%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%%
%% Copyright Ericsson AB 1997-2012. All Rights Reserved.
%%
%% The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
%% Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
%% compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
%% Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
%% retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
%%
%% Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
%% basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
%% the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
%% under the License.
%%
%% %CopyrightEnd%
%%
-module(inet).
-include("inet.hrl").
-include("inet_int.hrl").
-include("inet_sctp.hrl").
%% socket
-export([peername/1, sockname/1, port/1, send/2,
setopts/2, getopts/2,
getifaddrs/0, getifaddrs/1,
getif/1, getif/0, getiflist/0, getiflist/1,
ifget/3, ifget/2, ifset/3, ifset/2,
getstat/1, getstat/2,
ip/1, stats/0, options/0,
pushf/3, popf/1, close/1, gethostname/0, gethostname/1]).
-export([connect_options/2, listen_options/2, udp_options/2, sctp_options/2]).
-export([i/0, i/1, i/2]).
-export([getll/1, getfd/1, open/8, fdopen/6]).
-export([tcp_controlling_process/2, udp_controlling_process/2,
tcp_close/1, udp_close/1]).
%% used by sendfile
-export([lock_socket/2]).
%% used by socks5
-export([setsockname/2, setpeername/2]).
%% resolve
-export([gethostbyname/1, gethostbyname/2, gethostbyname/3,
gethostbyname_tm/3]).
-export([gethostbyname_string/2, gethostbyname_self/2]).
-export([gethostbyaddr/1, gethostbyaddr/2,
gethostbyaddr_tm/2]).
-export([getservbyname/2, getservbyport/2]).
-export([getaddrs/2, getaddrs/3, getaddrs_tm/3,
getaddr/2, getaddr/3, getaddr_tm/3]).
-export([translate_ip/2]).
-export([get_rc/0]).
%% format error
-export([format_error/1]).
%% timer interface
-export([start_timer/1, timeout/1, timeout/2, stop_timer/1]).
-export_type([address_family/0, hostent/0, hostname/0, ip4_address/0,
ip6_address/0, ip_address/0, posix/0, socket/0,
port_number/0]).
%% imports
-import(lists, [append/1, duplicate/2, filter/2, foldl/3]).
%% Record Signature
-define(RS(Record),
{Record, record_info(size, Record)}).
%% Record Signature Check (guard)
-define(RSC(Record, RS),
element(1, Record) =:= element(1, RS),
tuple_size(Record) =:= element(2, RS)).
%%% ---------------------------------
%%% Contract type definitions
-type hostent() :: #hostent{}.
-type hostname() :: atom() | string().
-type ip4_address() :: {0..255,0..255,0..255,0..255}.
-type ip6_address() :: {0..65535,0..65535,0..65535,0..65535,
0..65535,0..65535,0..65535,0..65535}.
-type ip_address() :: ip4_address() | ip6_address().
-type port_number() :: 0..65535.
-type posix() :: exbadport | exbadseq | file:posix().
-type socket() :: port().
-type socket_setopt() ::
gen_sctp:option() | gen_tcp:option() | gen_udp:option().
-type socket_getopt() ::
gen_sctp:option_name() | gen_tcp:option_name() | gen_udp:option_name().
-type ether_address() :: [0..255].
-type if_setopt() ::
{'addr', ip_address()} |
{'broadaddr', ip_address()} |
{'dstaddr', ip_address()} |
{'mtu', non_neg_integer()} |
{'netmask', ip_address()} |
{'flags', ['up' | 'down' | 'broadcast' | 'no_broadcast' |
'pointtopoint' | 'no_pointtopoint' |
'running' | 'multicast']} |
{'hwaddr', ether_address()}.
-type if_getopt() ::
'addr' | 'broadaddr' | 'dstaddr' |
'mtu' | 'netmask' | 'flags' |'hwaddr'.
-type address_family() :: 'inet' | 'inet6'.
-type socket_protocol() :: 'tcp' | 'udp' | 'sctp'.
-type socket_type() :: 'stream' | 'dgram' | 'seqpacket'.
-type stat_option() ::
'recv_cnt' | 'recv_max' | 'recv_avg' | 'recv_oct' | 'recv_dvi' |
'send_cnt' | 'send_max' | 'send_avg' | 'send_oct' | 'send_pend'.
%%% ---------------------------------
-spec get_rc() -> [{Par :: any(), Val :: any()}].
get_rc() ->
inet_db:get_rc().
-spec close(Socket) -> 'ok' when
Socket :: socket().
close(Socket) ->
prim_inet:close(Socket),
receive
{Closed, Socket} when Closed =:= tcp_closed; Closed =:= udp_closed ->
ok
after 0 ->
ok
end.
-spec peername(Socket) -> {ok, {Address, Port}} | {error, posix()} when
Socket :: socket(),
Address :: ip_address(),
Port :: non_neg_integer().
peername(Socket) ->
prim_inet:peername(Socket).
-spec setpeername(Socket :: socket(), Address :: {ip_address(), port_number()}) ->
'ok' | {'error', any()}.
setpeername(Socket, {IP,Port}) ->
prim_inet:setpeername(Socket, {IP,Port});
setpeername(Socket, undefined) ->
prim_inet:setpeername(Socket, undefined).
-spec sockname(Socket) -> {ok, {Address, Port}} | {error, posix()} when
Socket :: socket(),
Address :: ip_address(),
Port :: non_neg_integer().
sockname(Socket) ->
prim_inet:sockname(Socket).
-spec setsockname(Socket :: socket(), Address :: {ip_address(), port_number()}) ->
'ok' | {'error', any()}.
setsockname(Socket, {IP,Port}) ->
prim_inet:setsockname(Socket, {IP,Port});
setsockname(Socket, undefined) ->
prim_inet:setsockname(Socket, undefined).
