The R13B03 release.OTP_R13B03

1 files changed, 1885 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lib/asn1/src/asn1rt_per_bin_rt2ct.erl b/lib/asn1/src/asn1rt_per_bin_rt2ct.erl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4aecf9322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/asn1/src/asn1rt_per_bin_rt2ct.erl
@@ -0,0 +1,1885 @@
+%%
+%% %CopyrightBegin%
+%% 
+%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2002-2009. All Rights Reserved.
+%% 
+%% The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
+%% Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
+%% compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
+%% Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
+%% retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
+%% 
+%% Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
+%% basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
+%% the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
+%% under the License.
+%% 
+%% %CopyrightEnd%
+%%
+%%
+-module(asn1rt_per_bin_rt2ct).
+
+%% encoding / decoding of PER aligned
+
+-include("asn1_records.hrl").
+
+-export([dec_fixup/3, cindex/3, list_to_record/2]).
+-export([setchoiceext/1, setext/1, fixoptionals/3, fixextensions/2, 
+	 getext/1, getextension/2, skipextensions/3, getbit/1, getchoice/3 ]).
+-export([getoptionals/2, getoptionals2/2, 
+	 set_choice/3, encode_integer/2, encode_integer/3  ]).
+-export([decode_integer/2, decode_integer/3, encode_small_number/1, 
+	 decode_boolean/1, encode_length/2, decode_length/1, decode_length/2,
+	 encode_small_length/1, decode_small_length/1,
+	 decode_compact_bit_string/3]).
+-export([decode_enumerated/3, 
+	 encode_bit_string/3, decode_bit_string/3  ]).
+-export([encode_octet_string/2, decode_octet_string/2,
+	 encode_null/1, decode_null/1,
+	 encode_object_identifier/1, decode_object_identifier/1,
+	 encode_real/1, decode_real/1,
+	 encode_relative_oid/1, decode_relative_oid/1,
+	 complete/1]).
+
+
+-export([encode_open_type/2, decode_open_type/2]).
+
+-export([encode_GeneralString/2, decode_GeneralString/2,
+	 encode_GraphicString/2, decode_GraphicString/2,
+	 encode_TeletexString/2, decode_TeletexString/2,
+	 encode_VideotexString/2, decode_VideotexString/2,
+	 encode_ObjectDescriptor/2, decode_ObjectDescriptor/1,
+	 encode_UTF8String/1,decode_UTF8String/1
+	]).
+
+-export([decode_constrained_number/2,
+	 decode_constrained_number/3,
+	 decode_unconstrained_number/1,
+	 decode_semi_constrained_number/2,
+	 encode_unconstrained_number/1,
+	 decode_constrained_number/4,
+	 encode_octet_string/3,
+	 decode_octet_string/3,
+	 encode_known_multiplier_string/5,
+	 decode_known_multiplier_string/5,
+	 getoctets/2, getbits/2
+%	 start_drv/1,start_drv2/1,init_drv/1
+	]).
+
+
+-export([eint_positive/1]).
+-export([pre_complete_bits/2]).
+
+-define('16K',16384).
+-define('32K',32768).
+-define('64K',65536).
+
+%%-define(nodriver,true).
+
+dec_fixup(Terms,Cnames,RemBytes) ->
+    dec_fixup(Terms,Cnames,RemBytes,[]).
+
+dec_fixup([novalue|T],[_Hc|Tc],RemBytes,Acc) ->
+    dec_fixup(T,Tc,RemBytes,Acc);
+dec_fixup([{_Name,novalue}|T],[_Hc|Tc],RemBytes,Acc) ->
+    dec_fixup(T,Tc,RemBytes,Acc);
+dec_fixup([H|T],[Hc|Tc],RemBytes,Acc) ->
+    dec_fixup(T,Tc,RemBytes,[{Hc,H}|Acc]);
+dec_fixup([],_Cnames,RemBytes,Acc) ->
+    {lists:reverse(Acc),RemBytes}.
+
+cindex(Ix,Val,Cname) ->
+    case element(Ix,Val) of
+	{Cname,Val2} -> Val2;
+	X -> X
+    end.
+
+%% converts a list to a record if necessary
+list_to_record(_,Tuple) when is_tuple(Tuple) ->
+    Tuple;
+list_to_record(Name,List) when is_list(List) ->
+    list_to_tuple([Name|List]).
+
+%%--------------------------------------------------------
+%% setchoiceext(InRootSet) -> [{bit,X}]
+%% X  is set to  1 when InRootSet==false
+%% X  is set to  0 when InRootSet==true
+%%
+setchoiceext(true) ->
+    [0];
+setchoiceext(false) ->
+    [1].
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% setext(true|false) ->  CompleteList
+%%
+
+setext(false) ->
+%    [{debug,ext},{bits,1,0}];
+    [0];
+setext(true) ->
+%    [{debug,ext},{bits,1,1}];
+    [1].
+
+fixoptionals(OptList,_OptLength,Val) when is_tuple(Val) ->
+%    Bits = fixoptionals(OptList,Val,0),
+%    {Val,{bits,OptLength,Bits}};
+%    {Val,[10,OptLength,Bits]};
+    {Val,fixoptionals(OptList,Val,[])};
+
+fixoptionals([],_,Acc) ->
+    %% Optbits
+    lists:reverse(Acc);
+fixoptionals([{Pos,DefVal}|Ot],Val,Acc) ->
+    case element(Pos,Val) of
+	asn1_DEFAULT -> fixoptionals(Ot,Val,[0|Acc]);
+	DefVal -> fixoptionals(Ot,Val,[0|Acc]);
+	_ -> fixoptionals(Ot,Val,[1|Acc])
+    end;
+fixoptionals([Pos|Ot],Val,Acc) ->
+    case element(Pos,Val) of
+	asn1_NOVALUE -> fixoptionals(Ot,Val,[0|Acc]);
+	asn1_DEFAULT -> fixoptionals(Ot,Val,[0|Acc]);
+	_ -> fixoptionals(Ot,Val,[1|Acc])
+    end.
+
+
+getext(Bytes) when is_bitstring(Bytes) ->
+    getbit(Bytes).
+
+getextension(0, Bytes) ->
+    {<<>>,Bytes};
+getextension(1, Bytes) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_small_length(Bytes),
+    getbits_as_binary(Len,Bytes2).% {Bin,Bytes3}.
+
+fixextensions({ext,ExtPos,ExtNum},Val) ->
+    case fixextensions(ExtPos,ExtNum+ExtPos,Val,0) of
+	0 -> [];
+	ExtBits ->
+	    [encode_small_length(ExtNum),pre_complete_bits(ExtNum,ExtBits)]
+    end.
