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<header>
<copyright>
<year>2001</year><year>2015</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>gb_sets</title>
<prepared></prepared>
<docno></docno>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
</header>
<module>gb_sets</module>
<modulesummary>General Balanced Trees</modulesummary>
<description>
<p>An implementation of ordered sets using Prof. Arne Andersson's
General Balanced Trees. This can be much more efficient than
using ordered lists, for larger sets, but depends on the
application.</p>
<p>This module considers two elements as different if and only if
they do not compare equal (<c>==</c>).</p>
</description>
<section>
<title>Complexity note</title>
<p>The complexity on set operations is bounded by either O(|S|) or
O(|T| * log(|S|)), where S is the largest given set, depending
on which is fastest for any particular function call. For
operating on sets of almost equal size, this implementation is
about 3 times slower than using ordered-list sets directly. For
sets of very different sizes, however, this solution can be
arbitrarily much faster; in practical cases, often between 10
and 100 times. This implementation is particularly suited for
accumulating elements a few at a time, building up a large set
(more than 100-200 elements), and repeatedly testing for
membership in the current set.</p>
<p>As with normal tree structures, lookup (membership testing),
insertion and deletion have logarithmic complexity.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Compatibility</title>
<p>All of the following functions in this module also exist
and do the same thing in the <c>sets</c> and <c>ordsets</c>
modules. That is, by only changing the module name for each call,
you can try out different set representations.</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>
<p><c>add_element/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>del_element/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>filter/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>fold/3</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>from_list/1</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>intersection/1</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>intersection/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>is_element/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>is_set/1</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>is_subset/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>new/0</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>size/1</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>subtract/2</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>to_list/1</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>union/1</c></p>
</item>
<item>
<p><c>union/2</c></p>
</item>
</list>
</section>
<datatypes>
<datatype>
<name name="set" n_vars="1"/>
<desc><p>A GB set.</p></desc>
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="set" n_vars="0"/>
<desc>
<p><c>set()</c> is equivalent to <c>set(term())</c>.</p>
</desc>
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="iter" n_vars="1"/>
<desc><p>A GB set iterator.</p></desc>
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="iter" n_vars="0"/>
<desc>
<p><c>iter()</c> is equivalent to <c>iter(term())</c>.</p>
</desc>
</datatype>
</datatypes>
<funcs>
<func>
<name name="add" arity="2"/>
<name name="add_element" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Add a (possibly existing) element to a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a new set formed from <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> with
<c><anno>Element</anno></c> inserted. If <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is already an
element in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>, nothing is changed.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="balance" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Rebalance tree representation of a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Rebalances the tree representation of <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>. Note that
this is rarely necessary, but may be motivated when a large
number of elements have been deleted from the tree without
further insertions. Rebalancing could then be forced in order
to minimise lookup times, since deletion only does not
rebalance the tree.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="delete" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Remove an element from a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a new set formed from <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> with
<c><anno>Element</anno></c> removed. Assumes that <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is present
in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="delete_any" arity="2"/>
<name name="del_element" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Remove a (possibly non-existing) element from a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a new set formed from <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> with
<c><anno>Element</anno></c> removed. If <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is not an element
in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>, nothing is changed.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="difference" arity="2"/>
<name name="subtract" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Return the difference of two sets</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns only the elements of <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> which are not also
elements of <c><anno>Set2</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="empty" arity="0"/>
<name name="new" arity="0"/>
<fsummary>Return an empty set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a new empty set.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="filter" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Filter set elements</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Filters elements in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> using predicate function
<c><anno>Pred</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="fold" arity="3"/>
<fsummary>Fold over set elements</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Folds <c><anno>Function</anno></c> over every element in <c><anno>Set</anno></c>
returning the final value of the accumulator.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="from_list" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Convert a list into a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a set of the elements in <c><anno>List</anno></c>, where
<c><anno>List</anno></c> may be unordered and contain duplicates.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="from_ordset" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Make a set from an ordset list</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Turns an ordered-set list <c><anno>List</anno></c> into a set. The list
