path: root/erts/emulator/beam/external.c

/*
 * %CopyrightBegin%
 *
 * Copyright Ericsson AB 1996-2010. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
 * Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
 * Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
 * retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
 *
 * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
 * basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
 * the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
 * under the License.
 *
 * %CopyrightEnd%
 */

/*  Implementation of the erlang external format 
 *
 *  And a nice cache mechanism which is used just to send a
 *  index indicating a specific atom to a remote node instead of the
 *  entire atom.
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#  include "config.h"
#endif

#define ERTS_WANT_EXTERNAL_TAGS

#include "sys.h"
#include "erl_vm.h"
#include "global.h"
#include "erl_process.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "external.h"
#include "bif.h"
#include "big.h"
#include "dist.h"
#include "erl_binary.h"
#include "erl_bits.h"
#include "erl_zlib.h"

#ifdef HIPE
#include "hipe_mode_switch.h"
#endif
#define in_area(ptr,start,nbytes) ((Uint)((char*)(ptr) - (char*)(start)) < (nbytes))

#define MAX_STRING_LEN 0xffff
#define dec_set_creation(nodename,creat)				\
  (((nodename) == erts_this_node->sysname && (creat) == ORIG_CREATION)	\
   ? erts_this_node->creation						\
   : (creat))

#undef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
#ifdef DEBUG
#  if 0
/*
 * Enabling ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP can be useful when debugging, but the
 * result refuses to talk to nodes without it!
 */
#    define ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
#  endif
#endif

/*
 * For backward compatibility reasons, only encode integers that
 * fit in 28 bits (signed) using INTEGER_EXT.
 */
#define IS_SSMALL28(x) (((Uint) (((x) >> (28-1)) + 1)) < 2)

/*
 *   Valid creations for nodes are 1, 2, or 3. 0 can also be sent
 *   as creation, though. When 0 is used as creation, the real creation
 *   is unknown. Creation 0 on data will be changed to current
 *   creation of the node which it belongs to when it enters
 *   that node.
 *       This typically happens when a remote pid is created with
 *   list_to_pid/1 and then sent to the remote node. This behavior 
 *   has the undesirable effect that a pid can be passed between nodes,
 *   and as a result of that not being equal to itself (the pid that
 *   comes back isn't equal to the original pid).
 *
 */

static byte* enc_term(ErtsAtomCacheMap *, Eterm, byte*, Uint32);
static Uint is_external_string(Eterm obj, int* p_is_string);
static byte* enc_atom(ErtsAtomCacheMap *, Eterm, byte*, Uint32);
static byte* enc_pid(ErtsAtomCacheMap *, Eterm, byte*, Uint32);
static byte* dec_term(ErtsDistExternal *, Eterm**, byte*, ErlOffHeap*, Eterm*);
static byte* dec_atom(ErtsDistExternal *, byte*, Eterm*);
static byte* dec_pid(ErtsDistExternal *, Eterm**, byte*, ErlOffHeap*, Eterm*);
static Sint decoded_size(byte *ep, byte* endp, int only_heap_bins);


static Uint encode_size_struct2(ErtsAtomCacheMap *, Eterm, unsigned);

#define ERTS_MAX_INTERNAL_ATOM_CACHE_ENTRIES 255

#define ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTE_IX(IIX) \
  (((((Uint32) (IIX)) >> 1) & 0x7fffffff))
#define ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BIT_IX(IIX) \
  (((IIX) << 2) & 7)
#define ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTES(NO_ATOMS) \
  (((((Uint32) (NO_ATOMS)) >> 1) & 0x7fffffff)+1)

#define ERTS_DIST_HDR_LONG_ATOMS_FLG (1 << 0)

/* #define ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_HASH */
#define ERTS_USE_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE 2039
#if ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE < ERTS_USE_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE
#error "ERTS_USE_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE too large"
#endif

static ERTS_INLINE int
atom2cix(Eterm atom)
{
    Uint val;
    ASSERT(is_atom(atom));
    val = atom_val(atom);
#ifdef ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_HASH
    val = atom_tab(val)->slot.bucket.hvalue;
#endif
#if ERTS_USE_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE == 256
    return (int) (val & ((Uint) 0xff));
#else
    return (int) (val % ERTS_USE_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE);
#endif
}

int erts_debug_max_atom_out_cache_index(void)
{
    return ERTS_USE_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE-1;
}

int
erts_debug_atom_to_out_cache_index(Eterm atom)
{
    return atom2cix(atom);
}

void
erts_init_atom_cache_map(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    if (acmp) {
	int ix;
	for (ix = 0; ix < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE; ix++)
	    acmp->cache[ix].iix = -1;
	acmp->sz = 0;
	acmp->hdr_sz = -1;
    }
}

void
erts_reset_atom_cache_map(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    if (acmp) {
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < acmp->sz; i++) {
	    ASSERT(0 <= acmp->cix[i] && acmp->cix[i] < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE);
	    acmp->cache[acmp->cix[i]].iix = -1;
	}
	acmp->sz = 0;
	acmp->hdr_sz = -1;
#ifdef DEBUG
	for (i = 0; i < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
	    ASSERT(acmp->cache[i].iix < 0);
	}
#endif
    }
}

void
erts_destroy_atom_cache_map(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{

}

static ERTS_INLINE void
insert_acache_map(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp, Eterm atom)
{
    if (acmp && acmp->sz < ERTS_MAX_INTERNAL_ATOM_CACHE_ENTRIES) {
	int ix;
	ASSERT(acmp->hdr_sz < 0);
	ix = atom2cix(atom);
	if (acmp->cache[ix].iix < 0) {
	    acmp->cache[ix].iix = acmp->sz;
	    acmp->cix[acmp->sz++] = ix;
	    acmp->cache[ix].atom = atom;
	}
    }
}

static ERTS_INLINE int
get_iix_acache_map(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp, Eterm atom)
{
    if (!acmp)
	return -1;
    else {
	int ix;
	ASSERT(is_atom(atom));
	ix = atom2cix(atom);
	if (acmp->cache[ix].iix < 0) {
	    ASSERT(acmp->sz == ERTS_MAX_INTERNAL_ATOM_CACHE_ENTRIES);
	    return -1;
	}
	else {
	    ASSERT(acmp->cache[ix].iix < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE);
	    return acmp->cache[ix].atom == atom ? acmp->cache[ix].iix : -1;
	}
    }
}

void
erts_finalize_atom_cache_map(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    if (acmp) {
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
#error "This code is not complete; long_atoms info need to be passed to the following stages."
	int long_atoms = 0; /* !0 if one or more atoms are long than 255. */
#endif
	int i;
	int sz;
	int fix_sz
	    = 1 /* VERSION_MAGIC */
	    + 1 /* DIST_HEADER */
	    + 1 /* number of internal cache entries */
	    ;
	int min_sz;
	ASSERT(acmp->hdr_sz < 0);
	/* Make sure cache update instructions fit */
	min_sz = fix_sz+(2+4)*acmp->sz;
	sz = fix_sz;
	for (i = 0; i < acmp->sz; i++) {
	    Eterm atom;
	    int len;
	    atom = acmp->cache[acmp->cix[i]].atom;
	    ASSERT(is_atom(atom));
	    len = atom_tab(atom_val(atom))->len;
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
	    if (!long_atoms && len > 255)
		long_atoms = 1;
#endif
	    /* Enough for a new atom cache value */
	    sz += 1 /* cix */ + 1 /* length */ + len /* text */;
	}
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
	if (long_atoms)
	    sz += acmp->sz; /* we need 2 bytes per atom for length */
#endif
	/* Dynamically sized flag field */
	sz += ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTES(acmp->sz);
	if (sz < min_sz)
	    sz = min_sz;
	acmp->hdr_sz = sz;
    }
}

Uint
erts_encode_ext_dist_header_size(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    if (!acmp)
	return 0;
    else {
	ASSERT(acmp->hdr_sz >= 0);
	return acmp->hdr_sz;
    }
}

byte *erts_encode_ext_dist_header_setup(byte *ctl_ext, ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    /* Maximum number of atom must be less than the maximum of a 32 bits
       unsigned integer. Check is done in erl_init.c, erl_start function. */
    if (!acmp)
	return ctl_ext;
    else {
	int i;
	byte *ep = ctl_ext;
	ASSERT(acmp->hdr_sz >= 0);
	/*
	 * Write cache update instructions. Note that this is a purely
	 * internal format, never seen on the wire. This section is later
	 * rewritten by erts_encode_ext_dist_header_finalize() while updating
	 * the cache. We write the header backwards just before the
	 * actual term(s).
	 */
	for (i = acmp->sz-1; i >= 0; i--) {
	    Uint32 aval;
	    ASSERT(0 <= acmp->cix[i] && acmp->cix[i] < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE);
	    ASSERT(i == acmp->cache[acmp->cix[i]].iix);
	    ASSERT(is_atom(acmp->cache[acmp->cix[i]].atom));

	    aval = (Uint32) atom_val(acmp->cache[acmp->cix[i]].atom);
	    ep -= 4;
	    put_int32(aval, ep);
	    ep -= 2;
	    put_int16(acmp->cix[i], ep);
	}
	--ep;
	put_int8(acmp->sz, ep);
	*--ep = DIST_HEADER;
	*--ep = VERSION_MAGIC;
	return ep;
    }
}

byte *erts_encode_ext_dist_header_finalize(byte *ext, ErtsAtomCache *cache)
{
    byte *ip;
    byte instr_buf[(2+4)*ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE];
    int ci, sz;
    register byte *ep = ext;
    ASSERT(ep[0] == VERSION_MAGIC);
    if (ep[1] != DIST_HEADER)
	return ext;

    /*
     * Update output atom cache and write the external version of
     * the dist header. We write the header backwards just
     * before the actual term(s).
     */
    ep += 2;
    ci = (int) get_int8(ep);
    ASSERT(0 <= ci && ci < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE);
    ep += 1;
    sz = (2+4)*ci;
    ip = &instr_buf[0];
    sys_memcpy((void *) ip, (void *) ep, sz);
    ep += sz;
    /* ep now points to the beginning of the control message term */
#ifdef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
    ASSERT(*ep == VERSION_MAGIC);
#endif
    if (ci > 0) {
	Uint32 flgs_buf[((ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTES(
			      ERTS_MAX_INTERNAL_ATOM_CACHE_ENTRIES)-1)
			 / sizeof(Uint32))+1];
	register Uint32 flgs;
	int iix, flgs_bytes, flgs_buf_ix, used_half_bytes;
#ifdef DEBUG
	int tot_used_half_bytes;
#endif

	flgs_bytes = ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTES(ci);