+
+fixextensions(Pos,MaxPos,_,Acc) when Pos >= MaxPos ->
+    Acc;
+fixextensions(Pos,ExtPos,Val,Acc) ->
+    Bit = case catch(element(Pos+1,Val)) of
+	      asn1_NOVALUE ->
+		  0;
+	      asn1_NOEXTVALUE ->
+		  0;
+	      {'EXIT',_} ->
+		  0;
+	      _ ->
+		  1
+	  end,
+    fixextensions(Pos+1,ExtPos,Val,(Acc bsl 1)+Bit).
+
+skipextensions(Bytes,Nr,ExtensionBitstr) when is_bitstring(ExtensionBitstr) -> 
+    Prev = Nr - 1,
+    case ExtensionBitstr of
+	<<_:Prev,1:1,_/bitstring>> ->
+	    {_,Bytes2} = decode_open_type(Bytes,[]),
+ 	    skipextensions(Bytes2, Nr+1, ExtensionBitstr);
+	<<_:Prev,0:1,_/bitstring>> ->
+	    skipextensions(Bytes, Nr+1, ExtensionBitstr);
+	_ ->
+	    Bytes
+    end.
+	
+
+getchoice(Bytes,1,0) -> % only 1 alternative is not encoded
+    {0,Bytes};
+getchoice(Bytes,_,1) ->
+    decode_small_number(Bytes);
+getchoice(Bytes,NumChoices,0) ->
+    decode_constrained_number(Bytes,{0,NumChoices-1}).
+
+%% old version kept for backward compatibility with generates from R7B01
+getoptionals(Bytes,NumOpt) ->
+    getbits_as_binary(NumOpt,Bytes).
+
+%% new version used in generates from r8b_patch/3 and later
+getoptionals2(Bytes,NumOpt) ->
+    {_,_} = getbits(Bytes,NumOpt).
+
+
+%% getbits_as_binary(Num,Bytes) -> {Bin,Rest}
+%% Num = integer(),
+%% Bytes = bitstring(),
+%% Bin = bitstring(),
+%% Rest = bitstring()
+getbits_as_binary(Num,Bytes) when is_bitstring(Bytes) ->
+    <<BS:Num/bitstring,Rest/bitstring>> = Bytes,
+    {BS,Rest}.
+    
+getbits_as_list(Num,Bytes) when is_bitstring(Bytes) ->
+    <<BitStr:Num/bitstring,Rest/bitstring>> = Bytes,
+    {[ B || <<B:1>> <= BitStr],Rest}.
+
+
+getbit(Buffer) ->
+    <<B:1,Rest/bitstring>> = Buffer,
+    {B,Rest}.
+
+
+getbits(Buffer,Num) when is_bitstring(Buffer) ->
+    <<Bs:Num,Rest/bitstring>> = Buffer,
+    {Bs,Rest}.
+
+align(Bin) when is_binary(Bin) ->
+    Bin;
+align(BitStr) when is_bitstring(BitStr) ->
+    AlignBits = bit_size(BitStr) rem 8,
+    <<_:AlignBits,Rest/binary>> = BitStr,
+    Rest.
+
+
+%% First align buffer, then pick the first Num octets.
+%% Returns octets as an integer with bit significance as in buffer.
+getoctets(Buffer,Num) when is_binary(Buffer) ->
+    <<Val:Num/integer-unit:8,RestBin/binary>> = Buffer,
+    {Val,RestBin};
+getoctets(Buffer,Num) when is_bitstring(Buffer) ->
+    AlignBits = bit_size(Buffer) rem 8,
+    <<_:AlignBits,Val:Num/integer-unit:8,RestBin/binary>> = Buffer,
+    {Val,RestBin}.
+
+
+%% First align buffer, then pick the first Num octets.
+%% Returns octets as a binary
+getoctets_as_bin(Bin,Num) when is_binary(Bin) ->
+    <<Octets:Num/binary,RestBin/binary>> = Bin,
+    {Octets,RestBin};
+getoctets_as_bin(Bin,Num) when is_bitstring(Bin) ->
+    AlignBits = bit_size(Bin) rem 8,
+    <<_:AlignBits,Val:Num/binary,RestBin/binary>> = Bin,
+    {Val,RestBin}.
+    
+
+%% same as above but returns octets as a List
+getoctets_as_list(Buffer,Num) ->
+    {Bin,Buffer2} = getoctets_as_bin(Buffer,Num),
+    {binary_to_list(Bin),Buffer2}.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% set_choice(Alt,Choices,Altnum) -> ListofBitSettings
+%% Alt = atom()
+%% Altnum = integer() | {integer(),integer()}% number of alternatives
+%% Choices = [atom()] | {[atom()],[atom()]}
+%% When Choices is a tuple the first list is the Rootset and the
+%% second is the Extensions and then Altnum must also be a tuple with the
+%% lengths of the 2 lists 
+%%
+set_choice(Alt,{L1,L2},{Len1,_Len2}) ->
+    case set_choice_tag(Alt,L1) of
+	N when is_integer(N), Len1 > 1 ->
+%	    [{bits,1,0}, % the value is in the root set
+%	     encode_constrained_number({0,Len1-1},N)];
+	    [0, % the value is in the root set
+	     encode_constrained_number({0,Len1-1},N)];
+	N when is_integer(N) ->
+%	    [{bits,1,0}]; % no encoding if only 0 or 1 alternative
+	    [0]; % no encoding if only 0 or 1 alternative
+	false ->
+%	    [{bits,1,1}, % extension value
+	    [1, % extension value
+	     case set_choice_tag(Alt,L2) of
+		 N2 when is_integer(N2) ->
+		     encode_small_number(N2);
+		 false ->
+		     unknown_choice_alt
+	     end]
+    end;
+set_choice(Alt,L,Len) ->
+    case set_choice_tag(Alt,L) of
+	N when is_integer(N), Len > 1 ->
+	    encode_constrained_number({0,Len-1},N);
+	N when is_integer(N) ->
+	    []; % no encoding if only 0 or 1 alternative
+	false ->
+	    [unknown_choice_alt]
+    end.
+
+set_choice_tag(Alt,Choices) ->
+    set_choice_tag(Alt,Choices,0).
+
+set_choice_tag(Alt,[Alt|_Rest],Tag) ->
+    Tag;
+set_choice_tag(Alt,[_H|Rest],Tag) ->
+    set_choice_tag(Alt,Rest,Tag+1);
+set_choice_tag(_Alt,[],_Tag) ->
+    false.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% decode_fragmented_XXX; decode of values encoded fragmented according
+%% to ITU-T X.691 clause 10.9.3.8. The unit (XXX) is either bits, octets,
+%% characters or number of components (in a choice,sequence or similar).
+%% Buffer is a buffer binary().
+%% C is the constrained length.
+%% If the buffer is not aligned, this function does that.
