%% -*- erlang-indent-level: 2 -*-
%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%%
%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2005-2009. All Rights Reserved.
%%
%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
%%
%% http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
%%
%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
%% limitations under the License.
%%
%% %CopyrightEnd%
%%
%% ===========================================================================
%% Copyright (c) 2002 by Niklas Andersson, Andreas Lundin, and Erik Johansson.
%% ===========================================================================
%% Module : hipe_spillmin_scan
%% Purpose : Optimizes the number of stack slots used by using a
%% "linear-scan algorithm" to allocate stack slots.
%% Notes : * This is a simplified implementation of
%% "Linear Scan Register Allocation" by
%% Massimiliano Poletto & Vivek Sarkar described in
%% ACM TOPLAS Vol 21, No 5, September 1999.
%%
%% * This implementation is target-independent and
%% requires a target specific interface module
%% as argument.
%%
%% * Based on the hipe_ls_regalloc module by Erik Johansson
%%
%% History : * 2002-04-01, NA & AL: Created
%% * 2002-10-08, Happi: Cleanup and speedup
%% ============================================================================
%% Exported functions (short description):
%% stackalloc(CFG, StackSlots, SpillIndex, Options, Target, TempMap) ->
%% {Coloring, NumberOfSpills}
%% Takes a CFG and the TempMap from register allocation and returns
%% a coloring of stack slots.
%% StackSlots should be a list of used stack slots, usually empty at
%% first call to function.
%% SpillIndex is the the first position we will spill to, usually 0.
%% TempMap is the TempMap from the register allocation
%%
%% The Coloring will be in the form of the "allocation datastructure"
%% described below, that is, a list of tuples on the form
%% {Name, {spill, SpillIndex}}
%% The NumberOfSpills is either 0 indicating no spill or the
%% SpillIndex of the last spilled register.
%%
%% mapmerge
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-module(hipe_spillmin_scan).
-export([stackalloc/6]).
%%-define(DEBUG, 1).
-define(HIPE_INSTRUMENT_COMPILER, true).
%%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-include("../main/hipe.hrl").
-include("../flow/cfg.hrl").
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% stackalloc(CFG, StackSlots, SpillIndex, Options, Target, TempMap)
%% Calculates an allocation of stack slots using a linear_scan algorithm.
%% There are three steps in the algorithm:
%% 1. Calculate live-ranges for all spilled temporaries.
%% 2. Calculate live-intervals for each temporary.
%% The live interval consists of a start position and a end position
%% these are the first definition and last use of the temporary
%% given as instruction numbers in a breadth-first traversal of the
%% control-flow-graph.
%% 3. Do a linear scan allocation over the live intervals.
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-spec stackalloc(#cfg{}, [_], non_neg_integer(),
comp_options(), module(), hipe_temp_map()) ->
{hipe_spill_map(), non_neg_integer()}.
stackalloc(CFG, StackSlots, SpillIndex, Options, Target, TempMap) ->
?debug_msg("LinearScan: ~w\n", [erlang:statistics(runtime)]),
%% Step 1: Calculate liveness (Call external implementation.)
Liveness = liveness(CFG, Target),
?debug_msg("liveness (done)~w\n", [erlang:statistics(runtime)]),
USIntervals = calculate_intervals(CFG, Liveness, Options,
Target, TempMap),
%% ?debug_msg("intervals (done) ~w\n", [erlang:statistics(runtime)]),
Intervals = sort_on_start(USIntervals),
?debug_msg("sort intervals (done) ~w\n", [erlang:statistics(runtime)]),
?debug_msg("Intervals ~w\n", [Intervals]),
?debug_msg("No intervals: ~w\n", [length(Intervals)]),
?debug_msg("count intervals (done) ~w\n", [erlang:statistics(runtime)]),
Allocation = allocate(Intervals, StackSlots, SpillIndex, Target),
?debug_msg("allocation (done) ~w\n", [erlang:statistics(runtime)]),
Allocation.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% %%
%% Step 2: Calculate live-intervals for each temporary. %%
%% %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
%% calculate_intervals(CFG, Liveness, Options, Target, TempMap)
%% CFG: The Control-Flow Graph.
