<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>2002</year><year>2009</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>Examples</title>
<prepared>Håkan Mattsson</prepared>
<responsible>Håkan Mattsson</responsible>
<docno></docno>
<approved>Håkan Mattsson</approved>
<checked></checked>
<date></date>
<rev>%VSN%</rev>
<file>et_examples.xml</file>
</header>
<section>
<title>A simulated Mnesia transaction</title>
<p>The Erlang code for running the simulated Mnesia transaction example
in the previous chapter is included in the <c>et/examples/et_demo.erl</c> file:
</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%sim_trans" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%mgr_actors" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>If you invoke the <c>et_demo:sim_trans()</c> function a viewer
window will pop up and the sequence trace will be almost the same as
if the following Mnesia transaction would have been run:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
mnesia:transaction(fun() -> mnesia:write({my_tab, key, val}) end).
</code>
<p>And the viewer window will look like:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
$ erl -pa ../examples
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]
Eshell V2002.10.08 (abort with ^G)
1> et_demo:sim_trans().
{ok,{table_handle,<0.30.0>,11,trace_ts,#Fun<et_collector.0.83904657>}}
2>
]]></code>
<p></p>
<image file="sim_trans.gif">
<icaption>A simulated Mnesia transaction which writes one record</icaption>
</image>
</section>
<section>
<title>Some convenient functions used in the Mnesia transaction example</title>
<p>The <c>module_as_actor</c> filter converts the event-records so
the module names becomes actors and the invoked functions becomes
labels. If the information about who the caller was it will be
displayed as an arrow directed from the caller to the callee. The
<c>[{message, {caller}}, {return_trace}]</c> options to <c>dbg:tpl/2</c>
function will imply the necessary information in the Erlang traces.
Here follows the <c>module_as_actor</c> filter:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%module_as_actor" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>The <c>plain_process_info</c> filter does not alter the event-records.
It merely ensures that the event not related to processes are skipped:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%plain_process_info" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>The <c>plain_process_info_nolink</c> filter does not alter the
event-records. It do makes use of the <c>plain_process_info</c> , but
do also ensure that the process info related to linking and unlinking
is skipped:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%plain_process_info_nolink" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>In order to simplify the startup of an <c>et_viewer</c> process
with the filters mentioned above, plus some others (that also are
found in <c>et/examples/et_demo.erl</c> src/et_collector.erl the
<c>et_demo:start/0,1</c> functions can be used:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%start" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>A simple one-liner starts the tool:</p>
<code type="none">
erl -pa ../examples -s et_demo
</code>
<p>The filters are included by the following parameters:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%filters" type="erl"></codeinclude>
</section>
<section>
<title>Erlang trace of a Mnesia transaction</title>
<p>The following piece of code <c>et_demo:trace_mnesia/0</c>
activates call tracing of both local and external function calls for
all modules in the Mnesia application. The call traces are configured
cover all processes (both existing and those that are spawned in the
future) and include timestamps for trace data. It do also activate
tracing of process related events for Mnesia's static processes plus
the calling process (that is your shell). Please, observe that the
<c>whereis/1</c> call in the following code requires that both the
traced Mnesia application and the <c>et_viewer</c>is running on the
same node:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%trace_mnesia" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>The <c>et_demo:live_trans/0</c> function starts the a global
controller, starts a viewer, starts Mnesia, creates a local table,
activates tracing (as described above) and registers the shell
process is as 'my_shell' for clarity. Finally the a simple Mnesia
transaction that writes a single record is run:</p>
<p></p>
<codeinclude file="../../examples/et_demo.erl" tag="%live_trans" type="erl"></codeinclude>
<p>Now we run the <c>et_demo:live_trans/0</c> function:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
erl -pa ../examples -s et_demo live_trans
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]
Eshell V2002.10.08 (abort with ^G)
1>
</code>
<p>Please, explore the different filters in order to see how the traced
transaction can be seen from different point of views:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="live_trans.gif">
<icaption>A real Mnesia transaction which writes one record</icaption>
</image>
</section>
<section>
<title>Erlang trace of Megaco startup</title>
<p>The Event Tracer (ET) tool was initially written in order to
demonstrate how messages where sent over the Megaco protocol. This
were back in the old days before the standard bodies of IETF and ITU
had approved Megaco (also called H.248) as an international
standard.</p>
<p>In the Megaco application of Erlang/OTP, the code is carefully
instrumented with calls to <c>et:report_event/5</c>. For call a detail
level is set in order to dynamically control the trace level in a
simple manner.</p>
<p>The <c>megaco_filter</c> module implements a customized filter
for Megaco messages. It does also make use of <c>trace_global</c>
combined with usage of the <c>trace_pattern</c>:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
-module(megaco_filter).
-export([start/0]).
start() ->
Options =
[{event_order, event_ts},
{scale, 3},
{max_actors, infinity},
{trace_pattern, {megaco, max}},
{trace_global, true},
{dict_insert, {filter, megaco_filter}, fun filter/1},
{active_filter, megaco_filter},
{title, "Megaco tracer - Erlang/OTP"}],
et_viewer:start(Options).
