Merge branch 'cr/trivia' into dev

* cr/trivia:
  replace "a ssl" with "an ssl"
  reindent pkix_path_validation/3
  Trivial documentation fixes

OTP-9464

14 files changed, 52 insertions, 50 deletions

diff --git a/INSTALL.md b/INSTALL.md
index 1061c5187a..f0fdaf3982 100644
--- a/INSTALL.md
+++ b/INSTALL.md
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ as before, but the build process will take a much longer time.
 ### Building in Git ###
 
 When building in a Git working directory you also have to have a GNU `autoconf`
-of at least version 2.59 on your system. This since you need to generate the
+of at least version 2.59 on your system, because you need to generate the
 `configure` scripts before you can start building.
 
 The `configure` scripts are generated by invoking `./otp_build autoconf` in
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ when checking out a branch. Regenerated `configure` scripts imply that you
 have to run `configure` and build again.
 
 > *NOTE*: Running `./otp_build autoconf` is **not** needed when building
-> an unmodified version the released source.
+> an unmodified version of the released source.
 
 Other useful information can be found at our github wiki:
 <http://wiki.github.com/erlang/otp>
diff --git a/lib/public_key/asn1/README b/lib/public_key/asn1/README
index 5fb8cf9725..2a880e2d51 100644
--- a/lib/public_key/asn1/README
+++ b/lib/public_key/asn1/README
@@ -46,6 +46,6 @@ diff -r1.1 PKIXAttributeCertificate.asn1
 ---
 >                 version        AttCertVersion,  -- version is v2
 
-4. Defenitions of publuic keys from PKCS-1.asn1 present in
+4. Definitions of public keys from PKCS-1.asn1 present in
 PKIX1Algorithms88.asn1 where removed as we take them directly from
 PKCS-1.asn1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/public_key/doc/src/public_key.xml b/lib/public_key/doc/src/public_key.xml
index d60d91cd83..9a3832c68b 100644
--- a/lib/public_key/doc/src/public_key.xml
+++ b/lib/public_key/doc/src/public_key.xml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     <p><code>pki_asn1_type() = 'Certificate' | 'RSAPrivateKey'| 'RSAPublicKey'
     'DSAPrivateKey' | 'DSAPublicKey' | 'DHParameter' | 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo'</code></p>
     
-    <p><code>pem_entry () = {pki_asn1_type(), binary() %% DER or encrypted DER
+    <p><code>pem_entry () = {pki_asn1_type(), binary(), %% DER or encrypted DER
           not_encrypted | {"DES-CBC" | "DES-EDE3-CBC",  crypto:rand_bytes(8)}}.</code></p>
     
     <p><code>rsa_public_key()  = #'RSAPublicKey'{}</code></p>
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@
 
     <p><code>dsa_public_key() = {integer(),  #'Dss-Parms'{}} </code></p>
 
-    <p><code>rsa_private_key() = #'RSAPrivateKey'{} </code></p>
-    
     <p><code>dsa_private_key() = #'DSAPrivateKey'{}</code></p>
     
     <p><code> public_crypt_options() = [{rsa_pad, rsa_padding()}]. </code></p>
@@ -149,7 +147,7 @@
     <name>der_decode(Asn1type, Der) -> term()</name>
     <fsummary> Decodes a public key asn1 der encoded entity.</fsummary>
     <type>
-      <v>Asn1Type = atom() -</v>
+      <v>Asn1Type = atom()</v>
       <d> ASN.1 type present in the public_key applications
       asn1 specifications.</d>
       <v>Der = der_encoded()</v>
@@ -166,7 +164,8 @@
       <v>Asn1Type = atom()</v>
       <d> Asn1 type present in the public_key applications
 	 ASN.1 specifications.</d>
-      <v>Entity = term() - The erlang representation of <c> Asn1Type</c></v>
+      <v>Entity = term()</v>
+      <d>The erlang representation of <c>Asn1Type</c></d>
   </type> 
   <desc> 
     <p> Encodes a public key entity with ASN.1 DER encoding.</p>
@@ -218,12 +217,13 @@
     <fsummary> Creates a pem entry that can be fed to pem_encode/1.</fsummary>
     <type>
       <v>Asn1Type = pki_asn1_type()</v>
-      <v>Entity = term() - The Erlang representation of
+      <v>Entity = term()</v>
+      <d>The Erlang representation of
       <c>Asn1Type</c>.  If <c>Asn1Type</c> is 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo'
       then <c>Entity</c> must be either an rsa_public_key() or a
       dsa_public_key() and this function will create the appropriate
       'SubjectPublicKeyInfo' entry.
-      </v>
+      </d>
       <v>CipherInfo = {"DES-CBC" | "DES-EDE3-CBC",  crypto:rand_bytes(8)}</v>
       <v>Password = string()</v> 
   </type> 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
   <desc> 
     <p>Der encodes a pkix x509 certificate or part of such a
     certificate. This function must be used for encoding certificates or parts of certificates
-    that are decoded/created on the otp format, whereas for the plain format this
+    that are decoded/created in the otp format, whereas for the plain format this
     function will directly call der_encode/2. </p> 
   </desc> 
   </func>
diff --git a/lib/public_key/src/public_key.erl b/lib/public_key/src/public_key.erl
index 2901020e83..33fcce2c44 100644
--- a/lib/public_key/src/public_key.erl
+++ b/lib/public_key/src/public_key.erl
@@ -488,9 +488,10 @@ pkix_path_validation(PathErr, [Cert | Chain], Options0) when is_atom(PathErr)->
 	_:_ ->
 	    {error, Reason}
     end;
-pkix_path_validation(TrustedCert, CertChain, Options) when
-  is_binary(TrustedCert) -> OtpCert = pkix_decode_cert(TrustedCert,
-  otp), pkix_path_validation(OtpCert, CertChain, Options);
+pkix_path_validation(TrustedCert, CertChain, Options)
+  when is_binary(TrustedCert) ->
+    OtpCert = pkix_decode_cert(TrustedCert, otp),
+    pkix_path_validation(OtpCert, CertChain, Options);
 