%% Liveness: A map of live-in and live-out sets for each Basic-Block.
%% TempMap: The TempMap from the register allocation
%%
%% This function will only consider the intervals of the temporaries
%% that have been spilled during register allocation, and will ignore
%% all other.
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
calculate_intervals(CFG, Liveness, _Options, Target, TempMap) ->
Interval = empty_interval(Target:number_of_temporaries(CFG)),
Worklist = Target:reverse_postorder(CFG),
intervals(Worklist, Interval, 1, CFG, Liveness, Target, TempMap).
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
%% intervals(WorkList, Intervals, InstructionNr,
%% CFG, Liveness, Target, TempMap)
%% WorkList: List of BB-names to handle.
%% Intervals: Intervals seen so far (sorted on register names).
%% InstructionNr: The number of examined instructions.
%% CFG: The Control-Flow Graph.
%% Liveness: A map of live-in and live-out sets for each Basic-Block.
%% Target: The backend for which we generate native code.
%% TempMap: The TempMap from the register allocation
%%
%% This function will only consider the intervals of the temporaries
%% that have been spilled during register allocation, and will ignore
%% all other.
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
intervals([L|ToDO], Intervals, InstructionNr, CFG, Liveness, Target,
TempMap) ->
?debug_msg("Block ~w\n", [L]),
%% Add all variables that are live at the entry of this block
%% to the interval data structure.
%% Only consider spilled temporaries in LiveIn
LiveIn = [X || X <- livein(Liveness, L, Target),
hipe_temp_map:is_spilled(X, TempMap)],
Intervals2 = add_def_point(LiveIn, InstructionNr, Intervals),
%% Only consider spilled temporaries in LiveOut
LiveOut = [X2 || X2 <- liveout(Liveness, L, Target),
hipe_temp_map:is_spilled(X2, TempMap)],
?debug_msg("In ~w -> Out ~w\n", [LiveIn, LiveOut]),
%% Traverse this block instruction by instruction and add all
%% uses and defines to the intervals.
Code = hipe_bb:code(bb(CFG, L, Target)),
{Intervals3, NewINr} = traverse_block(Code, InstructionNr+1,
Intervals2, Target, TempMap),
%% Add end points for the temporaries that are in the live-out set.
Intervals4 = add_use_point(LiveOut, NewINr+1, Intervals3),
intervals(ToDO, Intervals4, NewINr+1, CFG, Liveness, Target, TempMap);
intervals([], Intervals, _, _, _, _, _) ->
%% Return the calculated intervals
interval_to_list(Intervals).
%% Intervals.
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
%% traverse_block(Code, InstructionNo, Intervals, Unchanged)
%% Examine each instruction in the Code:
%% For each temporary T used or defined by instruction number N:
%% extend the interval of T to include N.
%% TempMap: The TempMap from the register allocation
%%
%% This function will only consider the the instruction that have temporaries
%% that have been spilled during register allocation, and will ignore
%% all other.
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
traverse_block([Instruction|Is], InstrNo, Intervals, Target, TempMap) ->
%% Get used temps.
%% Only consider spilled temporaries in the Use set.
UsesSet = [X || X <- uses(Instruction, Target),
hipe_temp_map:is_spilled(X, TempMap)],
%% Get defined temps.
%% Only consider spilled temporaries in the Def set.
DefsSet = [X2 || X2 <- defines(Instruction, Target),
hipe_temp_map:is_spilled(X2, TempMap)],
%% Only consider those temps that starts or ends their lifetime
%% within the basic block (that is remove all Unchanged temps).
