path: root/lib/diameter/doc/src/diameter.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE erlref SYSTEM "erlref.dtd" [
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  '<seealso marker="erts:erlang#spawn_opt-2">erlang:spawn_opt/2</seealso>'>
  <!ENTITY nodes
  '<seealso marker="erts:erlang#nodes-0">erlang:nodes/0</seealso>'>
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  '<seealso marker="erts:erlang#make_ref-0">erlang:make_ref/0</seealso>'>
  <!ENTITY transport_module
  '<seealso marker="diameter_transport">transport module</seealso>'>
  <!ENTITY dictionary
  '<seealso marker="diameter_dict">dictionary</seealso>'>
  <!ENTITY % also SYSTEM "seealso.ent" >
  <!ENTITY % here SYSTEM "seehere.ent" >
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<erlref>
<header>

<copyright>
<year>2011</year>
<year>2017</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.

</legalnotice>

<title>diameter(3)</title>

<prepared>Anders Svensson</prepared>
<responsible></responsible>
<docno></docno>
<approved></approved>
<checked></checked>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
<file>diameter.xml</file>

</header>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<module>diameter</module>
<modulesummary>Main API of the diameter application.</modulesummary>

<description>
<p>
This module provides the interface with which a user can
implement a Diameter node that sends and receives messages using the
Diameter protocol as defined in &the_rfc;.</p>

<p>
Basic usage consists of creating a representation of a
locally implemented Diameter node and its capabilities with
&start_service;, adding transport capability using
&add_transport; and sending Diameter
requests and receiving Diameter answers with &call;.
Incoming Diameter requests are communicated as callbacks to a
&man_app; callback modules as
specified in the service configuration.</p>

<p>
Beware the difference between <em>diameter</em> (not capitalized) and
<em>Diameter</em> (capitalized).
The former refers to the Erlang application named diameter whose main
api is defined here, the latter to Diameter protocol in the sense of
&the_rfc;.</p>

<p>
The diameter application must be started before calling most functions
in this module.</p>

</description>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<section>
<title>DATA TYPES</title>

<taglist>

<tag><c>Address()</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>DiameterIdentity()</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>Grouped()</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>OctetString()</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>Time()</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>Unsigned32()</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>UTF8String()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Types corresponding to &the_rfc; AVP Data Formats.
Defined in &dict_data_types;.</p>

<marker id="application_alias"/>
</item>

<tag><c>application_alias() = term()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Name identifying a Diameter application in
service configuration.
Passed to &call; when sending requests
defined by the application.</p>

<marker id="application_module"/>
</item>

<tag><c>application_module() = Mod
                             | [Mod | ExtraArgs]
                             | #diameter_callback{}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Mod = atom()
ExtraArgs = list()
</pre>

<p>
Module implementing the callback interface defined in &man_app;,
along with any
extra arguments to be appended to those documented.
Note that extra arguments specific to an outgoing request can be
specified to &call;, in which case
those are are appended to any module-specific extra arguments.</p>

<p>
Specifying a <c>#diameter_callback{}</c> record allows individual
functions to be configured in place of the usual &man_app; callbacks.
See <c>diameter_callback.erl</c> for details.</p>

<marker id="application_opt"/>
</item>

<tag><c>application_opt()</c></tag>
<item>

<p>
Options defining a Diameter application.
Has one the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>{alias, &application_alias;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Unique identifier for the application in the scope of the
service.
Defaults to the value of the <c>dictionary</c> option.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{dictionary, atom()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Name of an encode/decode module for the Diameter
messages defined by the application.
These modules are generated from files whose format is documented in
&man_dict;.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{module, &application_module;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Callback module in which messages of the Diameter application are
handled.
See &man_app; for the required interface and semantics.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{state, term()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Initial callback state.
The prevailing state is passed to some
&man_app;
callbacks, which can then return a new state.
Defaults to the value of the <c>alias</c> option.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{call_mutates_state, true|false}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Whether or not the &app_pick_peer;
application callback can modify the application state.
Defaults to <c>false</c>.</p>

<warning>
<p>
&app_pick_peer; callbacks are serialized when this option is <c>true</c>,
which is a potential performance bottleneck.
A simple Diameter client may suffer no ill effects from using mutable
state but a server or agent that responds to incoming request should
probably avoid it.</p>
</warning>
</item>

<tag><c>{answer_errors, callback|report|discard}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Manner in which incoming answer messages containing
decode errors are handled.</p>

<p>
If <c>callback</c> then errors result in a &app_handle_answer;
callback in the same fashion as for &app_handle_request;, with
errors communicated in the <c>errors</c> field of the
<c>#diameter_packet{}</c> passed to the callback.
If <c>report</c> then an answer containing errors is discarded
without a callback and a warning report is written to the log.
If <c>discard</c> then an answer containing errors is silently
discarded without a callback.
In both the <c>report</c> and <c>discard</c> cases the return value
for the &call; invocation in
question is as if a callback had taken place and returned
<c>{error, failure}</c>.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>discard</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{request_errors, answer_3xxx|answer|callback}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Manner in which incoming requests are handled when an
error other than 3007 (DIAMETER_APPLICATION_UNSUPPORTED, which cannot
be associated with an application callback module), is detected.</p>

<p>
If <c>answer_3xxx</c> then requests are answered without a
&app_handle_request; callback taking place.
If <c>answer</c> then even 5xxx errors are answered without a
callback unless the connection in question has configured the RFC 3588
common dictionary as noted below.
If <c>callback</c> then a &app_handle_request; callback always takes
place and its return value determines the answer sent to the peer, if
any.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>answer_3xxx</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
Answers sent by diameter set the E-bit in the Diameter Header.
Since RFC 3588 allows only 3xxx result codes in an
<c>answer-message</c>, <c>answer</c> has the same semantics as
<c>answer_3xxx</c> when the transport in question has
been configured with <c>diameter_gen_base_rfc3588</c> as its common
dictionary.
Since RFC 6733 allows both 3xxx and 5xxx result codes in an
<c>answer-message</c>, a transport with
<c>diameter_gen_base_rfc6733</c> as its common dictionary does
distinguish between <c>answer_3xxx</c> and <c>answer</c>.</p>
</note>
</item>

</taglist>

<marker id="call_opt"/>
</item>

<tag><c>call_opt()</c></tag>
<item>

<p>
Options available to &call; when
sending an outgoing Diameter request.
Has one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>{extra, list()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Extra arguments to append to callbacks to the callback
module in question.
These are appended to any extra arguments configured on the callback
itself.
Multiple options append to the argument list.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{filter, &peer_filter;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Filter to apply to the list of available peers before passing it to
the &app_pick_peer; callback for the application in question.
Multiple options are equivalent a single <c>all</c> filter on the
corresponding list of filters.
Defaults to <c>none</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{peer, &app_peer_ref;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Peer to which the request in question can be sent, preempting the
selection of peers having advertised support for the Diameter
application in question.
Multiple options can be specified, and their order is
respected in the candidate lists passed to a subsequent
&app_pick_peer; callback.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{timeout, &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Number of milliseconds after which the request should
timeout.
Defaults to 5000.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>detach</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Cause &call; to return <c>ok</c> as
soon as the request in
question has been encoded, instead of waiting for and returning
the result from a subsequent &app_handle_answer; or
&app_handle_error; callback.</p>
</item>