 pkix_path_validation(#'OTPCertificate'{} = TrustedCert, CertChain, Options)
   when is_list(CertChain), is_list(Options) ->
diff --git a/lib/ssl/c_src/esock_openssl.c b/lib/ssl/c_src/esock_openssl.c
index 2621c9934e..0bc42958f0 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/c_src/esock_openssl.c
+++ b/lib/ssl/c_src/esock_openssl.c
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ static void info_callback(const SSL *ssl, int where, int ret)
     }
 }
 
-/* This function is called whenever a SSL_CTX *ctx structure is
+/* This function is called whenever an SSL_CTX *ctx structure is
  * freed. 
 */
 static void callback_data_free(void *parent, void *ptr, CRYPTO_EX_DATA *ad, 
diff --git a/lib/ssl/doc/src/notes.xml b/lib/ssl/doc/src/notes.xml
index b2d17925fd..e090b4e1ef 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/doc/src/notes.xml
+++ b/lib/ssl/doc/src/notes.xml
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@
             Own Id: OTP-8224</p>
         </item>
         <item>
-            <p>A ssl:ssl_accept/3 could crash a connection if the
+            <p>An ssl:ssl_accept/3 could crash a connection if the
             timing was wrong.</p> <p>Removed info message if the
             socket closed without a proper disconnect from the ssl
             layer. </p> <p>ssl:send/2 is now blocking until the
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@
         <item>
           <p>
             The new ssl implementation released as a alfa in this
-            version supports upgrading of a tcp connection to a ssl
+            version supports upgrading of a tcp connection to an ssl
             connection so that http client and servers may implement
             RFC 2817.</p>
           <p>
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
             very crippled as the control of the ssl-socket was deep
             down in openssl making it hard if not impossible to
             support all inet options, ipv6 and upgrade of a tcp
-            connection to a ssl connection. The alfa version has a
+            connection to an ssl connection. The alfa version has a
             few limitations that will be removed before the ssl-4.0
             release. Main differences and limitations in the alfa are
             listed below.</p>
diff --git a/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl.xml b/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl.xml
index 566068beaf..0c4c8796be 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl.xml
+++ b/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     <title>SSL</title>
 
     <list type="bulleted">
-      <item>ssl requires the crypto an public_key applications.</item>
+      <item>ssl requires the crypto and public_key applications.</item>
       <item>Supported SSL/TLS-versions are SSL-3.0 and TLS-1.0 </item>
       <item>For security reasons sslv2 is not supported.</item>
       <item>Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman cipher suites are supported
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
 	application is encountered. Additionally it will be called
 	when a certificate is considered valid by the path validation
 	to allow access to each certificate in the path to the user
-	application. Note that the it will differentiate between the
+	application. Note that it will differentiate between the
 	peer certificate and CA certificates by using valid_peer or
 	valid as the second argument to the verify fun.  See <seealso
 	marker="public_key:cert_records">the public_key User's
@@ -326,10 +326,10 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
       </item>
 