	ASSERT(flgs_bytes <= sizeof(flgs_buf));
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
	/* long_atoms info needs to be passed from previous stages */
	if (long_atoms)
	    flgs |= ERTS_DIST_HDR_LONG_ATOMS_FLG;
#endif
	flgs = 0;
	flgs_buf_ix = 0;
	if ((ci & 1) == 0)
	    used_half_bytes = 2;
	else
	    used_half_bytes = 1;
#ifdef DEBUG
	tot_used_half_bytes = used_half_bytes;
#endif
	iix = ci-1;
	while (iix >= 0) {
	    int cix;
	    Eterm atom;

	    if (used_half_bytes != 8)
		flgs <<= 4;
	    else {
		flgs_buf[flgs_buf_ix++] = flgs;
		flgs = 0;
		used_half_bytes = 0;
	    }

	    ip = &instr_buf[0] + (2+4)*iix;
	    cix = (int) get_int16(&ip[0]);
	    ASSERT(0 <= cix && cix < ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE);
	    atom = make_atom((Uint) get_int32(&ip[2]));
	    if (cache->out_arr[cix] == atom) {
		--ep;
		put_int8(cix, ep);
		flgs |= ((cix >> 8) & 7);
	    }
	    else {
		Atom *a;
		cache->out_arr[cix] = atom;
		a = atom_tab(atom_val(atom));
		sz = a->len;
		ep -= sz;
		sys_memcpy((void *) ep, (void *) a->name, sz);
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
		if (long_atoms) {
		    ep -= 2;
		    put_int16(sz, ep);
		}
		else
#endif
		{
		    ASSERT(0 <= sz && sz <= 255);
		    --ep;
		    put_int8(sz, ep);
		}
		--ep;
		put_int8(cix, ep);
		flgs |= (8 | ((cix >> 8) & 7));
	    }
	    iix--;
	    used_half_bytes++;
#ifdef DEBUG
	    tot_used_half_bytes++;
#endif
	}
	ASSERT(tot_used_half_bytes == 2*flgs_bytes);
	flgs_buf[flgs_buf_ix] = flgs;
	flgs_buf_ix = 0;
	while (1) {
	    flgs = flgs_buf[flgs_buf_ix];
	    if (flgs_bytes > 4) {
		*--ep = (byte) ((flgs >> 24) & 0xff);
		*--ep = (byte) ((flgs >> 16) & 0xff);
		*--ep = (byte) ((flgs >> 8) & 0xff);
		*--ep = (byte) (flgs & 0xff);
		flgs_buf_ix++;
		flgs_bytes -= 4;
	    }
	    else {
		switch (flgs_bytes) {
		case 4:
		    *--ep = (byte) ((flgs >> 24) & 0xff);
		case 3:
		    *--ep = (byte) ((flgs >> 16) & 0xff);
		case 2:
		    *--ep = (byte) ((flgs >> 8) & 0xff);
		case 1:
		    *--ep = (byte) (flgs & 0xff);
		}
		break;
	    }
	}
    }
    --ep;
    put_int8(ci, ep);
    *--ep = DIST_HEADER;
    *--ep = VERSION_MAGIC;
    return ep;
}

Uint erts_encode_dist_ext_size(Eterm term, Uint32 flags, ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    Uint sz = 0;
#ifndef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
    if (!(flags & DFLAG_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE))
#endif
	sz++ /* VERSION_MAGIC */;
    sz += encode_size_struct2(acmp, term, flags);
    return sz;
}

Uint erts_encode_ext_size(Eterm term)
{
    return encode_size_struct2(NULL, term, TERM_TO_BINARY_DFLAGS)
	+ 1 /* VERSION_MAGIC */;
}

void erts_encode_dist_ext(Eterm term, byte **ext, Uint32 flags, ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp)
{
    byte *ep = *ext;
#ifndef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
    if (!(flags & DFLAG_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE))
#endif
	*ep++ = VERSION_MAGIC;
    ep = enc_term(acmp, term, ep, flags);
    if (!ep)
	erl_exit(ERTS_ABORT_EXIT,
		 "%s:%d:erts_encode_dist_ext(): Internal data structure error\n",
		 __FILE__, __LINE__);
    *ext = ep;
}

void erts_encode_ext(Eterm term, byte **ext)
{
    byte *ep = *ext;
    *ep++ = VERSION_MAGIC;
    ep = enc_term(NULL, term, ep, TERM_TO_BINARY_DFLAGS);
    if (!ep)
	erl_exit(ERTS_ABORT_EXIT,
		 "%s:%d:erts_encode_ext(): Internal data structure error\n",
		 __FILE__, __LINE__);
    *ext = ep;
}

ErtsDistExternal *
erts_make_dist_ext_copy(ErtsDistExternal *edep, Uint xsize)
{
    size_t align_sz;
    size_t dist_ext_sz;
    size_t ext_sz;
    byte *ep;
    ErtsDistExternal *new_edep;

    dist_ext_sz = ERTS_DIST_EXT_SIZE(edep);
    ASSERT(edep->ext_endp && edep->extp);
    ASSERT(edep->ext_endp >= edep->extp);
    ext_sz = edep->ext_endp - edep->extp;

    align_sz = ERTS_WORD_ALIGN_PAD_SZ(dist_ext_sz + ext_sz);

    new_edep = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_EXT_TERM_DATA,
			  dist_ext_sz + ext_sz + align_sz + xsize);

    ep = (byte *) new_edep;
    sys_memcpy((void *) ep, (void *) edep, dist_ext_sz);
    ep += dist_ext_sz;
    if (new_edep->dep)
	erts_refc_inc(&new_edep->dep->refc, 1);
    new_edep->extp = ep;
    new_edep->ext_endp = ep + ext_sz;
    new_edep->heap_size = -1;
    sys_memcpy((void *) ep, (void *) edep->extp, ext_sz);
    return new_edep;
}

int
erts_prepare_dist_ext(ErtsDistExternal *edep,
		      byte *ext,
		      Uint size,
		      DistEntry *dep,
		      ErtsAtomCache *cache)
{
#undef ERTS_EXT_FAIL
#undef ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL
#if 1
#define ERTS_EXT_FAIL goto fail
#define ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL goto bad_hdr
#else
#define ERTS_EXT_FAIL abort()
#define ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL abort()
#endif

    register byte *ep = ext;

    edep->heap_size = -1;
    edep->ext_endp = ext+size;

    if (size < 2)
	ERTS_EXT_FAIL;

    if (ep[0] != VERSION_MAGIC) {
	erts_dsprintf_buf_t *dsbufp = erts_create_logger_dsbuf();
	if (dep)
	    erts_dsprintf(dsbufp,
			  "** Got message from incompatible erlang on "
			  "channel %d\n",
			  dist_entry_channel_no(dep));
	else
	    erts_dsprintf(dsbufp,
			  "** Attempt to convert old incompatible "
			  "binary %d\n",
			  *ep);
	erts_send_error_to_logger_nogl(dsbufp);
	ERTS_EXT_FAIL;
    }

    edep->flags = 0;
    edep->dep = dep;
    if (dep) {
	erts_smp_de_rlock(dep);
	if (dep->flags & DFLAG_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE)
	    edep->flags |= ERTS_DIST_EXT_DFLAG_HDR;
	    
	edep->flags |= (dep->connection_id & ERTS_DIST_EXT_CON_ID_MASK);
	erts_smp_de_runlock(dep);
    }

    if (ep[1] != DIST_HEADER) {
	if (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_DFLAG_HDR)
	    ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;
	edep->attab.size = 0;
	edep->extp = ext;
    }
    else {
	int tix;
	int no_atoms;

	if (!(edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_DFLAG_HDR))
	    ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;

#undef CHKSIZE
#define CHKSIZE(SZ) \
	do { if ((SZ) > edep->ext_endp - ep) ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL; } while(0)

	CHKSIZE(1+1+1);
	ep += 2;
	no_atoms = (int) get_int8(ep);
	if (no_atoms < 0 || ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE < no_atoms)
	    ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;
	ep++;
	if (no_atoms) {
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
	    int long_atoms = 0;
#endif
#ifdef DEBUG
	    byte *flgs_buf = ep;
#endif
	    byte *flgsp = ep;
	    int flgs_size = ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTES(no_atoms);
	    int byte_ix;
	    int bit_ix;
	    int got_flgs;
	    register Uint32 flgs = 0;

	    CHKSIZE(flgs_size);
	    ep += flgs_size;

	    /*
	     * Check long atoms flag
	     */
	    byte_ix = ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTE_IX(no_atoms);
	    bit_ix = ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BIT_IX(no_atoms);
	    if (flgsp[byte_ix] & (((byte) ERTS_DIST_HDR_LONG_ATOMS_FLG)
				  << bit_ix)) {
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
		long_atoms = 1;
#else
		ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL; /* Long atoms not supported yet */
#endif
	    }

#ifdef DEBUG
	    byte_ix = 0;
	    bit_ix = 0;
#endif
	    got_flgs = 0;
	    /*
	     * Setup the atom translation table.
	     */
	    edep->flags |= ERTS_DIST_EXT_ATOM_TRANS_TAB;
	    edep->attab.size = no_atoms;
	    for (tix = 0; tix < no_atoms; tix++) {
		Eterm atom;
		int cix;
		int len;

		if (!got_flgs) {
		    int left = no_atoms - tix;
		    if (left > 6) {
			flgs = ((((Uint32) flgsp[3]) << 24)
		        	| (((Uint32) flgsp[2]) << 16)
				| (((Uint32) flgsp[1]) << 8)
				| ((Uint32) flgsp[0]));
			flgsp += 4;
		    }
		    else {
			flgs = 0;
			switch (left) {
			case 6:
			case 5:
			    flgs |= (((Uint32) flgsp[2]) << 16);
			case 4:
			case 3:
			    flgs |= (((Uint32) flgsp[1]) << 8);
			case 2:
			case 1:
			    flgs |= ((Uint32) flgsp[0]);
			}
		    }
		    got_flgs = 8;
		}

		ASSERT(byte_ix == ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BYTE_IX(tix));
		ASSERT(bit_ix == ERTS_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE_FLAG_BIT_IX(tix));
		ASSERT((flgs & 3)
		       == (((flgs_buf[byte_ix]
			     & (((byte) 3) << bit_ix)) >> bit_ix) & 3));

		CHKSIZE(1);
		cix = (int) ((flgs & 7) << 8);
		if ((flgs & 8) == 0) {
		    /* atom already cached */
		    cix += (int) get_int8(ep);
		    if (cix >= ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE)
			ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;
		    ep++;
		    atom = cache->in_arr[cix];
		    if (!is_atom(atom))
			ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;
		    edep->attab.atom[tix] = atom;
		}
		else {
		    /* new cached atom */
		    cix += (int) get_int8(ep);
		    if (cix >= ERTS_ATOM_CACHE_SIZE)
			ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;
		    ep++;
#if MAX_ATOM_LENGTH > 255
		    if (long_atoms) {
			CHKSIZE(2);
			len = get_int16(ep);
			ep += 2;
		    }
		    else
#endif
		    {
			CHKSIZE(1);
			len = get_int8(ep);
			ep++;
		    }
		    if (len > MAX_ATOM_LENGTH)
			ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL; /* Too long atom */
		    CHKSIZE(len);
		    atom = am_atom_put((char *) ep, len);
		    ep += len;
		    cache->in_arr[cix] = atom;
		    edep->attab.atom[tix] = atom;
		}
		flgs >>= 4;
		got_flgs--;
#ifdef DEBUG
		bit_ix += 4;
		if (bit_ix >= 8) {
		    bit_ix = 0;
		    flgs = (int) flgs_buf[++byte_ix];
		    ASSERT(byte_ix < flgs_size);
		}
#endif
	    }
	}
	edep->extp = ep;
#ifdef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
	if (*ep != VERSION_MAGIC)
	    ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL;
#endif
    }
#ifdef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
    if (*ep != VERSION_MAGIC)
	ERTS_EXT_FAIL;
#endif

    return 0;

