE} ->
			websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {normal, timeout});
		{timeout, OlderTRef, ?MODULE} when is_reference(OlderTRef) ->
			handler_loop(State, Req, HandlerState, SoFar);
		Message ->
			handler_call(State, Req, HandlerState,
				SoFar, websocket_info, Message, fun handler_before_loop/4)
	end.

%% All frames passing through this function are considered valid.
-spec websocket_data(#state{}, Req, any(), binary())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
%% RSV bits MUST be 0 unless an extension is negotiated
%% that defines meanings for non-zero values.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << _:1, Rsv:3, _/bits >>)
		when Rsv =/= 0 ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% Control frames MUST NOT be fragmented.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << 0:1, _:3, Opcode:4, _/bits >>)
		when Opcode >= 8 ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% A fragmented message MUST start a non-zero opcode.
websocket_data(State=#state{frag_state=undefined}, Req, HandlerState,
		<< 0:1, _:3, 0:4, _/bits >>) ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% Non-control opcode when expecting control message or next fragment.
websocket_data(State=#state{frag_state={nofin, _, _}}, Req, HandlerState,
		<< _:4, Opcode:4, _/bits >>)
		when Opcode =/= 0, Opcode < 8 ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% 7 bits payload length.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << Fin:1, _Rsv:3, Opcode:4, 1:1,
		Len:7, MaskKey:32, Rest/bits >>)
		when Len < 126 ->
	websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Rest, Fin);
%% 16 bits payload length.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << Fin:1, _Rsv:3, Opcode:4, 1:1,
		126:7, Len:16, MaskKey:32, Rest/bits >>)
		when Len > 125, Opcode < 8 ->
	websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Rest, Fin);
%% 63 bits payload length.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << Fin:1, _Rsv:3, Opcode:4, 1:1,
		127:7, 0:1, Len:63, MaskKey:32, Rest/bits >>)
		when Len > 16#ffff, Opcode < 8 ->
	websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Rest, Fin);
%% When payload length is over 63 bits, the most significant bit MUST be 0.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << _:8, 1:1, 127:7, 1:1, _/bits >>) ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% All frames sent from the client to the server are masked.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << _:8, 0:1, _/bits >>) ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% For the next two clauses, it can be one of the following:
%%
%%  *  The minimal number of bytes MUST be used to encode the length
%%  *  All control frames MUST have a payload length of 125 bytes or less
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << _:9, 126:7, _:48, _/bits >>) ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, << _:9, 127:7, _:96, _/bits >>) ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, badframe});
%% Need more data.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, Data) ->
	handler_before_loop(State, Req, HandlerState, Data).

%% Initialize or update fragmentation state.
-spec websocket_data(#state{}, Req, any(),
	opcode(), non_neg_integer(), mask_key(), binary(), 0 | 1)
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
%% The opcode is only included in the first frame fragment.
websocket_data(State=#state{frag_state=undefined}, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Data, 0) ->
	websocket_payload(State#state{frag_state={nofin, Opcode, <<>>}},
		Req, HandlerState, 0, Len, MaskKey, <<>>, Data);
%% Subsequent frame fragments.
websocket_data(State=#state{frag_state={nofin, _, _}}, Req, HandlerState,
		0, Len, MaskKey, Data, 0) ->
	websocket_payload(State, Req, HandlerState,
		0, Len, MaskKey, <<>>, Data);
%% Final frame fragment.
websocket_data(State=#state{frag_state={nofin, Opcode, SoFar}},
		Req, HandlerState, 0, Len, MaskKey, Data, 1) ->
	websocket_payload(State#state{frag_state={fin, Opcode, SoFar}},
		Req, HandlerState, 0, Len, MaskKey, <<>>, Data);
%% Unfragmented frame.
websocket_data(State, Req, HandlerState, Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Data, 1) ->
	websocket_payload(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, <<>>, Data).

