<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE appref SYSTEM "appref.dtd">
<appref>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>2012</year><year>2018</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>SSH</title>
<prepared></prepared>
<docno></docno>
<checked></checked>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
<file>ssh_app.xml</file>
</header>
<app>SSH</app>
<appsummary>The ssh application implements the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol and
provides an SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) client and server.</appsummary>
<description>
<p>The <c>ssh</c> application is an implementation of the SSH protocol in Erlang.
<c>ssh</c> offers API functions to write customized SSH clients and servers as well as
making the Erlang shell available over SSH. An SFTP client, <c>ssh_sftp</c>, and server,
<c>ssh_sftpd</c>, are also included.</p>
</description>
<section>
<title>DEPENDENCIES</title>
<p>The <c>ssh</c> application uses the applications
<seealso marker="public_key:public_key">public_key</seealso> and
<seealso marker="crypto:crypto">crypto</seealso>
to handle public keys and encryption. Hence, these
applications must be loaded for the <c>ssh</c> application to work. In
an embedded environment this means that they must be started with
<seealso marker="kernel:application#start/1">application:start/1,2</seealso> before the
<c>ssh</c> application is started.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>CONFIGURATION</title>
<p>The <c>ssh</c> application does not have an application-
specific configuration file, as described in <seealso marker="kernel:application">application(3)</seealso>.
However, by default it use the following configuration files
from OpenSSH:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item><c>known_hosts</c></item>
<item><c>authorized_keys</c></item>
<item><c>authorized_keys2</c></item>
<item><c>id_dsa</c></item>
<item><c>id_rsa</c></item>
<item><c>id_ecdsa</c></item>
<item><c>ssh_host_dsa_key</c></item>
<item><c>ssh_host_rsa_key</c></item>
<item><c>ssh_host_ecdsa_key</c></item>
</list>
<p>By default, <c>ssh</c> looks for <c>id_dsa</c>, <c>id_rsa</c>,
<c>id_ecdsa_key</c>,
<c>known_hosts</c>, and <c>authorized_keys</c> in ~/.ssh,
and for the host key files in <c>/etc/ssh</c>. These locations can be changed
by the options <c>user_dir</c> and <c>system_dir</c>.
</p>
<p>Public key handling can also be customized through a callback module that
implements the behaviors
<seealso marker="ssh_client_key_api">ssh_client_key_api</seealso> and
<seealso marker="ssh_server_key_api">ssh_server_key_api</seealso>.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Public Keys</title>
<p><c>id_dsa</c>, <c>id_rsa</c> and <c>id_ecdsa</c> are the users private key files.
Notice that the public key is part of the private key so the <c>ssh</c>
application does not use the <c>id_<*>.pub</c> files. These are
for the user's convenience when it is needed to convey the user's
public key.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Known Hosts</title>
<p>The <c>known_hosts</c> file contains a list of approved servers and
their public keys. Once a server is listed, it can be verified
without user interaction.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Authorized Keys</title>
<p>The <c>authorized_key</c> file keeps track of the user's authorized
public keys. The most common use of this file is to let users
log in without entering their password, which is supported by the
Erlang <c>ssh</c> daemon.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Host Keys</title>
<p>RSA, DSA and ECDSA host keys are supported and are
expected to be found in files named <c>ssh_host_rsa_key</c>,
<c>ssh_host_dsa_key</c> and <c>ssh_host_ecdsa_key</c>.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>ERROR LOGGER AND EVENT HANDLERS</title>
<p>The <c>ssh</c> application uses the default <seealso marker="kernel:error_logger">OTP error logger</seealso> to log unexpected errors or print information about special events.</p>
</section>
<section>
<marker id="supported"/>
<title>SUPPORTED SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS</title>
<p>The supported SSH version is 2.0.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Algorithms</title>
<p>The actual set of algorithms may vary depending on which OpenSSL crypto library that is installed on the machine.
For the list on a particular installation, use the command
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#default_algorithms/0">ssh:default_algorithms/0</seealso>.
The user may override the default algorithm configuration both on the server side and the client side.