#undef CHKSIZE
#undef ERTS_EXT_FAIL
#undef ERTS_EXT_HDR_FAIL

 bad_hdr:
    if (dep) {
	erts_dsprintf_buf_t *dsbufp = erts_create_logger_dsbuf();
	erts_dsprintf(dsbufp,
		      "%T got a corrupted distribution header from %T "
		      "on distribution channel %d\n",
		      erts_this_node->sysname,
		      edep->dep->sysname,
		      dist_entry_channel_no(edep->dep));
	for (ep = ext; ep < edep->ext_endp; ep++)
	    erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, ep != ext ? ",%b8u" : "<<%b8u", *ep);
	erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, ">>");
	erts_send_warning_to_logger_nogl(dsbufp);
    }
 fail:
    if (dep)
	erts_kill_dist_connection(dep, dep->connection_id);
    return -1;
}

static void
bad_dist_ext(ErtsDistExternal *edep)
{
    if (edep->dep) {
	DistEntry *dep = edep->dep;
	erts_dsprintf_buf_t *dsbufp = erts_create_logger_dsbuf();
	byte *ep;
	erts_dsprintf(dsbufp,
		      "%T got a corrupted external term from %T "
		      "on distribution channel %d\n",
		      erts_this_node->sysname,
		      dep->sysname,
		      dist_entry_channel_no(dep));
	for (ep = edep->extp; ep < edep->ext_endp; ep++)
	    erts_dsprintf(dsbufp,
			  ep != edep->extp ? ",%b8u" : "<<...,%b8u",
			  *ep);
	erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, ">>\n");
	erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, "ATOM_CACHE_REF translations: ");
	if (!(edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_ATOM_TRANS_TAB) || !edep->attab.size)
	    erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, "none");
	else {
	    int i;
	    erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, "0=%T", edep->attab.atom[0]);
	    for (i = 1; i < edep->attab.size; i++)
		erts_dsprintf(dsbufp, ", %d=%T", i, edep->attab.atom[i]);
	}
	erts_send_warning_to_logger_nogl(dsbufp);
	erts_kill_dist_connection(dep, ERTS_DIST_EXT_CON_ID(edep));
    }
}

Sint
erts_decode_dist_ext_size(ErtsDistExternal *edep, int no_refc_bins)
{
    Sint res;
    byte *ep;
    if (edep->extp >= edep->ext_endp)
	goto fail;
#ifndef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
    if (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_DFLAG_HDR) {
	if (*edep->extp == VERSION_MAGIC)
	    goto fail;
	ep = edep->extp;
    }
    else
#endif
    {
	if (*edep->extp != VERSION_MAGIC)
	    goto fail;
	ep = edep->extp+1;
    }
    res = decoded_size(ep, edep->ext_endp, no_refc_bins);
    if (res >= 0)
	return res;
 fail:
    bad_dist_ext(edep);
    return -1;
}

Sint erts_decode_ext_size(byte *ext, Uint size, int no_refc_bins)
{
    if (size == 0 || *ext != VERSION_MAGIC)
	return -1;
    return decoded_size(ext+1, ext+size, no_refc_bins);
}

/*
** hpp is set to either a &p->htop or
** a pointer to a memory pointer (form message buffers)
** on return hpp is updated to point after allocated data
*/
Eterm
erts_decode_dist_ext(Eterm** hpp,
		     ErlOffHeap* off_heap,
		     ErtsDistExternal *edep)
{
    Eterm obj;
    byte* ep = edep->extp;

    if (ep >= edep->ext_endp)
	goto error;
#ifndef ERTS_DEBUG_USE_DIST_SEP
    if (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_DFLAG_HDR) {
	if (*ep == VERSION_MAGIC)
	    goto error;
    }
    else
#endif
    {
	if (*ep != VERSION_MAGIC)
	    goto error;
	ep++;
    }
    ep = dec_term(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, &obj);
    if (!ep)
	goto error;

    edep->extp = ep;

    return obj;

 error:

    bad_dist_ext(edep);

    return THE_NON_VALUE;
}

Eterm erts_decode_ext(Eterm **hpp, ErlOffHeap *off_heap, byte **ext)
{
    Eterm obj;
    byte *ep = *ext;
    if (*ep++ != VERSION_MAGIC)
	return THE_NON_VALUE;
    ep = dec_term(NULL, hpp, ep, off_heap, &obj);
    if (!ep) {
#ifdef DEBUG
	bin_write(ERTS_PRINT_STDERR,NULL,*ext,500);
#endif
	return THE_NON_VALUE;
    }
    *ext = ep;
    return obj;
}



/**********************************************************************/

BIF_RETTYPE erts_debug_dist_ext_to_term_2(BIF_ALIST_2)
{
    Eterm res;
    Eterm *hp;
    Eterm *hendp;
    Uint hsz;
    ErtsDistExternal ede;
    Eterm *tp;
    Eterm real_bin;
    Uint offset;
    Uint size;
    Uint bitsize;
    Uint bitoffs;
    Uint arity;
    int i;

    ede.flags = ERTS_DIST_EXT_ATOM_TRANS_TAB;
    ede.dep = NULL;
    ede.heap_size = -1;
    
    if (is_not_tuple(BIF_ARG_1))
	goto badarg;
    tp = tuple_val(BIF_ARG_1);
    arity = arityval(tp[0]);
    if (arity > ERTS_MAX_INTERNAL_ATOM_CACHE_ENTRIES)
	goto badarg;

    ede.attab.size = arity;
    for (i = 1; i <= arity; i++) {
	if (is_not_atom(tp[i]))
	    goto badarg;
	ede.attab.atom[i-1] = tp[i];
    }

    if (is_not_binary(BIF_ARG_2))
	goto badarg;

    size = binary_size(BIF_ARG_2);
    if (size == 0)
	goto badarg;
    ERTS_GET_REAL_BIN(BIF_ARG_2, real_bin, offset, bitoffs, bitsize);
    if (bitsize != 0)
	goto badarg;

    ede.extp = binary_bytes(real_bin)+offset;
    ede.ext_endp = ede.extp + size;

    hsz = erts_decode_dist_ext_size(&ede, 0);
    if (hsz < 0)
	goto badarg;

    hp = HAlloc(BIF_P, hsz);
    hendp = hp + hsz;

    res = erts_decode_dist_ext(&hp, &MSO(BIF_P), &ede);

    HRelease(BIF_P, hendp, hp);

    if (is_value(res))
	BIF_RET(res);

 badarg:

    BIF_ERROR(BIF_P, BADARG);
}


Eterm
term_to_binary_1(Process* p, Eterm Term)
{
    return erts_term_to_binary(p, Term, 0, TERM_TO_BINARY_DFLAGS);
}

Eterm
term_to_binary_2(Process* p, Eterm Term, Eterm Flags)
{
    int level = 0;
    Uint flags = TERM_TO_BINARY_DFLAGS;

    while (is_list(Flags)) {
	Eterm arg = CAR(list_val(Flags));
	Eterm* tp;
	if (arg == am_compressed) {
	    level = Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION;
	} else if (is_tuple(arg) && *(tp = tuple_val(arg)) == make_arityval(2)) {
	    if (tp[1] == am_minor_version && is_small(tp[2])) {
		switch (signed_val(tp[2])) {
		case 0:
		    flags = TERM_TO_BINARY_DFLAGS;
		    break;
		case 1:
		    flags = TERM_TO_BINARY_DFLAGS|DFLAG_NEW_FLOATS;
		    break;
		default:
		    goto error;
		}
	    } else if (tp[1] == am_compressed && is_small(tp[2])) {
		level = signed_val(tp[2]);
		if (!(0 <= level && level < 10)) {
		    goto error;
		}
	    } else {
		goto error;
	    }
	} else {
	error:
	    BIF_ERROR(p, BADARG);
	}
	Flags = CDR(list_val(Flags));
    }
    if (is_not_nil(Flags)) {
	goto error;
    }

    return erts_term_to_binary(p, Term, level, flags);
}

static uLongf binary2term_uncomp_size(byte* data, Sint size)
{
    z_stream stream;
    int err;
    const uInt chunk_size = 64*1024;  /* Ask tmp-alloc about a suitable size? */
    void* tmp_buf = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, chunk_size);
    uLongf uncomp_size = 0;

    stream.next_in = (Bytef*)data;
    stream.avail_in = (uInt)size;
    stream.next_out = tmp_buf;
    stream.avail_out = (uInt)chunk_size;

    erl_zlib_alloc_init(&stream);

    err = inflateInit(&stream);
    if (err == Z_OK) {
	do {
	    stream.next_out = tmp_buf;
	    stream.avail_out = chunk_size;	   
	    err = inflate(&stream, Z_NO_FLUSH);
	    uncomp_size += chunk_size - stream.avail_out;
	}while (err == Z_OK);
	inflateEnd(&stream);
    }
    erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, tmp_buf);
    return err == Z_STREAM_END ? uncomp_size : 0;
}

static ERTS_INLINE Sint
binary2term_prepare(ErtsBinary2TermState *state, byte *data, Sint data_size)
{
    Sint res;
    byte *bytes = data;
    Sint size = data_size;

    state->exttmp = 0;

    if (size < 1 || *bytes != VERSION_MAGIC) {
    error:
	if (state->exttmp)
	    erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, state->extp);
	state->extp = NULL;
	state->exttmp = 0;
	return -1;
    }
    bytes++;
    size--;
    if (size < 5 || *bytes != COMPRESSED) {
	state->extp = bytes;
    }
    else  {
	uLongf dest_len = (Uint32) get_int32(bytes+1);
	bytes += 5;
	size -= 5;	
	if (dest_len > 32*1024*1024
	    || (state->extp = erts_alloc_fnf(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, dest_len)) == NULL) {
	    if (dest_len != binary2term_uncomp_size(bytes, size)) {
		goto error;
	    }
	    state->extp = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, dest_len);
	}
	state->exttmp = 1;
	if (erl_zlib_uncompress(state->extp, &dest_len, bytes, size) != Z_OK)
	    goto error;
	size = (Sint) dest_len;
    }
    res = decoded_size(state->extp, state->extp + size, 0);
    if (res < 0)
	goto error;
    return res;
}

static ERTS_INLINE void
binary2term_abort(ErtsBinary2TermState *state)
{
    if (state->exttmp) {
	state->exttmp = 0;
	erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, state->extp);
    }
}

static ERTS_INLINE Eterm
binary2term_create(ErtsDistExternal *edep, ErtsBinary2TermState *state, Eterm **hpp, ErlOffHeap *ohp)
{
    Eterm res;
    if (!dec_term(edep, hpp, state->extp, ohp, &res))
	res = THE_NON_VALUE;
    if (state->exttmp) {
	state->exttmp = 0;
	erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, state->extp);
    }
    return res;
}