-spec websocket_payload(#state{}, Req, any(),
	opcode(), non_neg_integer(), mask_key(), binary(), binary())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
websocket_payload(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Unmasked, Data)
		when byte_size(Data) < Len ->
	Unmasked2 = websocket_unmask(Data,
		rotate_mask_key(MaskKey, byte_size(Unmasked)), Unmasked),
	websocket_payload_loop(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len - byte_size(Data), MaskKey, Unmasked2);
websocket_payload(State, Req, HandlerState,
		Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Unmasked, Data) ->
	<< End:Len/binary, Rest/bits >> = Data,
	Unmasked2 = websocket_unmask(End,
		rotate_mask_key(MaskKey, byte_size(Unmasked)), Unmasked),
	websocket_dispatch(State, Req, HandlerState, Rest, Opcode, Unmasked2).

-spec websocket_unmask(B, mask_key(), B) -> B when B::binary().
websocket_unmask(<<>>, _, Unmasked) ->
	Unmasked;
websocket_unmask(<< O:32, Rest/bits >>, MaskKey, Acc) ->
	T = O bxor MaskKey,
	websocket_unmask(Rest, MaskKey, << Acc/binary, T:32 >>);
websocket_unmask(<< O:24 >>, MaskKey, Acc) ->
	<< MaskKey2:24, _:8 >> = << MaskKey:32 >>,
	T = O bxor MaskKey2,
	<< Acc/binary, T:24 >>;
websocket_unmask(<< O:16 >>, MaskKey, Acc) ->
	<< MaskKey2:16, _:16 >> = << MaskKey:32 >>,
	T = O bxor MaskKey2,
	<< Acc/binary, T:16 >>;
websocket_unmask(<< O:8 >>, MaskKey, Acc) ->
	<< MaskKey2:8, _:24 >> = << MaskKey:32 >>,
	T = O bxor MaskKey2,
	<< Acc/binary, T:8 >>.

%% Because we unmask on the fly we need to continue from the right mask byte.
-spec rotate_mask_key(mask_key(), non_neg_integer()) -> mask_key().
rotate_mask_key(MaskKey, UnmaskedLen) ->
	Left = UnmaskedLen rem 4,
	Right = 4 - Left,
	(MaskKey bsl (Left * 8)) + (MaskKey bsr (Right * 8)).

-spec websocket_payload_loop(#state{}, Req, any(),
	opcode(), non_neg_integer(), mask_key(), binary())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
websocket_payload_loop(State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport,
		messages={OK, Closed, Error}, timeout_ref=TRef},
		Req, HandlerState, Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Unmasked) ->
	Transport:setopts(Socket, [{active, once}]),
	receive
		{OK, Socket, Data} ->
			State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),
			websocket_payload(State2, Req, HandlerState,
				Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Unmasked, Data);
		{Closed, Socket} ->
			handler_terminate(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, closed});
		{Error, Socket, Reason} ->
			handler_terminate(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, Reason});
		{timeout, TRef, ?MODULE} ->
			websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {normal, timeout});
		{timeout, OlderTRef, ?MODULE} when is_reference(OlderTRef) ->
			websocket_payload_loop(State, Req, HandlerState,
				Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Unmasked);
		Message ->
			handler_call(State, Req, HandlerState,
				<<>>, websocket_info, Message,
				fun (State2, Req2, HandlerState2, _) ->
					websocket_payload_loop(State2, Req2, HandlerState2,
						Opcode, Len, MaskKey, Unmasked)
				end)
	end.