-spec port(Socket) -> {'ok', Port} | {'error', any()} when
Socket :: socket(),
Port :: port_number().
port(Socket) ->
case prim_inet:sockname(Socket) of
{ok, {_,Port}} -> {ok, Port};
Error -> Error
end.
-spec send(Socket :: socket(), Packet :: iolist()) -> % iolist()?
'ok' | {'error', posix()}.
send(Socket, Packet) ->
prim_inet:send(Socket, Packet).
-spec setopts(Socket, Options) -> ok | {error, posix()} when
Socket :: socket(),
Options :: [socket_setopt()].
setopts(Socket, Opts) ->
prim_inet:setopts(Socket, Opts).
-spec getopts(Socket, Options) ->
{'ok', OptionValues} | {'error', posix()} when
Socket :: socket(),
Options :: [socket_getopt()],
OptionValues :: [socket_setopt()].
getopts(Socket, Opts) ->
prim_inet:getopts(Socket, Opts).
-spec getifaddrs(Socket :: socket()) ->
{'ok', [string()]} | {'error', posix()}.
getifaddrs(Socket) ->
prim_inet:getifaddrs(Socket).
-spec getifaddrs() -> {ok, Iflist} | {error, posix()} when
Iflist :: [{Ifname,[Ifopt]}],
Ifname :: string(),
Ifopt :: {flag,[Flag]} | {addr,Addr} | {netmask,Netmask}
| {broadaddr,Broadaddr} | {dstaddr,Dstaddr}
| {hwaddr,Hwaddr},
Flag :: up | broadcast | loopback | pointtopoint
| running | multicast,
Addr :: ip_address(),
Netmask :: ip_address(),
Broadaddr :: ip_address(),
Dstaddr :: ip_address(),
Hwaddr :: [byte()].
getifaddrs() ->
withsocket(fun(S) -> prim_inet:getifaddrs(S) end).
-spec getiflist(Socket :: socket()) ->
{'ok', [string()]} | {'error', posix()}.
getiflist(Socket) ->
prim_inet:getiflist(Socket).
-spec getiflist() -> {'ok', [string()]} | {'error', posix()}.
getiflist() ->
withsocket(fun(S) -> prim_inet:getiflist(S) end).
-spec ifget(Socket :: socket(),
Name :: string() | atom(),
Opts :: [if_getopt()]) ->
{'ok', [if_setopt()]} | {'error', posix()}.
ifget(Socket, Name, Opts) ->
prim_inet:ifget(Socket, Name, Opts).
-spec ifget(Name :: string() | atom(), Opts :: [if_getopt()]) ->
{'ok', [if_setopt()]} | {'error', posix()}.
ifget(Name, Opts) ->
withsocket(fun(S) -> prim_inet:ifget(S, Name, Opts) end).
-spec ifset(Socket :: socket(),
Name :: string() | atom(),
Opts :: [if_setopt()]) ->
'ok' | {'error', posix()}.
ifset(Socket, Name, Opts) ->
prim_inet:ifset(Socket, Name, Opts).
-spec ifset(Name :: string() | atom(), Opts :: [if_setopt()]) ->
'ok' | {'error', posix()}.
ifset(Name, Opts) ->
withsocket(fun(S) -> prim_inet:ifset(S, Name, Opts) end).
-spec getif() ->
{'ok', [{ip_address(), ip_address() | 'undefined', ip_address()}]} |
{'error', posix()}.
getif() ->
withsocket(fun(S) -> getif(S) end).
%% backwards compatible getif
-spec getif(Socket :: socket()) ->
{'ok', [{ip_address(), ip_address() | 'undefined', ip_address()}]} |
{'error', posix()}.
getif(Socket) ->
case prim_inet:getiflist(Socket) of
{ok, IfList} ->
{ok, lists:foldl(
fun(Name,Acc) ->
case prim_inet:ifget(Socket,Name,
[addr,broadaddr,netmask]) of
{ok,[{addr,A},{broadaddr,B},{netmask,M}]} ->
[{A,B,M}|Acc];
%% Some interfaces does not have a b-addr
{ok,[{addr,A},{netmask,M}]} ->
[{A,undefined,M}|Acc];
_ ->
Acc
end
end, [], IfList)};
Error -> Error
end.
withsocket(Fun) ->
case inet_udp:open(0,[]) of
{ok,Socket} ->
Res = Fun(Socket),
inet_udp:close(Socket),
Res;
Error ->
Error
end.
pushf(_Socket, Fun, _State) when is_function(Fun) ->
{error, einval}.
popf(_Socket) ->
{error, einval}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% the hostname is not cached any more because this
% could cause troubles on at least windows with plug-and-play
% and network-cards inserted and removed in conjunction with
% use of the DHCP-protocol
% should never fail
-spec gethostname() -> {'ok', Hostname} when
Hostname :: string().
gethostname() ->
case inet_udp:open(0,[]) of
{ok,U} ->
{ok,Res} = gethostname(U),
inet_udp:close(U),
{Res2,_} = lists:splitwith(fun($.)->false;(_)->true end,Res),
{ok, Res2};
_ ->
{ok, "nohost.nodomain"}
end.
-spec gethostname(Socket :: socket()) ->
{'ok', string()} | {'error', posix()}.
gethostname(Socket) ->
prim_inet:gethostname(Socket).
-spec getstat(Socket) ->
{ok, OptionValues} | {error, posix()} when
Socket :: socket(),
OptionValues :: [{stat_option(), integer()}].
getstat(Socket) ->
prim_inet:getstat(Socket, stats()).
