<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>1997</year><year>2016</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>Agent Implementation Example</title>
<prepared></prepared>
<responsible></responsible>
<docno></docno>
<approved></approved>
<checked></checked>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
<file>snmp_impl_example_agent.xml</file>
</header>
<p>This <em>Implementation Example</em> section describes how an
MIB can be implemented with the SNMP Development Toolkit. </p>
<p>The example shown can be found in the toolkit distribution. </p>
<p>The agent is configured with the configuration tool, using
default suggestions for everything but the manager node. </p>
<section>
<title>MIB</title>
<p>The MIB used in this example is called EX1-MIB. It contains two
objects, a variable with a name and a table with friends.
</p>
<code type="none">
EX1-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
RowStatus FROM STANDARD-MIB
DisplayString FROM RFC1213-MIB
OBJECT-TYPE FROM RFC-1212
;
example1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { experimental 7 }
myName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))
ACCESS read-write
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
"My own name"
::= { example1 1 }
friendsTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF FriendsEntry
ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
"A list of friends."
::= { example1 4 }
friendsEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX FriendsEntry
ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
""
INDEX { fIndex }
::= { friendsTable 1 }
FriendsEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
fIndex
INTEGER,
fName
DisplayString,
fAddress
DisplayString,
fStatus
RowStatus }
fIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER
ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
"number of friend"
::= { friendsEntry 1 }
fName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))
ACCESS read-write
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
"Name of friend"
::= { friendsEntry 2 }
fAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))
ACCESS read-write
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
"Address of friend"
::= { friendsEntry 3 }
fStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RowStatus
ACCESS read-write
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION
"The status of this conceptual row."
::= { friendsEntry 4 }
fTrap TRAP-TYPE
ENTERPRISE example1
VARIABLES { myName, fIndex }
DESCRIPTION
"This trap is sent when something happens to
the friend specified by fIndex."
::= 1
END
</code>
</section>
<section>
<title>Default Implementation</title>
<p>Without writing any instrumentation functions, we can compile
the MIB and use the default implementation of it. Recall that MIBs
imported by "EX1-MIB.mib" must be present and compiled in the
current directory ("./STANDARD-MIB.bin","./RFC1213-MIB.bin") when
compiling.
</p>
<pre>
unix> <input>erl -config ./sys</input>
1> <input>application:start(snmp).</input>
ok
2> <input>snmpc:compile("EX1-MIB").</input>
No accessfunction for 'friendsTable', using default.
No accessfunction for 'myName', using default.
{ok, "EX1-MIB.bin"}
3> <input>snmpa:load_mibs(snmp_master_agent, ["EX1-MIB"]).</input>
ok
</pre>
<p>This MIB is now loaded into the agent, and a manager can ask
questions. As an example of this, we start another Erlang system
and the simple Erlang manager in the toolkit:
</p>
<pre>
1> <input>snmp_test_mgr:start_link([{agent,"dront.ericsson.se"},{community,"all-rights"},</input>
%% making it understand symbolic names: {mibs,["EX1-MIB","STANDARD-MIB"]}]).
{ok, <0.89.0>}
%% a get-next request with one OID.
2> <input>snmp_test_mgr:gn([[1,3,6,1,3,7]]).</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
[myName,0] = []
%% A set-request (now using symbolic names for convenience)
3> <input>snmp_test_mgr:s([{[myName,0], "Martin"}]).</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
[myName,0] = "Martin"
%% Try the same get-next request again
4> <input>snmp_test_mgr:gn([[1,3,6,1,3,7]]).</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
[myName,0] = "Martin"
%% ... and we got the new value.
%% you can event do row operations. How to add a row:
5> <input>snmp_test_mgr:s([{[fName,0], "Martin"}, {[fAddress,0],"home"}, {[fStatus,0],4}]).</input>
%% createAndGo
ok
* Got PDU:
[fName,0] = "Martin"
[fAddress,0] = "home"
[fStatus,0] = 4
6> <input>snmp_test_mgr:gn([[myName,0]]).</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
[fName,0] = "Martin"
7> <input>snmp_test_mgr:gn().</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
[fAddress,0] = "home"
8> <input>snmp_test_mgr:gn().</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
[fStatus,0] = 1
9>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<title>Manual Implementation</title>
<p>The following example shows a "manual" implementation of the
EX1-MIB in Erlang. In this example, the values of the objects are
stored in an Erlang server. The server has a 2-tuple as loop
data, where the first element is the value of variable
<c>myName</c>, and the second is a sorted list of rows in the
table <c>friendsTable</c>. Each row is a 4-tuple.
</p>
<note>
<p>There are more efficient ways to create tables manually, i.e.
to use the module <c>snmp_index</c>.</p>
</note>
<section>
<title>Code</title>
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
-module(ex1).
-author('[email protected]').
