<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>2002</year><year>2009</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>Usage</title>
<prepared>Håkan Mattsson</prepared>
<responsible>Håkan Mattsson</responsible>
<docno></docno>
<approved>Håkan Mattsson</approved>
<checked></checked>
<date></date>
<rev>%VSN%</rev>
<file>et_architecture.xml</file>
</header>
<section>
<title>Overview</title>
<p>The two major components of the Event Tracer (ET)
tool is a graphical sequence chart viewer (<c>et_viewer</c>)
and its backing storage (<c>et_collector</c>). One collector
may be used as backing storage for several simultaneous
viewers where each one may display a different view of
the same trace data.</p>
<p>The interface between the collector and its viewers
is public in order to enable other types of viewers.
However in the following text we will focus on usage
of the <c>et_viewer</c>.</p>
<p>The main start function is <c>et_viewer:start/1</c>.
It will by default start both an <c>et_collector</c> and
an <c>et_viewer</c>:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
% erl -pa et/examples
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]
Eshell V2002.10.08 (abort with ^G)
1> {ok, Viewer} = et_viewer:start([]).
{ok,<0.31.0>}
]]></code>
<p>A viewer gets trace events from its collector
by polling it regularly for more events to display.
Trace events are for example reported to the collector with
<c>et_collector:report_event/6</c>:</p>
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
2> Collector = et_viewer:get_collector_pid(Viewer).
<0.30.0>
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 60, my_shell, mnesia_tm, start_outer,
"Start outer transaction"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 40, mnesia_tm, my_shell, new_tid,
"New transaction id is 4711"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 20, my_shell, mnesia_locker, try_write_lock,
"Acquire write lock for {my_tab, key}"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 10, mnesia_locker, my_shell, granted,
"You got the write lock for {my_tab, key}"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 60, my_shell, do_commit,
"Perform transaction commit"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 40, my_shell, mnesia_locker, release_tid,
"Release all locks for transaction 4711"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 60, my_shell, mnesia_tm, delete_transaction,
"End of outer transaction"),
3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 20, my_shell, end_outer,
"Transaction returned {atomic, ok}").
{ok,{table_handle,<0.30.0>,11,trace_ts,#Fun<et_collector.0.83904657>}}
4>
]]></code>
<p>This is a simulation of the process events caused by a Mnesia
transaction that writes a record in a local table:</p>
<code type="none">
mnesia:transaction(fun() -> mnesia:write({my_tab, key, val}) end).
</code>
<p>At this stage when we have a couple of events, it is time to
show how it looks like in the graphical interface of
<c>et_viewer</c>:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="sim_trans.gif">
<icaption>A simulated Mnesia transaction which writes one record</icaption>
</image>
<p>In the sequence chart, the actors (which symbolically has performed the
traced event) are shown as named vertical bars. The order of the
actors may be altered by dragging (hold mouse button 1 pressed during
the operation) the name tag of an actor and drop it elsewhere:</p>
<image file="sim_trans_move_actor.gif">
<icaption>Two actors has switched places</icaption>
</image>
<p>An event may be an action performed by one single actor (blue
text label) or it may involve two actors and is then depicted as an
arrow directed from one actor to another (red text label). Details of
an event can be shown by clicking (press and release the mouse button 1)
on the event label text or on the arrow:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="sim_trans_write_lock.gif">
<icaption>Details of a write lock message</icaption>
</image>
</section>
<section>
<title>Filters and dictionary</title>
<p>The Event Tracer (ET) uses named filters in various
contexts. An Event Trace filter is an <c>Erlang fun</c>
that takes some trace data as input and returns a possibly
modified version of it:
</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
filter(TraceData) -> true | {true, NewEvent} | false
TraceData = NewEvent | term()
NewEvent = record(event)
</code>
<p>The interface of the filter function is the same as the the
filter functions for the good old <c>lists:zf/2</c>. If the filter
returns <c>false</c> it means that the <c>TraceData</c> should be
dropped. <c>{true, NewEvent}</c> means that the <c>TraceData</c>
should be replaced with <c>NewEvent</c>. And <c>true</c> means that the
<c>TraceData</c> data already is an event record and that it
should be kept as it is.