Sint
erts_binary2term_prepare(ErtsBinary2TermState *state, byte *data, Sint data_size)
{
    return binary2term_prepare(state, data, data_size);
}

void
erts_binary2term_abort(ErtsBinary2TermState *state)
{
    binary2term_abort(state);
}

Eterm
erts_binary2term_create(ErtsBinary2TermState *state, Eterm **hpp, ErlOffHeap *ohp)
{
    return binary2term_create(NULL,state, hpp, ohp);
}

BIF_RETTYPE binary_to_term_1(BIF_ALIST_1)
{
    Sint heap_size;
    Eterm res;
    Eterm* hp;
    Eterm* endp;
    Sint size;
    byte* bytes;
    byte* temp_alloc = NULL;
    ErtsBinary2TermState b2ts;

    if ((bytes = erts_get_aligned_binary_bytes(BIF_ARG_1, &temp_alloc)) == NULL) {
    error:
	erts_free_aligned_binary_bytes(temp_alloc);
	BIF_ERROR(BIF_P, BADARG);
    }
    size = binary_size(BIF_ARG_1);

    heap_size = binary2term_prepare(&b2ts, bytes, size);
    if (heap_size < 0)
	goto error;

    hp = HAlloc(BIF_P, heap_size);
    endp = hp + heap_size;

    res = binary2term_create(NULL, &b2ts, &hp, &MSO(BIF_P));

    erts_free_aligned_binary_bytes(temp_alloc);

    if (hp > endp) {
	erl_exit(1, ":%s, line %d: heap overrun by %d words(s)\n",
		 __FILE__, __LINE__, hp-endp);
    }

    HRelease(BIF_P, endp, hp);

    if (res == THE_NON_VALUE)
	goto error;

    return res;
}

BIF_RETTYPE binary_to_term_2(BIF_ALIST_2)
{
    Sint heap_size;
    Eterm res;
    Eterm opts;
    Eterm opt;
    Eterm* hp;
    Eterm* endp;
    Sint size;
    byte* bytes;
    byte* temp_alloc = NULL;
    ErtsBinary2TermState b2ts;
    ErtsDistExternal fakedep;

    fakedep.flags = 0;
    opts = BIF_ARG_2;
    while (is_list(opts)) {
        opt = CAR(list_val(opts));
        if (opt == am_safe) {
	    fakedep.flags |= ERTS_DIST_EXT_BTT_SAFE;
        } else {
            goto error;
        }
        opts = CDR(list_val(opts));
    }

    if (is_not_nil(opts))
        goto error;

    if ((bytes = erts_get_aligned_binary_bytes(BIF_ARG_1, &temp_alloc)) == NULL) {
    error:
	erts_free_aligned_binary_bytes(temp_alloc);
	BIF_ERROR(BIF_P, BADARG);
    }
    size = binary_size(BIF_ARG_1);

    heap_size = binary2term_prepare(&b2ts, bytes, size);
    if (heap_size < 0)
	goto error;

    hp = HAlloc(BIF_P, heap_size);
    endp = hp + heap_size;

    res = binary2term_create(&fakedep, &b2ts, &hp, &MSO(BIF_P));

    erts_free_aligned_binary_bytes(temp_alloc);

    if (hp > endp) {
	erl_exit(1, ":%s, line %d: heap overrun by %d words(s)\n",
		 __FILE__, __LINE__, hp-endp);
    }

    HRelease(BIF_P, endp, hp);

    if (res == THE_NON_VALUE)
	goto error;

    return res;
}

Eterm
external_size_1(Process* p, Eterm Term)
{
    Uint size = erts_encode_ext_size(Term);
    if (IS_USMALL(0, size)) {
	BIF_RET(make_small(size));
    } else {
	Eterm* hp = HAlloc(p, BIG_UINT_HEAP_SIZE);
	BIF_RET(uint_to_big(size, hp));
    }
}

Eterm
erts_term_to_binary(Process* p, Eterm Term, int level, Uint flags)
{
    int size;
    Eterm bin;
    size_t real_size;
    byte* endp;

    size = encode_size_struct2(NULL, Term, flags) + 1 /* VERSION_MAGIC */;

    if (level != 0) {
	byte buf[256];
	byte* bytes = buf;
	byte* out_bytes;
	uLongf dest_len;

	if (sizeof(buf) < size) {
	    bytes = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, size);
	}

	if ((endp = enc_term(NULL, Term, bytes, flags))
	    == NULL) {
	    erl_exit(1, "%s, line %d: bad term: %x\n",
		     __FILE__, __LINE__, Term);
	}
	real_size = endp - bytes;
	if (real_size > size) {
	    erl_exit(1, "%s, line %d: buffer overflow: %d word(s)\n",
		     __FILE__, __LINE__, real_size - size);
	}

	/*
	 * We don't want to compress if compression actually increases the size.
	 * Therefore, don't give zlib more out buffer than the size of the
	 * uncompressed external format (minus the 5 bytes needed for the
	 * COMPRESSED tag). If zlib returns any error, we'll revert to using
	 * the original uncompressed external term format.
	 */

	if (real_size < 5) {
	    dest_len = 0;
	} else {
	    dest_len = real_size - 5;
	}
	bin = new_binary(p, NULL, real_size+1);
	out_bytes = binary_bytes(bin);
	out_bytes[0] = VERSION_MAGIC;
	if (erl_zlib_compress2(out_bytes+6, &dest_len, bytes, real_size, level) != Z_OK) {
	    sys_memcpy(out_bytes+1, bytes, real_size);
	    bin = erts_realloc_binary(bin, real_size+1);
	} else {
	    out_bytes[1] = COMPRESSED;
	    put_int32(real_size, out_bytes+2);
	    bin = erts_realloc_binary(bin, dest_len+6);
	}
	if (bytes != buf) {
	    erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_TMP, bytes);
	}
	return bin;
    } else {
	byte* bytes;

	bin = new_binary(p, (byte *)NULL, size);
	bytes = binary_bytes(bin);
	bytes[0] = VERSION_MAGIC;
	if ((endp = enc_term(NULL, Term, bytes+1, flags))	
	    == NULL) {
	    erl_exit(1, "%s, line %d: bad term: %x\n",
		     __FILE__, __LINE__, Term);
	}
	real_size = endp - bytes;
	if (real_size > size) {
	    erl_exit(1, "%s, line %d: buffer overflow: %d word(s)\n",
		     __FILE__, __LINE__, endp - (bytes + size));
	}
	return erts_realloc_binary(bin, real_size);
    }
}

/*
 * This function fills ext with the external format of atom.
 * If it's an old atom we just supply an index, otherwise
 * we insert the index _and_ the entire atom. This way the receiving side
 * does not have to perform an hash on the etom to locate it, and
 * we save a lot of space on the wire.
 */

static byte*
enc_atom(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp, Eterm atom, byte *ep, Uint32 dflags)
{
    int iix;
    int i, j;

    ASSERT(is_atom(atom));

    /*
     * term_to_binary/1,2 and the initial distribution message
     * don't use the cache.
     */
    iix = get_iix_acache_map(acmp, atom);
    if (iix < 0) { 
	i = atom_val(atom);
	j = atom_tab(i)->len;
	if ((MAX_ATOM_LENGTH <= 255 || j <= 255)
	    && (dflags & DFLAG_SMALL_ATOM_TAGS)) {
	    *ep++ = SMALL_ATOM_EXT;
	    put_int8(j, ep);
	    ep++;
	}
	else {
	    *ep++ = ATOM_EXT;
	    put_int16(j, ep);
	    ep += 2;
	}
	sys_memcpy((char *) ep, (char*)atom_tab(i)->name, (int) j);
	ep += j;
	return ep;
    }

    /* The atom is referenced in the cache. */
    *ep++ = ATOM_CACHE_REF;
    put_int8(iix, ep);
    ep++;
    return ep;
}

static byte*
enc_pid(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp, Eterm pid, byte* ep, Uint32 dflags)
{
    Uint on, os;

    *ep++ = PID_EXT;
    /* insert  atom here containing host and sysname  */
    ep = enc_atom(acmp, pid_node_name(pid), ep, dflags);

    /* two bytes for each number and serial */

    on = pid_number(pid);
    os = pid_serial(pid);

    put_int32(on, ep);
    ep += 4;
    put_int32(os, ep);
    ep += 4;
    *ep++ = pid_creation(pid);
    return ep;
}

/* Expect an atom in plain text or cached */
static byte*
dec_atom(ErtsDistExternal *edep, byte* ep, Eterm* objp)
{
    Uint len;
    int n;

    switch (*ep++) {
    case ATOM_CACHE_REF:
	if (!(edep && (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_ATOM_TRANS_TAB)))
	    goto error;
	n = get_int8(ep);
	ep++;
	if (n >= edep->attab.size)
	    goto error;
	ASSERT(is_atom(edep->attab.atom[n]));
	*objp = edep->attab.atom[n];
	break;
    case ATOM_EXT:
	len = get_int16(ep),
	ep += 2;
        goto dec_atom_common;
    case SMALL_ATOM_EXT:
	len = get_int8(ep);
	ep++;
    dec_atom_common:
        if (edep && (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_BTT_SAFE)) {
	    if (!erts_atom_get((char*)ep, len, objp)) {
                goto error;
	    }
        } else {
            *objp = am_atom_put((char*)ep, len);
        }
	ep += len;
	break;
    default:
    error:
	*objp = NIL;	/* Don't leave a hole in the heap */
	return NULL;
    }
    return ep;
}

static byte*
dec_pid(ErtsDistExternal *edep, Eterm** hpp, byte* ep, ErlOffHeap* off_heap, Eterm* objp)
{
    Eterm sysname;
    Uint data;
    Uint num;
    Uint ser;
    Uint cre;
    ErlNode *node;

    *objp = NIL;		/* In case we fail, don't leave a hole in the heap */

    /* eat first atom */
    if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &sysname)) == NULL)
	return NULL;
    num = get_int32(ep);
    ep += 4;
    if (num > ERTS_MAX_PID_NUMBER)
	return NULL;
    ser = get_int32(ep);
    ep += 4;
    if (ser > ERTS_MAX_PID_SERIAL)
	return NULL;
    if ((cre = get_int8(ep)) >= MAX_CREATION)
	return NULL;
    ep += 1;