+decode_fragmented_bits(Buffer,C) when is_binary(Buffer) ->
+    decode_fragmented_bits(Buffer,C,[]);
+decode_fragmented_bits(Buffer,C) when is_bitstring(Buffer) ->
+    AlignBits = bit_size(Buffer) rem 8,
+    <<_:AlignBits,Rest/binary>> = Buffer,
+    decode_fragmented_bits(Rest,C,[]).
+
+decode_fragmented_bits(<<3:2,Len:6,Bin/binary>>,C,Acc) ->
+    {Value,Bin2} = split_binary(Bin, Len * ?'16K'), % Len = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
+    decode_fragmented_bits(Bin2,C,[Value|Acc]);
+decode_fragmented_bits(<<0:1,0:7,Bin/binary>>,C,Acc) ->
+    BinBits = erlang:list_to_bitstring(lists:reverse(Acc)),
+    case C of
+	Int when is_integer(Int),C == bit_size(BinBits) ->
+	    {BinBits,Bin};
+	Int when is_integer(Int) ->
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_value,C,BinBits}}})
+    end;
+decode_fragmented_bits(<<0:1,Len:7,Bin/binary>>,C,Acc) ->
+    <<Value:Len/bitstring,Rest/bitstring>> = Bin,
+    BinBits = erlang:list_to_bitstring([Value|Acc]),
+    case C of
+	Int when is_integer(Int),C == bit_size(BinBits) ->
+	    {BinBits,Rest};
+	Int when is_integer(Int) ->
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_value,C,BinBits}}})
+    end.
+
+
+decode_fragmented_octets(Bin,C) ->
+    decode_fragmented_octets(Bin,C,[]).
+
+decode_fragmented_octets(<<3:2,Len:6,Bin/binary>>,C,Acc) ->
+    {Value,Bin2} = split_binary(Bin,Len * ?'16K'),
+    decode_fragmented_octets(Bin2,C,[Value|Acc]);
+decode_fragmented_octets(<<0:1,0:7,Bin/binary>>,C,Acc) ->
+    Octets = list_to_binary(lists:reverse(Acc)),
+    case C of
+	Int when is_integer(Int), C == size(Octets) ->
+	    {Octets,Bin};
+	Int when is_integer(Int) ->
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_value,C,Octets}}})
+    end;
+decode_fragmented_octets(<<0:1,Len:7,Bin/binary>>,C,Acc) ->
+    <<Value:Len/binary-unit:8,Bin2/binary>> = Bin,
+    BinOctets = list_to_binary(lists:reverse([Value|Acc])),
+    case C of
+	Int when is_integer(Int),size(BinOctets) == Int ->
+	    {BinOctets,Bin2};
+	Int when is_integer(Int) ->
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_value,C,BinOctets}}})
+    end.
+
+
+    
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% encode_open_type(Constraint, Value) -> CompleteList
+%% Value = list of bytes of an already encoded value (the list must be flat)
+%%         | binary
+%% Contraint = not used in this version
+%%
+encode_open_type(_Constraint, Val) when is_list(Val) ->
+    Bin = list_to_binary(Val),
+    case size(Bin) of 
+	Size when Size>255 ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Size),[21,<<Size:16>>,Bin]];
+	Size ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Size),[20,Size,Bin]]
+    end;
+encode_open_type(_Constraint, Val) when is_binary(Val) ->
+    case size(Val) of
+	Size when Size>255 ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,size(Val)),[21,<<Size:16>>,Val]]; % octets implies align
+	Size ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Size),[20,Size,Val]]
+    end.
+%% the binary_to_list is not optimal but compatible with the current solution
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% decode_open_type(Buffer,Constraint) -> Value
+%% Constraint is not used in this version
+%% Buffer = [byte] with PER encoded data 
+%% Value = [byte] with decoded data (which must be decoded again as some type)
+%%
+decode_open_type(Bytes, _Constraint) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    getoctets_as_bin(Bytes2,Len).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% encode_integer(Constraint,Value,NamedNumberList) -> CompleteList
+%% encode_integer(Constraint,Value) -> CompleteList
+%% encode_integer(Constraint,{Name,Value}) -> CompleteList
+%% 
+%%
+encode_integer(C,V,NamedNumberList) when is_atom(V) ->
+    case lists:keysearch(V,1,NamedNumberList) of
+	{value,{_,NewV}} -> 
+	    encode_integer(C,NewV);
+	_ -> 
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{namednumber,V}}})
+    end;
+encode_integer(C,V,_NamedNumberList) when is_integer(V) ->
+    encode_integer(C,V);
+encode_integer(C,{Name,V},NamedNumberList) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_integer(C,V,NamedNumberList).
+
+encode_integer(C,{Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_integer(C,Val);
+
+encode_integer([{Rc,_Ec}],Val) when is_tuple(Rc) -> % XXX when is this invoked? First argument most often a list,...Ok this is the extension case...but it doesn't work.
+    case (catch encode_integer([Rc],Val)) of
+	{'EXIT',{error,{asn1,_}}} ->
+%	    [{bits,1,1},encode_unconstrained_number(Val)];
+	    [1,encode_unconstrained_number(Val)];
+	Encoded ->
+%	    [{bits,1,0},Encoded]
+	    [0,Encoded]
+    end;
+
+encode_integer([],Val) ->
+    encode_unconstrained_number(Val);
+%% The constraint is the effective constraint, and in this case is a number
+encode_integer([{'SingleValue',V}],V) ->
+    [];
+encode_integer([{'ValueRange',VR={Lb,Ub},Range,PreEnc}],Val) when Val >= Lb,
+						Ub >= Val ->
+    %% this case when NamedNumberList
+    encode_constrained_number(VR,Range,PreEnc,Val);
+encode_integer([{'ValueRange',{Lb,'MAX'}}],Val) ->
+    encode_semi_constrained_number(Lb,Val);
+encode_integer([{'ValueRange',{'MIN',_}}],Val) ->
+    encode_unconstrained_number(Val);
+encode_integer([{'ValueRange',VR={_Lb,_Ub}}],Val) ->
+    encode_constrained_number(VR,Val);
+encode_integer(_,Val) ->
+    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_value,Val}}}).
+
+    
+
+decode_integer(Buffer,Range,NamedNumberList) ->
+    {Val,Buffer2} = decode_integer(Buffer,Range),
+    case lists:keysearch(Val,2,NamedNumberList) of
+	{value,{NewVal,_}} -> {NewVal,Buffer2};
+	_ -> {Val,Buffer2}
+    end.
+
+decode_integer(Buffer,[{Rc,_Ec}]) when is_tuple(Rc) ->
+    {Ext,Buffer2} = getext(Buffer),
+    case Ext of
+	0 -> decode_integer(Buffer2,[Rc]);
+	1 -> decode_unconstrained_number(Buffer2)
+    end;
+decode_integer(Buffer,undefined) ->
+    decode_unconstrained_number(Buffer);
+decode_integer(Buffer,C) ->
+    case get_constraint(C,'SingleValue') of
+	V when is_integer(V) ->
+	    {V,Buffer};
+	_ ->
+	    decode_integer1(Buffer,C)
+    end.