</taglist>

<p>
An invalid option will cause &call; to fail.</p>

<marker id="capability"/>
</item>

<tag><c>capability()</c></tag>
<item>

<p>
AVP values sent in outgoing CER or CEA messages during capabilities
exchange.
Can be configured both on a service and a transport, values
on the latter taking precedence.
Has one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>{'Origin-Host', &dict_DiameterIdentity;}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Origin-Realm', &dict_DiameterIdentity;}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Host-IP-Address', [&dict_Address;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
An address list is available to the start function of a
&transport_module;, which
can return a new list for use in the subsequent CER or CEA.
Host-IP-Address need not be specified if the transport module in
question communicates an address list as described in
&man_transport;</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'Vendor-Id', &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Product-Name', &dict_UTF8String;}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Origin-State-Id', &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Origin-State-Id is optional but, if configured, will be included in
outgoing CER/CEA and DWR/DWA messages.
Setting a value of <c>0</c> (zero) is equivalent to not setting a
value, as documented in &the_rfc;.
The function &origin_state_id;
can be used as to retrieve a value that is computed when the diameter
application is started.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'Supported-Vendor-Id', [&dict_Unsigned32;]}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Auth-Application-Id', [&dict_Unsigned32;]}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Inband-Security-Id', [&dict_Unsigned32;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Inband-Security-Id defaults to the empty list, which is equivalent to a
list containing only 0 (NO_INBAND_SECURITY).
If 1 (TLS) is specified then TLS is selected if the CER/CEA received
from the peer offers it.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'Acct-Application-Id', [&dict_Unsigned32;]}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Vendor-Specific-Application-Id', [&dict_Grouped;]}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{'Firmware-Revision', &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag><item/>

</taglist>

<p>
Note that each tuple communicates one or more AVP values.
It is an error to specify duplicate tuples.</p>

<marker id="evaluable"/>
</item>

<tag><c>evaluable() = {M,F,A} | fun() | [evaluable() | A]</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
An expression that can be evaluated as a function in the following
sense.</p>

<pre>
eval([{M,F,A} | T]) ->
    apply(M, F, T ++ A);
eval([[F|A] | T]) ->
    eval([F | T ++ A]);
eval([F|A]) ->
    apply(F, A);
eval(F) ->
    eval([F]).
</pre>

<p>
Applying an <c>&evaluable;</c>
<c>E</c> to an argument list <c>A</c>
is meant in the sense of <c>eval([E|A])</c>.</p>

<warning>
<p>
Beware of using fun expressions of the form <c>fun Name/Arity</c> in
situations in which the fun is not short-lived
and code is to be upgraded at runtime since any processes retaining
such a fun will have a reference to old code.
In particular, such a value is typically inappropriate in
configuration passed to &start_service; or &add_transport;.</p>
</warning>

<marker id="peer_filter"/>
</item>

<tag><c>peer_filter() = term()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Filter passed to &call; in order to select candidate peers for a
&app_pick_peer; callback.
Has one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>none</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches any peer.
This is a convenience that provides a filter equivalent to no
filter.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>host</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Host has the same value
as Destination-Host in the outgoing request in question,
or any peer if the request does not contain
a Destination-Host AVP.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>realm</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Realm has the same value
as Destination-Realm in the outgoing request in question,
or any peer if the request does not contain
a Destination-Realm AVP.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{host, any|&dict_DiameterIdentity;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Host has the
specified value, or all peers if the atom <c>any</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{realm, any|&dict_DiameterIdentity;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Realm has the
specified value, or all peers if the atom <c>any</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{eval, &evaluable;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers for which the specified
<c>&evaluable;</c> returns
<c>true</c> when applied to the connection's <c>diameter_caps</c>
record.
Any other return value or exception is equivalent to <c>false</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{neg, &peer_filter;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers not matched by the specified filter.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{all, [&peer_filter;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers matched by each filter in the specified list.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{any, [&peer_filter;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Matches only those peers matched by at least one filter in the
specified list.
The resulting list will be in match order, peers matching the
first filter of the list sorting before those matched by the second,
and so on.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{first, [&peer_filter;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Like <c>any</c>, but stops at the first filter for which there are
matches, which can be much more efficient when there are many peers.
For example, the following filter causes only peers best matching
both the host and realm filters to be presented.</p>

<pre>
{first, [{all, [host, realm]}, realm]}
</pre>
</item>

</taglist>

<p>
An invalid filter is equivalent to <c>{any,[]}</c>, a filter
that matches no peer.</p>

<note>
<p>
The <c>host</c> and <c>realm</c> filters cause the Destination-Host
and Destination-Realm AVPs to be extracted from the
outgoing request, assuming it to be a record- or list-valued
<c>&codec_message;</c>, and assuming at most one of each AVP.
If this is not the case then the <c>{host|realm, &dict_DiameterIdentity;}</c>
filters must be used to achieve the desired result.
An empty <c>&dict_DiameterIdentity;</c>
(which should not be typical)
matches all hosts/realms for the purposes of filtering.</p>
</note>

<warning>
<p>
A <c>host</c> filter is not typically desirable when setting
Destination-Host since it will remove peer agents from the
candidates list.</p>
</warning>

<marker id="service_event"/>
</item>
<tag><c>service_event() = #diameter_event{service = &service_name;,
                                          info = &service_event_info;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
An event message sent to processes that have subscribed to these using
&subscribe;.</p>

<marker id="service_event_info"/>
</item>

<tag><c>service_event_info() = term()</c></tag>

<item>

<p>
The <c>info</c> field of a &service_event; record.
Can have one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>start</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>stop</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
The service is being started or stopped.
No event precedes a <c>start</c> event.
No event follows a <c>stop</c> event, and this event
implies the termination of all transport processes.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{up, Ref, Peer, Config, Pkt}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{up, Ref, Peer, Config}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{down, Ref, Peer, Config}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Ref    = &transport_ref;
Peer   = &app_peer;
Config = {connect|listen, [&transport_opt;]}
Pkt    = #diameter_packet{}
</pre>

<p>
The RFC 3539 watchdog state machine has
transitioned into (<c>up</c>) or out of (<c>down</c>) the OKAY
state.
If a <c>#diameter_packet{}</c> is present in an <c>up</c> event
then there has been a capabilities exchange on a newly established
transport connection and the record contains the received CER or
CEA.</p>

<p>
Note that a single <c>up</c> or <c>down</c> event for a given peer
corresponds to multiple &app_peer_up; or &app_peer_down;
callbacks, one for each of the Diameter applications negotiated during
capabilities exchange.
That is, the event communicates connectivity with the
peer as a whole while the callbacks communicate connectivity with
respect to individual Diameter applications.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{reconnect, Ref, Opts}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Ref  = &transport_ref;
Opts = [&transport_opt;]
</pre>