-spec getstat(Socket, Options) ->
{ok, OptionValues} | {error, posix()} when
Socket :: socket(),
Options :: [stat_option()],
OptionValues :: [{stat_option(), integer()}].
getstat(Socket,What) ->
prim_inet:getstat(Socket, What).
-spec gethostbyname(Hostname) -> {ok, Hostent} | {error, posix()} when
Hostname :: hostname(),
Hostent :: hostent().
gethostbyname(Name) ->
gethostbyname_tm(Name, inet, false).
-spec gethostbyname(Hostname, Family) ->
{ok, Hostent} | {error, posix()} when
Hostname :: hostname(),
Family :: address_family(),
Hostent :: hostent().
gethostbyname(Name,Family) ->
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Family, false).
-spec gethostbyname(Name :: hostname(),
Family :: address_family(),
Timeout :: non_neg_integer() | 'infinity') ->
{'ok', #hostent{}} | {'error', posix()}.
gethostbyname(Name,Family,Timeout) ->
Timer = start_timer(Timeout),
Res = gethostbyname_tm(Name,Family,Timer),
stop_timer(Timer),
Res.
gethostbyname_tm(Name,Family,Timer) ->
Opts0 = inet_db:res_option(lookup),
Opts =
case (lists:member(native, Opts0) orelse
lists:member(string, Opts0) orelse
lists:member(nostring, Opts0)) of
true ->
Opts0;
false ->
[string|Opts0]
end,
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Family, Timer, Opts).
-spec gethostbyaddr(Address) -> {ok, Hostent} | {error, posix()} when
Address :: string() | ip_address(),
Hostent :: hostent().
gethostbyaddr(Address) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm(Address, false).
-spec gethostbyaddr(Address :: string() | ip_address(),
Timeout :: non_neg_integer() | 'infinity') ->
{'ok', #hostent{}} | {'error', posix()}.
gethostbyaddr(Address,Timeout) ->
Timer = start_timer(Timeout),
Res = gethostbyaddr_tm(Address, Timer),
stop_timer(Timer),
Res.
gethostbyaddr_tm(Address,Timer) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm(Address, Timer, inet_db:res_option(lookup)).
-spec ip(Ip :: ip_address() | string() | atom()) ->
{'ok', ip_address()} | {'error', posix()}.
ip({A,B,C,D}) when ?ip(A,B,C,D) ->
{ok, {A,B,C,D}};
ip(Name) ->
case gethostbyname(Name) of
{ok, Ent} ->
{ok, hd(Ent#hostent.h_addr_list)};
Error -> Error
end.
%% This function returns the erlang port used (with inet_drv)
-spec getll(Socket :: socket()) -> {'ok', socket()}.
getll(Socket) when is_port(Socket) ->
{ok, Socket}.
%%
%% Return the internal file descriptor number
%%
-spec getfd(Socket :: socket()) ->
{'ok', non_neg_integer()} | {'error', posix()}.
getfd(Socket) ->
prim_inet:getfd(Socket).
%%
%% Lookup an ip address
%%
-spec getaddr(Host, Family) -> {ok, Address} | {error, posix()} when
Host :: ip_address() | hostname(),
Family :: address_family(),
Address :: ip_address().
getaddr(Address, Family) ->
getaddr(Address, Family, infinity).
-spec getaddr(Host :: ip_address() | hostname(),
Family :: address_family(),
Timeout :: non_neg_integer() | 'infinity') ->
{'ok', ip_address()} | {'error', posix()}.
getaddr(Address, Family, Timeout) ->
Timer = start_timer(Timeout),
Res = getaddr_tm(Address, Family, Timer),
stop_timer(Timer),
Res.
getaddr_tm(Address, Family, Timer) ->
case getaddrs_tm(Address, Family, Timer) of
{ok, [IP|_]} -> {ok, IP};
Error -> Error
end.
-spec getaddrs(Host, Family) ->
{ok, Addresses} | {error, posix()} when
Host :: ip_address() | hostname(),
Family :: address_family(),
Addresses :: [ip_address()].
getaddrs(Address, Family) ->
getaddrs(Address, Family, infinity).
-spec getaddrs(Host :: ip_address() | string() | atom(),
Family :: address_family(),
Timeout :: non_neg_integer() | 'infinity') ->
{'ok', [ip_address()]} | {'error', posix()}.
getaddrs(Address, Family, Timeout) ->
Timer = start_timer(Timeout),
Res = getaddrs_tm(Address, Family, Timer),
stop_timer(Timer),
Res.
-spec getservbyport(Port :: port_number(), Protocol :: atom() | string()) ->
{'ok', string()} | {'error', posix()}.
getservbyport(Port, Proto) ->
case inet_udp:open(0, []) of
{ok,U} ->
Res = prim_inet:getservbyport(U, Port, Proto),
inet_udp:close(U),
Res;
Error -> Error
end.
-spec getservbyname(Name :: atom() | string(),
Protocol :: atom() | string()) ->
{'ok', port_number()} | {'error', posix()}.
getservbyname(Name, Protocol) when is_atom(Name) ->
case inet_udp:open(0, []) of
{ok,U} ->
Res = prim_inet:getservbyname(U, Name, Protocol),
inet_udp:close(U),
Res;
Error -> Error
end.
%% Return a list of available options
options() ->
[
tos, priority, reuseaddr, keepalive, dontroute, linger,
broadcast, sndbuf, recbuf, nodelay,
buffer, header, active, packet, deliver, mode,
multicast_if, multicast_ttl, multicast_loop,
exit_on_close, high_watermark, low_watermark,
high_msgq_watermark, low_msgq_watermark,
bit8, send_timeout, send_timeout_close
].
%% Return a list of statistics options
-spec stats() -> [stat_option(),...].
stats() ->
[recv_oct, recv_cnt, recv_max, recv_avg, recv_dvi,
send_oct, send_cnt, send_max, send_avg, send_pend].