    /*
     * We are careful to create the node entry only after all
     * validity tests are done.
     */
    cre = dec_set_creation(sysname,cre);
    node = erts_find_or_insert_node(sysname,cre);

    data = make_pid_data(ser, num);
    if(node == erts_this_node) {
	*objp = make_internal_pid(data);
    } else {
	ExternalThing *etp = (ExternalThing *) *hpp;
	*hpp += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + 1;

	etp->header = make_external_pid_header(1);
	etp->next = off_heap->externals;
	etp->node = node;
	etp->data.ui[0] = data;

	off_heap->externals = etp;
	*objp = make_external_pid(etp);
    }
    return ep;
}


#define ENC_TERM ((Eterm) 0)
#define ENC_ONE_CONS ((Eterm) 1)
#define ENC_PATCH_FUN_SIZE ((Eterm) 2)
#define ENC_LAST_ARRAY_ELEMENT ((Eterm) 3)

static byte*
enc_term(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp, Eterm obj, byte* ep, Uint32 dflags)
{
    DECLARE_ESTACK(s);
    Uint n;
    Uint i;
    Uint j;
    Uint* ptr;
    Eterm val;
    FloatDef f;

    goto L_jump_start;

 outer_loop:
    while (!ESTACK_ISEMPTY(s)) {
	obj = ESTACK_POP(s);
	switch (val = ESTACK_POP(s)) {
	case ENC_TERM:
	    break;
	case ENC_ONE_CONS:
	encode_one_cons:
	    {
		Eterm* cons = list_val(obj);
		Eterm tl;

		obj = CAR(cons);
		tl = CDR(cons);
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, is_list(tl) ? ENC_ONE_CONS : ENC_TERM);
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, tl);
	    }
	    break;
	case ENC_PATCH_FUN_SIZE:
	    {
		byte* size_p = (byte *) obj;

		put_int32(ep - size_p, size_p);
	    }
	    goto outer_loop;
	case ENC_LAST_ARRAY_ELEMENT:
	    {
		Eterm* ptr = (Eterm *) obj;
		obj = *ptr;
	    }
	    break;
	default:		/* ENC_LAST_ARRAY_ELEMENT+1 and upwards */
	    {
		Eterm* ptr = (Eterm *) obj;
		obj = *ptr++;
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, val-1);
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, (Eterm) ptr);
	    }
	    break;
	}

    L_jump_start:
	switch(tag_val_def(obj)) {
	case NIL_DEF:
	    *ep++ = NIL_EXT;
	    break;

	case ATOM_DEF:
	    ep = enc_atom(acmp,obj,ep,dflags);
	    break;

	case SMALL_DEF:
	    {
		Sint val = signed_val(obj);

		if ((Uint)val < 256) {
		    *ep++ = SMALL_INTEGER_EXT;
		    put_int8(val, ep);
		    ep++;
		} else if (sizeof(Sint) == 4 || IS_SSMALL28(val)) {
		    *ep++ = INTEGER_EXT;
		    put_int32(val, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		} else {
		    DeclareTmpHeapNoproc(tmp_big,2);
		    Eterm big;
		    UseTmpHeapNoproc(2);
		    big = small_to_big(val, tmp_big);
		    *ep++ = SMALL_BIG_EXT;
		    n = big_bytes(big);
		    ASSERT(n < 256);
		    put_int8(n, ep);
		    ep += 1;
		    *ep++ = big_sign(big);
		    ep = big_to_bytes(big, ep);
		    UnUseTmpHeapNoproc(2);
		}
	    }
	    break;

	case BIG_DEF:
	    if ((n = big_bytes(obj)) < 256) {
		*ep++ = SMALL_BIG_EXT;
		put_int8(n, ep);
		ep += 1;
	    }
	    else {
		*ep++ = LARGE_BIG_EXT;
		put_int32(n, ep);
		ep += 4;
	    }
	    *ep++ = big_sign(obj);
	    ep = big_to_bytes(obj, ep);
	    break;

	case PID_DEF:
	case EXTERNAL_PID_DEF:
	    ep = enc_pid(acmp, obj, ep, dflags);
	    break;

	case REF_DEF:
	case EXTERNAL_REF_DEF: {
	    Uint32 *ref_num;

	    ASSERT(dflags & DFLAG_EXTENDED_REFERENCES);
	    *ep++ = NEW_REFERENCE_EXT;
	    i = ref_no_of_numbers(obj);
	    put_int16(i, ep);
	    ep += 2;
	    ep = enc_atom(acmp,ref_node_name(obj),ep,dflags);
	    *ep++ = ref_creation(obj);
	    ref_num = ref_numbers(obj);
	    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
		put_int32(ref_num[j], ep);
		ep += 4;
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case PORT_DEF:
	case EXTERNAL_PORT_DEF:

	    *ep++ = PORT_EXT;
	    ep = enc_atom(acmp,port_node_name(obj),ep,dflags);
	    j = port_number(obj);
	    put_int32(j, ep);
	    ep += 4;
	    *ep++ = port_creation(obj);
	    break;

	case LIST_DEF:
	    {
		int is_str;

		i = is_external_string(obj, &is_str);
		if (is_str) {
		    *ep++ = STRING_EXT;
		    put_int16(i, ep);
		    ep += 2;
		    while (is_list(obj)) {
			Eterm* cons = list_val(obj);
			*ep++ = unsigned_val(CAR(cons));
			obj = CDR(cons);
		    }
		} else {
		    *ep++ = LIST_EXT;
		    put_int32(i, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    goto encode_one_cons;
		}
	    }
	    break;

	case TUPLE_DEF:
	    ptr = tuple_val(obj);
	    i = arityval(*ptr);
	    ptr++;
	    if (i <= 0xff) {
		*ep++ = SMALL_TUPLE_EXT;
		put_int8(i, ep);
		ep += 1;
	    } else  {
		*ep++ = LARGE_TUPLE_EXT;
		put_int32(i, ep);
		ep += 4;
	    }
	    if (i > 0) {
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, ENC_LAST_ARRAY_ELEMENT+i-1);
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, (Eterm) ptr);
	    }
	    break;

	case FLOAT_DEF:
	    GET_DOUBLE(obj, f);
	    if (dflags & DFLAG_NEW_FLOATS) {
		*ep++ = NEW_FLOAT_EXT;
#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
		put_int32(f.fw[0], ep);
		ep += 4;
		put_int32(f.fw[1], ep);
#else
		put_int32(f.fw[1], ep);
		ep += 4;
		put_int32(f.fw[0], ep);
#endif		
		ep += 4;
	    } else {
		*ep++ = FLOAT_EXT;

		/* now the sprintf which does the work */
		i = sys_double_to_chars(f.fd, (char*) ep);

		/* Don't leave garbage after the float!  (Bad practice in general,
		 * and Purify complains.)
		 */
		sys_memset(ep+i, 0, 31-i);
		ep += 31;
	    }
	    break;

	case BINARY_DEF:
	    {
		Uint bitoffs;
		Uint bitsize;
		byte* bytes;

		ERTS_GET_BINARY_BYTES(obj, bytes, bitoffs, bitsize);
		if (bitsize == 0) {
		    /* Plain old byte-sized binary. */
		    *ep++ = BINARY_EXT;
		    j = binary_size(obj);
		    put_int32(j, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    copy_binary_to_buffer(ep, 0, bytes, bitoffs, 8*j);
		    ep += j;
		} else if (dflags & DFLAG_BIT_BINARIES) {
		    /* Bit-level binary. */
		    *ep++ = BIT_BINARY_EXT;
		    j = binary_size(obj);
		    put_int32((j+1), ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    *ep++ = bitsize;
		    ep[j] = 0;	/* Zero unused bits at end of binary */
		    copy_binary_to_buffer(ep, 0, bytes, bitoffs, 8*j+bitsize);
		    ep += j + 1;
		} else {
		    /*
		     * Bit-level binary, but the receiver doesn't support it.
		     * Build a tuple instead.
		     */
		    *ep++ = SMALL_TUPLE_EXT;
		    *ep++ = 2;
		    *ep++ = BINARY_EXT;
		    j = binary_size(obj);
		    put_int32((j+1), ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    ep[j] = 0;	/* Zero unused bits at end of binary */
		    copy_binary_to_buffer(ep, 0, bytes, bitoffs, 8*j+bitsize);
		    ep += j+1;
		    *ep++ = SMALL_INTEGER_EXT;
		    *ep++ = bitsize;
		}
		break;
	    }
	case EXPORT_DEF:
	    {
		Export* exp = (Export *) (export_val(obj))[1];
		if ((dflags & DFLAG_EXPORT_PTR_TAG) != 0) {
		    *ep++ = EXPORT_EXT;
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, exp->code[0], ep, dflags);
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, exp->code[1], ep, dflags);
		    ep = enc_term(acmp, make_small(exp->code[2]), ep, dflags);
		} else {
		    /* Tag, arity */
		    *ep++ = SMALL_TUPLE_EXT;
		    put_int8(2, ep);
		    ep += 1;

		    /* Module name */
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, exp->code[0], ep, dflags);

		    /* Function name */
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, exp->code[1], ep, dflags);
		}
		break;
	    }
	    break;
	case FUN_DEF:
	    {
		ErlFunThing* funp = (ErlFunThing *) fun_val(obj);

		if ((dflags & DFLAG_NEW_FUN_TAGS) != 0) {
		    int ei;

		    *ep++ = NEW_FUN_EXT;
		    ESTACK_PUSH(s, ENC_PATCH_FUN_SIZE);
		    ESTACK_PUSH(s, (Eterm) ep); /* Position for patching in size */
		    ep += 4;
		    *ep = funp->arity;
		    ep += 1;
		    sys_memcpy(ep, funp->fe->uniq, 16);
		    ep += 16;
		    put_int32(funp->fe->index, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    put_int32(funp->num_free, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, funp->fe->module, ep, dflags);
		    ep = enc_term(acmp, make_small(funp->fe->old_index), ep, dflags);
		    ep = enc_term(acmp, make_small(funp->fe->old_uniq), ep, dflags);
		    ep = enc_pid(acmp, funp->creator, ep, dflags);

		fun_env:
		    for (ei = funp->num_free-1; ei > 0; ei--) {
			ESTACK_PUSH(s, ENC_TERM);
			ESTACK_PUSH(s, funp->env[ei]);
		    }
		    if (funp->num_free != 0) {
			obj = funp->env[0];
			goto L_jump_start;
		    }
		} else {
		    /*
		     * Communicating with an obsolete erl_interface or
		     * jinterface node. Convert the fun to a tuple to
		     * avoid crasching.
		     */
		
		    /* Tag, arity */
		    *ep++ = SMALL_TUPLE_EXT;
		    put_int8(5, ep);
		    ep += 1;
		
		    /* 'fun' */
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, am_fun, ep, dflags);
		
		    /* Module name */
		    ep = enc_atom(acmp, funp->fe->module, ep, dflags);
		
		    /* Index, Uniq */
		    *ep++ = INTEGER_EXT;
		    put_int32(funp->fe->old_index, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		    *ep++ = INTEGER_EXT;
		    put_int32(funp->fe->old_uniq, ep);
		    ep += 4;
		