See the options
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-preferred_algorithms_common_option">preferred_algorithms</seealso>
and
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-modify_algorithms_common_option">modify_algorithms</seealso>
in the <seealso marker="ssh:ssh#daemon/1">ssh:daemon/1,2,3</seealso> and
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#connect/3">ssh:connect/3,4</seealso> functions.
</p>
<p>Supported algorithms are (in the default order):</p>
<marker id="supported_algos"></marker>
<taglist>
<tag>Key exchange algorithms</tag>
<item>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>ecdh-sha2-nistp384</item>
<item>ecdh-sha2-nistp521</item>
<item>ecdh-sha2-nistp256</item>
<item>diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256</item>
<item>diffie-hellman-group16-sha512</item>
<item>diffie-hellman-group18-sha512</item>
<item>diffie-hellman-group14-sha256</item>
<item>curve25519-sha256</item>
<item>[email protected]</item>
<item>curve448-sha512</item>
<item>diffie-hellman-group14-sha1</item>
<item>diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1</item>
<item>(diffie-hellman-group1-sha1, retired: It can be enabled with the
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-preferred_algorithms_common_option">preferred_algorithms</seealso>
or
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-modify_algorithms_common_option">modify_algorithms</seealso>
options)</item>
</list>
</item>
<tag>Public key algorithms</tag>
<item>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>ecdsa-sha2-nistp384</item>
<item>ecdsa-sha2-nistp521</item>
<item>ecdsa-sha2-nistp256</item>
<item>ssh-rsa</item>
<item>rsa-sha2-256</item>
<item>rsa-sha2-512</item>
<item>ssh-dss</item>
</list>
</item>
<tag>MAC algorithms</tag>
<item>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>hmac-sha2-256</item>
<item>hmac-sha2-512</item>
<item>hmac-sha1</item>
</list>
</item>
<tag>Encryption algorithms (ciphers)</tag>
<item>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>[email protected]</item>
<item>[email protected]</item>
<item>aes256-ctr</item>
<item>aes192-ctr</item>
<item>[email protected]</item>
<item>aes128-ctr</item>
<item>aes128-cbc</item>
<item>3des-cbc</item>
<item>(AEAD_AES_128_GCM, not enabled per default)</item>
<item>(AEAD_AES_256_GCM, not enabled per default)</item>
</list>
<p>See the text at the description of <seealso marker="#rfc5647_note">the rfc 5647 further down</seealso>
for more information regarding AEAD_AES_*_GCM.
</p>
<p>Following the internet de-facto standard, the cipher and mac algorithm AEAD_AES_128_GCM is selected when the
cipher [email protected] is negotiated. The cipher and mac algorithm AEAD_AES_256_GCM is selected when the
cipher [email protected] is negotiated.
</p>
</item>
<tag>Compression algorithms</tag>
<item>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>none</item>
<item>[email protected]</item>
<item>zlib</item>
</list>
</item>
</taglist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Unicode support</title>
<p>Unicode filenames are supported if the emulator and the underlaying OS support it. See section DESCRIPTION in the
<seealso marker="kernel:file">file</seealso> manual page in Kernel for information about this subject.
</p>
<p>The shell and the cli both support unicode.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Rfcs</title>
<p>The following rfc:s are supported:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4251">RFC 4251</url>, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture.
<p>Except</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>9.4.6 Host-Based Authentication</item>
<item>9.5.2 Proxy Forwarding</item>
<item>9.5.3 X11 Forwarding</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4252">RFC 4252</url>, The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol.
<p>Except</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>9. Host-Based Authentication: "hostbased"</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4253">RFC 4253</url>, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol.
<p>Except</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>8.1. diffie-hellman-group1-sha1. Disabled by default, can be enabled with the
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-preferred_algorithms_common_option">preferred_algorithms</seealso>
or
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-modify_algorithms_common_option">modify_algorithms</seealso>
options.</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4254">RFC 4254</url>, The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol.