       <tag>{fail_if_no_peer_cert, boolean()}</tag>
-      <item>Used together with {verify, verify_peer} by a ssl server.
+      <item>Used together with {verify, verify_peer} by an ssl server.
       If set to true, the server will fail if the client does not have
       a certificate to send, i.e. sends a empty certificate, if set to
-      false it will only fail if the client sends a invalid
+      false it will only fail if the client sends an invalid
       certificate (an empty certificate is considered valid).
       </item>
 
@@ -343,10 +343,10 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
       PeerCert, Compression, CipherSuite) -> boolean()}</tag>
       <item>Enables the ssl server to have a local policy
       for deciding if a session should be reused or not,
-      only meaning full if <c>reuse_sessions</c> is set to true.
+      only meaningful if <c>reuse_sessions</c> is set to true.
       SuggestedSessionId is a binary(),  PeerCert is a DER encoded
       certificate, Compression is an enumeration integer
-      and CipherSuite of type ciphersuite().      
+      and CipherSuite is of type ciphersuite().
       </item>
 
     </taglist>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
   <section>
     <title>General</title>
       
-    <p>When a ssl socket is in active mode (the default), data from the
+    <p>When an ssl socket is in active mode (the default), data from the
       socket is delivered to the owner of the socket in the form of
       messages:
     </p>
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
       <name>connect(Socket, SslOptions, Timeout) -> {ok, SslSocket}
 	| {error, Reason}</name>
       <fsummary> Upgrades a gen_tcp, or
-	equivalent, connected socket to a ssl socket. </fsummary>
+	equivalent, connected socket to an ssl socket. </fsummary>
       <type>
         <v>Socket = socket()</v>
         <v>SslOptions = [ssloption()]</v>
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
 	<v>Reason = term()</v>
       </type>
       <desc> <p>Upgrades a gen_tcp, or equivalent,
-	  connected socket to a ssl socket i.e. performs the
+	  connected socket to an ssl socket i.e. performs the
 	  client-side ssl handshake.</p>
     </desc>
     </func>
@@ -428,12 +428,12 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
 
     <func>
       <name>close(SslSocket) -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
-      <fsummary>Close a ssl connection</fsummary>
+      <fsummary>Close an ssl connection</fsummary>
       <type>
 	  <v>SslSocket = sslsocket()</v>
 	  <v>Reason = term()</v>
       </type>
-      <desc><p>Close a ssl connection.</p>
+      <desc><p>Close an ssl connection.</p>
       </desc>
     </func>
 
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
 	  <v>Reason = term()</v>
 	</type>
 	<desc><p>Assigns a new controlling process to the ssl-socket. A
-      controlling process is the owner of a ssl-socket, and receives
+      controlling process is the owner of an ssl-socket, and receives
       all messages from the socket.</p>
       </desc>
     </func>
@@ -496,14 +496,14 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
     <func>
       <name>listen(Port, Options) ->
 	{ok, ListenSocket} | {error, Reason}</name>
-      <fsummary>Creates a ssl listen socket.</fsummary>
+      <fsummary>Creates an ssl listen socket.</fsummary>
       <type>
 	<v>Port = integer()</v>
 	<v>Options = options()</v>
 	<v>ListenSocket = sslsocket()</v>
       </type>
       <desc>
-	<p>Creates a ssl listen socket.</p>
+	<p>Creates an ssl listen socket.</p>
       </desc>
     </func>
 
@@ -587,6 +587,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
           the socket is closed.</p>
       </desc>
     </func>
+
     <func>
       <name>setopts(Socket, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason}</name>
       <fsummary>Set socket options.</fsummary>
@@ -646,7 +647,7 @@ fun(OtpCert :: #'OTPCertificate'{}, Event :: {bad_cert, Reason :: atom()} |
       </type>
       <desc>
         <p> Upgrades a gen_tcp, or
-	  equivalent, socket to a ssl socket i.e. performs the
+	  equivalent, socket to an ssl socket i.e. performs the
 	ssl server-side handshake.</p>
 	<p><warning>Note that the listen socket should be in {active, false} mode
 	before telling the client that the server is ready to upgrade
diff --git a/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl_protocol.xml b/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl_protocol.xml
index 6936408881..ca5cc8bc7a 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl_protocol.xml
+++ b/lib/ssl/doc/src/ssl_protocol.xml
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@
   </p>
 
   <p>By default erlang ssl is run over the TCP/IP protocol even
-  though you could plug in an other reliable transport protocol
+  though you could plug in any other reliable transport protocol
   with the same API as gen_tcp.</p>
   
