Server Side Includes (SSI)
NCSA HTTPd allows users to create documents which provide simple information
to clients on the fly. Such information can include the current date, the
file's last modification date, and the size or last modification of other
files. In its more advanced usage, it can provide a powerful interface to
CGI and /bin/sh programs.
* SSI Issues
* SSI Setup
* Converting INC SRV to SSI
* The SSI Format
* SSI Environment Variables
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SSI Issues
Having the server parse documents is a double edged sword. It can be costly
for heavily loaded servers to perform parsing of files while sending them.
Further, it can be considered a security risk to have average users
executing commands as the server's User. If you disable the exec option,
this danger is mitigated, but the performance issue remains. You should
consider these items carefully before activating server-side includes on
your server.
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SSI Setup
First, you should decide which directories you want to allow Includes in.
Most likely this will not include users' home directories or directories you
do not trust. You should then decide, of the directories you are allowing
includes in, which directories are safe enough to use exec in.
For the directories in which you want to fully enable includes, you need to
use the Options directive to turn on the option Includes. Similarly for the
directories you want crippled (no exec) includes, you should use the option
IncludesNOEXEC. In any directory you want to disable includes, use the
Options directive without either option.
Next, you need to tell the server what filename extension you are using for
the parsed files. These files, while very similar to HTML, are not HTML and
are thus not treated the same. Internally, the server uses the magic MIME
type text/x-server-parsed-html to identify parsed documents. It will then
perform a format conversion to change these files into HTML for the client.
To tell the server which extension you want to use for parsed files, use the
AddType directive. For instance:
AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .shtml
This makes any file ending with .shtml a parsed file. Alternatively, if you
don't care about the performance hit of having all .html files parsed, you
could use:
AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .html
This would make the server parse all .html files.
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Converting your old INC SRV documents to the SSI Format
You should use the program inc2shtml in the support subdirectory of the
HTTPd distribution to translate your documents from HTTPd 1.1 and earlier to
the new format. Usage is simple: inc2shtml file.html > file.shtml.
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The SSI Format
All directives to the server are formatted as SGML comments within the
document. This is in case the document should ever find itself in the
client's hands unparsed. Each directive has the following format:
<!--#command tag1="value1" tag2="value2" -->
Each command takes different arguments, most only accept one tag at a time.
Here is a breakdown of the commands and their associated tags:
* config
The config directive controls various aspects of the file parsing.
There are two valid tags:
o errmsg controls what message is sent back to the client if an
error includes while parsing the document. When an error occurs,
it is logged in the server's error log.
o timefmt gives the server a new format to use when providing dates.
This is a string compatible with the strftime library call under
most versions of UNIX.
o sizefmt determines the formatting to be used when displaying the
size of a file. Valid choices are bytes, for a formatted byte
count (formatted as 1,234,567), or abbrev for an abbreviated
version displaying the number of kilobytes or megabytes the file
occupies.
* include
include will insert the text of a document into the parsed document.
Any included file is subject to the usual access control. This command
accepts two tags:
o virtual gives a virtual path to a document on the server. You must
access a normal file this way, you cannot access a CGI script in
this fashion. You can, however, access another parsed document.
o file gives a pathname relative to the current directory. ../
cannot be used in this pathname, nor can absolute paths be used.
As above, you can send other parsed documents, but you cannot send
CGI scripts.
* echo prints the value of one of the include variables (defined below).
Any dates are printed subject to the currently configured timefmt. The
only valid tag to this command is var, whose value is the name of the
variable you wish to echo.
* fsize prints the size of the specified file. Valid tags are the same as
with the include command. The resulting format of this command is
subject to the sizefmt parameter to the config command.
* flastmod prints the last modification date of the specified file,
subject to the formatting preference given by the timefmt parameter to
config. Valid tags are the same as with the include command.
* exec executes a given shell command or CGI script. It must be activated
to be used. Valid tags are:
o cmd will execute the given string using /bin/sh. All of the
variables defined below are defined, and can be used in the
command.
o cgi will execute the given virtual path to a CGI script and
include its output. The server does not perform error checking to
make sure your script didn't output horrible things like a GIF, so
be careful. It will, however, interpret any URL Location: header
and translate it into an HTML anchor.
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SSI Environment Variables
A number of variables are made available to parsed documents. In addition to
the CGI variable set, the following variables are made available:
* DOCUMENT_NAME: The current filename.
* DOCUMENT_URI: The virtual path to this document (such as
/docs/tutorials/foo.shtml).
* QUERY_STRING_UNESCAPED: The unescaped version of any search query the
client sent, with all shell-special characters escaped with \.
* DATE_LOCAL: The current date, local time zone. Subject to the timefmt
parameter to the config command.
* DATE_GMT: Same as DATE_LOCAL but in Greenwich mean time.
* LAST_MODIFIED: The last modification date of the current document.
Subject to timefmt like the others.
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NCSA HTTPd Development Team / [email protected] / 9-28-95