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Available options for tcp:connect
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
connect_options() ->
[tos, priority, reuseaddr, keepalive, linger, sndbuf, recbuf, nodelay,
header, active, packet, packet_size, buffer, mode, deliver,
exit_on_close, high_watermark, low_watermark, high_msgq_watermark,
low_msgq_watermark, bit8, send_timeout, send_timeout_close,
delay_send,raw].
connect_options(Opts, Family) ->
BaseOpts =
case application:get_env(kernel, inet_default_connect_options) of
{ok,List} when is_list(List) ->
NList = [{active, true} | lists:keydelete(active,1,List)],
#connect_opts{ opts = NList};
{ok,{active,_Bool}} ->
#connect_opts{ opts = [{active,true}]};
{ok,Option} ->
#connect_opts{ opts = [{active,true}, Option]};
_ ->
#connect_opts{ opts = [{active,true}]}
end,
case con_opt(Opts, BaseOpts, connect_options()) of
{ok, R} ->
{ok, R#connect_opts {
ifaddr = translate_ip(R#connect_opts.ifaddr, Family)
}};
Error -> Error
end.
con_opt([{raw,A,B,C}|Opts],R,As) ->
con_opt([{raw,{A,B,C}}|Opts],R,As);
con_opt([Opt | Opts], R, As) ->
case Opt of
{ip,IP} -> con_opt(Opts, R#connect_opts { ifaddr = IP }, As);
{ifaddr,IP} -> con_opt(Opts, R#connect_opts { ifaddr = IP }, As);
{port,P} -> con_opt(Opts, R#connect_opts { port = P }, As);
{fd,Fd} -> con_opt(Opts, R#connect_opts { fd = Fd }, As);
binary -> con_add(mode, binary, R, Opts, As);
list -> con_add(mode, list, R, Opts, As);
{tcp_module,_} -> con_opt(Opts, R, As);
inet -> con_opt(Opts, R, As);
inet6 -> con_opt(Opts, R, As);
{Name,Val} when is_atom(Name) -> con_add(Name, Val, R, Opts, As);
_ -> {error, badarg}
end;
con_opt([], R, _) ->
{ok, R}.
con_add(Name, Val, R, Opts, AllOpts) ->
case add_opt(Name, Val, R#connect_opts.opts, AllOpts) of
{ok, SOpts} ->
con_opt(Opts, R#connect_opts { opts = SOpts }, AllOpts);
Error -> Error
end.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Available options for tcp:listen
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
listen_options() ->
[tos, priority, reuseaddr, keepalive, linger, sndbuf, recbuf, nodelay,
header, active, packet, buffer, mode, deliver, backlog,
exit_on_close, high_watermark, low_watermark, high_msgq_watermark,
low_msgq_watermark, bit8, send_timeout, send_timeout_close,
delay_send, packet_size,raw].
listen_options(Opts, Family) ->
BaseOpts =
case application:get_env(kernel, inet_default_listen_options) of
{ok,List} when is_list(List) ->
NList = [{active, true} | lists:keydelete(active,1,List)],
#listen_opts{ opts = NList};
{ok,{active,_Bool}} ->
#listen_opts{ opts = [{active,true}]};
{ok,Option} ->
#listen_opts{ opts = [{active,true}, Option]};
_ ->
#listen_opts{ opts = [{active,true}]}
end,
case list_opt(Opts, BaseOpts, listen_options()) of
{ok, R} ->
{ok, R#listen_opts {
ifaddr = translate_ip(R#listen_opts.ifaddr, Family)
}};
Error -> Error
end.
list_opt([{raw,A,B,C}|Opts], R, As) ->
list_opt([{raw,{A,B,C}}|Opts], R, As);
list_opt([Opt | Opts], R, As) ->
case Opt of
{ip,IP} -> list_opt(Opts, R#listen_opts { ifaddr = IP }, As);
{ifaddr,IP} -> list_opt(Opts, R#listen_opts { ifaddr = IP }, As);
{port,P} -> list_opt(Opts, R#listen_opts { port = P }, As);
{fd,Fd} -> list_opt(Opts, R#listen_opts { fd = Fd }, As);
{backlog,BL} -> list_opt(Opts, R#listen_opts { backlog = BL }, As);
binary -> list_add(mode, binary, R, Opts, As);
list -> list_add(mode, list, R, Opts, As);
{tcp_module,_} -> list_opt(Opts, R, As);
inet -> list_opt(Opts, R, As);
inet6 -> list_opt(Opts, R, As);
{Name,Val} when is_atom(Name) -> list_add(Name, Val, R, Opts, As);
_ -> {error, badarg}
end;
list_opt([], R, _SockOpts) ->
{ok, R}.
list_add(Name, Val, R, Opts, As) ->
case add_opt(Name, Val, R#listen_opts.opts, As) of
{ok, SOpts} ->
list_opt(Opts, R#listen_opts { opts = SOpts }, As);
Error -> Error
end.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Available options for udp:open
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
udp_options() ->
[tos, priority, reuseaddr, sndbuf, recbuf, header, active, buffer, mode,
deliver,
broadcast, dontroute, multicast_if, multicast_ttl, multicast_loop,
add_membership, drop_membership, read_packets,raw].
udp_options(Opts, Family) ->
case udp_opt(Opts, #udp_opts { }, udp_options()) of
{ok, R} ->
{ok, R#udp_opts {
ifaddr = translate_ip(R#udp_opts.ifaddr, Family)
}};
Error -> Error
end.