   <p>If a client and server wants to use an upgrade mechanism, such as
-  defined by RFC2817, to upgrade a regular TCP/IP connection to a ssl
+  defined by RFC2817, to upgrade a regular TCP/IP connection to an ssl
   connection the erlang ssl API supports this. This can be useful for
   things such as supporting HTTP and HTTPS on the same port and
   implementing virtual hosting.
diff --git a/lib/ssl/doc/src/using_ssl.xml b/lib/ssl/doc/src/using_ssl.xml
index 605290b6f9..ab837a156a 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/doc/src/using_ssl.xml
+++ b/lib/ssl/doc/src/using_ssl.xml
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
       <code type="erl">1 server> ssl:start().
 ok</code>
       
-      <p>Create a ssl listen socket</p>
+      <p>Create an ssl listen socket</p>
       <code type="erl">2 server> {ok, ListenSocket} =
 ssl:listen(9999, [{certfile, "cert.pem"}, {keyfile, "key.pem"},{reuseaddr, true}]).
 {ok,{sslsocket, [...]}}</code>
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ ok</code>
     <section>
       <title>Upgrade example</title>
       
-      <note><p> To upgrade a TCP/IP connection to a ssl connection the
+      <note><p> To upgrade a TCP/IP connection to an ssl connection the
       client and server have to aggre to do so. Agreement
       may be accompliced by using a protocol such the one used by HTTP
       specified in RFC 2817.</p> </note>
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ ok</code>
       <code type="erl">2 client> {ok, Socket} = gen_tcp:connect("localhost", 9999,  [], infinity).</code>
       
       <p>Make sure active is set to false before trying
-      to upgrade a connection to a ssl connection, otherwhise
+      to upgrade a connection to an ssl connection, otherwhise
       ssl handshake messages may be deliverd to the wrong process.</p>
       <code type="erl">4 server> inet:setopts(Socket, [{active, false}]).
 ok</code>
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ ok</code>
 {certfile, "cert.pem"}, {keyfile, "key.pem"}]).
 {ok,{sslsocket,[...]}}</code>
       
-      <p> Upgrade to a ssl connection. Note that the client and server
+      <p> Upgrade to an ssl connection. Note that the client and server
       must agree upon the upgrade and the server must call
       ssl:accept/2 before the client calls ssl:connect/3.</p>
       <code type="erl">3 client>{ok, SSLSocket} = ssl:connect(Socket, [{cacertfile, "cacerts.pem"},
diff --git a/lib/ssl/src/ssl.erl b/lib/ssl/src/ssl.erl
index a0aedbbbee..46e4b98c98 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/src/ssl.erl
+++ b/lib/ssl/src/ssl.erl
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ stop() ->
 		     {ok, #sslsocket{}} | {error, reason()}.
 
 %%
-%% Description: Connect to a ssl server.
+%% Description: Connect to an ssl server.
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 connect(Socket, SslOptions) when is_port(Socket) ->
     connect(Socket, SslOptions, infinity).
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ connect(Host, Port, Options0, Timeout) ->
 -spec listen(port_num(), [option()]) ->{ok, #sslsocket{}} | {error, reason()}.
 		    