<p>Except</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>6.3. X11 Forwarding</item>
<item>7. TCP/IP Port Forwarding</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4256">RFC 4256</url>, Generic Message Exchange Authentication for
the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH).
<p>Except</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item><c>num-prompts > 1</c></item>
<item>password changing</item>
<item>other identification methods than userid-password</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4419">RFC 4419</url>, Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for
the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol.
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4716">RFC 4716</url>, The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format.
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5647">RFC 5647</url>, AES Galois Counter Mode for
the Secure Shell Transport Layer Protocol.
<p><marker id="rfc5647_note"/>There is an ambiguity in the synchronized selection of cipher and mac algorithm.
This is resolved by OpenSSH in the ciphers [email protected] and [email protected] which are implemented.
If the explicit ciphers and macs AEAD_AES_128_GCM or AEAD_AES_256_GCM are needed,
they could be enabled with the options
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-preferred_algorithms_common_option">preferred_algorithms</seealso>
or
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-modify_algorithms_common_option">modify_algorithms</seealso>.
</p>
<warning>
<p>
If the client or the server is not Erlang/OTP, it is the users responsibility to check that
other implementation has the same interpretation of AEAD_AES_*_GCM as the Erlang/OTP SSH before
enabling them. The aes*[email protected] variants are always safe to use since they lack the
ambiguity.
</p>
</warning>
<p>The second paragraph in section 5.1 is resolved as:</p>
<list type="ordered">
<item>If the negotiated cipher is AEAD_AES_128_GCM, the mac algorithm is set to AEAD_AES_128_GCM.</item>
<item>If the negotiated cipher is AEAD_AES_256_GCM, the mac algorithm is set to AEAD_AES_256_GCM.</item>
<item>If the mac algorithm is AEAD_AES_128_GCM, the cipher is set to AEAD_AES_128_GCM.</item>
<item>If the mac algorithm is AEAD_AES_256_GCM, the cipher is set to AEAD_AES_256_GCM.</item>
</list>
<p>The first rule that matches when read in order from the top is applied</p>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5656">RFC 5656</url>, Elliptic Curve Algorithm Integration in
the Secure Shell Transport Layer.
<p>Except</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>5. ECMQV Key Exchange</item>
<item>6.4. ECMQV Key Exchange and Verification Method Name</item>
<item>7.2. ECMQV Message Numbers</item>
<item>10.2. Recommended Curves</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6668">RFC 6668</url>, SHA-2 Data Integrity Verification for
the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol
<p>Comment: Defines hmac-sha2-256 and hmac-sha2-512
</p>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-kex-sha2">Draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-kex-sha2 (work in progress)</url>, Key Exchange (KEX) Method Updates and Recommendations for Secure Shell (SSH).
<p>Deviations:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>The <c>diffie-hellman-group1-sha1</c> is not enabled by default, but is still supported and can be enabled
with the options
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-preferred_algorithms_common_option">preferred_algorithms</seealso>
or
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-modify_algorithms_common_option">modify_algorithms</seealso>.
</item>
<item>The questionable sha1-based algorithms <c>diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1</c> and
<c>diffie-hellman-group14-sha1</c> are still enabled by default for compatibility with ancient clients and servers.
They can be disabled with the options
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-preferred_algorithms_common_option">preferred_algorithms</seealso>
or
<seealso marker="ssh:ssh#type-modify_algorithms_common_option">modify_algorithms</seealso>.
They will be disabled by default when the draft is turned into an RFC.</item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item><url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8332">RFC 8332</url>, Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol.
</item>
<item><marker id="supported-ext-info"/>
<url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8308">RFC 8308</url>, Extension Negotiation in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol.
<p>Implemented are:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>The Extension Negotiation Mechanism</item>
<item>The extension <c>server-sig-algs</c></item>
</list>
<p/>
</item>
<item>
<url href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-curves">Secure Shell (SSH) Key Exchange Method using Curve25519 and Curve448 (work in progress)</url>
</item>
</list>
</section>
<section>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
<p><seealso marker="kernel:application">application(3)</seealso></p>
</section>
</appref>