udp_opt([{raw,A,B,C}|Opts], R, As) ->
udp_opt([{raw,{A,B,C}}|Opts], R, As);
udp_opt([Opt | Opts], R, As) ->
case Opt of
{ip,IP} -> udp_opt(Opts, R#udp_opts { ifaddr = IP }, As);
{ifaddr,IP} -> udp_opt(Opts, R#udp_opts { ifaddr = IP }, As);
{port,P} -> udp_opt(Opts, R#udp_opts { port = P }, As);
{fd,Fd} -> udp_opt(Opts, R#udp_opts { fd = Fd }, As);
binary -> udp_add(mode, binary, R, Opts, As);
list -> udp_add(mode, list, R, Opts, As);
{udp_module,_} -> udp_opt(Opts, R, As);
inet -> udp_opt(Opts, R, As);
inet6 -> udp_opt(Opts, R, As);
{Name,Val} when is_atom(Name) -> udp_add(Name, Val, R, Opts, As);
_ -> {error, badarg}
end;
udp_opt([], R, _SockOpts) ->
{ok, R}.
udp_add(Name, Val, R, Opts, As) ->
case add_opt(Name, Val, R#udp_opts.opts, As) of
{ok, SOpts} ->
udp_opt(Opts, R#udp_opts { opts = SOpts }, As);
Error -> Error
end.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Available options for sctp:open
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Currently supported options include:
% (*) {mode, list|binary} or just list|binary
% (*) {active, true|false|once}
% (*) {sctp_module, inet_sctp|inet6_sctp} or just inet|inet6
% (*) options set via setsockopt.
% The full list is below in sctp_options/0 .
% All other options are currently NOT supported. In particular:
% (*) multicast on SCTP is not (yet) supported, as it may be incompatible
% with automatic associations;
% (*) passing of open FDs ("fdopen") is not supported.
sctp_options() ->
[ % The following are generic inet options supported for SCTP sockets:
mode, active, buffer, tos, priority, dontroute, reuseaddr, linger, sndbuf,
recbuf,
% Other options are SCTP-specific (though they may be similar to their
% TCP and UDP counter-parts):
sctp_rtoinfo, sctp_associnfo, sctp_initmsg,
sctp_autoclose, sctp_nodelay, sctp_disable_fragments,
sctp_i_want_mapped_v4_addr, sctp_maxseg, sctp_primary_addr,
sctp_set_peer_primary_addr, sctp_adaptation_layer, sctp_peer_addr_params,
sctp_default_send_param, sctp_events, sctp_delayed_ack_time,
sctp_status, sctp_get_peer_addr_info
].
sctp_options(Opts, Mod) ->
case sctp_opt(Opts, Mod, #sctp_opts{}, sctp_options()) of
{ok,#sctp_opts{ifaddr=undefined}=SO} ->
{ok,SO#sctp_opts{ifaddr=Mod:translate_ip(?SCTP_DEF_IFADDR)}};
{ok,_}=OK ->
OK;
Error -> Error
end.
sctp_opt([Opt|Opts], Mod, R, As) ->
case Opt of
{ip,IP} ->
sctp_opt_ifaddr(Opts, Mod, R, As, IP);
{ifaddr,IP} ->
sctp_opt_ifaddr(Opts, Mod, R, As, IP);
{port,Port} ->
case Mod:getserv(Port) of
{ok,P} ->
sctp_opt(Opts, Mod, R#sctp_opts{port=P}, As);
Error -> Error
end;
{type,Type} when Type =:= seqpacket; Type =:= stream ->
sctp_opt(Opts, Mod, R#sctp_opts{type=Type}, As);
binary -> sctp_opt (Opts, Mod, R, As, mode, binary);
list -> sctp_opt (Opts, Mod, R, As, mode, list);
{sctp_module,_} -> sctp_opt (Opts, Mod, R, As); % Done with
inet -> sctp_opt (Opts, Mod, R, As); % Done with
inet6 -> sctp_opt (Opts, Mod, R, As); % Done with
{Name,Val} -> sctp_opt (Opts, Mod, R, As, Name, Val);
_ -> {error,badarg}
end;
sctp_opt([], _Mod, R, _SockOpts) ->
{ok, R}.
sctp_opt(Opts, Mod, R, As, Name, Val) ->
case add_opt(Name, Val, R#sctp_opts.opts, As) of
{ok,SocketOpts} ->
sctp_opt(Opts, Mod, R#sctp_opts{opts=SocketOpts}, As);
Error -> Error
end.
sctp_opt_ifaddr(Opts, Mod, #sctp_opts{ifaddr=IfAddr}=R, As, Addr) ->
IP = Mod:translate_ip(Addr),
sctp_opt(Opts, Mod,
R#sctp_opts{
ifaddr=case IfAddr of
undefined -> IP;
_ when is_list(IfAddr) -> [IP|IfAddr];
_ -> [IP,IfAddr]
end}, As).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Util to check and insert option in option list
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
add_opt(Name, Val, Opts, As) ->
case lists:member(Name, As) of
true ->
case prim_inet:is_sockopt_val(Name, Val) of
true ->
Opts1 = lists:keydelete(Name, 1, Opts),
{ok, [{Name,Val} | Opts1]};
false -> {error,badarg}
end;
false -> {error,badarg}
end.
translate_ip(any, inet) -> {0,0,0,0};
translate_ip(loopback, inet) -> {127,0,0,1};
translate_ip(any, inet6) -> {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
translate_ip(loopback, inet6) -> {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1};
translate_ip(IP, _) -> IP.
getaddrs_tm({A,B,C,D} = IP, Fam, _) ->
%% Only "syntactic" validation and check of family.
if
?ip(A,B,C,D) ->
if
Fam =:= inet -> {ok,[IP]};
true -> {error,eafnosupport}
end;
true -> {error,einval}
end;
getaddrs_tm({A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H} = IP, Fam, _) ->
%% Only "syntactic" validation; we assume that the address was
%% "semantically" validated when it was converted to a tuple.
if
?ip6(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) ->
if
Fam =:= inet6 -> {ok,[IP]};
true -> {error,eafnosupport}
end;
true -> {error,einval}
end;
getaddrs_tm(Address, Family, Timer) when is_atom(Address) ->
getaddrs_tm(atom_to_list(Address), Family, Timer);
getaddrs_tm(Address, Family, Timer) ->
case inet_parse:visible_string(Address) of
false ->
{error,einval};
true ->
%% Address is a host name or a valid IP address,
%% either way check it with the resolver.
case gethostbyname_tm(Address, Family, Timer) of
{ok,Ent} -> {ok,Ent#hostent.h_addr_list};
Error -> Error
end
end.