<p>
A connecting transport is attempting to establish/reestablish a
transport connection with a peer following &connect_timer; or
&watchdog_timer; expiry.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{closed, Ref, Reason, Config}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Ref = &transport_ref;
Config = {connect|listen, [&transport_opt;]}
</pre>

<p>
Capabilities exchange has failed.
<c>Reason</c> can have one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>{'CER', Result, Caps, Pkt}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Result = ResultCode | {capabilities_cb, CB, ResultCode|discard}
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt  = #diameter_packet{}
ResultCode = integer()
CB = &evaluable;
</pre>

<p>
An incoming CER has been answered with the indicated result code, or
discarded.
<c>Caps</c> contains pairs of values, for the local node and remote
peer respectively.
<c>Pkt</c> contains the CER in question.
In the case of rejection by a capabilities callback, the tuple
contains the rejecting callback.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'CER', Caps, {ResultCode, Pkt}}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
ResultCode = integer()
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt  = #diameter_packet{}
</pre>

<p>
An incoming CER contained errors and has been answered with the
indicated result code.
<c>Caps</c> contains values for the local node only.
<c>Pkt</c> contains the CER in question.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'CER', timeout}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
An expected CER was not received within &capx_timeout; of
connection establishment.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'CEA', Result, Caps, Pkt}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Result = ResultCode | atom() | {capabilities_cb, CB, ResultCode|discard}
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt  = #diameter_packet{}
ResultCode = integer()
</pre>

<p>
An incoming CEA has been rejected for the indicated reason.
An integer-valued <c>Result</c> indicates the result code sent
by the peer.
<c>Caps</c> contains pairs of values for the local node and remote
peer.
<c>Pkt</c> contains the CEA in question.
In the case of rejection by a capabilities callback, the tuple
contains the rejecting callback.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'CEA', Caps, Pkt}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt  = #diameter_packet{}
</pre>

<p>
An incoming CEA contained errors and has been rejected.
<c>Caps</c> contains only values for the local node.
<c>Pkt</c> contains the CEA in question.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{'CEA', timeout}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
An expected CEA was not received within &capx_timeout;
of connection establishment.</p>
</item>

</taglist>
</item>

<tag><c>{watchdog, Ref, PeerRef, {From, To}, Config}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Ref = &transport_ref;
PeerRef = &app_peer_ref;
From, To = initial | okay | suspect | down | reopen
Config = {connect|listen, [transport_opt()]}
</pre>

<p>
An RFC 3539 watchdog state machine has changed state.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>any()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
For forward compatibility, a subscriber should be prepared to receive
info fields of forms other than the above.</p>
</item>

</taglist>

<marker id="service_name"/>
</item>

<tag><c>service_name() = term()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Name of a service as passed to &start_service; and with which the
service is identified.
There can be at most one service with a given name on a given node.
Note that &make_ref;
can be used to generate a service name that is somewhat unique.</p>

<marker id="service_opt"/>
</item>

<tag><c>service_opt()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Option passed to &start_service;.
Can be any <c>&capability;</c> as well as the following.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>{application, [&application_opt;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
A Diameter application supported by the service.</p>

<p>
A service must configure one tuple for each Diameter
application it intends to support.
For an outgoing request, the relevant <c>&application_alias;</c> is
passed to &call;, while for an
incoming request the application identifier in the message
header determines the application, the identifier being specified in
the application's &dictionary; file.</p>

<warning>
<p>
The capabilities advertised by a node must match its configured
applications. In particular, <c>application</c> configuration must
be matched by corresponding &capability; configuration, of
*-Application-Id AVPs in particular.</p>
</warning>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="decode_format"/>
<c>{decode_format, record | list | map | false}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
The format of decoded messages and grouped AVPs in the <c>msg</c> field
of diameter_packet records and <c>value</c> field of diameter_avp
records respectively.
If <c>record</c> then a record whose definition is generated from the
dictionary file in question.
If <c>list</c> or <c>map</c> then a <c>[Name | Avps]</c> pair where
<c>Avps</c> is either a list of AVP name/values pairs or a map keyed on
AVP names respectively.
If <c>false</c> then the representation is omitted and <c>msg</c> and
<c>value</c> fields are set to <c>false</c>.
See also &codec_message;.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>record</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
AVPs are decoded into a list of diameter_avp records in <c>avps</c>
field of diameter_packet records independently of
<c>decode_format</c>.</p>
</note>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="incoming_maxlen"/><c>{incoming_maxlen, 0..16777215}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Bound on the expected size of incoming Diameter messages.
Messages larger than the specified number of bytes are discarded.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>16777215</c>, the maximum value of the 24-bit Message
Length field in a Diameter Header.</p>

</item>

<tag><c>{restrict_connections, false
                             | node
                             | nodes
                             | [node()]
                             | evaluable()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
The degree to which the service allows multiple transport
connections to the same peer, as identified by its Origin-Host
at capabilities exchange.</p>

<p>
If <c>[node()]</c> then a connection is rejected if another already
exists on any of the specified nodes.
Types <c>false</c>, <c>node</c>, <c>nodes</c> and
&evaluable; are equivalent to
<c>[]</c>, <c>[node()]</c>, <c>[node()|nodes()]</c> and the
evaluated value respectively, evaluation of each expression taking
place whenever a new connection is to be established.
Note that <c>false</c> allows an unlimited number of connections to be
established with the same peer.</p>

<p>
Multiple connections are independent and governed
by their own peer and watchdog state machines.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>nodes</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{sequence, {H,N} | &evaluable;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
A constant value <c>H</c> for the topmost <c>32-N</c> bits of
of 32-bit End-to-End and Hop-by-Hop Identifiers generated
by the service, either explicitly or as a return value of a function
to be evaluated at &start_service;.
In particular, an identifier <c>Id</c> is mapped to a new identifier
as follows.</p>
<pre>
(H bsl N) bor (Id band ((1 bsl N) - 1))
</pre>
<p>
Note that &the_rfc; requires that End-to-End Identifiers remain unique
for a period of at least 4 minutes and that this and the call rate
places a lower bound on appropriate values of <c>N</c>:
at a rate of <c>R</c> requests per second, an <c>N</c>-bit counter
traverses all of its values in <c>(1 bsl N) div (R*60)</c> minutes, so
the bound is <c>4*R*60 =&lt; 1 bsl N</c>.</p>

<p><c>N</c> must lie in the range <c>0..32</c> and <c>H</c> must be a
non-negative integer less than <c>1 bsl (32-N)</c>.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>{0,32}</c>.</p>

<warning>
<p>
Multiple Erlang nodes implementing the same Diameter node should
be configured with different sequence masks to ensure that each node
uses a unique range of End-to-End and Hop-by-Hop Identifiers for
outgoing requests.</p>
</warning>
</item>

<tag><c>{share_peers, boolean() | [node()] | evaluable()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Nodes to which peer connections established on the local
Erlang node are communicated.
Shared peers become available in the remote candidates list passed to
&app_pick_peer; callbacks on remote nodes whose services are
configured to use them: see <c>use_shared_peers</c> below.</p>

