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<header>
<copyright>
<year>1996</year><year>2009</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>proc_lib</title>
<prepared></prepared>
<docno></docno>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
</header>
<module>proc_lib</module>
<modulesummary>Functions for asynchronous and synchronous start of processes adhering to the OTP design principles.</modulesummary>
<description>
<p>This module is used to start processes adhering to
the <seealso marker="doc/design_principles:des_princ">OTP Design Principles</seealso>. Specifically, the functions in this
module are used by the OTP standard behaviors (<c>gen_server</c>,
<c>gen_fsm</c>, ...) when starting new processes. The functions
can also be used to start <em>special processes</em>, user
defined processes which comply to the OTP design principles. See
<seealso marker="doc/design_principles:spec_proc">Sys and Proc_Lib</seealso> in OTP Design Principles for an example.</p>
<p>Some useful information is initialized when a process starts.
The registered names, or the process identifiers, of the parent
process, and the parent ancestors, are stored together with
information about the function initially called in the process.</p>
<p>While in "plain Erlang" a process is said to terminate normally
only for the exit reason <c>normal</c>, a process started
using <c>proc_lib</c> is also said to terminate normally if it
exits with reason <c>shutdown</c> or <c>{shutdown,Term}</c>.
<c>shutdown</c> is the reason used when
an application (supervision tree) is stopped.</p>
<p>When a process started using <c>proc_lib</c> terminates
abnormally -- that is, with another exit reason than <c>normal</c>,
<c>shutdown</c>, or <c>{shutdown,Term}</c> -- a <em>crash report</em>
is generated, which is written to terminal by the default SASL
event handler. That is, the crash report is normally only visible
if the SASL application is started. See
<seealso marker="sasl:sasl_app">sasl(6)</seealso> and
<seealso marker="sasl:error_logging">SASL User's Guide</seealso>.</p>
<p>The crash report contains the previously stored information such
as ancestors and initial function, the termination reason, and
information regarding other processes which terminate as a result
of this process terminating.</p>
</description>
<funcs>
<func>
<name>spawn(Fun) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn(Node, Fun) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn(Module, Function, Args) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> pid()</name>
<fsummary>Spawn a new process.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Node = node()</v>
<v>Fun = fun() -> void()</v>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Args = [term()]</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>Spawns a new process and initializes it as described above.
The process is spawned using the
<seealso marker="erts:erlang#spawn/1">spawn</seealso> BIFs.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>spawn_link(Fun) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn_link(Node, Fun) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn_link(Module, Function, Args) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn_link(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> pid()</name>
<fsummary>Spawn and link to a new process.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Node = node()</v>
<v>Fun = fun() -> void()</v>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Args = [term()]</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>Spawns a new process and initializes it as described above.
The process is spawned using the
<seealso marker="erts:erlang#spawn_link/1">spawn_link</seealso>
BIFs.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>spawn_opt(Fun, SpawnOpts) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn_opt(Node, Fun, SpawnOpts) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn_opt(Module, Function, Args, SpawnOpts) -> pid()</name>
<name>spawn_opt(Node, Module, Func, Args, SpawnOpts) -> pid()</name>
<fsummary>Spawn a new process with given options.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Node = node()</v>
<v>Fun = fun() -> void()</v>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Args = [term()]</v>
<v>SpawnOpts -- see erlang:spawn_opt/2,3,4,5</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>Spawns a new process and initializes it as described above.
The process is spawned using the
<seealso marker="erts:erlang#spawn_opt/2">spawn_opt</seealso>
BIFs.</p>
<note>
<p>Using the spawn option <c>monitor</c> is currently not
allowed, but will cause the function to fail with reason
<c>badarg</c>.</p>
</note>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>start(Module, Function, Args) -> Ret</name>
<name>start(Module, Function, Args, Time) -> Ret</name>
<name>start(Module, Function, Args, Time, SpawnOpts) -> Ret</name>
<name>start_link(Module, Function, Args) -> Ret</name>
<name>start_link(Module, Function, Args, Time) -> Ret</name>
<name>start_link(Module, Function, Args, Time, SpawnOpts) -> Ret</name>
<fsummary>Start a new process synchronously.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Args = [term()]</v>
<v>Time = int() >= 0 | infinity</v>
<v>SpawnOpts -- see erlang:spawn_opt/2,3,4,5</v>
<v>Ret = term() | {error, Reason}</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>Starts a new process synchronously. Spawns the process and
waits for it to start. When the process has started, it
<em>must</em> call
<seealso marker="#init_ack/2">init_ack(Parent,Ret)</seealso>
or <seealso marker="#init_ack/1">init_ack(Ret)</seealso>,
where <c>Parent</c> is the process that evaluates this
function. At this time, <c>Ret</c> is returned.</p>
<p>If the <c>start_link/3,4,5</c> function is used and
the process crashes before it has called <c>init_ack/1,2</c>,
<c>{error, Reason}</c> is returned if the calling process
traps exits.</p>
<p>If <c>Time</c> is specified as an integer, this function
waits for <c>Time</c> milliseconds for the new process to call
<c>init_ack</c>, or <c>{error, timeout}</c> is returned, and
the process is killed.</p>
<p>The <c>SpawnOpts</c> argument, if given, will be passed
as the last argument to the <c>spawn_opt/2,3,4,5</c> BIF.</p>
<note>
<p>Using the spawn option <c>monitor</c> is currently not
allowed, but will cause the function to fail with reason
<c>badarg</c>.</p>
</note>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>init_ack(Parent, Ret) -> void()</name>
<name>init_ack(Ret) -> void()</name>
<fsummary>Used by a process when it has started.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Parent = pid()</v>
<v>Ret = term()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>This function must used by a process that has been started by
a <seealso marker="#start/3">start[_link]/3,4,5</seealso>
function. It tells <c>Parent</c> that the process has
initialized itself, has started, or has failed to initialize
itself.</p>
<p>The <c>init_ack/1</c> function uses the parent value
previously stored by the start function used.</p>
<p>If this function is not called, the start function will
return an error tuple (if a link and/or a timeout is used) or
hang otherwise.</p>
<p>The following example illustrates how this function and
<c>proc_lib:start_link/3</c> are used.</p>
<code type="none">
-module(my_proc).