%% External exports
-export([start/0, my_name/1, my_name/2, friends_table/3]).
%% Internal exports
-export([init/0]).
-define(status_col, 4).
-define(active, 1).
-define(notInService, 2).
-define(notReady, 3).
-define(createAndGo, 4). % Action; written, not read
-define(createAndWait, 5). % Action; written, not read
-define(destroy, 6). % Action; written, not read
start() ->
spawn(ex1, init, []).
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
%% Instrumentation function for variable myName.
%% Returns: (get) {value, Name}
%% (set) noError
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
my_name(get) ->
ex1_server ! {self(), get_my_name},
Name = wait_answer(),
{value, Name}.
my_name(set, NewName) ->
ex1_server ! {self(), {set_my_name, NewName}},
noError.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
%% Instrumentation function for table friendsTable.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
friends_table(get, RowIndex, Cols) ->
case get_row(RowIndex) of
{ok, Row} ->
get_cols(Cols, Row);
_ ->
{noValue, noSuchInstance}
end;
friends_table(get_next, RowIndex, Cols) ->
case get_next_row(RowIndex) of
{ok, Row} ->
get_next_cols(Cols, Row);
_ ->
case get_next_row([]) of
{ok, Row} ->
% Get next cols from first row.
NewCols = add_one_to_cols(Cols),
get_next_cols(NewCols, Row);
_ ->
end_of_table(Cols)
end
end;
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
%% If RowStatus is set, then:
%% *) If set to destroy, check that row does exist
%% *) If set to createAndGo, check that row does not exist AND
%% that all columns are given values.
%% *) Otherwise, error (for simplicity).
%% Otherwise, row is modified; check that row exists.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
friends_table(is_set_ok, RowIndex, Cols) ->
RowExists =
case get_row(RowIndex) of
{ok, _Row} -> true;
_ -> false
end,
case is_row_status_col_changed(Cols) of
{true, ?destroy} when RowExists == true ->
{noError, 0};
{true, ?createAndGo} when RowExists == false,
length(Cols) == 3 ->
{noError, 0};
{true, _} ->
{inconsistentValue, ?status_col};
false when RowExists == true ->
{noError, 0};
_ ->
[{Col, _NewVal} | _Cols] = Cols,
{inconsistentName, Col}
end;
friends_table(set, RowIndex, Cols) ->
case is_row_status_col_changed(Cols) of
{true, ?destroy} ->
ex1_server ! {self(), {delete_row, RowIndex}};
{true, ?createAndGo} ->
NewRow = make_row(RowIndex, Cols),
ex1_server ! {self(), {add_row, NewRow}};
false ->
{ok, Row} = get_row(RowIndex),
NewRow = merge_rows(Row, Cols),
ex1_server ! {self(), {delete_row, RowIndex}},
ex1_server ! {self(), {add_row, NewRow}}
end,
{noError, 0}.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
%% Make a list of {value, Val} of the Row and Cols list.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
get_cols([Col | Cols], Row) ->
[{value, element(Col, Row)} | get_cols(Cols, Row)];
get_cols([], _Row) ->
[].
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
%% As get_cols, but the Cols list may contain invalid column
%% numbers. If it does, we must find the next valid column,
%% or return endOfTable.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
get_next_cols([Col | Cols], Row) when Col < 2 ->
[{[2, element(1, Row)], element(2, Row)} |
get_next_cols(Cols, Row)];
get_next_cols([Col | Cols], Row) when Col > 4 ->
[endOfTable |
get_next_cols(Cols, Row)];
get_next_cols([Col | Cols], Row) ->
[{[Col, element(1, Row)], element(Col, Row)} |
get_next_cols(Cols, Row)];
get_next_cols([], _Row) ->
[].
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
%% Make a list of endOfTable with as many elems as Cols list.
%%----------------------------------------------------------------
end_of_table([Col | Cols]) ->
[endOfTable | end_of_table(Cols)];
end_of_table([]) ->
[].
add_one_to_cols([Col | Cols]) ->
[Col + 1 | add_one_to_cols(Cols)];
add_one_to_cols([]) ->
[].
is_row_status_col_changed(Cols) ->
case lists:keysearch(?status_col, 1, Cols) of
{value, {?status_col, StatusVal}} ->
{true, StatusVal};
_ -> false
end.
get_row(RowIndex) ->
ex1_server ! {self(), {get_row, RowIndex}},
wait_answer().
get_next_row(RowIndex) ->
ex1_server ! {self(), {get_next_row, RowIndex}},
wait_answer().
wait_answer() ->
receive
{ex1_server, Answer} ->
Answer
end.