+
+decode_integer1(Buffer,C) ->
+    case VR = get_constraint(C,'ValueRange') of
+	no ->
+	    decode_unconstrained_number(Buffer);
+	{Lb, 'MAX'} ->
+	    decode_semi_constrained_number(Buffer,Lb);
+	{_Lb,_Ub} ->
+	    decode_constrained_number(Buffer,VR)
+    end.
+
+%% X.691:10.6 Encoding of a normally small non-negative whole number
+%% Use this for encoding of CHOICE index if there is an extension marker in 
+%% the CHOICE
+encode_small_number({Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_small_number(Val);
+encode_small_number(Val) when Val =< 63 ->
+%    [{bits,1,0},{bits,6,Val}];
+%    [{bits,7,Val}]; % same as above but more efficient
+    [10,7,Val]; % same as above but more efficient
+encode_small_number(Val) ->
+%    [{bits,1,1},encode_semi_constrained_number(0,Val)].
+    [1,encode_semi_constrained_number(0,Val)].
+
+decode_small_number(Bytes) ->
+    {Bit,Bytes2} = getbit(Bytes),
+    case Bit of
+	0 -> 
+	    getbits(Bytes2,6);
+	1 ->
+	    decode_semi_constrained_number(Bytes2,0)
+    end.
+
+%% X.691:10.7 Encoding of a semi-constrained whole number
+%% might be an optimization encode_semi_constrained_number(0,Val) ->
+encode_semi_constrained_number(C,{Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_semi_constrained_number(C,Val);
+encode_semi_constrained_number({Lb,'MAX'},Val) ->
+    encode_semi_constrained_number(Lb,Val);
+encode_semi_constrained_number(Lb,Val) ->
+    Val2 = Val - Lb,
+    Oct = eint_positive(Val2),
+    Len = length(Oct),
+    if 
+	Len < 128 ->
+	    %{octets,[Len|Oct]}; % equiv with encode_length(undefined,Len) but faster
+	    [20,Len+1,[Len|Oct]];
+	Len < 256 ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),[20,Len,Oct]];
+	true ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),[21,<<Len:16>>,Oct]]
+    end.
+
+decode_semi_constrained_number(Bytes,{Lb,_}) ->
+    decode_semi_constrained_number(Bytes,Lb);
+decode_semi_constrained_number(Bytes,Lb) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    {V,Bytes3} = getoctets(Bytes2,Len),
+    {V+Lb,Bytes3}.
+
+encode_constrained_number({Lb,_Ub},_Range,{bits,N},Val) ->
+    Val2 = Val-Lb,
+%    {bits,N,Val2};
+    [10,N,Val2];
+encode_constrained_number({Lb,_Ub},_Range,{octets,N},Val) when N < 256->
+    %% N is 8 or 16 (1 or 2 octets)
+    Val2 = Val-Lb,
+%    {octets,<<Val2:N/unit:8>>};
+    [20,N,Val2];
+encode_constrained_number({Lb,_Ub},_Range,{octets,N},Val) -> % N>255
+    %% N is 8 or 16 (1 or 2 octets)
+    Val2 = Val-Lb,
+%    {octets,<<Val2:N/unit:8>>};
+    [21,<<N:16>>,Val2];
+encode_constrained_number({Lb,_Ub},Range,_,Val) ->
+    Val2 = Val-Lb,
+    if
+	Range =< 16#1000000  -> % max 3 octets
+	    Octs = eint_positive(Val2),
+%	    [encode_length({1,3},size(Octs)),{octets,Octs}];
+	    L = length(Octs),
+	    [encode_length({1,3},L),[20,L,Octs]];
+	Range =< 16#100000000  -> % max 4 octets
+	    Octs = eint_positive(Val2),
+%	    [encode_length({1,4},size(Octs)),{octets,Octs}];
+	    L = length(Octs),
+	    [encode_length({1,4},L),[20,L,Octs]];
+	Range =< 16#10000000000  -> % max 5 octets
+	    Octs = eint_positive(Val2),
+%	    [encode_length({1,5},size(Octs)),{octets,Octs}];
+	    L = length(Octs),
+	    [encode_length({1,5},L),[20,L,Octs]];
+	true  ->
+	    exit({not_supported,{integer_range,Range}})
+    end.
+
+encode_constrained_number(Range,{Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_constrained_number(Range,Val);
+encode_constrained_number({Lb,Ub},Val) when Val >= Lb, Ub >= Val -> 
+    Range = Ub - Lb + 1,
+    Val2 = Val - Lb,
+    if 
+	Range  == 1 -> [];
+	Range  == 2 ->
+%	    Size = {bits,1,Val2};
+	    [Val2];
+	Range  =< 4 -> 
+%	    Size = {bits,2,Val2};
+	    [10,2,Val2];
+	Range  =< 8 ->
+	    [10,3,Val2];
+	Range  =< 16 ->
+	    [10,4,Val2];
+	Range  =< 32 ->
+	    [10,5,Val2];
+	Range  =< 64 ->
+	    [10,6,Val2];
+	Range  =< 128 ->
+	    [10,7,Val2];
+	Range  =< 255 ->
+	    [10,8,Val2];
+	Range  =< 256 ->
+%	    Size = {octets,[Val2]};
+	    [20,1,Val2];
+	Range  =< 65536 ->
+%	    Size = {octets,<<Val2:16>>};
+	    [20,2,<<Val2:16>>];
+	Range =< 16#1000000  ->
+	    Octs = eint_positive(Val2),
+%	    [{bits,2,length(Octs)-1},{octets,Octs}];
+	    Len = length(Octs),
+	    [10,2,Len-1,20,Len,Octs];
+	Range =< 16#100000000  ->
+	    Octs = eint_positive(Val2),
+	    Len = length(Octs),
+	    [10,2,Len-1,20,Len,Octs];
+	Range =< 16#10000000000  ->
+	    Octs = eint_positive(Val2),
+	    Len = length(Octs),
+	    [10,3,Len-1,20,Len,Octs];
+	true  ->
+	    exit({not_supported,{integer_range,Range}})
+    end;
+encode_constrained_number({_,_},Val) -> 
+    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_value,Val}}}).
+
+decode_constrained_number(Buffer,VR={Lb,Ub}) ->
+    Range = Ub - Lb + 1,
+    decode_constrained_number(Buffer,VR,Range).
+
+decode_constrained_number(Buffer,{Lb,_Ub},_Range,{bits,N}) ->
+    {Val,Remain} = getbits(Buffer,N),
+    {Val+Lb,Remain};
+decode_constrained_number(Buffer,{Lb,_Ub},_Range,{octets,N}) ->
+    {Val,Remain} = getoctets(Buffer,N),
+    {Val+Lb,Remain}.