-spec websocket_dispatch(#state{}, Req, any(), binary(), opcode(), binary())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
%% Continuation frame.
websocket_dispatch(State=#state{frag_state={nofin, Opcode, SoFar}},
		Req, HandlerState, RemainingData, 0, Payload) ->
	websocket_data(State#state{frag_state={nofin, Opcode,
		<< SoFar/binary, Payload/binary >>}}, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData);
%% Last continuation frame.
websocket_dispatch(State=#state{frag_state={fin, Opcode, SoFar}},
		Req, HandlerState, RemainingData, 0, Payload) ->
	websocket_dispatch(State#state{frag_state=undefined}, Req, HandlerState,
		RemainingData, Opcode, << SoFar/binary, Payload/binary >>);
%% Text frame.
websocket_dispatch(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData, 1, Payload) ->
	handler_call(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData,
		websocket_handle, {text, Payload}, fun websocket_data/4);
%% Binary frame.
websocket_dispatch(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData, 2, Payload) ->
	handler_call(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData,
		websocket_handle, {binary, Payload}, fun websocket_data/4);
%% Close control frame.
%% @todo Handle the optional Payload.
websocket_dispatch(State, Req, HandlerState, _RemainingData, 8, _Payload) ->
	websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {normal, closed});
%% Ping control frame. Send a pong back and forward the ping to the handler.
websocket_dispatch(State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport},
		Req, HandlerState, RemainingData, 9, Payload) ->
	Len = payload_length_to_binary(byte_size(Payload)),
	Transport:send(Socket, << 1:1, 0:3, 10:4, 0:1, Len/bits, Payload/binary >>),
	handler_call(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData,
		websocket_handle, {ping, Payload}, fun websocket_data/4);
%% Pong control frame.
websocket_dispatch(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData, 10, Payload) ->
	handler_call(State, Req, HandlerState, RemainingData,
		websocket_handle, {pong, Payload}, fun websocket_data/4).

-spec handler_call(#state{}, Req, any(), binary(), atom(), any(), fun())
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	| {suspend, module(), atom(), [any()]}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
handler_call(State=#state{handler=Handler, handler_opts=HandlerOpts}, Req,
		HandlerState, RemainingData, Callback, Message, NextState) ->
	try Handler:Callback(Message, Req, HandlerState) of
		{ok, Req2, HandlerState2} ->
			NextState(State, Req2, HandlerState2, RemainingData);
		{ok, Req2, HandlerState2, hibernate} ->
			NextState(State#state{hibernate=true},
				Req2, HandlerState2, RemainingData);
		{reply, Payload, Req2, HandlerState2}
				when is_tuple(Payload) ->
			case websocket_send(Payload, State) of
				ok ->
					State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),	
					NextState(State2, Req2, HandlerState2, RemainingData);
				shutdown ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState,
						{normal, shutdown});
				{error, _} = Error ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState2, Error)
			end;
		{reply, Payload, Req2, HandlerState2, hibernate}
				when is_tuple(Payload) ->
			case websocket_send(Payload, State) of
				ok ->
					State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),	
					NextState(State2#state{hibernate=true},
						Req2, HandlerState2, RemainingData);
				shutdown ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState,
						{normal, shutdown});
				{error, _} = Error ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState2, Error)
			end;
		{reply, Payload, Req2, HandlerState2}
				when is_list(Payload) ->
			case websocket_send_many(Payload, State) of
				ok ->
					State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),	
					NextState(State2, Req2, HandlerState2, RemainingData);
				shutdown ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState,
						{normal, shutdown});
				{error, _} = Error ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState2, Error)
			end;
		{reply, Payload, Req2, HandlerState2, hibernate}
				when is_list(Payload) ->
			case websocket_send_many(Payload, State) of
				ok ->
					State2 = handler_loop_timeout(State),	
					NextState(State2#state{hibernate=true},
						Req2, HandlerState2, RemainingData);
				shutdown ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState,
						{normal, shutdown});
				{error, _} = Error ->
					handler_terminate(State, Req2, HandlerState2, Error)
			end;
		{shutdown, Req2, HandlerState2} ->
			websocket_close(State, Req2, HandlerState2, {normal, shutdown})
	catch Class:Reason ->
		PLReq = cowboy_req:to_list(Req),
		error_logger:error_msg(
			"** Cowboy handler ~p terminating in ~p/~p~n"
			"   for the reason ~p:~p~n** Message was ~p~n"
			"** Options were ~p~n** Handler state was ~p~n"
			"** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
			[Handler, Callback, 3, Class, Reason, Message, HandlerOpts,
			 HandlerState, PLReq, erlang:get_stacktrace()]),
		websocket_close(State, Req, HandlerState, {error, handler})
	end.

websocket_opcode(text) -> 1;
websocket_opcode(binary) -> 2;
websocket_opcode(close) -> 8;
websocket_opcode(ping) -> 9;
websocket_opcode(pong) -> 10.