		    /* Environment sub-tuple arity */
		    ASSERT(funp->num_free < MAX_ARG);
		    *ep++ = SMALL_TUPLE_EXT;
		    put_int8(funp->num_free, ep);
		    ep += 1;
		    goto fun_env;
		}
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
    DESTROY_ESTACK(s);
    return ep;
}

static Uint
is_external_string(Eterm list, int* p_is_string)
{
    Uint len = 0;

    /*
     * Calculate the length of the list as long as all characters
     * are integers from 0 through 255.
     */
    while (is_list(list)) {
	Eterm* consp = list_val(list);
	Eterm hd = CAR(consp);

	if (!is_byte(hd)) {
	    break;
	}
	len++;
	list = CDR(consp);
    }

    /*
     * If we have reached the end of the list, and we have
     * not exceeded the maximum length of a string, this
     * is a string.
     */
    *p_is_string = is_nil(list) && len < MAX_STRING_LEN;

    /*
     * Continue to calculate the length.
     */
    while (is_list(list)) {
	Eterm* consp = list_val(list);
	len++;
	list = CDR(consp);
    }
    return len;
}

/* Assumes that the ones to undo are preluding the lists. */ 
static void
undo_offheap_in_area(ErlOffHeap* off_heap, Eterm* start, Eterm* end)
{
    const Uint area_sz = (end - start) * sizeof(Eterm);
    struct proc_bin* mso;
    struct proc_bin** mso_nextp = NULL;
#ifndef HYBRID /* FIND ME! */
    struct erl_fun_thing* funs;
    struct erl_fun_thing** funs_nextp = NULL;
#endif
    struct external_thing_* ext;
    struct external_thing_** ext_nextp = NULL;

    for (mso = off_heap->mso; ; mso=mso->next) {
	if (!in_area(mso, start, area_sz)) {
	    if (mso_nextp != NULL) {
		*mso_nextp = NULL;
		erts_cleanup_mso(off_heap->mso);
		off_heap->mso = mso;
	    }
	    break;
	}
	mso_nextp = &mso->next;
    }    

#ifndef HYBRID /* FIND ME! */
    for (funs = off_heap->funs; ; funs=funs->next) {
	if (!in_area(funs, start, area_sz)) {
	    if (funs_nextp != NULL) {
		*funs_nextp = NULL;
		erts_cleanup_funs(off_heap->funs);
		off_heap->funs = funs;
	    }
	    break;
	}
	funs_nextp = &funs->next;
    }    
#endif
    for (ext = off_heap->externals; ; ext=ext->next) {
	if (!in_area(ext, start, area_sz)) {
	    if (ext_nextp != NULL) {
		*ext_nextp = NULL;
		erts_cleanup_externals(off_heap->externals);
		off_heap->externals = ext;
	    }
	    break;
	}
	ext_nextp = &ext->next;
    }

    /* Assert that the ones to undo were indeed preluding the lists. */ 
#ifdef DEBUG
    for (mso = off_heap->mso; mso != NULL; mso=mso->next) {
	ASSERT(!in_area(mso, start, area_sz));
    }    
# ifndef HYBRID /* FIND ME! */
    for (funs = off_heap->funs; funs != NULL; funs=funs->next) {
	ASSERT(!in_area(funs, start, area_sz));
    }    
# endif
    for (ext = off_heap->externals; ext != NULL; ext=ext->next) {
	ASSERT(!in_area(ext, start, area_sz));
    }    
#endif /* DEBUG */
}

/* Decode term from external format into *objp.
** On failure return NULL and (R13B04) *hpp will be unchanged.
*/
static byte*
dec_term(ErtsDistExternal *edep, Eterm** hpp, byte* ep, ErlOffHeap* off_heap, Eterm* objp)
{
    Eterm* hp_saved = *hpp;
    int n;
    register Eterm* hp = *hpp;	/* Please don't take the address of hp */
    Eterm* next = objp;

    *next = (Eterm) NULL;

    while (next != NULL) {
	objp = next;
	next = (Eterm *) (*objp);

	switch (*ep++) {
	case INTEGER_EXT:
	    {
		Sint sn = get_int32(ep);

		ep += 4;
#if defined(ARCH_64)
		*objp = make_small(sn);
#else
		if (MY_IS_SSMALL(sn)) {
		    *objp = make_small(sn);
		} else {
		    *objp = small_to_big(sn, hp);
		    hp += BIG_UINT_HEAP_SIZE;
		}
#endif
		break;
	    }
	case SMALL_INTEGER_EXT:
	    n = get_int8(ep);
	    ep++;
	    *objp = make_small(n);
	    break;
	case SMALL_BIG_EXT:
	    n = get_int8(ep);
	    ep++;
	    goto big_loop;
	case LARGE_BIG_EXT:
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    ep += 4;
	big_loop:
	    {
		Eterm big;
		byte* first;
		byte* last;
		Uint neg;

		neg = get_int8(ep); /* Sign bit */
		ep++;

		/*
		 * Strip away leading zeroes to avoid creating illegal bignums.
		 */
		first = ep;
		last = ep + n;
		ep += n;
		do {
		    --last;
		} while (first <= last && *last == 0);

		if ((n = last - first + 1) == 0) {
		    /* Zero width bignum defaults to zero */
		    big = make_small(0);
		} else {
		    big = bytes_to_big(first, n, neg, hp);
		    if (is_big(big)) {
			hp += big_arity(big) + 1;
		    }
		}
		*objp = big;
		break;
	    }
	case ATOM_CACHE_REF:
	    if (edep == 0 || (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_ATOM_TRANS_TAB) == 0) {
		goto error;
	    }
	    n = get_int8(ep);
	    ep++;
	    if (n >= edep->attab.size)
		goto error;
	    ASSERT(is_atom(edep->attab.atom[n]));
	    *objp = edep->attab.atom[n];
	    break;
	case ATOM_EXT:
	    n = get_int16(ep);
	    ep += 2;
            goto dec_term_atom_common;
	case SMALL_ATOM_EXT:
	    n = get_int8(ep);
	    ep++;
dec_term_atom_common:
	    if (edep && (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_BTT_SAFE)) {
		if (!erts_atom_get((char*)ep, n, objp)) {
		    goto error;
		}
	    } else {
	        *objp = am_atom_put((char*)ep, n);
	    }
	    ep += n;
	    break;
	case LARGE_TUPLE_EXT:
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    ep += 4;
	    goto tuple_loop;
	case SMALL_TUPLE_EXT:
	    n = get_int8(ep);
	    ep++;
	tuple_loop:
	    *objp = make_tuple(hp);
	    *hp++ = make_arityval(n);
	    hp += n;
	    objp = hp - 1;
	    while (n-- > 0) {
		objp[0] = (Eterm) next;
		next = objp;
		objp--;
	    }
	    break;
	case NIL_EXT:
	    *objp = NIL;
	    break;
	case LIST_EXT:
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    ep += 4;
	    if (n == 0) {
		next = objp;
		break;
	    }
	    *objp = make_list(hp);
	    hp += 2*n;
	    objp = hp - 2;
	    objp[0] = (Eterm) (objp+1);
	    objp[1] = (Eterm) next;
	    next = objp;
	    objp -= 2;
	    while (--n > 0) {
		objp[0] = (Eterm) next;
		objp[1] = make_list(objp + 2);
		next = objp;
		objp -= 2;
	    }
	    break;
	case STRING_EXT:
	    n = get_int16(ep);
	    ep += 2;
	    if (n == 0) {
		*objp = NIL;
		break;
	    }
	    *objp = make_list(hp);
	    while (n-- > 0) {
		hp[0] = make_small(*ep++);
		hp[1] = make_list(hp+2);
		hp += 2;
	    }
	    hp[-1] = NIL;
	    break;
	case FLOAT_EXT:
	    {
		FloatDef ff;

		if (sys_chars_to_double((char*)ep, &ff.fd) != 0) {
		    goto error;
		}
		ep += 31;
		*objp = make_float(hp);
		PUT_DOUBLE(ff, hp);
		hp += FLOAT_SIZE_OBJECT;
		break;
	    }
	case NEW_FLOAT_EXT:
	    {
		FloatDef ff;
#ifndef NO_FPE_SIGNALS
		volatile unsigned long *fpexnp = erts_get_current_fp_exception();
#endif

#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
		ff.fw[0] = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		ff.fw[1] = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
#else
		ff.fw[1] = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		ff.fw[0] = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
#endif		
		__ERTS_FP_CHECK_INIT(fpexnp);
		__ERTS_FP_ERROR_THOROUGH(fpexnp, ff.fd, goto error);
		*objp = make_float(hp);
		PUT_DOUBLE(ff, hp);
		hp += FLOAT_SIZE_OBJECT;
		break;
	    }
	case PID_EXT:
	    *hpp = hp;
	    ep = dec_pid(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, objp);
	    hp = *hpp;
	    if (ep == NULL) {
		goto error;
	    }
	    break;
	case PORT_EXT:
	    {
		Eterm sysname;
		ErlNode *node;
		Uint num;
		Uint cre;

		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &sysname)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if ((num = get_int32(ep)) > ERTS_MAX_PORT_NUMBER) {
		    goto error;
		}
		ep += 4;
		if ((cre = get_int8(ep)) >= MAX_CREATION) {
		    goto error;
		}
		ep++;
		cre = dec_set_creation(sysname,cre);
		node = erts_find_or_insert_node(sysname, cre);

		if(node == erts_this_node) {
		    *objp = make_internal_port(num);
		}
		else {
		    ExternalThing *etp = (ExternalThing *) hp;
		    hp += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + 1;
		    
		    etp->header = make_external_port_header(1);
		    etp->next = off_heap->externals;
		    etp->node = node;
		    etp->data.ui[0] = num;

		    off_heap->externals = etp;
		    *objp = make_external_port(etp);
		}

		break;
	    }
	case REFERENCE_EXT:
	    {
		Eterm sysname;
		ErlNode *node;
		int i;
		Uint cre;
		Uint32 *ref_num;
		Uint32 r0;
		Uint ref_words;

		ref_words = 1;

		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &sysname)) == NULL)
		    goto error;
		if ((r0 = get_int32(ep)) >= MAX_REFERENCE )
		    goto error;
		ep += 4;

		if ((cre = get_int8(ep)) >= MAX_CREATION)
		    goto error;
		ep += 1;
		goto ref_ext_common;

	    case NEW_REFERENCE_EXT:
		ref_words = get_int16(ep);
		ep += 2;

		if (ref_words > ERTS_MAX_REF_NUMBERS)
		    goto error;

		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &sysname)) == NULL)
		    goto error;

		if ((cre = get_int8(ep)) >= MAX_CREATION)
		    goto error;
		ep += 1;

		r0 = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		if (r0 >= MAX_REFERENCE)
		    goto error;

	    ref_ext_common:

		cre = dec_set_creation(sysname, cre);
		node = erts_find_or_insert_node(sysname, cre);
		if(node == erts_this_node) {
		    RefThing *rtp = (RefThing *) hp;
		    hp += REF_THING_HEAD_SIZE;
#ifdef ARCH_64
		    rtp->header = make_ref_thing_header(ref_words/2 + 1);
#else
		    rtp->header = make_ref_thing_header(ref_words);
#endif
		    *objp = make_internal_ref(rtp);
		}
		else {
		    ExternalThing *etp = (ExternalThing *) hp;
		    hp += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE;
		    