+
+decode_constrained_number(Buffer,{Lb,_Ub},Range) ->
+						%    Val2 = Val - Lb,
+    {Val,Remain} = 
+	if 
+	    Range  == 1 ->
+		{0,Buffer};
+	    Range  == 2 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,1);
+	    Range  =< 4 -> 
+		getbits(Buffer,2);
+	    Range  =< 8 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,3);
+	    Range  =< 16 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,4);
+	    Range  =< 32 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,5);
+	    Range  =< 64 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,6);
+	    Range  =< 128 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,7);
+	    Range  =< 255 ->
+		getbits(Buffer,8);
+	    Range  =< 256 ->
+		getoctets(Buffer,1);
+	    Range  =< 65536 ->
+		getoctets(Buffer,2);
+	    Range =< 16#1000000  ->
+		{Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,{1,3}),
+		{Octs,Bytes3} = getoctets_as_bin(Bytes2,Len),
+		{dec_pos_integer(Octs),Bytes3};
+	    Range =< 16#100000000  ->
+		{Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,{1,4}),
+		{Octs,Bytes3} = getoctets_as_bin(Bytes2,Len),
+		{dec_pos_integer(Octs),Bytes3};
+	    Range =< 16#10000000000  ->
+		{Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,{1,5}),
+		{Octs,Bytes3} = getoctets_as_bin(Bytes2,Len),
+		{dec_pos_integer(Octs),Bytes3};
+	    true  ->
+		exit({not_supported,{integer_range,Range}})
+	end,
+    {Val+Lb,Remain}.
+
+%% X.691:10.8 Encoding of an unconstrained whole number
+
+encode_unconstrained_number(Val) when Val >= 0 ->
+    Oct = eint(Val,[]),
+    Len = length(Oct),
+    if 
+	Len < 128 ->
+	    %{octets,[Len|Oct]}; % equiv with encode_length(undefined,Len) but faster
+	    [20,Len+1,[Len|Oct]];
+	Len < 256 ->
+%	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),20,Len,Oct];
+	    [20,Len+2,<<2:2,Len:14>>,Oct];% equiv with encode_length(undefined,Len) but faster
+	true ->
+%	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),{octets,Oct}]
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),[21,<<Len:16>>,Oct]]
+    end;
+encode_unconstrained_number(Val) -> % negative
+    Oct = enint(Val,[]),
+    Len = length(Oct),
+    if 
+	Len < 128 ->
+%	    {octets,[Len|Oct]}; % equiv with encode_length(undefined,Len) but faster
+	    [20,Len+1,[Len|Oct]];% equiv with encode_length(undefined,Len) but faster
+	Len < 256 ->
+%	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),20,Len,Oct];
+	    [20,Len+2,<<2:2,Len:14>>,Oct];% equiv with encode_length(undefined,Len) but faster
+	true ->
+	    %[encode_length(undefined,Len),{octets,Oct}]
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Len),[21,<<Len:16>>,Oct]]
+    end.
+
+
+%% used for positive Values which don't need a sign bit
+%% returns a list
+eint_positive(Val) ->
+    case eint(Val,[]) of
+	[0,B1|T] ->
+	    [B1|T];
+	T -> 
+	    T
+    end.
+
+
+eint(0, [B|Acc]) when B < 128 ->
+    [B|Acc];
+eint(N, Acc) ->
+    eint(N bsr 8, [N band 16#ff| Acc]).
+
+enint(-1, [B1|T]) when B1 > 127 ->
+    [B1|T];
+enint(N, Acc) ->
+    enint(N bsr 8, [N band 16#ff|Acc]).
+
+decode_unconstrained_number(Bytes) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    {Ints,Bytes3} = getoctets_as_bin(Bytes2,Len),
+    {dec_integer(Ints),Bytes3}.
+
+
+dec_pos_integer(Ints) ->
+    decpint(Ints).
+dec_integer(Bin = <<0:1,_:7,_/binary>>) ->  
+    decpint(Bin);
+dec_integer(<<_:1,B:7,BitStr/bitstring>>) ->
+    Size = bit_size(BitStr),
+    <<I:Size>> = BitStr,
+    (-128 + B) bsl bit_size(BitStr) bor I.
+
+    
+    
+decpint(Bin) ->
+    Size = bit_size(Bin),
+    <<Int:Size>> = Bin,
+    Int.
+
+%% X.691:10.9 Encoding of a length determinant
+%%encode_small_length(undefined,Len) -> % null means no UpperBound
+%%    encode_small_number(Len).
+
+%% X.691:10.9.3.5 
+%% X.691:10.9.3.7
+encode_length(undefined,Len) -> % un-constrained
+    if 
+	Len < 128 ->
+%	    {octets,[Len]};
+	    [20,1,Len];
+	Len < 16384 ->
+	    %{octets,<<2:2,Len:14>>};
+	    [20,2,<<2:2,Len:14>>];
+	true  -> % should be able to endode length >= 16384 i.e. fragmented length
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{encode_length,{nyi,above_16k}}}})
+    end;
+
+encode_length({0,'MAX'},Len) ->
+    encode_length(undefined,Len);
+encode_length(Vr={Lb,Ub},Len) when Ub =< 65535 ,Lb >= 0 -> % constrained
+    encode_constrained_number(Vr,Len);
+encode_length({Lb,_Ub},Len) when is_integer(Lb), Lb >= 0 -> % Ub > 65535
+    encode_length(undefined,Len);
+encode_length({Vr={Lb,Ub},Ext},Len) 
+  when Ub =< 65535 ,Lb >= 0,Len=<Ub, is_list(Ext) -> 
+    %% constrained extensible 
+    [0,encode_constrained_number(Vr,Len)];
+encode_length({{Lb,_},Ext},Len) when is_list(Ext) -> 
+    [1,encode_semi_constrained_number(Lb,Len)];
+encode_length(SingleValue,_Len) when is_integer(SingleValue) ->
+    [].
+
+%% X.691 10.9.3.4 (only used for length of bitmap that prefixes extension 
+%% additions in a sequence or set
+encode_small_length(Len) when Len =< 64 ->
+%%    [{bits,1,0},{bits,6,Len-1}];
+%    {bits,7,Len-1}; % the same as above but more efficient
+    [10,7,Len-1];
+encode_small_length(Len) ->
+%    [{bits,1,1},encode_length(undefined,Len)].
+    [1,encode_length(undefined,Len)].
+
+
+decode_small_length(Buffer) ->
+    case getbit(Buffer) of
+	{0,Remain} -> 
+	    {Bits,Remain2} = getbits(Remain,6),
+	    {Bits+1,Remain2};
+	{1,Remain} -> 
+	    decode_length(Remain,undefined)
+    end.