must not contain duplicates.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="insert" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Add a new element to a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a new set formed from <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> with
<c><anno>Element</anno></c> inserted. Assumes that <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is not
present in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="intersection" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Return the intersection of two sets</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the intersection of <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> and <c><anno>Set2</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="intersection" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return the intersection of a list of sets</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the intersection of the non-empty list of sets.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="is_disjoint" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Check whether two sets are disjoint</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> and
<c><anno>Set2</anno></c> are disjoint (have no elements in common),
and <c>false</c> otherwise.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="is_empty" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Test for empty set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Set</anno></c> is an empty set, and
<c>false</c> otherwise.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="is_member" arity="2"/>
<name name="is_element" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Test for membership of a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is an element of
<c><anno>Set</anno></c>, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="is_set" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Test for a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> appears to be a set,
otherwise <c>false</c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="is_subset" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Test for subset</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>true</c> when every element of <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> is
also a member of <c><anno>Set2</anno></c>, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="iterator" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return an iterator for a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns an iterator that can be used for traversing the
entries of <c><anno>Set</anno></c>; see <c>next/1</c>. The implementation
of this is very efficient; traversing the whole set using
<c>next/1</c> is only slightly slower than getting the list
of all elements using <c>to_list/1</c> and traversing that.
The main advantage of the iterator approach is that it does
not require the complete list of all elements to be built in
memory at one time.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="iterator_from" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Return an iterator for a set starting from a specified element</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns an iterator that can be used for traversing the
entries of <c><anno>Set</anno></c>; see <c>next/1</c>.
The difference as compared to the iterator returned by
<c>iterator/1</c> is that the first element greater than
or equal to <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is returned.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="largest" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return largest element</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the largest element in <c><anno>Set</anno></c>. Assumes that
<c><anno>Set</anno></c> is nonempty.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="next" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Traverse a set with an iterator</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>{<anno>Element</anno>, <anno>Iter2</anno>}</c> where <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is the
smallest element referred to by the iterator <c><anno>Iter1</anno></c>,
and <c><anno>Iter2</anno></c> is the new iterator to be used for
traversing the remaining elements, or the atom <c>none</c> if
no elements remain.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="singleton" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return a set with one element</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns a set containing only the element <c><anno>Element</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="size" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return the number of elements in a set</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the number of elements in <c><anno>Set</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="smallest" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return smallest element</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the smallest element in <c><anno>Set</anno></c>. Assumes that
<c><anno>Set</anno></c> is nonempty.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="take_largest" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Extract largest element</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>{<anno>Element</anno>, <anno>Set2</anno>}</c>, where <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is the
largest element in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>, and <c><anno>Set2</anno></c> is this set
with <c><anno>Element</anno></c> deleted. Assumes that <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> is
nonempty.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="take_smallest" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Extract smallest element</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>{<anno>Element</anno>, <anno>Set2</anno>}</c>, where <c><anno>Element</anno></c> is the
smallest element in <c><anno>Set1</anno></c>, and <c><anno>Set2</anno></c> is this set
with <c><anno>Element</anno></c> deleted. Assumes that <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> is
nonempty.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="to_list" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Convert a set into a list</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the elements of <c><anno>Set</anno></c> as a list.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="union" arity="2"/>
<fsummary>Return the union of two sets</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the merged (union) set of <c><anno>Set1</anno></c> and
<c><anno>Set2</anno></c>.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name name="union" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return the union of a list of sets</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns the merged (union) set of the list of sets.</p>
</desc>
</func>
</funcs>
<section>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
<p><seealso marker="gb_trees">gb_trees(3)</seealso>,
<seealso marker="ordsets">ordsets(3)</seealso>,
<seealso marker="sets">sets(3)</seealso></p>
</section>
</erlref>