Intervals1 = add_def_point( DefsSet, InstrNo, Intervals),
%% Extend the intervals for these temporaries to include InstrNo.
Intervals2 = add_use_point(UsesSet, InstrNo, Intervals1),
%% Handle the next instruction.
traverse_block(Is, InstrNo+1, Intervals2, Target, TempMap);
traverse_block([], InstrNo, Intervals, _, _) ->
%% Return the new intervals and the number of the next instruction.
{Intervals,InstrNo}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% %%
%% Step 3. Do a linear scan allocation over the live intervals. %%
%% %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% allocate(Intervals, PhysicalRegisters, Target)
%%
%% This function performs the linear scan algorithm.
%% Intervals contains the start and stop position of each spilled temporary,
%% sorted on increasing startpositions
%% StackSlots is a list of available Stack slots to use. If they run out a
%% new stack slot is allocated from an (in theory) infinite domain.
%%
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
allocate(Intervals, StackSlots, SpillIndex, Target) ->
AllocatedSlots = empty_allocation(),
allocate(Intervals, StackSlots, [], AllocatedSlots, SpillIndex, Target).
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
%% allocate(Intervals, Free, Active, Allocated, SpillIndex, Target)
%% Iterates on each temporary interval.
%% Intervals: The list of temporary intervals.
%% Free: Currently available stack slots.
%% Active: Currently used stack slots (sorted on increasing
%% interval enpoints)
%% Allocated: The mapping of register names to spill positions.
%% SpillIndex: The number of spilled registers.
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
allocate([TempInt|TIS], Free, Active, Alloc, SpillIndex, Target) ->
%% Remove from the active list those temporaries whose interval
%% ends before the start of the current interval.
{NewActive, NewFree} =
expire_old_intervals(Active, startpoint(TempInt), Free, Target),
%% Get the name of the temp in the current interval.
Temp = reg(TempInt),
case NewFree of
[] ->
%% There are no free spill slots, so we allocate a new one
NewSpillIndex = SpillIndex+1,
NewAlloc = spillalloc(Temp, SpillIndex, Alloc),
NewActive2 = add_active(endpoint(TempInt), SpillIndex, NewActive),
allocate(TIS, NewFree, NewActive2, NewAlloc, NewSpillIndex, Target);
[FreeSpillslot | Spillslots] ->
%% The spill slot FreeSpillSlot is available, let's use it.
allocate(TIS, Spillslots,
add_active(endpoint(TempInt), FreeSpillslot, NewActive),
spillalloc(Temp, FreeSpillslot, Alloc),
SpillIndex, Target)
end;
allocate([], _, _, Alloc, SpillIndex, _) ->
%% No more register intervals to handle;
%% return the result sorted on regnames.
{lists:sort(Alloc), SpillIndex}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% expire_old_intervals(ActiveTemps, CurrentPos, FreeRegisters)
%% Remove all temporaries that have live-ranges that ends before the
%% current position from the active list and put them into the free
%% list instead.
%%
%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------
expire_old_intervals([Act|Acts] = AllActives, CurrentPos, Free, Target) ->
%% Does the live-range of the first active register end before
%% the current position?
%% We expand multimove before regalloc, ignore the next 2 lines.
%% %% We don't free registers that end at the current position,
%% %% since a multimove can decide to do the moves in another order...
case active_endpoint(Act) =< CurrentPos of
true -> %% Yes -> Then we can free that register.
Spillslot = active_spillslot(Act),
%% Add the spillslot to the free pool.
NewFree = [Spillslot|Free],
%% Here we could try appending the register to get a more
%% widespread use of registers.
%% Free ++ [active_spillslot(Act)]);
expire_old_intervals(Acts, CurrentPos, NewFree, Target);
false ->
%% No -> Then we cannot free any more temporaries.
%% (Since they are sorted on endpoints...)