%%%---------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Server code follows
%%%---------------------------------------------------------------
init() ->
register(ex1_server, self()),
loop("", []).
loop(MyName, Table) ->
receive
{From, get_my_name} ->
From ! {ex1_server, MyName},
loop(MyName, Table);
{From, {set_my_name, NewName}} ->
loop(NewName, Table);
{From, {get_row, RowIndex}} ->
Res = table_get_row(Table, RowIndex),
From ! {ex1_server, Res},
loop(MyName, Table);
{From, {get_next_row, RowIndex}} ->
Res = table_get_next_row(Table, RowIndex),
From ! {ex1_server, Res},
loop(MyName, Table);
{From, {delete_row, RowIndex}} ->
NewTable = table_delete_row(Table, RowIndex),
loop(MyName, NewTable);
{From, {add_row, NewRow}} ->
NewTable = table_add_row(Table, NewRow),
loop(MyName, NewTable)
end.
%%%---------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Functions for table operations. The table is represented as
%%% a list of rows.
%%%---------------------------------------------------------------
table_get_row([{Index, Name, Address, Status} | _], [Index]) ->
{ok, {Index, Name, Address, Status}};
table_get_row([H | T], RowIndex) ->
table_get_row(T, RowIndex);
table_get_row([], _RowIndex) ->
no_such_row.
table_get_next_row([Row | T], []) ->
{ok, Row};
table_get_next_row([Row | T], [Index | _])
when element(1, Row) > Index ->
{ok, Row};
table_get_next_row([Row | T], RowIndex) ->
table_get_next_row(T, RowIndex);
table_get_next_row([], RowIndex) ->
endOfTable.
table_delete_row([{Index, _, _, _} | T], [Index]) ->
T;
table_delete_row([H | T], RowIndex) ->
[H | table_delete_row(T, RowIndex)];
table_delete_row([], _RowIndex) ->
[].
table_add_row([Row | T], NewRow)
when element(1, Row) > element(1, NewRow) ->
[NewRow, Row | T];
table_add_row([H | T], NewRow) ->
[H | table_add_row(T, NewRow)];
table_add_row([], NewRow) ->
[NewRow].
make_row([Index], [{2, Name}, {3, Address} | _]) ->
{Index, Name, Address, ?active}.
merge_rows(Row, [{Col, NewVal} | T]) ->
merge_rows(setelement(Col, Row, NewVal), T);
merge_rows(Row, []) ->
Row.
]]></code>
</section>
<section>
<title>Association File</title>
<p>The association file <c>EX1-MIB.funcs</c> for the real
implementation looks as follows:
</p>
<code type="none">
{myName, {ex1, my_name, []}}.
{friendsTable, {ex1, friends_table, []}}.
</code>
</section>
<section>
<title>Transcript</title>
<p>To use the real implementation, we must recompile the MIB and
load it into the agent.
</p>
<pre>
1> <input>application:start(snmp).</input>
ok
2> <input>snmpc:compile("EX1-MIB").</input>
{ok,"EX1-MIB.bin"}
3> <input>snmpa:load_mibs(snmp_master_agent, ["EX1-MIB"]).</input>
ok
4> <input>ex1:start().</input>
<0.115.0>
%% Now all requests operates on this "real" implementation.
%% The output from the manager requests will *look* exactly the
%% same as for the default implementation.
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<title>Trap Sending</title>
<p>How to send a trap by sending the
<c>fTrap</c> from the master agent is shown in this section.
The master agent has the MIB <c>EX1-MIB</c> loaded, where the
trap is defined. This trap specifies that two variables should
be sent along with the trap, <c>myName</c> and <c>fIndex</c>.
<c>fIndex</c> is a table column, so we must provide its value
and the index for the row in the call to <c>snmpa:send_trap/4</c>.
In the example below, we assume that the row in question is
indexed by 2 (the row with <c>fIndex</c> 2).
</p>
<p>we use a simple Erlang SNMP manager, which can receive traps.
</p>
<pre>
[MANAGER]
1> <input>snmp_test_mgr:start_link([{agent,"dront.ericsson.se"},{community,"public"}</input>
%% does not have write-access
1><input>{mibs,["EX1-MIB","STANDARD-MIB"]}]).</input>
{ok, <0.100.0>}
2> <input>snmp_test_mgr:s([{[myName,0], "Klas"}]).</input>
ok
* Got PDU:
Received a trap:
Generic: 4 %% authenticationFailure
Enterprise: [iso,2,3]
Specific: 0
Agent addr: [123,12,12,21]
TimeStamp: 42993
2>
[AGENT]
3> <input>snmpa:send_trap(snmp_master_agent, fTrap,"standard trap", [{fIndex,[2],2}]).</input>
[MANAGER]
2>
* Got PDU:
Received a trap:
Generic: 6
Enterprise: [example1]
Specific: 1
Agent addr: [123,12,12,21]
TimeStamp: 69649
[myName,0] = "Martin"
[fIndex,2] = 2
2>
</pre>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>