+
+decode_length(Buffer) ->
+    decode_length(Buffer,undefined).
+
+decode_length(Buffer,undefined)  -> % un-constrained
+    case align(Buffer) of
+	<<0:1,Oct:7,Rest/binary>> ->
+	    {Oct,Rest};
+	<<2:2,Val:14,Rest/binary>> ->
+	    {Val,Rest};
+	<<3:2,_Val:14,_Rest/binary>> ->
+	    %% this case should be fixed
+	    exit({error,{asn1,{decode_length,{nyi,above_16k}}}})
+    end;
+
+decode_length(Buffer,{Lb,Ub}) when Ub =< 65535 ,Lb >= 0 -> % constrained
+    decode_constrained_number(Buffer,{Lb,Ub});
+decode_length(Buffer,{Lb,_Ub}) when is_integer(Lb), Lb >= 0 -> % Ub > 65535
+    decode_length(Buffer,undefined);
+decode_length(Buffer,{{Lb,Ub},Ext}) when is_list(Ext) -> 
+    case getbit(Buffer) of
+	{0,Buffer2} ->
+	    decode_length(Buffer2, {Lb,Ub});
+	{1,Buffer2} ->
+	    decode_length(Buffer2, undefined)
+    end;
+
+
+%When does this case occur with {_,_Lb,Ub} ??
+% X.691:10.9.3.5 
+decode_length(Bin,{_,_Lb,_Ub}) -> % Unconstrained or large Ub NOTE! this case does not cover case when Ub > 65535
+    case Bin of
+	<<0:1,Val:7,Rest/bitstring>> -> 
+	    {Val,Rest};
+	_ ->
+	    case align(Bin) of
+		<<2:2,Val:14,Rest/binary>> -> 
+		    {Val,Rest};
+		<<3:2,_:14,_Rest/binary>> -> 
+		    exit({error,{asn1,{decode_length,{nyi,length_above_64K}}}})
+	    end
+    end;
+decode_length(Buffer,SingleValue) when is_integer(SingleValue) ->
+    {SingleValue,Buffer}.
+
+
+						% X.691:11
+decode_boolean(Buffer) -> %when record(Buffer,buffer)
+    case getbit(Buffer) of
+	{1,Remain} -> {true,Remain};
+	{0,Remain} -> {false,Remain}
+    end.
+
+
+%% ENUMERATED with extension marker
+decode_enumerated(Buffer,C,{Ntup1,Ntup2}) when is_tuple(Ntup1), is_tuple(Ntup2) ->
+    {Ext,Buffer2} = getext(Buffer),
+    case Ext of
+	0 -> % not an extension value
+	    {Val,Buffer3} = decode_integer(Buffer2,C),
+	    case catch (element(Val+1,Ntup1)) of
+		NewVal when is_atom(NewVal) -> {NewVal,Buffer3};
+		_Error -> exit({error,{asn1,{decode_enumerated,{Val,[Ntup1,Ntup2]}}}})
+	    end;
+	1 -> % this an extension value
+	    {Val,Buffer3} = decode_small_number(Buffer2),
+	    case catch (element(Val+1,Ntup2)) of
+		NewVal when is_atom(NewVal) -> {NewVal,Buffer3};
+		_ -> {{asn1_enum,Val},Buffer3}
+	    end
+    end;
+
+decode_enumerated(Buffer,C,NamedNumberTup) when is_tuple(NamedNumberTup) ->
+    {Val,Buffer2} = decode_integer(Buffer,C),
+    case catch (element(Val+1,NamedNumberTup)) of
+	NewVal when is_atom(NewVal) -> {NewVal,Buffer2};
+	_Error -> exit({error,{asn1,{decode_enumerated,{Val,NamedNumberTup}}}})
+    end.
+
+%%===============================================================================
+%%===============================================================================
+%%===============================================================================
+%% Bitstring value, ITU_T X.690 Chapter 8.5
+%%===============================================================================
+%%===============================================================================
+%%===============================================================================
+
+%%===============================================================================
+%% encode bitstring value
+%%===============================================================================
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% bitstring NamedBitList
+%% Val can be  of:
+%% - [identifiers] where only named identifers are set to one, 
+%%   the Constraint must then have some information of the 
+%%   bitlength.
+%% - [list of ones and zeroes] all bits 
+%% - integer value representing the bitlist
+%% C is constraint Len, only valid when identifiers
+
+
+%% when the value is a list of {Unused,BinBits}, where 
+%% Unused = integer(),
+%% BinBits = binary().
+
+encode_bit_string(C,Bin={Unused,BinBits},NamedBitList) when is_integer(Unused),
+							    is_binary(BinBits) ->
+    encode_bin_bit_string(C,Bin,NamedBitList);
+
+%% when the value is a list of named bits
+
+encode_bit_string(C, LoNB=[FirstVal | _RestVal], NamedBitList) when is_atom(FirstVal) ->
+    ToSetPos = get_all_bitposes(LoNB, NamedBitList, []),
+    BitList = make_and_set_list(ToSetPos,0),
+    encode_bit_string(C,BitList,NamedBitList);% consider the constraint
+
+encode_bit_string(C, BL=[{bit,_} | _RestVal], NamedBitList) ->
+    ToSetPos = get_all_bitposes(BL, NamedBitList, []),
+    BitList = make_and_set_list(ToSetPos,0),
+    encode_bit_string(C,BitList,NamedBitList);
+
+%% when the value is a list of ones and zeroes
+encode_bit_string(Int, BitListValue, _) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue),is_integer(Int),Int =< 16 ->
+    %% The type is constrained by a single value size constraint
+    %% range_check(Int,length(BitListValue)),
+    [40,Int,length(BitListValue),BitListValue];
+encode_bit_string(Int, BitListValue, _) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue),is_integer(Int), Int =< 255 ->
+    %% The type is constrained by a single value size constraint
+    %% range_check(Int,length(BitListValue)),
+    [2,40,Int,length(BitListValue),BitListValue];
+encode_bit_string(Int, BitListValue, _) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue),is_integer(Int), Int < ?'64K' ->
+    {Code,DesiredLength,Length} = 
+	case length(BitListValue) of
+	    B1 when B1 > Int ->
+		exit({error,{'BIT_STRING_length_greater_than_SIZE',
+			     Int,BitListValue}});
+	    B1 when B1 =< 255,Int =< 255 ->
+		{40,Int,B1};
+	    B1 when B1 =< 255 ->
+		{42,<<Int:16>>,B1};
+	    B1 ->
+		{43,<<Int:16>>,<<B1:16>>}
+	end,
+    %% The type is constrained by a single value size constraint
+    [2,Code,DesiredLength,Length,BitListValue];
+encode_bit_string(no, BitListValue,[]) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue) ->
+    [encode_length(undefined,length(BitListValue)),
+     2,BitListValue];
+encode_bit_string({{Fix,Fix},Ext}, BitListValue,[]) 
+  when is_integer(Fix), is_list(Ext) ->
+    case length(BitListValue) of
+	Len when Len =< Fix ->
+	    [0,encode_bit_string(Fix,BitListValue,[])];
+	_ ->
+	    [1,encode_bit_string(no,BitListValue,[])]
+    end;
+encode_bit_string(C, BitListValue,[]) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue) ->
+    [encode_length(C,length(BitListValue)),
+     2,BitListValue];
+encode_bit_string(no, BitListValue,_NamedBitList) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue) ->
+    %% this case with an unconstrained BIT STRING can be made more efficient
+    %% if the complete driver can take a special code so the length field
+    %% is encoded there.