-export([start_link/0]).
-export([init/1]).
start_link() ->
proc_lib:start_link(my_proc, init, [self()]).
init(Parent) ->
case do_initialization() of
ok ->
proc_lib:init_ack(Parent, {ok, self()});
{error, Reason} ->
exit(Reason)
end,
loop().
...</code>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>format(CrashReport) -> string()</name>
<fsummary>Format a crash report.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>CrashReport = term()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>This function can be used by a user defined event handler to
format a crash report. The crash report is sent using
<c>error_logger:error_report(crash_report, CrashReport)</c>.
That is, the event to be handled is of the format
<c>{error_report, GL, {Pid, crash_report, CrashReport}}</c>
where <c>GL</c> is the group leader pid of the process
<c>Pid</c> which sent the crash report.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>initial_call(Process) -> {Module,Function,Args} | false</name>
<fsummary>Extract the initial call of a <c>proc_lib</c>spawned process.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Process = pid() | {X,Y,Z} | ProcInfo</v>
<v> X = Y = Z = int()</v>
<v> ProcInfo = term()</v>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Args = [atom()]</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>Extracts the initial call of a process that was started
using one of the spawn or start functions described above.
<c>Process</c> can either be a pid, an integer tuple (from
which a pid can be created), or the process information of a
process <c>Pid</c> fetched through an
<c>erlang:process_info(Pid)</c> function call.</p>
<note><p>The list <c>Args</c> no longer contains the actual arguments,
but the same number of atoms as the number of arguments; the first atom
is always <c>'Argument__1'</c>, the second <c>'Argument__2'</c>, and
so on. The reason is that the argument list could waste a significant
amount of memory, and if the argument list contained funs, it could
be impossible to upgrade the code for the module.</p>
<p>If the process was spawned using a fun, <c>initial_call/1</c> no
longer returns the actual fun, but the module, function for the local
function implementing the fun, and the arity, for instance
<c>{some_module,-work/3-fun-0-,0}</c> (meaning that the fun was
created in the function <c>some_module:work/3</c>).
The reason is that keeping the fun would prevent code upgrade for the
module, and that a significant amount of memory could be wasted.</p>
</note>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>translate_initial_call(Process) -> {Module,Function,Arity} | Fun</name>
<fsummary>Extract and translate the initial call of a <c>proc_lib</c>spawned process.</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Process = pid() | {X,Y,Z} | ProcInfo</v>
<v> X = Y = Z = int()</v>
<v> ProcInfo = term()</v>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Arity = int()</v>
<v>Fun = fun() -> void()</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>This function is used by the <c>c:i/0</c> and
<c>c:regs/0</c> functions in order to present process
information.</p>
<p>Extracts the initial call of a process that was started
using one of the spawn or start functions described above,
and translates it to more useful information. <c>Process</c>
can either be a pid, an integer tuple (from which a pid can
be created), or the process information of a process
<c>Pid</c> fetched through an <c>erlang:process_info(Pid)</c>
function call.</p>
<p>If the initial call is to one of the system defined behaviors
such as <c>gen_server</c> or <c>gen_event</c>, it is
translated to more useful information. If a <c>gen_server</c>
is spawned, the returned <c>Module</c> is the name of
the callback module and <c>Function</c> is <c>init</c>
(the function that initiates the new server).</p>
<p>A <c>supervisor</c> and a <c>supervisor_bridge</c> are also
<c>gen_server</c> processes. In order to return information
that this process is a supervisor and the name of the
call-back module, <c>Module</c> is <c>supervisor</c> and
<c>Function</c> is the name of the supervisor callback
module. <c>Arity</c> is <c>1</c> since the <c>init/1</c>
function is called initially in the callback module.</p>
<p>By default, <c>{proc_lib,init_p,5}</c> is returned if no
information about the initial call can be found. It is
assumed that the caller knows that the process has been
spawned with the <c>proc_lib</c> module.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
<name>hibernate(Module, Function, Args)</name>
<fsummary>Hibernate a process until a message is sent to it</fsummary>
<type>
<v>Module = Function = atom()</v>
<v>Args = [term()]</v>
</type>
<desc>
<p>This function does the same as (and does call) the BIF
<seealso marker="erts:erlang#erlang:hibernate/3">hibernate/3</seealso>,
but ensures that exception handling and logging continues to
work as expected when the process wakes up. Always use this
function instead of the BIF for processes started using
<c>proc_lib</c> functions.</p>
</desc>
</func>
</funcs>
<section>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
<p><seealso marker="kernel:error_logger">error_logger(3)</seealso></p>
</section>
</erlref>