%%
%% gethostbyname with option search
%%
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [string|_]=Opts) ->
Result = gethostbyname_string(Name, Type),
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, Opts, Result);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [dns|_]=Opts) ->
Result = inet_res:gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer),
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, Opts, Result);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [file|_]=Opts) ->
Result = inet_hosts:gethostbyname(Name, Type),
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, Opts, Result);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [yp|_]=Opts) ->
gethostbyname_tm_native(Name, Type, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [nis|_]=Opts) ->
gethostbyname_tm_native(Name, Type, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [nisplus|_]=Opts) ->
gethostbyname_tm_native(Name, Type, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [wins|_]=Opts) ->
gethostbyname_tm_native(Name, Type, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [native|_]=Opts) ->
gethostbyname_tm_native(Name, Type, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [_|_]=Opts) ->
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, Opts);
%% Make sure we always can look up our own hostname.
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, []) ->
Result = gethostbyname_self(Name, Type),
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, [], Result).
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, Opts, Result) ->
case Result of
{ok,_} ->
Result;
{error,formerr} ->
{error,einval};
{error,_} when Opts =:= [] ->
{error,nxdomain};
{error,_} ->
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, tl(Opts))
end.
gethostbyname_tm_native(Name, Type, Timer, Opts) ->
%% Fixme: add (global) timeout to gethost_native
Result = inet_gethost_native:gethostbyname(Name, Type),
gethostbyname_tm(Name, Type, Timer, Opts, Result).
gethostbyname_self(Name, Type) when is_atom(Name) ->
gethostbyname_self(atom_to_list(Name), Type);
gethostbyname_self(Name, Type)
when is_list(Name), Type =:= inet;
is_list(Name), Type =:= inet6 ->
case inet_db:gethostname() of
Name ->
{ok,make_hostent(Name,
[translate_ip(loopback, Type)],
[], Type)};
Self ->
case inet_db:res_option(domain) of
"" -> {error,nxdomain};
Domain ->
case lists:append([Self,".",Domain]) of
Name ->
{ok,make_hostent(Name,
[translate_ip(loopback, Type)],
[], Type)};
_ -> {error,nxdomain}
end
end
end;
gethostbyname_self(_, _) ->
{error,formerr}.
gethostbyname_string(Name, Type) when is_atom(Name) ->
gethostbyname_string(atom_to_list(Name), Type);
gethostbyname_string(Name, Type)
when is_list(Name), Type =:= inet;
is_list(Name), Type =:= inet6 ->
case
case Type of
inet ->
inet_parse:ipv4_address(Name);
inet6 ->
%% XXX should we really translate IPv4 addresses here
%% even if we do not know if this host can do IPv6?
inet_parse:ipv6_address(Name)
end of
{ok,IP} ->
{ok,make_hostent(Name, [IP], [], Type)};
{error,einval} ->
{error,nxdomain}
end;
gethostbyname_string(_, _) ->
{error,formerr}.
make_hostent(Name, Addrs, Aliases, Type) ->
#hostent{h_name = Name,
h_aliases = Aliases,
h_addrtype = Type,
h_length = case Type of inet -> 4; inet6 -> 16 end,
h_addr_list = Addrs}.
%%
%% gethostbyaddr with option search
%%
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [dns | Opts]) ->
Res = inet_res:gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr,Timer),
case Res of
{ok,_} -> Res;
{error,timeout} -> Res;
{error,formerr} -> {error, einval};
{error,_} -> gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr,Timer,Opts)
end;
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [file | Opts]) ->
case inet_hosts:gethostbyaddr(Addr) of
{error,formerr} -> {error, einval};
{error,_} -> gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr,Timer,Opts);
Result -> Result
end;
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [yp | Opts]) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm_native(Addr, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [nis | Opts]) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm_native(Addr, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [nisplus | Opts]) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm_native(Addr, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [wins | Opts]) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm_native(Addr, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [native | Opts]) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm_native(Addr, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, [_ | Opts]) ->
gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr, Timer, Opts);
gethostbyaddr_tm({127,0,0,1}=IP, _Timer, []) ->
gethostbyaddr_self(IP, inet);
gethostbyaddr_tm({0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}=IP, _Timer, []) ->
gethostbyaddr_self(IP, inet6);
gethostbyaddr_tm(_Addr, _Timer, []) ->
{error, nxdomain}.
gethostbyaddr_self(IP, Type) ->
Name = inet_db:gethostname(),
case inet_db:res_option(domain) of
"" ->
{ok,make_hostent(Name, [IP], [], Type)};
Domain ->
{ok,make_hostent(Name++"."++Domain, [IP], [Name], Type)}
end.
gethostbyaddr_tm_native(Addr, Timer, Opts) ->
%% Fixme: user timer for timeoutvalue
case inet_gethost_native:gethostbyaddr(Addr) of
{error,formerr} -> {error, einval};
{error,_} -> gethostbyaddr_tm(Addr,Timer,Opts);
Result -> Result
end.