+    NewBitLVal = lists:reverse(lists:dropwhile(fun(0)->true;(1)->false end,
+					    lists:reverse(BitListValue))),
+    [encode_length(undefined,length(NewBitLVal)),
+     2,NewBitLVal];
+encode_bit_string({{Fix,Fix},Ext}, BitListValue,_NamedBitList) 
+  when is_integer(Fix), is_list(Ext) ->
+    case length(BitListValue) of
+	Len when Len =< Fix ->
+	    [0,encode_bit_string(Fix,BitListValue,_NamedBitList)];
+	_ ->
+	    [1,encode_bit_string(no,BitListValue,_NamedBitList)]
+    end;
+encode_bit_string(C,BitListValue,_NamedBitList) 
+  when is_list(BitListValue) ->% C = {_,'MAX'}
+%     NewBitLVal = lists:reverse(lists:dropwhile(fun(0)->true;(1)->false end,
+% 					    lists:reverse(BitListValue))),
+    NewBitLVal = bit_string_trailing_zeros(BitListValue,C),
+    [encode_length(C,length(NewBitLVal)),
+     2,NewBitLVal]; 
+
+
+%% when the value is an integer
+encode_bit_string(C, IntegerVal, NamedBitList) when is_integer(IntegerVal)->
+    BitList = int_to_bitlist(IntegerVal),
+    encode_bit_string(C,BitList,NamedBitList);
+
+%% when the value is a tuple
+encode_bit_string(C,{Name,Val}, NamedBitList) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_bit_string(C,Val,NamedBitList).
+
+bit_string_trailing_zeros(BitList,C) when is_integer(C) ->
+    bit_string_trailing_zeros1(BitList,C,C);
+bit_string_trailing_zeros(BitList,{Lb,Ub}) when is_integer(Lb) ->
+    bit_string_trailing_zeros1(BitList,Lb,Ub);
+bit_string_trailing_zeros(BitList,{{Lb,Ub},_}) when is_integer(Lb) ->
+    bit_string_trailing_zeros1(BitList,Lb,Ub);
+bit_string_trailing_zeros(BitList,_) ->
+    BitList.
+
+bit_string_trailing_zeros1(BitList,Lb,Ub) ->
+    case length(BitList) of
+	Lb -> BitList;
+	B when B<Lb -> BitList++lists:duplicate(Lb-B,0);
+	D -> F = fun(L,LB,LB,_,_)->lists:reverse(L);
+		    ([0|R],L1,LB,UB,Fun)->Fun(R,L1-1,LB,UB,Fun);
+		    (L,L1,_,UB,_)when L1 =< UB -> lists:reverse(L);
+		    (_,_L1,_,_,_) ->exit({error,{list_length_BIT_STRING,
+						 BitList}}) end,
+	     F(lists:reverse(BitList),D,Lb,Ub,F)
+    end.
+
+%% encode_bin_bit_string/3, when value is a tuple of Unused and BinBits.
+%% Unused = integer(),i.e. number unused bits in least sign. byte of
+%% BinBits = binary().
+encode_bin_bit_string(C,{Unused,BinBits},_NamedBitList)
+  when is_integer(C),C=<16 ->
+    range_check(C,bit_size(BinBits) - Unused),
+    [45,C,size(BinBits),BinBits];
+encode_bin_bit_string(C,{Unused,BinBits},_NamedBitList)
+  when is_integer(C), C =< 255 ->
+    range_check(C,bit_size(BinBits) - Unused),
+    [2,45,C,size(BinBits),BinBits];
+encode_bin_bit_string(C,{Unused,BinBits},_NamedBitList)
+  when is_integer(C), C =< 65535 ->
+    range_check(C,bit_size(BinBits) - Unused),
+    case size(BinBits) of
+	Size when Size =< 255 ->
+	    [2,46,<<C:16>>,Size,BinBits];
+	Size ->
+	    [2,47,<<C:16>>,<<Size:16>>,BinBits]
+    end;
+%% encode_bin_bit_string(C,{_Unused,BinBits},_NamedBitList)
+%%   when is_integer(C) ->
+%%     exit({error,{asn1, {bitstring_size, not_supported, C}}});
+encode_bin_bit_string(C,UnusedAndBin={_,_},NamedBitList) ->
+%    UnusedAndBin1 = {Unused1,Bin1} = 
+    {Unused1,Bin1} = 
+	%% removes all trailing bits if NamedBitList is not empty
+	remove_trailing_bin(NamedBitList,UnusedAndBin),
+    case C of
+	{Lb,Ub} when is_integer(Lb),is_integer(Ub) ->
+%	    [encode_length({Lb,Ub},size(Bin1)*8 - Unused1),
+%	     align,UnusedAndBin1];
+	    Size=size(Bin1),
+	    [encode_length({Lb,Ub},Size*8 - Unused1),
+	     2,octets_unused_to_complete(Unused1,Size,Bin1)];
+	no ->
+	    Size=size(Bin1),
+	    [encode_length(undefined,Size*8 - Unused1),
+	     2,octets_unused_to_complete(Unused1,Size,Bin1)];
+	{{Fix,Fix},Ext} when is_integer(Fix),is_list(Ext) ->
+	    %%[encode_length(Sc,size(Bin1)*8 - Unused1),
+	    case size(Bin1)*8 - Unused1 of
+		Size when Size =< Fix  ->
+		    [0,encode_bin_bit_string(Fix,UnusedAndBin,NamedBitList)];
+		_Size ->
+		    [1,encode_bin_bit_string(no,UnusedAndBin,NamedBitList)]
+	    end;
+	Sc -> 
+	    Size=size(Bin1),
+	    [encode_length(Sc,Size*8 - Unused1),
+	     2,octets_unused_to_complete(Unused1,Size,Bin1)]
+    end.
+
+range_check(C,C) when is_integer(C) ->
+    ok;
+range_check(C1,C2) when is_integer(C1) ->
+    exit({error,{asn1,{bit_string_out_of_range,{C1,C2}}}}).