<p>
If <c>false</c> then peers are not shared.
If <c>[node()]</c> then peers are shared with the specified list of
nodes.
If <c>evaluable()</c> then peers are shared with the nodes returned
by the specified function, evaluated whenever a peer connection
becomes available or a remote service requests information about local
connections.
The value <c>true</c> is equivalent to <c>fun &nodes;</c>.
The value <c>node()</c> in a list is ignored, so a collection of
services can all be configured to share with the same list of
nodes.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>false</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
Peers are only shared with services of the same name for the purpose
of sending outgoing requests.
Since the value of the &application_opt; <c>alias</c>, passed to
&call;, is the handle for identifying a peer as a suitable
candidate, services that share peers must use the same aliases to
identify their supported applications.
They should typically also configure identical &capabilities;, since
by sharing peer connections they are distributing the implementation
of a single Diameter node across multiple Erlang nodes.</p>
</note>
</item>

<tag><c>{spawn_opt, [term()]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Options list passed to &spawn_opt; when spawning a process for an
incoming Diameter request, unless the transport in question
specifies another value.
Options <c>monitor</c> and <c>link</c> are ignored.</p>

<p>
Defaults to the empty list.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="strict_arities"/><c>{strict_arities, boolean()
                                               | encode
                                               | decode}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Whether or not to require that the number of AVPs in a message or
grouped AVP agree with those specified in the dictionary in question
when passing messages to &man_app; callbacks.
If <c>true</c> then mismatches in an outgoing messages cause message
encoding to fail, while mismatches in an incoming message are reported
as 5005/5009 errors in the errors field of the diameter_packet record
passed to &app_handle_request; or &app_handle_answer; callbacks.
If <c>false</c> then neither error is enforced/detected.
If <c>encode</c> or <c>decode</c> then errors are only
enforced/detected on outgoing or incoming messages respectively.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>true</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
Disabling arity checks affects the form of messages at encode/decode.
In particular, decoded AVPs are represented as lists of values,
regardless of the AVP's arity (ie. expected number in the message/AVP
grammar in question), and values are expected to be supplied as lists
at encode.
This differs from the historic decode behaviour of representing AVPs
of arity 1 as bare values, not wrapped in a list.</p>
</note>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="strict_mbit"/><c>{strict_mbit, boolean()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Whether or not to regard an AVP setting the M-bit as erroneous when
the command grammar in question does not explicitly allow the AVP.
If <c>true</c> then such AVPs are regarded as 5001 errors,
DIAMETER_AVP_UNSUPPORTED.
If <c>false</c> then the M-bit is ignored and policing
it becomes the receiver's responsibility.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>true</c>.</p>

<warning>
<p>
RFC 6733 is unclear about the semantics of the M-bit.
One the one hand, the CCF specification in section 3.2 documents AVP
in a command grammar as meaning <em>any</em> arbitrary AVP; on the
other hand, 1.3.4 states that AVPs setting the M-bit cannot be added
to an existing command: the modified command must instead be
placed in a new Diameter application.</p>
<p>
The reason for the latter is presumably interoperability:
allowing arbitrary AVPs setting the M-bit in a command makes its
interpretation implementation-dependent, since there's no
guarantee that all implementations will understand the same set of
arbitrary AVPs in the context of a given command.
However, interpreting <c>AVP</c> in a command grammar as any
AVP, regardless of M-bit, renders 1.3.4 meaningless, since the receiver
can simply ignore any AVP it thinks isn't relevant, regardless of the
sender's intent.</p>
<p>
Beware of confusing mandatory in the sense of the M-bit with mandatory
in the sense of the command grammar.
The former is a semantic requirement: that the receiver understand the
semantics of the AVP in the context in question.
The latter is a syntactic requirement: whether or not the AVP must
occur in the message in question.</p>
</warning>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="string_decode"/><c>{string_decode, boolean()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Whether or not to decode AVPs of type &dict_OctetString; and its
derived types &dict_DiameterIdentity;, &dict_DiameterURI;,
&dict_IPFilterRule;, &dict_QoSFilterRule;, and &dict_UTF8String;.
If <c>true</c> then AVPs of these types are decoded to string().
If <c>false</c> then values are retained as binary().</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>true</c>.</p>

<warning>
<p>
This option should be set to <c>false</c>
since a sufficiently malicious peer can otherwise cause large amounts
of memory to be consumed when decoded Diameter messages are passed
between processes.
The default value is for backwards compatibility.</p>
</warning>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="traffic_counters"/><c>{traffic_counters, boolean()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Whether or not to count application-specific messages; those for which
&man_app; callbacks take place.
If false then only messages handled by diameter itself are counted:
CER/CEA, DWR/DWA, DPR/DPA.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>true</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
Disabling counters is a performance improvement, but means that the
omitted counters are not returned by &service_info;.</p>
</note>

</item>

<tag><c>{use_shared_peers, boolean() | [node()] | evaluable()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Nodes from which communicated peers are made available in
the remote candidates list of &app_pick_peer; callbacks.</p>

<p>
If <c>false</c> then remote peers are not used.
If <c>[node()]</c> then only peers from the specified list of nodes
are used.
If <c>evaluable()</c> then only peers returned by the specified
function are used, evaluated whenever a remote service communicates
information about an available peer connection.
The value <c>true</c> is equivalent to <c>fun &nodes;</c>.
The value <c>node()</c> in a list is ignored.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>false</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
A service that does not use shared peers will always pass the empty
list as the second argument of &app_pick_peer; callbacks.</p>
</note>

<warning>
<p>
Sending a request over a peer connection on a remote node is less
efficient than sending it over a local connection.
It may be preferable to make use of the &service_opt;
<c>restrict_connections</c> and maintain a dedicated connection on
each node from which requests are sent.</p>
</warning>
</item>

</taglist>

<marker id="transport_opt"/>
</item>

<tag><c>transport_opt()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Option passed to &add_transport;.
Has one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>

<tag>
<marker id="applications"/><c>{applications, [&application_alias;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Diameter applications to which the transport should be restricted.
Defaults to all applications configured on the service in question.
Applications not configured on the service in question are ignored.</p>

<warning>
<p>
The capabilities advertised by a node must match its configured
applications.
In particular, setting <c>applications</c> on a transport typically
implies having to set matching *-Application-Id AVPs in a
&capabilities; tuple.</p>
</warning>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="capabilities"/><c>{capabilities, [&capability;]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
AVPs used to construct outgoing CER/CEA messages.
Values take precedence over any specified on the service in
question.</p>

<p>
Specifying a capability as a transport option
may be particularly appropriate for Inband-Security-Id, in case
TLS is desired over TCP as implemented by &man_tcp;.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="capabilities_cb"/><c>{capabilities_cb, &evaluable;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Callback invoked upon reception of CER/CEA during capabilities
exchange in order to ask whether or not the connection should
be accepted.
Applied to the <c>&transport_ref;</c> and
<c>#diameter_caps{}</c> record of the connection.</p>