-spec open(Fd :: integer(),
Addr :: ip_address(),
Port :: port_number(),
Opts :: [socket_setopt()],
Protocol :: socket_protocol(),
Family :: address_family(),
Type :: socket_type(),
Module :: atom()) ->
{'ok', socket()} | {'error', posix()}.
open(Fd, Addr, Port, Opts, Protocol, Family, Type, Module) when Fd < 0 ->
case prim_inet:open(Protocol, Family, Type) of
{ok,S} ->
case prim_inet:setopts(S, Opts) of
ok ->
case if is_list(Addr) ->
prim_inet:bind(S, add,
[case A of
{_,_} -> A;
_ -> {A,Port}
end || A <- Addr]);
true ->
prim_inet:bind(S, Addr, Port)
end of
{ok, _} ->
inet_db:register_socket(S, Module),
{ok,S};
Error ->
prim_inet:close(S),
Error
end;
Error ->
prim_inet:close(S),
Error
end;
Error ->
Error
end;
open(Fd, _Addr, _Port, Opts, Protocol, Family, Type, Module) ->
fdopen(Fd, Opts, Protocol, Family, Type, Module).
-spec fdopen(Fd :: non_neg_integer(),
Opts :: [socket_setopt()],
Protocol :: socket_protocol(),
Family :: address_family(),
Type :: socket_type(),
Module :: atom()) ->
{'ok', socket()} | {'error', posix()}.
fdopen(Fd, Opts, Protocol, Family, Type, Module) ->
case prim_inet:fdopen(Protocol, Family, Type, Fd) of
{ok, S} ->
case prim_inet:setopts(S, Opts) of
ok ->
inet_db:register_socket(S, Module),
{ok, S};
Error ->
prim_inet:close(S), Error
end;
Error -> Error
end.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% socket stat
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
i() -> i(tcp), i(udp), i(sctp).
i(Proto) -> i(Proto, [port, module, recv, sent, owner,
local_address, foreign_address, state, type]).
i(tcp, Fs) ->
ii(tcp_sockets(), Fs, tcp);
i(udp, Fs) ->
ii(udp_sockets(), Fs, udp);
i(sctp, Fs) ->
ii(sctp_sockets(), Fs, sctp).
ii(Ss, Fs, Proto) ->
LLs =
case info_lines(Ss, Fs, Proto) of
[] -> [];
InfoLines -> [h_line(Fs) | InfoLines]
end,
Maxs = foldl(
fun(Line,Max0) -> smax(Max0,Line) end,
duplicate(length(Fs),0),LLs),
Fmt = append(["~-" ++ integer_to_list(N) ++ "s " || N <- Maxs]) ++ "\n",
lists:foreach(fun(Line) -> io:format(Fmt, Line) end, LLs).
smax([Max|Ms], [Str|Strs]) ->
N = length(Str),
[if N > Max -> N; true -> Max end | smax(Ms, Strs)];
smax([], []) -> [].
info_lines(Ss, Fs, Proto) -> [i_line(S, Fs,Proto) || S <- Ss].
i_line(S, Fs, Proto) -> [info(S, F, Proto) || F <- Fs].
h_line(Fs) -> [h_field(atom_to_list(F)) || F <- Fs].
h_field([C|Cs]) -> [upper(C) | hh_field(Cs)].
hh_field([$_,C|Cs]) -> [$\s,upper(C) | hh_field(Cs)];
hh_field([C|Cs]) -> [C|hh_field(Cs)];
hh_field([]) -> [].
upper(C) when C >= $a, C =< $z -> (C-$a) + $A;
upper(C) -> C.
info(S, F, Proto) ->
case F of
owner ->
case erlang:port_info(S, connected) of
{connected, Owner} -> pid_to_list(Owner);
_ -> " "
end;
port ->
case erlang:port_info(S,id) of
{id, Id} -> integer_to_list(Id);
undefined -> " "
end;
sent ->
case prim_inet:getstat(S, [send_oct]) of
{ok,[{send_oct,N}]} -> integer_to_list(N);
_ -> " "
end;
recv ->
case prim_inet:getstat(S, [recv_oct]) of
{ok,[{recv_oct,N}]} -> integer_to_list(N);
_ -> " "
end;
local_address ->
fmt_addr(prim_inet:sockname(S), Proto);
foreign_address ->
fmt_addr(prim_inet:peername(S), Proto);
state ->
case prim_inet:getstatus(S) of
{ok,Status} -> fmt_status(Status);
_ -> " "
end;
packet ->
case prim_inet:getopt(S, packet) of
{ok,Type} when is_atom(Type) -> atom_to_list(Type);
{ok,Type} when is_integer(Type) -> integer_to_list(Type);
_ -> " "
end;
type ->
case prim_inet:gettype(S) of
{ok,{_,stream}} -> "STREAM";
{ok,{_,dgram}} -> "DGRAM";
{ok,{_,seqpacket}} -> "SEQPACKET";
_ -> " "
end;
fd ->
case prim_inet:getfd(S) of
{ok, Fd} -> integer_to_list(Fd);
_ -> " "
end;
module ->
case inet_db:lookup_socket(S) of
{ok,Mod} -> atom_to_list(Mod);
_ -> "prim_inet"
end
end.