-spec websocket_send(frame(), #state{})
	-> ok | shutdown | {error, atom()}.
websocket_send(Type, #state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport})
		when Type =:= close ->
	Opcode = websocket_opcode(Type),
	case Transport:send(Socket, << 1:1, 0:3, Opcode:4, 0:8 >>) of
		ok -> shutdown;
		Error -> Error
	end;
websocket_send(Type, #state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport})
		when Type =:= ping; Type =:= pong ->
	Opcode = websocket_opcode(Type),
	Transport:send(Socket, << 1:1, 0:3, Opcode:4, 0:8 >>);
websocket_send({close, Payload}, State) ->
	websocket_send({close, 1000, Payload}, State);
websocket_send({Type = close, StatusCode, Payload}, #state{
		socket=Socket, transport=Transport}) ->
	Opcode = websocket_opcode(Type),
	Len = 2 + iolist_size(Payload),
	%% Control packets must not be > 125 in length.
	true = Len =< 125,
	BinLen = payload_length_to_binary(Len),
	Transport:send(Socket,
		[<< 1:1, 0:3, Opcode:4, 0:1, BinLen/bits, StatusCode:16 >>, Payload]),
	shutdown;
websocket_send({Type, Payload}, #state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport}) ->
	Opcode = websocket_opcode(Type),
	Len = iolist_size(Payload),
	%% Control packets must not be > 125 in length.
	true = if Type =:= ping; Type =:= pong ->
			Len =< 125;
		true ->
			true
	end,
	BinLen = payload_length_to_binary(Len),
	Transport:send(Socket,
		[<< 1:1, 0:3, Opcode:4, 0:1, BinLen/bits >>, Payload]).

-spec websocket_send_many([frame()], #state{})
	-> ok | shutdown | {error, atom()}.
websocket_send_many([], _) ->
	ok;
websocket_send_many([Frame|Tail], State) ->
	case websocket_send(Frame, State) of
		ok -> websocket_send_many(Tail, State);
		shutdown -> shutdown;
		Error -> Error
	end.

-spec websocket_close(#state{}, Req, any(), {atom(), atom()})
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
websocket_close(State=#state{socket=Socket, transport=Transport},
		Req, HandlerState, Reason) ->
	Transport:send(Socket, << 1:1, 0:3, 8:4, 0:8 >>),
	handler_terminate(State, Req, HandlerState, Reason).

-spec handler_terminate(#state{}, Req, any(), atom() | {atom(), atom()})
	-> {ok, Req, cowboy_middleware:env()}
	when Req::cowboy_req:req().
handler_terminate(#state{env=Env, handler=Handler, handler_opts=HandlerOpts},
		Req, HandlerState, TerminateReason) ->
	try
		Handler:websocket_terminate(TerminateReason, Req, HandlerState)
	catch Class:Reason ->
		PLReq = cowboy_req:to_list(Req),
		error_logger:error_msg(
			"** Cowboy handler ~p terminating in ~p/~p~n"
			"   for the reason ~p:~p~n** Initial reason was ~p~n"
			"** Options were ~p~n** Handler state was ~p~n"
			"** Request was ~p~n** Stacktrace: ~p~n~n",
			[Handler, websocket_terminate, 3, Class, Reason, TerminateReason,
				HandlerOpts, HandlerState, PLReq, erlang:get_stacktrace()])
	end,
	{ok, Req, [{result, closed}|Env]}.

-spec payload_length_to_binary(0..16#7fffffffffffffff)
	-> << _:7 >> | << _:23 >> | << _:71 >>.
payload_length_to_binary(N) ->
	case N of
		N when N =< 125 -> << N:7 >>;
		N when N =< 16#ffff -> << 126:7, N:16 >>;
		N when N =< 16#7fffffffffffffff -> << 127:7, N:64 >>
	end.