</p>
<p>The first filter that the trace data is exposed for is
the collector filter. When a trace event is reported with
<c>et_collector:report/2</c> (or <c>et_collector:report_event/5,6</c>)
the first thing that
happens, is that a message is sent to the collector process
to fetch a handle that contains some useful stuff, such as
the collector filter fun and an ets table identifier.
Then the collector filter fun is applied and if it returns
<c>true</c> (or <c>{true, NewEvent}</c>), the event will
be stored in an ets table. As an optimization, subsequent
calls to <c>et_collector:report</c>-functions can use the handle
directly instead of the collector pid.
</p>
<p>The collector filter (that is the filter named
<c>collector</c>) is a little bit special, as its input
may be any Erlang term and is not limited to take an event
record as the other filter functions.
</p>
<p>The collector manages a key/value based dictionary, where
the filters are stored. Updates of the dictionary is
propagated to all subscribing processes. When a viewer is
started it is registered as a subscriber of dictionary updates.
</p>
<p>In a viewer there is only one filter that is active
and all trace events that the viewer gets from the
collector will pass thru that filter. By writing clever
filters it is possible to customize how the events
looks like in the viewer. The following filter replaces
the actor names <c>mnesia_tm</c> and <c>mnesia_locker</c>
and leaves everything else in the record as it was:
</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%mgr_actors" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>If we now add the filter to the running collector:
</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
4> Fun = fun(E) -> et_demo:mgr_actors(E) end.
#Fun<erl_eval.5.123085357>
5> et_collector:dict_insert(Collector, {filter, mgr_actors}, Fun).
ok
6>
]]></code>
<p>you will see that the <c>Filter</c> menu in all viewers have
got a new entry called <c>mgr_actors</c>. Select it, and a new
viewer window will pop up:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="sim_trans_mgr_actors.gif">
<icaption>The same trace data in a different view</icaption>
</image>
<p>In order to see the nitty gritty details of an event
you may click on the event in order to start a contents
viewer for that event. In the contents viewer there is
also a filter menu in order to enable inspection of the
event from other views than the one selected in the viewer.
A click on the <c>new_tid</c> event will cause a contents
viewer window to pop up, showing the event in the
<c>mgr_actors</c> view:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="sim_trans_contents_viewer_mgr_actors.gif">
<icaption>The trace event in the mgr_actors view</icaption>
</image>
<p>Select the <c>collector</c> entry in the <c>Filters</c>
menu and a new contents viewer window will pop up
showing the same trace event in the collectors view:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="sim_trans_contents_viewer_collector.gif">
<icaption>The same trace event in the collectors view</icaption>
</image>
</section>
<section>
<title>Trace clients</title>
<p>As you have seen it is possible to use the
<c>et_collector:report</c>-functions explicitly. By using those functions
you can write your own trace client that reads trace data from any
source stored in any format and just feed the collector with it. You
may replace the default collector filter with a filter that converts
new exciting trace data formats to event-records or you may convert it
to an event-record before you invoke <c>et_collector:report/2</c> and
then rely on the default collector filter to handle the new
format.</p>
<p>There are also existing functions in the API that reads from
various sources and calls <c>et_collector:report/2</c>:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>The trace events that are hosted by the collector may be
stored to file and later be loaded by selecting <c>save</c>
and <c>load</c> entries in the viewers <c>File</c>-menu or
via the <c>et_collector</c> API.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>It is also possible to perform live tracing of a running
system by making use of the built-in trace support in
the Erlang emulator. These Erlang traces can be directed
to files or to ports. See the reference manual for
<c>erlang:trace/4</c>, <c>erlang:trace_pattern/3</c>,
<c>dbg</c> and <c>ttb</c> for more info.</p>
<p>There are also corresponding trace client types that can
read the Erlang trace data format from such files or ports.