</code>
<p>First we start an Erlang node with the a global collector and
its viewer. The <c>et_viewer: search for: [] ++ ["gateway_tt"]</c>
printout is caused by a click on the "gateway_tt" actor name in the
viewer. It means that only events with that actor will be displayed
in the viewer.</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
erl -sname observer -s megaco_filter
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]
Eshell V2002.10.08 (abort with ^G)
(observer@amrod)1> et_viewer: search for: [] ++ ["gateway_tt"]
</code>
<p>Secondly we start another Erlang node which we connect the
observer node, before we start the application that we want to
trace. In this case we start a Media Gateway Controller that listens
for both TCP and UDP on the text and binary ports for Megaco:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
erl -sname mgc -pa ../../megaco/examples/simple
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]
Eshell V2002.10.08 (abort with ^G)
(mgc@amrod)1> net:ping(observer@amrod).
pong
(mgc@amrod)2> megaco:start().
ok
(mgc@amrod)3> megaco_simple_mgc:start().
{ok,[{ok,2944,
{megaco_receive_handle,{deviceName,"controller"},
megaco_pretty_text_encoder,
[],
megaco_tcp}},
{ok,2944,
{megaco_receive_handle,{deviceName,"controller"},
megaco_pretty_text_encoder,
[],
megaco_udp}},
{ok,2945,
{megaco_receive_handle,{deviceName,"controller"},
megaco_binary_encoder,
[],
megaco_tcp}},
{ok,2945,
{megaco_receive_handle,{deviceName,"controller"},
megaco_binary_encoder,
[],
megaco_udp}}]}
(mgc@amrod)4>
</code>
<p>And finally we start an Erlang node for the Media Gateways and
connect to the observer node. Each Media Gateway connects to the
controller and sends an initial Service Change message. The controller
accepts the gateways and sends a reply to each one using the same
transport mechanism and message encoding according to the preference
of each gateway. That is all combinations of TCP/IP transport, UDP/IP
transport, text encoding and ASN.1 BER encoding:</p>
<p></p>
<code type="none">
erl -sname mg -pa ../../megaco/examples/simple
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]
Eshell V2002.10.08 (abort with ^G)
(mg@amrod)1> net:ping(observer@amrod).
pong
(mg@amrod)2> megaco_simple_mg:start().
[{{deviceName,"gateway_tt"},{error,{start_user,megaco_not_started}}},
{{deviceName,"gateway_tb"},{error,{start_user,megaco_not_started}}},
{{deviceName,"gateway_ut"},{error,{start_user,megaco_not_started}}},
{{deviceName,"gateway_ub"},{error,{start_user,megaco_not_started}}}]
(mg@amrod)3> megaco:start().
ok
(mg@amrod)4> megaco_simple_mg:start().
[{{deviceName,"gateway_tt"},
{1,
{ok,[{'ActionReply',0,
asn1_NOVALUE,
asn1_NOVALUE,
[{serviceChangeReply,
{'ServiceChangeReply',
[{megaco_term_id,false,["root"]}],
{serviceChangeResParms,
{'ServiceChangeResParm',
{deviceName|...},
asn1_NOVALUE|...}}}}]}]}}},
{{deviceName,"gateway_tb"},
{1,
{ok,[{'ActionReply',0,
asn1_NOVALUE,
asn1_NOVALUE,
[{serviceChangeReply,
{'ServiceChangeReply',
[{megaco_term_id,false,["root"]}],
{serviceChangeResParms,
{'ServiceChangeResParm',
{...}|...}}}}]}]}}},
{{deviceName,"gateway_ut"},
{1,
{ok,[{'ActionReply',0,
asn1_NOVALUE,
asn1_NOVALUE,
[{serviceChangeReply,
{'ServiceChangeReply',
[{megaco_term_id,false,["root"]}],
{serviceChangeResParms,
{'ServiceChangeResParm',{...}|...}}}}]}]}}},
{{deviceName,"gateway_ub"},
{1,
{ok,[{'ActionReply',0,
asn1_NOVALUE,
asn1_NOVALUE,
[{serviceChangeReply,
{'ServiceChangeReply',
[{megaco_term_id,false,["root"]}],
{serviceChangeResParms,
{'ServiceChangeResParm'|...}}}}]}]}}}]
(mg@amrod)5>
</code>
<p>The Megaco adopted viewer looks like this, when we have clicked
on the "gateway_tt" actor name in order to only display the events
regarding that actor:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="megaco_tracer.gif">
<icaption>The viewer adopted for Megaco</icaption>
</image>
<p>A pretty printed Megaco message looks like this:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="megaco_filter.gif">
<icaption>A textual Megaco message</icaption>
</image>
<p>And the corresponding internal form for the same Megaco message
looks like this:</p>
<p></p>
<image file="megaco_collector.gif">
<icaption>The internal form of a Megaco message</icaption>
</image>
</section>
</chapter>