<p>
The return value can have one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>
<tag><c>ok</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Accept the connection.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>integer()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Causes an incoming CER to be answered with the specified Result-Code.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>discard</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Causes an incoming CER to be discarded without CEA being sent.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>unknown</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Equivalent to returning <c>3010</c>, DIAMETER_UNKNOWN_PEER.</p>
</item>
</taglist>

<p>
Returning anything but <c>ok</c> or a 2xxx series result
code causes the transport connection to be broken.
Multiple &capabilities_cb;
options can be specified, in which
case the corresponding callbacks are applied until either all return
<c>ok</c> or one does not.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="capx_timeout"/><c>{capx_timeout, &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Number of milliseconds after which a transport process having an
established transport connection will be terminated if the expected
capabilities exchange message (CER or CEA) is not received from the peer.
For a connecting transport, the timing of connection attempts is
governed by &connect_timer; or &watchdog_timer; expiry.
For a listening transport, the peer determines the timing.</p>

<p>
Defaults to 10000.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="connect_timer"/><c>{connect_timer, Tc}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
Tc = &dict_Unsigned32;
</pre>

<p>
For a connecting transport, the &the_rfc; Tc timer, in milliseconds.
This timer determines the frequency with which a transport
attempts to establish an initial connection with its peer
following transport configuration.
Once an initial connection has been
established, &watchdog_timer; determines the frequency of
reconnection attempts, as required by RFC 3539.</p>

<p>
For a listening transport, the timer specifies the time after which a
previously connected peer will be forgotten: a connection after this time is
regarded as an initial connection rather than reestablishment,
causing the RFC 3539 state machine to pass to state OKAY rather than
REOPEN.
Note that these semantics are not governed by the RFC and
that a listening transport's &connect_timer; should be greater
than its peer's Tw plus jitter.</p>

<p>
Defaults to 30000 for a connecting transport and 60000 for a listening
transport.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="disconnect_cb"/><c>{disconnect_cb, &evaluable;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Callback invoked prior to terminating the transport process of a
transport connection having watchdog state <c>OKAY</c>.
Applied to <c>application|service|transport</c> and the
<c>&transport_ref;</c> and <c>&app_peer;</c> in question:
<c>application</c> indicates that the diameter application is
being stopped, <c>service</c> that the service in question is being
stopped by &stop_service;, and <c>transport</c> that the transport in
question is being removed by &remove_transport;.</p>

<p>
The return value can have one of the following types.</p>

<taglist>
<tag><c>{dpr, [option()]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Send Disconnect-Peer-Request to the peer, the transport
process being terminated following reception of
Disconnect-Peer-Answer or timeout.
An <c>option()</c> can be one of the following.</p>

<taglist>
<tag><c>{cause, 0|rebooting|1|busy|2|goaway}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Disconnect-Cause to send, <c>REBOOTING</c>, <c>BUSY</c> and
<c>DO_NOT_WANT_TO_TALK_TO_YOU</c> respectively.
Defaults to <c>rebooting</c> for <c>Reason=service|application</c> and
<c>goaway</c> for <c>Reason=transport</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>{timeout, &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Number of milliseconds after which the transport process is
terminated if DPA has not been received.
Defaults to the value of &dpa_timeout;.</p>
</item>
</taglist>
</item>

<tag><c>dpr</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Equivalent to <c>{dpr, []}</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>close</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Terminate the transport process without
Disconnect-Peer-Request being sent to the peer.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>ignore</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Equivalent to not having configured the callback.</p>
</item>
</taglist>

<p>
Multiple &disconnect_cb;
options can be specified, in which
case the corresponding callbacks are applied until one of them returns
a value other than <c>ignore</c>.
All callbacks returning <c>ignore</c> is equivalent to not having
configured them.</p>

<p>
Defaults to a single callback returning <c>dpr</c>.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="dpa_timeout"/><c>{dpa_timeout, &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Number of milliseconds after which a transport connection is
terminated following an outgoing DPR if DPA is not received.</p>

<p>
Defaults to 1000.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="dpr_timeout"/><c>{dpr_timeout, &dict_Unsigned32;}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Number of milliseconds after which a transport connection is
terminated following an incoming DPR if the peer does not close the
connection.</p>

<p>
Defaults to 5000.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="length_errors"/><c>{length_errors, exit|handle|discard}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
How to deal with errors in the Message Length field of the
Diameter Header in an incoming message.
An error in this context is that the length is not at least 20 bytes
(the length of a Header), is not a multiple of 4 (a valid length) or
is not the length of the message in question, as received over the
transport interface documented in &man_transport;.</p>

<p>
If <c>exit</c> then the transport process in question exits.
If <c>handle</c> then the message is processed as usual, a resulting
&app_handle_request; or &app_handle_answer; callback (if one takes
place) indicating the <c>5015</c> error (DIAMETER_INVALID_MESSAGE_LENGTH).
If <c>discard</c> then the message in question is silently discarded.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>exit</c>.</p>

<note>
<p>
The default value reflects the fact that a transport module for a
stream-oriented transport like TCP may not be able to recover from a
message length error since such a transport must use the Message
Length header to divide the incoming byte stream into individual
Diameter messages.
An invalid length leaves it with no reliable way to rediscover message
boundaries, which may result in the failure of subsequent messages.
See &man_tcp; for the behaviour of that module.</p>
</note>
</item>

<tag><c>{pool_size, pos_integer()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Number of transport processes to start.
For a listening transport, determines the size of the pool of
accepting transport processes, a larger number being desirable for
processing multiple concurrent peer connection attempts.
For a connecting transport, determines the number of connections to
the peer in question that will be attempted to be establshed:
the &service_opt;: <c>restrict_connections</c> should also be
configured on the service in question to allow multiple connections to
the same peer.</p>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="spawn_opt"/><c>{spawn_opt, [term()]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Options passed to &spawn_opt; when spawning a process for an
incoming Diameter request.
Options <c>monitor</c> and <c>link</c> are ignored.</p>

<p>
Defaults to the list configured on the service if not specified.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="transport_config"/><c>{transport_config, term()}</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>{transport_config, term(), &dict_Unsigned32; | infinity}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Term passed as the third argument to the &transport_start; function of
the relevant &transport_module; in order to
start a transport process.
Defaults to the empty list.</p>

<p>
The 3-tuple form additionally specifies an interval, in milliseconds,
after which a started transport process should be terminated if it has
not yet established a connection.
For example, the following options on a connecting transport
request a connection with one peer over SCTP or another
(typically the same) over TCP.</p>

<pre>
{transport_module, diameter_sctp}
{transport_config, SctpOpts, 5000}
{transport_module, diameter_tcp}
{transport_config, TcpOpts}
</pre>

<p>
To listen on both SCTP and TCP, define one transport for each.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="transport_module"/><c>{transport_module, atom()}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Module implementing a transport process as defined in &man_transport;.
Defaults to <c>diameter_tcp</c>.</p>