{AllActives, Free}
end;
expire_old_intervals([], _, Free, _) ->
{[], Free}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% %%
%% D A T A S T R U C T U R E S %%
%% & %%
%% A U X I L I A R Y F U N C T I O N S %%
%% %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% The "allocation datastructure"
%%
%% This is an order list of register names paired with their allocations.
%% {Name, Allocation}
%% Since we are only dealing with spills, the allocation will look like:
%% {spill, SpillIndex}
%%
%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------
empty_allocation() -> [].
spillalloc(Name, N, Allocation) -> [{Name,{spill,N}}|Allocation].
%% spillalloc(Name,N,[{Name,_}|A]) ->
%% ?debug_msg("Spilled ~w\n",[Name]),
%% [{Name,{spill,N}}|A];
%% spillalloc(Name,N,[{Name2,Binding}|Bindings]) when Name > Name2 ->
%% [{Name2,Binding}|spillalloc(Name,N,Bindings)];
%% spillalloc(Name,N,Bindings) ->
%% [{Name,{spill,N}}|Bindings].
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% The active datastructure.
%% Keeps tracks of currently active (allocated) spill slots.
%% It is sorted on end points in the intervals
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
add_active(Endpoint, SpillSlot, [A1={P1,_}|Active]) when P1 < Endpoint ->
[A1|add_active(Endpoint, SpillSlot, Active)];
add_active(Endpoint, SpillSlot, Active) ->
[{Endpoint, SpillSlot}|Active].
active_spillslot({_,SpillSlot}) ->
SpillSlot.
active_endpoint({EndPoint,_}) ->
EndPoint.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% The Interval data structure.
%%
%%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
%% mk_interval(Name, Start, End) ->
%% {Name, Start, End}.
endpoint({_R,_S,Endpoint}) ->
Endpoint.
startpoint({_R,Startpoint,_E}) ->
Startpoint.
reg({RegName,_S,_E}) ->
RegName.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% The Intervals data structure.
sort_on_start(I) ->
lists:keysort(2, I).
-ifdef(gb_intervals).
empty_interval(_) ->
gb_trees:empty().
interval_to_list(Intervals) ->
lists:flatten(
lists:map(
fun({T, I}) when is_list(I) ->
lists:map(
fun ({none, End}) ->
{T,End,End};
({Beg, none}) ->
{T,Beg, Beg}
end,
I);
({T,{B,E}}) -> {T, B, E}
end,
gb_trees:to_list(Intervals))).
add_use_point([Temp|Temps], Pos, Intervals) ->
%% Extend the old interval...
NewInterval =
case gb_trees:lookup(Temp, Intervals) of
%% This temp has an old interval...
{value, Value} ->
%% ... extend it.
extend_interval(Pos, Value);
%% This is the first time we see this temp...
none ->
%% ... create a new interval
{Pos, Pos}
end,
%% Add or update the extended interval.
Intervals2 = gb_trees:enter(Temp, NewInterval, Intervals),
%% Add the rest of the temporaries.
add_use_point(Temps, Pos, Intervals2);
add_use_point([], _, I) ->
%% No more to add return the interval.
I.
add_def_point([Temp|Temps], Pos, Intervals) ->
%% Extend the old interval...
NewInterval =
case gb_trees:lookup(Temp, Intervals) of
%% This temp has an old interval...
{value, Value} ->
%% ... extend it.
extend_interval(Pos, Value);
%% This is the first time we see this temp...
none ->
%% ... create a new interval
{Pos, Pos}
end,
%% Add or update the extended interval.
Intervals2 = gb_trees:enter(Temp, NewInterval, Intervals),
%% Add the rest of the temporaries.
add_def_point(Temps, Pos, Intervals2);
add_def_point([], _, I) ->
%% No more to add return the interval.
I.
extend_interval(Pos, {Beginning, End}) ->
%% If this position occurs before the beginning of the interval,
%% then extend the beginning to this position.