The <c>et_collector:start_trace_client/3</c> function makes
use of these Erlang trace clients and redirects the trace
data to the collector.</p>
<p>The default collector filter converts the Erlang trace data
format into event-records.If you want to perform this
differently you can of course write your own collector
filter from scratch. But it may probably save you some
efforts if you first apply the default filter in
<c>et_selector:parse_event/2</c> before you apply your
own conversions of its output.</p>
</item>
</list>
</section>
<section>
<title>Global tracing and phone home</title>
<p>Setting up an Erlang tracer on a set of nodes and connecting
trace clients to the ports of these tracers is not intuitive. In order
to make this it easier the Event Tracer as a notion of global
tracing. When used, the <c>et_collector</c> process will monitor
Erlang nodes and when one connects, an Erlang tracer will
automatically be started on the other node. A corresponding trace
client will also be started on the collector node in order to
automatically forward the trace events to the collector. Set the
boolean parameter <c>trace_global</c> to <c>true</c> for either the
<c>et_collector</c> or <c>et_viewer</c> in order to activate the
global tracing. There is no restriction on how many concurrent
(anonymous) collectors you can have, but you can only have one global
collector as its name is registered in <c>global</c>.</p>
<p>In order to further simplify the tracing you can make use of the
<c>et:report_event/4,5</c> (or its equivalents
<c>et:phone_home/4,5</c> :-). These functions are intended to be
invoked from other applications when there are interesting events,
in your application that needs to be highlighted. The functions are
extremely light weight as they do nothing besides returning an atom.
These functions are
specifically designed to be traced for. As the caller explicitly
provides the values for the event-record fields, the default collector
filter is able to automatically provide a customized event-record
without any user defined filter functions.</p>
<p>In normal operation the <c>et:report_event/4,5</c> calls are
almost for free. When tracing is needed you can either activate
tracing on these functions explicitly. Or you can combine the usage of
<c>trace_global</c> with the usage of <c>trace_pattern</c>. When set,
the <c>trace_pattern</c> will automatically be activated on all
connected nodes. </p>
<p>One nice thing with the <c>trace_pattern</c> is that it provides
a very simple way of minimizing the amount of generated trace data by
allowing you to explicitly control the detail level of the tracing. As
you may have seen the <c>et_viewer</c> have a slider called
<c>"Detail Level"</c> that allows you to control the detail level of the
trace events displayed in the viewer. On the other hand if you set a
low detail level in the <c>trace_pattern</c>, lots of the trace data
will never be generated and thus not sent over the socket to the trace
client and stored in the collector.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Viewer window</title>
<p>Almost all functionality available in the <c>et_viewer</c> is
also available via shortcuts. Which key that has the same
effect as selecting a menu entry is shown enclosed in
parentheses. For example pressing the key <c>r</c> is
equivalent to selecting the menu entry
<c>Viewer->Refresh</c>.
</p>
<p>File menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>Close Collector and all Viewers - Close the collector
and all viewers connected to that collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Close other Viewers, but keep Collector - Keep this viewer
and its collector, but close all other viewers connected
to this collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Close this Viewer, but keep Collector - Close this viewer,
but all other viewers and the collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Save Collector to file - Save all events stored in the
collector to file.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Load Collector from file - Load the collector with
events from a file.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Viewer menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>First - Scroll <c>this</c> viewer to the first collector
event.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Prev - Scroll <c>this</c> viewer one "page" backwards.
Normally this means that the first event displayed in the
viewer will be the last one and the previous <c>max_events</c>
events will be read from the collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Next - Scroll <c>this</c> viewer one "page" forward.
Normally this means that the last event displayed in the
viewer will be the first one and <c>max_events</c> more
events will be read from the collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Last - Scroll <c>this</c> viewer to the last collector event.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Refresh - Clear <c>this</c> viewer and re-read its events
from the collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Up 5 - Scroll 5 events backwards.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Down 5 - Scroll 5 events forward.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Abort search. Display all. - Switch the display mode to
show all events regardless of any ongoing searches.
Abort the searches.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Collector menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>First - Scroll <c>all</c> viewers to the first collector
event.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Prev - Scroll <c>all</c> viewers one "page" backwards.
Normally this means that the first event displayed in the
viewer will be the last one and the previous <c>max_events</c>
events will be read from the collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Next - Scroll <c>all</c> viewers one "page" forward.