#ifdef ARCH_64
		    etp->header = make_external_ref_header(ref_words/2 + 1);
#else
		    etp->header = make_external_ref_header(ref_words);
#endif
		    etp->next = off_heap->externals;
		    etp->node = node;

		    off_heap->externals = etp;
		    *objp = make_external_ref(etp);
		}

		ref_num = (Uint32 *) hp;
#ifdef ARCH_64
		*(ref_num++) = ref_words /* 32-bit arity */;
#endif
		ref_num[0] = r0;
		for(i = 1; i < ref_words; i++) {
		    ref_num[i] = get_int32(ep);
		    ep += 4;
		}
#ifdef ARCH_64
		if ((1 + ref_words) % 2)
		    ref_num[ref_words] = 0;
		hp += ref_words/2 + 1;
#else
		hp += ref_words;
#endif
		break;
	    }
	case BINARY_EXT:
	    {
		n = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
	    
		if (n <= ERL_ONHEAP_BIN_LIMIT || off_heap == NULL) {
		    ErlHeapBin* hb = (ErlHeapBin *) hp;

		    hb->thing_word = header_heap_bin(n);
		    hb->size = n;
		    hp += heap_bin_size(n);
		    sys_memcpy(hb->data, ep, n);
		    *objp = make_binary(hb);
		} else {
		    Binary* dbin = erts_bin_nrml_alloc(n);
		    ProcBin* pb;
		    dbin->flags = 0;
		    dbin->orig_size = n;
		    erts_refc_init(&dbin->refc, 1);
		    sys_memcpy(dbin->orig_bytes, ep, n);
		    pb = (ProcBin *) hp;
		    hp += PROC_BIN_SIZE;
		    pb->thing_word = HEADER_PROC_BIN;
		    pb->size = n;
		    pb->next = off_heap->mso;
		    off_heap->mso = pb;
		    pb->val = dbin;
		    pb->bytes = (byte*) dbin->orig_bytes;
		    pb->flags = 0;
		    *objp = make_binary(pb);
		}
		ep += n;
		break;
	    }
	case BIT_BINARY_EXT:
	    {
		Eterm bin;
		ErlSubBin* sb;
		Uint bitsize;

		n = get_int32(ep);
		bitsize = ep[4];
		ep += 5;
		if (n <= ERL_ONHEAP_BIN_LIMIT || off_heap == NULL) {
		    ErlHeapBin* hb = (ErlHeapBin *) hp;

		    hb->thing_word = header_heap_bin(n);
		    hb->size = n;
		    sys_memcpy(hb->data, ep, n);
		    bin = make_binary(hb);
		    hp += heap_bin_size(n);
		} else {
		    Binary* dbin = erts_bin_nrml_alloc(n);
		    ProcBin* pb;
		    dbin->flags = 0;
		    dbin->orig_size = n;
		    erts_refc_init(&dbin->refc, 1);
		    sys_memcpy(dbin->orig_bytes, ep, n);
		    pb = (ProcBin *) hp;
		    pb->thing_word = HEADER_PROC_BIN;
		    pb->size = n;
		    pb->next = off_heap->mso;
		    off_heap->mso = pb;
		    pb->val = dbin;
		    pb->bytes = (byte*) dbin->orig_bytes;
		    pb->flags = 0;
		    bin = make_binary(pb);
		    hp += PROC_BIN_SIZE;
		}
		ep += n;
		if (bitsize == 0) {
		    *objp = bin;
		} else {
		    sb = (ErlSubBin *) hp;
		    sb->thing_word = HEADER_SUB_BIN;
		    sb->orig = bin;
		    sb->size = n - 1;
		    sb->bitsize = bitsize;
		    sb->bitoffs = 0;
		    sb->offs = 0;
		    sb->is_writable = 0;
		    *objp = make_binary(sb);
		    hp += ERL_SUB_BIN_SIZE;
		}
		break;
	    }
	case EXPORT_EXT:
	    {
		Eterm mod;
		Eterm name;
		Eterm temp;
		Sint arity;

		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &mod)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &name)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		*hpp = hp;
		ep = dec_term(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, &temp);
		hp = *hpp;
		if (ep == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if (!is_small(temp)) {
		    goto error;
		}
		arity = signed_val(temp);
		if (arity < 0) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if (edep && (edep->flags & ERTS_DIST_EXT_BTT_SAFE)) {
		    if (!erts_find_export_entry(mod, name, arity))
			goto error;
                }
		*objp = make_export(hp);
		*hp++ = HEADER_EXPORT;
		*hp++ = (Eterm) erts_export_get_or_make_stub(mod, name, arity);
		break;
	    }
	    break;
	case NEW_FUN_EXT:
	    {
		ErlFunThing* funp = (ErlFunThing *) hp;
		Uint arity;
		Eterm module;
		byte* uniq;
		int index;
		Sint old_uniq;
		Sint old_index;
		unsigned num_free;
		int i;
		Eterm temp;

		ep += 4;	/* Skip total size in bytes */
		arity = *ep++;
		uniq = ep;
		ep += 16;
		index = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		num_free = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		hp += ERL_FUN_SIZE;
		hp += num_free;
		funp->thing_word = HEADER_FUN;
		funp->num_free = num_free;
		*objp = make_fun(funp);

		/* Module */
		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &module)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		*hpp = hp;
		/* Index */
		if ((ep = dec_term(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, &temp)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if (!is_small(temp)) {
		    goto error;
		}
		old_index = unsigned_val(temp);

		/* Uniq */
		if ((ep = dec_term(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, &temp)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if (!is_small(temp)) {
		    goto error;
		}
		old_uniq = unsigned_val(temp);

#ifndef HYBRID /* FIND ME! */
		/*
		 * It is safe to link the fun into the fun list only when
		 * no more validity tests can fail.
		 */
		funp->next = off_heap->funs;
		off_heap->funs = funp;
#endif

		funp->fe = erts_put_fun_entry2(module, old_uniq, old_index,
					       uniq, index, arity);
		funp->arity = arity;
#ifdef HIPE
		if (funp->fe->native_address == NULL) {
		    hipe_set_closure_stub(funp->fe, num_free);
		}
		funp->native_address = funp->fe->native_address;
#endif
		hp = *hpp;

		/* Environment */
		for (i = num_free-1; i >= 0; i--) {
		    funp->env[i] = (Eterm) next;
		    next = funp->env + i;
		}
		/* Creator */
		funp->creator = (Eterm) next;
		next = &(funp->creator);
		break;
	    }
	case FUN_EXT:
	    {
		ErlFunThing* funp = (ErlFunThing *) hp;
		Eterm module;
		Sint old_uniq;
		Sint old_index;
		unsigned num_free;
		int i;
		Eterm temp;

		num_free = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		hp += ERL_FUN_SIZE;
		hp += num_free;
		*hpp = hp;
		funp->thing_word = HEADER_FUN;
		funp->num_free = num_free;
		*objp = make_fun(funp);

		/* Creator pid */
		if (*ep != PID_EXT 
		    || (ep = dec_pid(edep, hpp, ++ep, off_heap,
				     &funp->creator))==NULL) { 
		    goto error;
		}

		/* Module */
		if ((ep = dec_atom(edep, ep, &module)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}

		/* Index */
		if ((ep = dec_term(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, &temp)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if (!is_small(temp)) {
		    goto error;
		}
		old_index = unsigned_val(temp);

		/* Uniq */
		if ((ep = dec_term(edep, hpp, ep, off_heap, &temp)) == NULL) {
		    goto error;
		}
		if (!is_small(temp)) {
		    goto error;
		}
		
#ifndef HYBRID /* FIND ME! */
		/*
		 * It is safe to link the fun into the fun list only when
		 * no more validity tests can fail.
		 */
		funp->next = off_heap->funs;
		off_heap->funs = funp;
#endif
		old_uniq = unsigned_val(temp);

		funp->fe = erts_put_fun_entry(module, old_uniq, old_index);
		funp->arity = funp->fe->address[-1] - num_free;
#ifdef HIPE
		funp->native_address = funp->fe->native_address;
#endif
		hp = *hpp;

		/* Environment */
		for (i = num_free-1; i >= 0; i--) {
		    funp->env[i] = (Eterm) next;
		    next = funp->env + i;
		}
		break;
	    }
	default:
	error:
	    /* UNDO:
	     * Must unlink all off-heap objects that may have been
	     * linked into the process. 
	     */
	    if (hp < *hpp) { /* Sometimes we used hp and sometimes *hpp */
		hp = *hpp;   /* the largest must be the freshest */
	    }
	    undo_offheap_in_area(off_heap, hp_saved, hp);
	    *hpp = hp_saved;
	    return NULL;
	}
    }
    *hpp = hp;
    return ep;
}

/* returns the number of bytes needed to encode an object
   to a sequence of bytes
   N.B. That this must agree with to_external2() above!!!
   (except for cached atoms) */

static Uint
encode_size_struct2(ErtsAtomCacheMap *acmp, Eterm obj, unsigned dflags)
{
    DECLARE_ESTACK(s);
    Uint m, i, arity;
    Uint result = 0;

    goto L_jump_start;

 outer_loop:
    while (!ESTACK_ISEMPTY(s)) {
	obj = ESTACK_POP(s);

    handle_popped_obj:
	if (is_CP(obj)) {
	    Eterm* ptr = (Eterm *) obj;

	    /*
	     * Pointer into a tuple.
	     */
	    obj = *ptr--;
	    if (!is_header(obj)) {
		ESTACK_PUSH(s, (Eterm)ptr);
	    } else {
		/* Reached tuple header */
		ASSERT(header_is_arityval(obj));
		goto outer_loop;
	    }
	} else if (is_list(obj)) {
	    Eterm* cons = list_val(obj);
	    Eterm tl;

	    tl = CDR(cons);
	    obj = CAR(cons);
	    ESTACK_PUSH(s, tl);
	} else if (is_nil(obj)) {
	    result++;
	    goto outer_loop;
	} else {
	    /*
	     * Other term (in the tail of a non-proper list or
	     * in a fun's environment).
	     */
	}
    