<p>
Multiple <c>transport_module</c> and &transport_config;
options are allowed.
The order of these is significant in this case (and only in this case),
a <c>transport_module</c> being paired with the first
&transport_config;
following it in the options list, or the default value for trailing
modules.
Transport starts will be attempted with each of the
modules in order until one establishes a connection within the
corresponding timeout (see below) or all fail.</p>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="watchdog_config"/><c>{watchdog_config,
                       [{okay|suspect, non_neg_integer()}]}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Configuration that alters the behaviour of the watchdog
state machine.
On key <c>okay</c>, the non-negative number of answered DWR
messages before transitioning from REOPEN to OKAY.
On key <c>suspect</c>, the number of watchdog timeouts before
transitioning from OKAY to SUSPECT when DWR is unanswered, or 0 to
not make the transition.</p>

<p>
Defaults to <c>[{okay, 3}, {suspect, 1}]</c>.
Not specifying a key is equivalent to specifying
the default value for that key.</p>
<warning>
<p>
The default value is as required by RFC 3539: changing it results
in non-standard behaviour that should only be used to simulate
misbehaving nodes during test.</p>
</warning>
</item>

<tag>
<marker id="watchdog_timer"/><c>{watchdog_timer, TwInit}</c></tag>
<item>
<pre>
TwInit = &dict_Unsigned32;
       | {M,F,A}
</pre>

<p>
The RFC 3539 watchdog timer.
An integer value is interpreted as the RFC's TwInit in milliseconds,
a jitter of &plusmn; 2 seconds being added at each rearming of the
timer to compute the RFC's Tw.
An MFA is expected to return the RFC's Tw directly, with jitter
applied, allowing the jitter calculation to be performed by
the callback.</p>

<p>
An integer value must be at least 6000 as required by RFC 3539.
Defaults to 30000.</p>
</item>

</taglist>

<p>
Unrecognized options are silently ignored but are returned unmodified
by &service_info; and can be referred to
in predicate functions passed to &remove_transport;.</p>

</item>

<tag>
<marker id="transport_ref"/><c>transport_ref() = reference()</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Reference returned by &add_transport; that
identifies the configuration.</p>
</item>

</taglist>

</section>

<funcs>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>add_transport(SvcName, {connect|listen, [Opt]})
        -> {ok, Ref} | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Add transport capability to a service.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
<v>Opt = &transport_opt;</v>
<v>Ref = &transport_ref;</v>
<v>Reason = term()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Add transport capability to a service.</p>

<p>
The service will start transport processes as required in order to
establish a connection with the peer, either by connecting to the peer
(<c>connect</c>) or by  accepting incoming connection requests
(<c>listen</c>).
A connecting transport establishes transport connections with at most
one peer, an listening transport potentially with many.</p>

<p>
The diameter application takes responsibility for exchanging
CER/CEA with the peer.
Upon successful completion of capabilities exchange the service
calls each relevant application module's &app_peer_up; callback
after which the caller can exchange Diameter messages with the peer over
the transport.
In addition to CER/CEA, the service takes responsibility for the
handling of DWR/DWA and required by RFC 3539, as well as for DPR/DPA.</p>

<p>
The returned reference uniquely identifies the transport within the
scope of the service.
Note that the function returns before a transport connection has been
established.</p>

<note>
<p>
It is not an error to add a transport to a service that has not yet
been configured: a service can be started after configuring
its transports.</p>
</note>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>call(SvcName, App, Request, [Opt]) -> Answer | ok | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Send a Diameter request message.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
<v>App = &application_alias;</v>
<v>Request = &codec_message;</v>
<v>Answer = term()</v>
<v>Opt = &call_opt;</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Send a Diameter request message.</p>

<p>
<c>App</c> specifies the Diameter application in which the request is
defined and callbacks to the corresponding callback module
will follow as described below and in &man_app;.
Unless the <c>detach</c> option is specified, the call returns either
when an answer message is received from the peer or an error occurs.
In the answer case, the return value is as returned by a
&app_handle_answer; callback.
In the error case, whether or not the error is returned directly
by diameter or from a &app_handle_error;
callback depends on whether or not the outgoing request is
successfully encoded for transmission to the peer, the cases being
documented below.</p>

<p>
If there are no suitable peers, or if
&app_pick_peer;
rejects them by returning <c>false</c>, then <c>{error,no_connection}</c>
is returned.
Otherwise &app_pick_peer; is followed by a
&app_prepare_request; callback, the message is encoded and then sent.</p>

<p>
There are several error cases which may prevent an
answer from being received and passed to a
&app_handle_answer; callback:</p>

<list>

<item>
<p>
If the initial encode of the outgoing request
fails, then the request process fails and <c>{error,encode}</c>
is returned.</p>
</item>

<item>
<p>
If the request is successfully encoded and sent but
the answer times out then a
&app_handle_error; callback takes place with <c>Reason = timeout</c>.</p>
</item>

<item>
<p>
If the request is successfully encoded and sent but the service in
question is stopped before an answer is received then a
&app_handle_error; callback takes place with <c>Reason = cancel</c>.</p>
</item>

<item>
<p>
If the transport connection with the peer goes down after the request
has been sent but before an answer has been received then an attempt
is made to resend the request to an alternate peer.
If no such peer is available, or if the subsequent
&app_pick_peer; callback rejects the candidates, then a
&app_handle_error; callback takes place with <c>Reason = failover</c>.
If a peer is selected then a &app_prepare_retransmit;
callback takes place, after which the semantics are the same as
following an initial &app_prepare_request; callback.</p>
</item>

<item>
<p>
If an encode error takes place during
retransmission then the request process fails and
<c>{error,failure}</c> is returned.</p>
</item>

<item>
<p>
If an application callback made in processing the request fails
(pick_peer, prepare_request, prepare_retransmit,
handle_answer or handle_error) then either
<c>{error,encode}</c> or <c>{error,failure}</c>
is returned depending on whether or not there has been an
attempt to send the request over the transport.</p>
</item>

</list>

<p>
Note that <c>{error,encode}</c> is the only return value which
guarantees that the request has <em>not</em> been sent over the
transport connection.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>origin_state_id() -> &dict_Unsigned32;</name>
<fsummary>Returns a reasonable Origin-State-Id.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>
Return a reasonable value for use as Origin-State-Id in
outgoing messages.</p>

<p>
The value returned is the number of seconds since 19680120T031408Z,
the first value that can be encoded as a Diameter <c>&dict_Time;</c>,
at the time the diameter application was started.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>remove_transport(SvcName, Pred) -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Remove previously added transports.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
<v>Pred = Fun | MFA | &transport_ref; | list() | true | false</v>
<v></v>
<v>Fun = fun((&transport_ref;, connect|listen, list()) -> boolean())</v>
<v>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | fun((&transport_ref;, list()) -> boolean())</v>
<v>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | fun((list()) -> boolean())</v>
<v>MFA = {atom(), atom(), list()}</v>
<v>Reason = term()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Remove previously added transports.</p>

<p>
<c>Pred</c> determines which transports to remove.
An arity-3-valued <c>Pred</c> removes all transports for which
<c>Pred(Ref, Type, Opts)</c> returns <c>true</c>, where <c>Type</c> and
<c>Opts</c> are as passed to &add_transport; and <c>Ref</c> is
as returned by it.
The remaining forms are equivalent to an arity-3 fun as follows.</p>