 %%
-%% Description: Creates a ssl listen socket.
+%% Description: Creates an ssl listen socket.
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 listen(_Port, []) ->
     {error, enooptions};
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ listen(Port, Options0) ->
 -spec transport_accept(#sslsocket{}, timeout()) -> {ok, #sslsocket{}} |
 						   {error, reason()}.
 %%
-%% Description: Performs transport accept on a ssl listen socket 
+%% Description: Performs transport accept on an ssl listen socket
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 transport_accept(ListenSocket) ->
     transport_accept(ListenSocket, infinity).
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ transport_accept(#sslsocket{} = ListenSocket, Timeout) ->
 			ok | {ok, #sslsocket{}} | {error, reason()}.
 -spec ssl_accept(port(), [option()], timeout()) -> {ok, #sslsocket{}} | {error, reason()}.
 %%
-%% Description: Performs accept on a ssl listen socket. e.i. performs
+%% Description: Performs accept on an ssl listen socket. e.i. performs
 %%              ssl handshake. 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 ssl_accept(ListenSocket) ->
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ ssl_accept(Socket, SslOptions, Timeout) when is_port(Socket) ->
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 -spec  close(#sslsocket{}) -> term().
 %%
-%% Description: Close a ssl connection
+%% Description: Close an ssl connection
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------  
 close(#sslsocket{pid = {ListenSocket, #config{cb={CbMod,_, _, _}}}, fd = new_ssl}) ->
     CbMod:close(ListenSocket);
diff --git a/lib/ssl/src/ssl_connection.erl b/lib/ssl/src/ssl_connection.erl
index 21b021afb0..79570c520a 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/src/ssl_connection.erl
+++ b/lib/ssl/src/ssl_connection.erl
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ recv(Pid, Length, Timeout) ->
 	      pid(), tuple(), timeout()) ->
 		     {ok, #sslsocket{}} | {error, reason()}.
 %%
-%% Description: Connect to a ssl server.
+%% Description: Connect to an ssl server.
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 connect(Host, Port, Socket, Options, User, CbInfo, Timeout) ->
     try start_fsm(client, Host, Port, Socket, Options, User, CbInfo,
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ connect(Host, Port, Socket, Options, User, CbInfo, Timeout) ->
 				      pid(), tuple(), timeout()) ->
     {ok, #sslsocket{}} | {error, reason()}.
 %%
-%% Description: Performs accept on a ssl listen socket. e.i. performs
+%% Description: Performs accept on an ssl listen socket. e.i. performs
 %%              ssl handshake. 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 ssl_accept(Port, Socket, Opts, User, CbInfo, Timeout) ->
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ socket_control(Socket, Pid, CbModule) ->
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 -spec close(pid()) -> ok | {error, reason()}.  
 %%
-%% Description:  Close a ssl connection
+%% Description:  Close an ssl connection
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 close(ConnectionPid) ->
     case sync_send_all_state_event(ConnectionPid, close) of
diff --git a/lib/ssl/src/ssl_record.erl b/lib/ssl/src/ssl_record.erl
index 4c3c0b9c58..72091fdd5f 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/src/ssl_record.erl
+++ b/lib/ssl/src/ssl_record.erl
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ get_tls_records_aux(<<?BYTE(?CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC),?BYTE(MajVer),?BYTE(MinVer),
     get_tls_records_aux(Rest, [#ssl_tls{type = ?CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC,
 					version = {MajVer, MinVer},
 					fragment = Data} | Acc]);
-%% Matches a ssl v2 client hello message.
+%% Matches an ssl v2 client hello message.
 %% The server must be able to receive such messages, from clients that
 %% are willing to use ssl v3 or higher, but have ssl v2 compatibility.
 get_tls_records_aux(<<1:1, Length0:15, Data0:Length0/binary, Rest/binary>>,
diff --git a/lib/ssl/src/ssl_ssl2.erl b/lib/ssl/src/ssl_ssl2.erl
index b1005b1acb..30a3a5fc98 100644
--- a/lib/ssl/src/ssl_ssl2.erl
+++ b/lib/ssl/src/ssl_ssl2.erl
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 %%
 %%----------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Purpose: Handles sslv2 hello as clients supporting sslv2 and higher 
-%% will send a sslv2 hello.
+%% will send an sslv2 hello.
 %%----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -module(ssl_ssl2).
diff --git a/lib/stdlib/doc/src/unicode_usage.xml b/lib/stdlib/doc/src/unicode_usage.xml
index 416df1f02c..b48ad8c1f3 100644
--- a/lib/stdlib/doc/src/unicode_usage.xml
+++ b/lib/stdlib/doc/src/unicode_usage.xml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 <tag>UCS-4</tag>
 <item>Basically the same as UTF-32, but without some Unicode semantics, defined by IEEE and has little use as a separate encoding standard. For all normal (and possibly abnormal) usages, UTF-32 and UCS-4 are interchangeable.</item>
 </taglist>
-<p>Certain ranges of characters are left unused and certain ranges are even deemed invalid. The most notable invalid range is 16#D800 - 16#DFFF, as the UTF-16 encoding does not allow for encoding of these numbers. It can be speculated that the UTF-16 encoding standard was, from the beginning, expected to be able to hold all Unicode characters in one 16-bit entity, but then had to be extended, leaving a whole in the Unicode range to cope with backward compatibility.</p>
+<p>Certain ranges of characters are left unused and certain ranges are even deemed invalid. The most notable invalid range is 16#D800 - 16#DFFF, as the UTF-16 encoding does not allow for encoding of these numbers. It can be speculated that the UTF-16 encoding standard was, from the beginning, expected to be able to hold all Unicode characters in one 16-bit entity, but then had to be extended, leaving a hole in the Unicode range to cope with backward compatibility.</p>
 <p>Additionally, the codepoint 16#FEFF is used for byte order marks (BOM's) and use of that character is not encouraged in other contexts than that. It actually is valid though, as the character "ZWNBS" (Zero Width Non Breaking Space). BOM's are used to identify encodings and byte order for programs where such parameters are not known in advance. Byte order marks are more seldom used than one could expect, put their use is becoming more widely spread as they provide the means for programs to make educated guesses about the Unicode format of a certain file.</p>
 </section>
 <section>