    L_jump_start:
	switch (tag_val_def(obj)) {
	case NIL_DEF:
	    result++;
	    break;
	case ATOM_DEF: {
	    int alen = atom_tab(atom_val(obj))->len;
	    if ((MAX_ATOM_LENGTH <= 255 || alen <= 255)
		&& (dflags & DFLAG_SMALL_ATOM_TAGS)) {
		/* Make sure a SMALL_ATOM_EXT fits: SMALL_ATOM_EXT l t1 t2... */
		result += 1 + 1 + alen;
	    }
	    else {
		/* Make sure an ATOM_EXT fits: ATOM_EXT l1 l0 t1 t2... */
		result += 1 + 2 + alen;
	    }
	    insert_acache_map(acmp, obj);
	    break;
	}
	case SMALL_DEF:
	    {
		Sint val = signed_val(obj);

		if ((Uint)val < 256)
		    result += 1 + 1;		/* SMALL_INTEGER_EXT */
		else if (sizeof(Sint) == 4 || IS_SSMALL28(val))
		    result += 1 + 4;		/* INTEGER_EXT */
		else {
		    DeclareTmpHeapNoproc(tmp_big,2);
		    UseTmpHeapNoproc(2);
		    i = big_bytes(small_to_big(val, tmp_big));
		    result += 1 + 1 + 1 + i;	/* SMALL_BIG_EXT */
		    UnUseTmpHeapNoproc(2);
		}
	    }
	    break;
	case BIG_DEF:
	    if ((i = big_bytes(obj)) < 256)
		result += 1 + 1 + 1 + i;  /* tag,size,sign,digits */
	    else
		result += 1 + 4 + 1 + i;  /* tag,size,sign,digits */
	    break;
	case PID_DEF:
	case EXTERNAL_PID_DEF:
	    result += (1 + encode_size_struct2(acmp, pid_node_name(obj), dflags) +
		       4 + 4 + 1);
	    break;
	case REF_DEF:
	case EXTERNAL_REF_DEF:
	    ASSERT(dflags & DFLAG_EXTENDED_REFERENCES);
	    i = ref_no_of_numbers(obj);
	    result += (1 + 2 + encode_size_struct2(acmp, ref_node_name(obj), dflags) +
		       1 + 4*i);
	    break;
	case PORT_DEF:
	case EXTERNAL_PORT_DEF:
	    result += (1 + encode_size_struct2(acmp, port_node_name(obj), dflags) +
		      4 + 1);
	    break;
	case LIST_DEF:
	    if ((m = is_string(obj)) && (m < MAX_STRING_LEN)) {
		result += m + 2 + 1;
	    } else {
		result += 5;
		goto handle_popped_obj;
	    }
	    break;
	case TUPLE_DEF:
	    {
		Eterm* ptr = tuple_val(obj);

		arity = arityval(*ptr);
		if (arity <= 0xff) {
		    result += 1 + 1;
		} else {
		    result += 1 + 4;
		}
		ptr += arity;
		obj = (Eterm) ptr;
		goto handle_popped_obj;
	    }
	    break;
	case FLOAT_DEF:
	    if (dflags & DFLAG_NEW_FLOATS) {
		result += 9;
	    } else {
		result += 32;   /* Yes, including the tag */
	    }
	    break;
	case BINARY_DEF:
	    result += 1 + 4 + binary_size(obj) +
		5;			/* For unaligned binary */
	    break;
	case FUN_DEF:
	    {
		ErlFunThing* funp = (ErlFunThing *) fun_val(obj);
		
		if ((dflags & DFLAG_NEW_FUN_TAGS) != 0) {
		    result += 20+1+1+4;	/* New ID + Tag */
		    result += 4; /* Length field (number of free variables */
		    result += encode_size_struct2(acmp, funp->creator, dflags);
		    result += encode_size_struct2(acmp, funp->fe->module, dflags);
		    result += 2 * (1+4);	/* Index, Uniq */
		} else {
		    /*
		     * Size when fun is mapped to a tuple.
		     */
		    result += 1 + 1; /* Tuple tag, arity */
		    result += 1 + 1 + 2 +
			atom_tab(atom_val(am_fun))->len; /* 'fun' */
		    result += 1 + 1 + 2 +
			atom_tab(atom_val(funp->fe->module))->len; /* Module name */
		    result += 2 * (1 + 4); /* Index + Uniq */
		    result += 1 + (funp->num_free < 0x100 ? 1 : 4);
		}
		for (i = 1; i < funp->num_free; i++) {
		    obj = funp->env[i];

		    if (is_not_list(obj)) {
			/* Push any non-list terms on the stack */
			ESTACK_PUSH(s, obj);
		    } else {
			/* Lists must be handled specially. */
			if ((m = is_string(obj)) && (m < MAX_STRING_LEN)) {
			    result += m + 2 + 1;
			} else {
			    result += 5;
			    ESTACK_PUSH(s, obj);
			}
		    }
		}
		if (funp->num_free != 0) {
		    obj = funp->env[0];
		    goto L_jump_start;
		}
		break;
	    }

	case EXPORT_DEF:
	    {
		Export* ep = (Export *) (export_val(obj))[1];
		result += 1;
		result += encode_size_struct2(acmp, ep->code[0], dflags);
		result += encode_size_struct2(acmp, ep->code[1], dflags);
		result += encode_size_struct2(acmp, make_small(ep->code[2]), dflags);
	    }
	    break;

	default:
	    erl_exit(1,"Internal data structure error (in encode_size_struct2)%x\n",
		     obj);
	}
    }

    DESTROY_ESTACK(s);
    return result;
}

static Sint
decoded_size(byte *ep, byte* endp, int no_refc_bins)
{
    int heap_size = 0;
    int terms;
    int atom_extra_skip = 0;
    Uint n;

#define SKIP(sz)				\
    do {					\
	if ((sz) <= endp-ep) {			\
	    ep += (sz);				\
        } else { return -1; };			\
    } while (0)

#define SKIP2(sz1, sz2)				\
    do {					\
	Uint sz = (sz1) + (sz2);		\
	if (sz1 < sz && (sz) <= endp-ep) {	\
	    ep += (sz);				\
        } else { return -1; }			\
    } while (0)

#define CHKSIZE(sz)				\
    do {					\
	 if ((sz) > endp-ep) { return -1; }	\
    } while (0)

#define ADDTERMS(n)				\
    do {					\
        int before = terms;		        \
	terms += (n);                           \
	if (terms < before) return -1;     	\
    } while (0)


    for (terms=1; terms > 0; terms--) {
	int tag;

	CHKSIZE(1);
	tag = ep++[0];
	switch (tag) {
	case INTEGER_EXT:
	    SKIP(4);
	    heap_size += BIG_UINT_HEAP_SIZE;
	    break;
	case SMALL_INTEGER_EXT:
	    SKIP(1);
	    break;
	case SMALL_BIG_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(1);
	    n = ep[0];		/* number of bytes */
	    SKIP2(n, 1+1);		/* skip size,sign,digits */
	    heap_size += 1+(n+sizeof(Eterm)-1)/sizeof(Eterm); /* XXX: 1 too much? */
	    break;
	case LARGE_BIG_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(4);
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    SKIP2(n,4+1);		/* skip, size,sign,digits */
	    heap_size += 1+1+(n+sizeof(Eterm)-1)/sizeof(Eterm); /* XXX: 1 too much? */
	    break;
	case ATOM_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(2);
	    n = get_int16(ep);
	    if (n > MAX_ATOM_LENGTH) {
		return -1;
	    }
	    SKIP(n+2+atom_extra_skip);
	    atom_extra_skip = 0;
	    break;
	case SMALL_ATOM_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(1);
	    n = get_int8(ep);
	    if (n > MAX_ATOM_LENGTH) {
		return -1;
	    }
	    SKIP(n+1+atom_extra_skip);
	    atom_extra_skip = 0;
	    break;
	case ATOM_CACHE_REF:
	    SKIP(1+atom_extra_skip);
	    atom_extra_skip = 0;
	    break;
	case PID_EXT:
	    atom_extra_skip = 9;
	    /* In case it is an external pid */
	    heap_size += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + 1;
	    terms++;
	    break;
	case PORT_EXT:
	    atom_extra_skip = 5;
	    /* In case it is an external port */
	    heap_size += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + 1;
	    terms++;
	    break;
	case NEW_REFERENCE_EXT:
	    {
		int id_words;

		CHKSIZE(2);
		id_words = get_int16(ep);
		    
		if (id_words > ERTS_MAX_REF_NUMBERS)
		    return -1;

		ep += 2;
		atom_extra_skip = 1 + 4*id_words;
		/* In case it is an external ref */
#ifdef ARCH_64
		heap_size += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + id_words/2 + 1;
#else
		heap_size += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + id_words;
#endif
		terms++;
		break;
	    }
	case REFERENCE_EXT:
	    /* In case it is an external ref */
	    heap_size += EXTERNAL_THING_HEAD_SIZE + 1;
	    atom_extra_skip = 5;
	    terms++;
	    break;
	case NIL_EXT:
	    break;
	case LIST_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(4);
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    ep += 4;
	    ADDTERMS(n);
	    terms++;
	    heap_size += 2 * n;
	    break;
	case SMALL_TUPLE_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(1);
	    n = *ep++;
	    terms += n;
	    heap_size += n + 1;
	    break;
	case LARGE_TUPLE_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(4);
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    ep += 4;
	    ADDTERMS(n);
	    heap_size += n + 1;
	    break;
	case STRING_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(2);
	    n = get_int16(ep);
	    SKIP(n+2);
	    heap_size += 2 * n;
	    break;
	case FLOAT_EXT:
	    SKIP(31);
	    heap_size += FLOAT_SIZE_OBJECT;
	    break;
	case NEW_FLOAT_EXT:
	    SKIP(8);
	    heap_size += FLOAT_SIZE_OBJECT;
	    break;
	case BINARY_EXT:
	    CHKSIZE(4);
	    n = get_int32(ep);
	    SKIP2(n, 4);
	    if (n <= ERL_ONHEAP_BIN_LIMIT || no_refc_bins) {
		heap_size += heap_bin_size(n);
	    } else {
		heap_size += PROC_BIN_SIZE;
	    }
	    break;
	case BIT_BINARY_EXT:
	    {
		CHKSIZE(5);
		n = get_int32(ep);
		SKIP2(n, 5);
		if (n <= ERL_ONHEAP_BIN_LIMIT || no_refc_bins) {
		    heap_size += heap_bin_size(n) + ERL_SUB_BIN_SIZE;
		} else {
		    heap_size += PROC_BIN_SIZE + ERL_SUB_BIN_SIZE;
		}
	    }
	    break;
	case EXPORT_EXT:
	    terms += 3;
	    heap_size += 2;
	    break;
	case NEW_FUN_EXT:
	    {
		unsigned num_free;
		Uint total_size;

		CHKSIZE(1+16+4+4);
		total_size = get_int32(ep);
		CHKSIZE(total_size);		
		ep += 1+16+4+4;
		/*FALLTHROUGH*/

	    case FUN_EXT:
		CHKSIZE(4);
		num_free = get_int32(ep);
		ep += 4;
		if (num_free > MAX_ARG) {
		    return -1;
		}
		terms += 4 + num_free;
		heap_size += ERL_FUN_SIZE + num_free;
		break;
	    }
	default:
	    return -1;
	}
    }
    /* 'terms' may be non-zero if it has wrapped around */
    return terms==0 ? heap_size : -1;
#undef SKIP
#undef SKIP2
#undef CHKSIZE
}