Normally this means that the last event displayed in the
viewer will be the first one and <c>max_events</c> more
events will be read from the collector.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Last - Scroll <c>all</c> viewers to the last collector event.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Refresh - Clear <c>all</c> viewers and re-read their
events from the collector.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Filters menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>ActiveFilter (=) - Start a new viewer window with the
same active filter and scale as the current one.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>ActiveFilter (+) - Start a new viewer window with
the same active filter but a larger scale than the
current one.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>ActiveFilter (-) - Start a new viewer window with
the same active filter but a smaller scale than the
current one.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>collector (0) - Start a new viewer with the collector
filter as active filter.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>AnotherFilter (2) - If more filters are inserted into
the dictionary, these will turn up here as entries
in the <c>Filters</c> menu. The second filter will be
number 2, the next one number 3 etc. The names are sorted.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Slider and radio buttons:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>Freeze - When true, this means that the viewer
will not read more events from the collector
until set to false.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Hide From=To - When true, this means that the viewer
will hide all events where the from-actor equals
to its to-actor.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Hide Unknown - When true, this means that the viewer
will hide all events where either of the from-actor or
to-actor is <c>UNKNOWN</c>.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Detail level - This slider controls the resolution
of the viewer. Only events with a detail level <c>smaller</c>
than the selected one (default=100=max) are displayed.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Other features:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>Display details of an event - Click on the event name
and a new window will pop up, displaying the contents
of an event.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Toggle actor search - Normally the viewer will be in a
display mode where all events are shown. By clicking
on an actor name the tool will switch display mode
to only show events with selected actors.
</p>
<p>Click on an actor and only events with that actor
will be displayed. Click on another actor to include
that actor to the selected ones. Clicking on an already
selected actor will remove it from the collections of
selected actors. When the collection of selected actors
becomes empty the normal mode where all actors are shown
will be entered again.</p>
<p>Abort actor search with the <c>a</c> key or with the
<c>Viewer->Abort search</c> menu choice.
</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Move actor - Drag and drop an actor by first clicking on
the actor name, keeping the button pressed while moving
the cursor to a new location and release the button where
the actor should be moved to.</p>
</item>
</list>
</section>
<section>
<title>Configuration</title>
<p>The event-records in the ets-table are ordered by their timestamp.
Which timestamp that should be used is controlled via the
<c>event_order</c> parameter. Default is <c>trace_ts</c> which means
the time when the trace data was generated. <c>event_ts</c> means
the time when the trace data was parsed (transformed into an
event-record).</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Contents viewer window</title>
<p>File menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>Close - Close this window.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Save - Save the contents of this window to file.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Filters menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>ActiveFilter - Start a new contents viewer window
with the same active filter.</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>AnotherFilter (2) - If more filters are inserted into
the dictionary, these will turn up here as entries
in the <c>Filters</c> menu. The second filter will be
number 2, the next one number 3 etc. The names are sorted.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Hide menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>Hide actor in viewer - Known actors are shown as a
named vertical bars in the viewer window. By hiding the
actor, its vertical bar will be removed and the viewer
will be refreshed.</p>
<p>Hiding the actor is only useful if the <c>max_actors</c>
threshold has been reached, as it then will imply that
the "hidden" actor will be displayed as if it were <c>"UNKNOWN"</c>.
If the <c>max_actors</c> threshold not have been reached,
the actor will re-appear as a vertical bar in the viewer.
</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Show actor in viewer - This implies that the actor
will be added as a known actor in the viewer with
its own vertical bar.</p>
</item>
</list>
<p>Search menu:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p>Forward from this event - Set this event to be the first
event in the viewer and change its display mode to be
enter forward search mode. The actor of this event
(from, to or both) will be added to the list of selected
actors.
</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Reverse from this event - Set this event to be the first
event in the viewer and change its display mode to be
enter reverse search mode. The actor of this event
(from, to or both) will be added to the list of selected
actors. Observe, that the events will be shown in reverse
order.
</p>
</item>
<item>
<p>Abort search. Display all - Switch the display mode
of the viewer to show all events regardless of any
ongoing searches. Abort the searches.</p>
</item>
</list>
</section>
</chapter>