<pre>
Pred = fun(transport_ref(), list()):  fun(Ref, _, Opts) -> Pred(Ref, Opts) end
Pred = fun(list()):                   fun(_, _, Opts) -> Pred(Opts) end
Pred = transport_ref():               fun(Ref, _, _)  -> Pred == Ref end
Pred = list():                        fun(_, _, Opts) -> [] == Pred -- Opts end
Pred = true:                          fun(_, _, _) -> true end
Pred = false:                         fun(_, _, _) -> false end
Pred = {M,F,A}:  fun(Ref, Type, Opts) -> apply(M, F, [Ref, Type, Opts | A]) end
</pre>

<p>
Removing a transport causes the corresponding transport processes to
be terminated.
Whether or not a DPR message is sent to a peer is
controlled by value of &disconnect_cb;
configured on the transport.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>service_info(SvcName, Info) -> term()</name>
<fsummary>Return information about a started service.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
<v>Info = Item | [Info]</v>
<v>Item = atom()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Return information about a started service.
Requesting info for an unknown service causes <c>undefined</c> to be
returned.
Requesting a list of items causes a tagged list to be
returned.</p>

<p>
<c>Item</c> can be one of the following.</p>

<taglist>

<tag><c>'Origin-Host'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Origin-Realm'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Vendor-Id'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Product-Name'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Origin-State-Id'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Host-IP-Address'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Supported-Vendor'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Auth-Application-Id'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Inband-Security-Id'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Acct-Application-Id'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Vendor-Specific-Application-Id'</c></tag><item/>
<tag><c>'Firmware-Revision'</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return a capability value as configured with &start_service;.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>applications</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return the list of applications as configured with &start_service;.
</p>
</item>

<tag><c>capabilities</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return a tagged list of all capabilities values as configured with
&start_service;.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>transport</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return a list containing one entry for each of the service's transport
as configured with &add_transport;.
Each entry is a tagged list containing both configuration and
information about established peer connections.
An example return value with for a client service with Origin-Host
"client.example.com" configured with a single transport connected to
"server.example.com" might look as follows.</p>

<pre>
[[{ref,#Ref&lt;0.0.0.93>},
  {type,connect},
  {options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
            {transport_config,[{ip,{127,0,0,1}},
                               {raddr,{127,0,0,1}},
                               {rport,3868},
                               {reuseaddr,true}]}]},
  {watchdog,{&lt;0.66.0>,{1346,171491,996448},okay}},
  {peer,{&lt;0.67.0>,{1346,171491,999906}}},
  {apps,[{0,common}]},
  {caps,[{origin_host,{"client.example.com","server.example.com"}},
         {origin_realm,{"example.com","example.com"}},
         {host_ip_address,{[{127,0,0,1}],[{127,0,0,1}]}},
         {vendor_id,{0,193}},
         {product_name,{"Client","Server"}},
         {origin_state_id,{[],[]}},
         {supported_vendor_id,{[],[]}},
         {auth_application_id,{[0],[0]}},
         {inband_security_id,{[],[0]}},
         {acct_application_id,{[],[]}},
         {vendor_specific_application_id,{[],[]}},
         {firmware_revision,{[],[]}},
         {avp,{[],[]}}]},
  {port,[{owner,&lt;0.69.0>},
         {module,diameter_tcp},
         {socket,{{127,0,0,1},48758}},
         {peer,{{127,0,0,1},3868}},
         {statistics,[{recv_oct,656},
                      {recv_cnt,6},
                      {recv_max,148},
                      {recv_avg,109},
                      {recv_dvi,19},
                      {send_oct,836},
                      {send_cnt,6},
                      {send_max,184},
                      {send_avg,139},
                      {send_pend,0}]}]},
  {statistics,[{{{0,258,0},recv},3},
               {{{0,258,1},send},3},
               {{{0,258,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},3},
               {{{0,257,0},recv},1},
               {{{0,257,1},send},1},
               {{{0,257,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},1},
               {{{0,280,1},recv},2},
               {{{0,280,0},send},2},
               {{{0,280,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},2}]}]]
</pre>

<p>
Here <c>ref</c> is a <c>&transport_ref;</c> and <c>options</c>
the corresponding <c>&transport_opt;</c> list passed to
&add_transport;.
The <c>watchdog</c> entry shows the state of a connection's RFC 3539 watchdog
state machine.
The <c>peer</c> entry identifies the <c>&app_peer_ref;</c> for
which there will have been &app_peer_up; callbacks for the
Diameter applications identified by the <c>apps</c> entry,
<c>common</c> being the <c>&application_alias;</c>.
The <c>caps</c> entry identifies the capabilities sent by the local
node and received from the peer during capabilities exchange.
The <c>port</c> entry displays socket-level information about the
transport connection.
The <c>statistics</c> entry presents Diameter-level counters,
an entry like <c>{{{0,280,1},recv},2}</c> saying that the client has
received 2 DWR messages: <c>{0,280,1} = {Application_Id, Command_Code,
R_Flag}</c>.</p>

<p>
Note that <c>watchdog</c>, <c>peer</c>, <c>apps</c>, <c>caps</c>
and <c>port</c> entries depend on connectivity
with the peer and may not be present.
Note also that the <c>statistics</c> entry presents values accumulated
during the lifetime of the transport configuration.</p>

<p>
A listening transport presents its information slightly differently
since there may be multiple accepted connections for the same
<c>&transport_ref;</c>.
The <c>transport</c> info returned by a server with a single client
connection might look as follows.</p>

<pre>
[[{ref,#Ref&lt;0.0.0.61>},
  {type,listen},
  {options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
            {transport_config,[{reuseaddr,true},
                               {ip,{127,0,0,1}},
                               {port,3868}]}]},
  {accept,[[{watchdog,{&lt;0.56.0>,{1346,171481,226895},okay}},
            {peer,{&lt;0.58.0>,{1346,171491,999511}}},
            {apps,[{0,common}]},
            {caps,[{origin_host,{"server.example.com","client.example.com"}},
                   {origin_realm,{"example.com","example.com"}},
                   {host_ip_address,{[{127,0,0,1}],[{127,0,0,1}]}},
                   {vendor_id,{193,0}},
                   {product_name,{"Server","Client"}},
                   {origin_state_id,{[],[]}},
                   {supported_vendor_id,{[],[]}},
                   {auth_application_id,{[0],[0]}},
                   {inband_security_id,{[],[]}},
                   {acct_application_id,{[],[]}},
                   {vendor_specific_application_id,{[],[]}},
                   {firmware_revision,{[],[]}},
                   {avp,{[],[]}}]},
            {port,[{owner,&lt;0.62.0>},
                   {module,diameter_tcp},
                   {socket,{{127,0,0,1},3868}},
                   {peer,{{127,0,0,1},48758}},
                   {statistics,[{recv_oct,1576},
                                {recv_cnt,16},
                                {recv_max,184},
                                {recv_avg,98},
                                {recv_dvi,26},
                                {send_oct,1396},
                                {send_cnt,16},
                                {send_max,148},
                                {send_avg,87},
                                {send_pend,0}]}]}],
           [{watchdog,{&lt;0.72.0>,{1346,171491,998404},initial}}]]},
  {statistics,[{{{0,280,0},recv},7},
               {{{0,280,1},send},7},
               {{{0,280,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},7},
               {{{0,258,1},recv},3},
               {{{0,258,0},send},3},
               {{{0,258,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},3},
               {{{0,280,1},recv},5},
               {{{0,280,0},send},5},
               {{{0,280,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},5},
               {{{0,257,1},recv},1},
               {{{0,257,0},send},1},
               {{{0,257,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},1}]}]]
</pre>

