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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE erlref SYSTEM "erlref.dtd">

<erlref>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>1996</year><year>2013</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
      Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
      compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
      Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
      retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
    
      Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
      basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
      the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
      under the License.
    
    </legalnotice>

    <title>dict</title>
    <prepared>Robert Virding</prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date>1997-01-15</date>
    <rev>B</rev>
  </header>
  <module>dict</module>
  <modulesummary>Key-Value Dictionary</modulesummary>
  <description>
    <p><c>Dict</c> implements a <c>Key</c> - <c>Value</c> dictionary.
      The representation of a dictionary is not defined.</p>
    <p>This module provides exactly the same interface as the module
      <c>orddict</c>. One difference is that while this module
      considers two keys as different if they do not match (<c>=:=</c>),
      <c>orddict</c> considers two keys as different if and only if
      they do not compare equal (<c>==</c>).</p>
  </description>

  <datatypes>
    <datatype>
      <name><marker id="type-dict">dict()</marker></name>
      <desc><p>Dictionary as returned by <c>new/0</c>.</p></desc>
    </datatype>
  </datatypes>
  <funcs>
    <func>
      <name name="append" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Append a value to keys in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function appends a new <c><anno>Value</anno></c> to the current list
          of values associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="append_list" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Append new values to keys in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function appends a list of values <c><anno>ValList</anno></c> to
          the current list of values associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c>. An
          exception is generated if the initial value associated with
          <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is not a list of values.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="erase" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Erase a key from a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function erases all items with a given key from a
          dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="fetch" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Look-up values in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function returns the value associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c>
          in the dictionary <c><anno>Dict</anno></c>. <c>fetch</c> assumes that
          the <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is present in the dictionary and an exception
          is generated if <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is not in the dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="fetch_keys" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return all keys in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function returns a list of all keys in the dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="filter" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Choose elements which satisfy a predicate</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p><c><anno>Dict2</anno></c> is a dictionary of all keys and values in
          <c><anno>Dict1</anno></c> for which <c><anno>Pred</anno>(<anno>Key</anno>, <anno>Value</anno>)</c> is <c>true</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="find" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Search for a key in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function searches for a key in a dictionary. Returns
          <c>{ok, <anno>Value</anno>}</c> where <c><anno>Value</anno></c> is the value associated
          with <c><anno>Key</anno></c>, or <c>error</c> if the key is not present in
          the dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="fold" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Fold a function over a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Calls <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> on successive keys and values of
          <c><anno>Dict</anno></c> together with an extra argument <c>Acc</c>
          (short for accumulator). <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> must return a new
          accumulator which is passed to the next call. <c><anno>Acc0</anno></c> is
          returned if the list is empty. The evaluation order is
          undefined.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="from_list" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Convert a list of pairs to a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function converts the <c><anno>Key</anno></c> - <c><anno>Value</anno></c> list
          <c><anno>List</anno></c> to a dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="is_key" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Test if a key is in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function tests if <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is contained in
          the dictionary <c><anno>Dict</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="map" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Map a function over a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p><c>map</c> calls <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> on successive keys and values
          of <c><anno>Dict1</anno></c> to return a new value for each key.
          The evaluation order is undefined.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="merge" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Merge two dictionaries</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p><c>merge</c> merges two dictionaries, <c><anno>Dict1</anno></c> and
          <c><anno>Dict2</anno></c>, to create a new dictionary.  All the <c><anno>Key</anno></c>
          - <c><anno>Value</anno></c> pairs from both dictionaries are included in
          the new dictionary.  If a key occurs in both dictionaries then
          <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> is called with the key and both values to return a
          new value. <c>merge</c> could be defined as:</p>
        <code type="none">
merge(Fun, D1, D2) ->
    fold(fun (K, V1, D) ->
                 update(K, fun (V2) -> Fun(K, V1, V2) end, V1, D)
         end, D2, D1).</code>
        <p>but is faster.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="new" arity="0"/>
      <fsummary>Create a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function creates a new dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="size" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return the number of elements in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns the number of elements in a <c><anno>Dict</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="is_empty" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return true if the dictionary is empty</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Dict</anno></c> has no elements, <c>false</c> otherwise.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="store" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Store a value in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function stores a <c><anno>Key</anno></c> - <c><anno>Value</anno></c> pair in a
          dictionary. If the <c><anno>Key</anno></c> already exists in <c><anno>Dict1</anno></c>,
          the associated value is replaced by <c><anno>Value</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="to_list" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Convert a dictionary to a list of pairs</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function converts the dictionary to a list
          representation.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="update" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Update a value in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Update a value in a dictionary by calling <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> on
          the value to get a new value.  An exception is generated if
          <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is not present in the dictionary.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="update" arity="4"/>
      <fsummary>Update a value in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Update a value in a dictionary by calling <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> on
          the value to get a new value.  If <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is not present
          in the dictionary then <c><anno>Initial</anno></c> will be stored as
          the first value. For example <c>append/3</c> could be defined
          as:</p>
        <code type="none">
append(Key, Val, D) ->
    update(Key, fun (Old) -> Old ++ [Val] end, [Val], D).</code>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="update_counter" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Increment a value in a dictionary</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Add <c><anno>Increment</anno></c> to the value associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c>
          and store this value.  If <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is not present in
          the dictionary then <c><anno>Increment</anno></c> will be stored as
          the first value.</p>
        <p>This could be defined as:</p>
        <code type="none">
update_counter(Key, Incr, D) ->
    update(Key, fun (Old) -> Old + Incr end, Incr, D).</code>
        <p>but is faster.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
  </funcs>

  <section>
    <title>Notes</title>
    <p>The functions <c>append</c> and <c>append_list</c> are included
      so we can store keyed values in a list <em>accumulator</em>. For
      example:</p>
    <pre>
> D0 = dict:new(),
  D1 = dict:store(files, [], D0),
  D2 = dict:append(files, f1, D1),
  D3 = dict:append(files, f2, D2),
  D4 = dict:append(files, f3, D3),
  dict:fetch(files, D4).
[f1,f2,f3]    </pre>
    <p>This saves the trouble of first fetching a keyed value,
      appending a new value to the list of stored values, and storing
      the result.
      </p>
    <p>The function <c>fetch</c> should be used if the key is known to
      be in the dictionary, otherwise <c>find</c>.</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <p><seealso marker="gb_trees">gb_trees(3)</seealso>, 
      <seealso marker="orddict">orddict(3)</seealso></p>
  </section>
</erlref>