%% Possible flags: (sorted)
%% [accepting,bound,busy,connected,connecting,listen,listening,open]
%%
fmt_status(Flags) ->
case lists:sort(Flags) of
[accepting | _] -> "ACCEPTING";
[bound,busy,connected|_] -> "CONNECTED*";
[bound,connected|_] -> "CONNECTED";
[bound,listen,listening | _] -> "LISTENING";
[bound,listen | _] -> "LISTEN";
[bound,connecting | _] -> "CONNECTING";
[bound,open] -> "BOUND";
[open] -> "IDLE";
[] -> "CLOSED";
_ -> "????"
end.
fmt_addr({error,enotconn}, _) -> "*:*";
fmt_addr({error,_}, _) -> " ";
fmt_addr({ok,Addr}, Proto) ->
case Addr of
%%Dialyzer {0,0} -> "*:*";
{{0,0,0,0},Port} -> "*:" ++ fmt_port(Port, Proto);
{{0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},Port} -> "*:" ++ fmt_port(Port, Proto);
{{127,0,0,1},Port} -> "localhost:" ++ fmt_port(Port, Proto);
{{0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1},Port} -> "localhost:" ++ fmt_port(Port, Proto);
{IP,Port} -> inet_parse:ntoa(IP) ++ ":" ++ fmt_port(Port, Proto)
end.
fmt_port(N, Proto) ->
case inet:getservbyport(N, Proto) of
{ok, Name} -> Name;
_ -> integer_to_list(N)
end.
%% Return a list of all tcp sockets
tcp_sockets() -> port_list("tcp_inet").
udp_sockets() -> port_list("udp_inet").
sctp_sockets() -> port_list("sctp_inet").
%% Return all ports having the name 'Name'
port_list(Name) ->
filter(
fun(Port) ->
case erlang:port_info(Port, name) of
{name, Name} -> true;
_ -> false
end
end, erlang:ports()).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% utils
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-spec format_error(Reason) -> string() when
Reason :: posix() | system_limit.
format_error(exbadport) -> "invalid port state";
format_error(exbadseq) -> "bad command sequence";
format_error(system_limit) ->
"a system limit was hit, probably not enough ports";
format_error(Tag) ->
erl_posix_msg:message(Tag).
%% Close a TCP socket.
tcp_close(S) when is_port(S) ->
%% if exit_on_close is set we must force a close even if remotely closed!!!
prim_inet:close(S),
receive {tcp_closed, S} -> ok after 0 -> ok end.
%% Close a UDP socket.
udp_close(S) when is_port(S) ->
receive
{udp_closed, S} -> ok
after 0 ->
prim_inet:close(S),
receive {udp_closed, S} -> ok after 0 -> ok end
end.
%% Set controlling process for TCP socket.
tcp_controlling_process(S, NewOwner) when is_port(S), is_pid(NewOwner) ->
case erlang:port_info(S, connected) of
{connected, Pid} when Pid =/= self() ->
{error, not_owner};
undefined ->
{error, einval};
_ ->
case prim_inet:getopt(S, active) of
{ok, A0} ->
prim_inet:setopt(S, active, false),
case tcp_sync_input(S, NewOwner, false) of
true -> %% socket already closed,
ok;
false ->
try erlang:port_connect(S, NewOwner) of
true ->
unlink(S), %% unlink from port
prim_inet:setopt(S, active, A0),
ok
catch
error:Reason ->
{error, Reason}
end
end;
Error ->
Error
end
end.
tcp_sync_input(S, Owner, Flag) ->
receive
{tcp, S, Data} ->
Owner ! {tcp, S, Data},
tcp_sync_input(S, Owner, Flag);
{tcp_closed, S} ->
Owner ! {tcp_closed, S},
tcp_sync_input(S, Owner, true);
{S, {data, Data}} ->
Owner ! {S, {data, Data}},
tcp_sync_input(S, Owner, Flag);
{inet_async, S, Ref, Status} ->
Owner ! {inet_async, S, Ref, Status},
tcp_sync_input(S, Owner, Flag);
{inet_reply, S, Status} ->
Owner ! {inet_reply, S, Status},
tcp_sync_input(S, Owner, Flag)
after 0 ->
Flag
end.
%% Set controlling process for UDP or SCTP socket.
udp_controlling_process(S, NewOwner) when is_port(S), is_pid(NewOwner) ->
case erlang:port_info(S, connected) of
{connected, Pid} when Pid =/= self() ->
{error, not_owner};
_ ->
{ok, A0} = prim_inet:getopt(S, active),
prim_inet:setopt(S, active, false),
udp_sync_input(S, NewOwner),
try erlang:port_connect(S, NewOwner) of
true ->
unlink(S),
prim_inet:setopt(S, active, A0),
ok
catch
error:Reason ->
{error, Reason}
end
end.
udp_sync_input(S, Owner) ->
receive
{sctp, S, _, _, _}=Msg -> udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg);
{udp, S, _, _, _}=Msg -> udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg);
{udp_closed, S}=Msg -> udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg);
{S, {data,_}}=Msg -> udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg);
{inet_async, S, _, _}=Msg -> udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg);
{inet_reply, S, _}=Msg -> udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg)
after 0 ->
ok
end.
udp_sync_input(S, Owner, Msg) ->
Owner ! Msg,
udp_sync_input(S, Owner).
start_timer(infinity) -> false;
start_timer(Timeout) ->
erlang:start_timer(Timeout, self(), inet).
timeout(false) -> infinity;
timeout(Timer) ->
case erlang:read_timer(Timer) of
false -> 0;
Time -> Time
end.
timeout(Time, false) -> Time;
timeout(Time, Timer) ->
TimerTime = timeout(Timer),
if TimerTime < Time -> TimerTime;
true -> Time
end.
stop_timer(false) -> false;
stop_timer(Timer) ->
case erlang:cancel_timer(Timer) of
false ->
receive
{timeout,Timer,_} -> false
after 0 ->
false
end;
T -> T
end.
lock_socket(S,Val) ->
case erlang:port_info(S, connected) of
{connected, Pid} when Pid =/= self() ->
{error, not_owner};
undefined ->
{error, einval};
_ ->
prim_inet:ignorefd(S,Val)
end.