<p>
The information presented here is as in the <c>connect</c> case except
that the client connections are grouped under an <c>accept</c> tuple.</p>

<p>
Whether or not the &transport_opt; <c>pool_size</c> has been
configured affects the format
of the listing in the case of a connecting transport, since a value
greater than 1 implies multiple transport processes for the same
<c>&transport_ref;</c>, as in the listening case.
The format in this case is similar to the listening case, with a
<c>pool</c> tuple in place of an <c>accept</c> tuple.</p>

</item>

<tag><c>connections</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return a list containing one entry for every established transport
connection whose watchdog state machine is not in the <c>down</c>
state.
This is a flat view of <c>transport</c> info which lists only active
connections and for which Diameter-level statistics are accumulated
only for the lifetime of the transport connection.
A return value for the server above might look as follows.</p>

<pre>
[[{ref,#Ref&lt;0.0.0.61>},
  {type,accept},
  {options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
            {transport_config,[{reuseaddr,true},
                               {ip,{127,0,0,1}},
                               {port,3868}]}]},
  {watchdog,{&lt;0.56.0>,{1346,171481,226895},okay}},
  {peer,{&lt;0.58.0>,{1346,171491,999511}}},
  {apps,[{0,common}]},
  {caps,[{origin_host,{"server.example.com","client.example.com"}},
         {origin_realm,{"example.com","example.com"}},
         {host_ip_address,{[{127,0,0,1}],[{127,0,0,1}]}},
         {vendor_id,{193,0}},
         {product_name,{"Server","Client"}},
         {origin_state_id,{[],[]}},
         {supported_vendor_id,{[],[]}},
         {auth_application_id,{[0],[0]}},
         {inband_security_id,{[],[]}},
         {acct_application_id,{[],[]}},
         {vendor_specific_application_id,{[],[]}},
         {firmware_revision,{[],[]}},
         {avp,{[],[]}}]},
  {port,[{owner,&lt;0.62.0>},
         {module,diameter_tcp},
         {socket,{{127,0,0,1},3868}},
         {peer,{{127,0,0,1},48758}},
         {statistics,[{recv_oct,10124},
                      {recv_cnt,132},
                      {recv_max,184},
                      {recv_avg,76},
                      {recv_dvi,9},
                      {send_oct,10016},
                      {send_cnt,132},
                      {send_max,148},
                      {send_avg,75},
                      {send_pend,0}]}]},
  {statistics,[{{{0,280,0},recv},62},
               {{{0,280,1},send},62},
               {{{0,280,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},62},
               {{{0,258,1},recv},3},
               {{{0,258,0},send},3},
               {{{0,258,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},3},
               {{{0,280,1},recv},66},
               {{{0,280,0},send},66},
               {{{0,280,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},66},
               {{{0,257,1},recv},1},
               {{{0,257,0},send},1},
               {{{0,257,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},1}]}]]
</pre>

<p>
Note that there may be multiple entries with the same <c>ref</c>, in
contrast to <c>transport</c> info.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>statistics</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return a <c>{{Counter, Ref}, non_neg_integer()}</c> list of counter values.
<c>Ref</c> can be either a <c>&transport_ref;</c>
or a <c>&app_peer_ref;</c>.
Entries for the latter are folded into corresponding entries for the
former as peer connections go down.
Entries for both are removed at &remove_transport;.
The Diameter-level statistics returned by <c>transport</c> and
<c>connections</c> info are based upon these entries.</p>
</item>

<tag><c>&app_peer_ref;</c></tag>
<item>
<p>
Return transport configuration associated with a single peer, as
passed to &add_transport;.
The returned list is empty if the peer is unknown.
Otherwise it contains the <c>ref</c>, <c>type</c> and <c>options</c>
tuples as in <c>transport</c> and <c>connections</c> info above.
For example:</p>

<pre>
[{ref,#Ref&lt;0.0.0.61>},
 {type,accept},
 {options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
           {transport_config,[{reuseaddr,true},
                              {ip,{127,0,0,1}},
                              {port,3868}]}]}]
</pre>
</item>

</taglist>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>services() -> [SvcName]</name>
<fsummary>Return the list of started services.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Return the list of started services.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>session_id(Ident) -> &dict_OctetString;</name>
<fsummary>Return a value for a Session-Id AVP.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Ident = &dict_DiameterIdentity;</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Return a value for a Session-Id AVP.</p>

<p>
The value has the form required by section 8.8 of &the_rfc;.
Ident should be the Origin-Host of the peer from which
the message containing the returned value will be sent.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<func>
<name>start() -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Start the diameter application.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>
Start the diameter application.</p>

<p>
The diameter application must be started before starting a service.
In a production system this is typically accomplished by a boot
file, not by calling <c>start/0</c> explicitly.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<func>
<name>start_service(SvcName, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Start a Diameter service.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
<v>Options = [&service_opt;]</v>
<v>Reason  = term()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Start a diameter service.</p>

<p>
A service defines a locally-implemented Diameter node, specifying the
capabilities to be advertised during capabilities exchange.
Transports are added to a service using &add_transport;.
</p>

<note>
<p>
A transport can both override its service's
capabilities and restrict its supported Diameter applications so
"service = Diameter node as identified by Origin-Host" is not
necessarily the case.</p>
</note>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<func>
<name>stop() -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Stop the diameter application.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>
Stop the diameter application.</p>

<p>
</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<func>
<name>stop_service(SvcName) -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
<fsummary>Stop a Diameter service.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
<v>Reason = term()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Stop a diameter service.</p>

<p>
Stopping a service causes all associated transport connections to be
broken.
A DPR message with be sent as in the case of &remove_transport;.</p>

<note>
<p>
Stopping a service does not remove any associated transports:
&remove_transport; must
be called to remove transport configuration.</p>
</note>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>subscribe(SvcName) -> true</name>
<fsummary>Subscribe to event messages.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Subscribe to <c>&service_event;</c> messages from
a service.</p>

<p>
It is not an error to subscribe to events from a service
that does not yet exist.
Doing so before adding transports is required to guarantee the
reception of all transport-related events.</p>

</desc>
</func>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->

<func>
<name>unsubscribe(SvcName) -> true</name>
<fsummary>Unsubscribe to event messages.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>SvcName = &service_name;</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>
Unsubscribe to event messages from a service.</p>

</desc>
</func>

</funcs>

<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<section>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>

<p>
&man_app;, &man_transport;, &man_dict;</p>

</section>

</erlref>