NewBeginning = erlang:min(Pos, Beginning),
%% If this position occurs after the end of the interval, then
%% extend the end to this position.
NewEnd = erlang:max(Pos, End),
{NewBeginning, NewEnd}.
extend_def_interval(Pos, {Beginning, End}) ->
%% If this position occurs before the beginning of the interval,
%% then extend the beginning to this position.
NewBeginning = erlang:min(Pos, Beginning),
%% If this position occurs after the end of the interval, then
%% extend the end to this position.
NewEnd = erlang:max(Pos, End),
{NewBeginning, NewEnd};
extend_def_interval(Pos, [{Beginning, none}|More]) ->
[{Pos,none}, {Beginning, none}|More];
extend_def_interval(Pos, Intervals) ->
{Pos, Pos}.
-else. %% ifdef gb_intervals
empty_interval(N) ->
hipe_vectors:new(N, none).
interval_to_list(Intervals) ->
add_indices(hipe_vectors:vector_to_list(Intervals), 0).
add_indices([{B, E}|Xs], N) ->
[{N, B, E}|add_indices(Xs, N+1)];
add_indices([List|Xs], N) when is_list(List) ->
flatten(List, N, Xs);
add_indices([none|Xs], N) ->
add_indices(Xs, N+1);
add_indices([], _N) -> [].
flatten([{none, End}|Rest], N, More) ->
[{N,End,End} | flatten(Rest, N, More)];
flatten([{Beg, none}|Rest], N ,More) ->
[{N,Beg,Beg} | flatten(Rest, N, More)];
flatten([], N, More) ->
add_indices(More, N+1).
add_use_point([Temp|Temps], Pos, Intervals) ->
%% Extend the old interval...
NewInterval =
case hipe_vectors:get(Intervals, Temp) of
%% This is the first time we see this temp...
none ->
%% ... create a new interval
{Pos, Pos};
%% This temp has an old interval...
Value ->
%% ... extend it.
extend_interval(Pos, Value)
end,
%% Add or update the extended interval.
Intervals2 = hipe_vectors:set(Intervals, Temp, NewInterval),
%% Add the rest of the temporaries.
add_use_point(Temps, Pos, Intervals2);
add_use_point([], _, I) ->
%% No more to add return the interval.
I.
add_def_point([Temp|Temps], Pos, Intervals) ->
%% Extend the old interval...
NewInterval =
case hipe_vectors:get(Intervals, Temp) of
%% This is the first time we see this temp...
none ->
%% ... create a new interval
{Pos, Pos};
%% This temp has an old interval...
Value ->
%% ... extend it.
extend_interval(Pos, Value)
end,
%% Add or update the extended interval.
Intervals2 = hipe_vectors:set(Intervals, Temp, NewInterval),
%% Add the rest of the temporaries.
add_def_point(Temps, Pos, Intervals2);
add_def_point([], _, I) ->
%% No more to add return the interval.
I.
extend_interval(Pos, {Beginning, End})
when is_integer(Beginning), is_integer(End) ->
%% If this position occurs before the beginning of the interval,
%% then extend the beginning to this position.
NewBeginning = erlang:min(Pos, Beginning),
%% If this position occurs after the end of the interval, then
%% extend the end to this position.
NewEnd = erlang:max(Pos, End),
{NewBeginning, NewEnd}.
-endif. %% gb_intervals
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% Interface to external functions.
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
liveness(CFG, Target) ->
Target:analyze(CFG).
bb(CFG, L, Target) ->
Target:bb(CFG, L).
livein(Liveness, L, Target) ->
regnames(Target:livein(Liveness, L), Target).
liveout(Liveness, L, Target) ->
regnames(Target:liveout(Liveness, L), Target).
uses(I, Target) ->
regnames(Target:uses(I), Target).
defines(I, Target) ->
regnames(Target:defines(I), Target).
regnames(Regs, Target) ->
[Target:reg_nr(X) || X <- Regs].