+
+remove_trailing_bin([], {Unused,Bin}) ->
+    {Unused,Bin};
+remove_trailing_bin(_NamedNumberList,{_Unused,<<>>}) ->
+    {0,<<>>};
+remove_trailing_bin(NamedNumberList, {_Unused,Bin}) ->
+    Size = size(Bin)-1,
+    <<Bfront:Size/binary, LastByte:8>> = Bin,
+    %% clear the Unused bits to be sure
+%    LastByte1 = LastByte band (((1 bsl Unused) -1) bxor 255),% why this???
+    Unused1 = trailingZeroesInNibble(LastByte band 15),
+    Unused2 = 
+	case Unused1 of 
+	    4 ->
+		4 + trailingZeroesInNibble(LastByte bsr 4);
+	    _ -> Unused1
+	end,
+    case Unused2 of
+	8 ->
+	    remove_trailing_bin(NamedNumberList,{0,Bfront});
+	_ ->
+	    {Unused2,Bin}
+    end.
+
+
+trailingZeroesInNibble(0) ->
+    4;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(1) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(2) ->
+    1;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(3) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(4) ->
+    2;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(5) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(6) ->
+    1;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(7) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(8) ->
+    3;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(9) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(10) ->
+    1;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(11) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(12) -> %#1100
+    2;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(13) ->
+    0;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(14) ->
+    1;
+trailingZeroesInNibble(15) ->
+    0.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% The result is presented as a list of named bits (if possible)
+%% else as a tuple {Unused,Bits}. Unused is the number of unused
+%% bits, least significant bits in the last byte of Bits. Bits is
+%% the BIT STRING represented as a binary.
+%% 
+decode_compact_bit_string(Buffer, C, NamedNumberList) ->
+    case get_constraint(C,'SizeConstraint') of
+	0 -> % fixed length
+	    {{8,0},Buffer};
+	V when is_integer(V),V=<16 -> %fixed length 16 bits or less
+	    compact_bit_string(Buffer,V,NamedNumberList);
+	V when is_integer(V),V=<65536 -> %fixed length > 16 bits
+	    Bytes2 = align(Buffer),
+	    compact_bit_string(Bytes2,V,NamedNumberList);
+	V when is_integer(V) -> % V > 65536 => fragmented value
+	    {BitStr,Buffer2} = decode_fragmented_bits(Buffer,V),
+	    case bit_size(BitStr) band 7 of
+		0 -> {{0,BitStr},Buffer2};
+		N -> {{8-N,<<BitStr/bitstring,0:(8-N)>>},Buffer2}
+	    end;
+	{Lb,Ub} when is_integer(Lb),is_integer(Ub) ->
+	    %% This case may demand decoding of fragmented length/value
+	    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,{Lb,Ub}),
+	    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+	    compact_bit_string(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+	no ->
+	    %% This case may demand decoding of fragmented length/value
+	    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,undefined),
+	    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+	    compact_bit_string(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+	{{Fix,Fix},Ext} = Sc when is_integer(Fix), is_list(Ext) ->
+	    case decode_length(Buffer,Sc) of
+		{Len,Bytes2} when Len > Fix ->
+		    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+		    compact_bit_string(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+		{Len,Bytes2} when Len > 16 ->
+		    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+		    compact_bit_string(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+		{Len,Bytes2} ->
+		    compact_bit_string(Bytes2,Len,NamedNumberList)
+	    end;
+	Sc ->
+	    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,Sc),
+	    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+	    compact_bit_string(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList)
+    end.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% The result is presented as a list of named bits (if possible)
+%% else as a list of 0 and 1.
+%% 
+decode_bit_string(Buffer, C, NamedNumberList) ->
+    case get_constraint(C,'SizeConstraint') of
+	{Lb,Ub} when is_integer(Lb),is_integer(Ub) ->
+	    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,{Lb,Ub}),
+	    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+	    bit_list_or_named(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+	no ->
+	    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,undefined),
+	    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+	    bit_list_or_named(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+	0 -> % fixed length
+	    {[],Buffer}; % nothing to encode
+	V when is_integer(V),V=<16 -> % fixed length 16 bits or less
+	    bit_list_or_named(Buffer,V,NamedNumberList);
+	V when is_integer(V),V=<65536 ->
+	    Bytes2 = align(Buffer),
+	    bit_list_or_named(Bytes2,V,NamedNumberList);
+	V when is_integer(V) ->
+	    Bytes2 = align(Buffer),
+	    {BinBits,_Bytes3} = decode_fragmented_bits(Bytes2,V),
+	    bit_list_or_named(BinBits,V,NamedNumberList);
+	{{Fix,Fix},Ext} =Sc when is_integer(Fix), is_list(Ext) ->
+	    case decode_length(Buffer,Sc) of
+		{Len,Bytes2} when Len > Fix ->
+		    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+		    bit_list_or_named(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+		{Len,Bytes2} when Len > 16 ->
+		    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+		    bit_list_or_named(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList);
+		{Len,Bytes2} ->
+		    bit_list_or_named(Bytes2,Len,NamedNumberList)
+	    end;
+	Sc -> % extension marker
+	    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Buffer,Sc),
+	    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+	    bit_list_or_named(Bytes3,Len,NamedNumberList)
+    end.
+
+
+%% if no named bits are declared we will return a
+%% {Unused,Bits}. Unused = integer(),
+%% Bits = binary().
+compact_bit_string(Buffer,Len,[]) ->
+    {BitStr,Rest} = getbits_as_binary(Len,Buffer), % {{Unused,BinBits},NewBuffer}
+    PadLen = (8 - (bit_size(BitStr) rem 8)) rem 8,
+    {{PadLen,<<BitStr/bitstring,0:PadLen>>},Rest};
+compact_bit_string(Buffer,Len,NamedNumberList) ->
+    bit_list_or_named(Buffer,Len,NamedNumberList).
+
+
+%% if no named bits are declared we will return a
+%% BitList = [0 | 1]
+
+bit_list_or_named(Buffer,Len,[]) ->
+    getbits_as_list(Len,Buffer);
+
+%% if there are named bits declared we will return a named
+%% BitList where the names are atoms and unnamed bits represented
+%% as {bit,Pos}
+%% BitList = [atom() | {bit,Pos}]
+%% Pos = integer()
+
+bit_list_or_named(Buffer,Len,NamedNumberList) ->
+    {BitList,Rest} = getbits_as_list(Len,Buffer),
+    {bit_list_or_named1(0,BitList,NamedNumberList,[]), Rest}.
+
+bit_list_or_named1(Pos,[0|Bt],Names,Acc) ->
+    bit_list_or_named1(Pos+1,Bt,Names,Acc);
+bit_list_or_named1(Pos,[1|Bt],Names,Acc) ->
+    case lists:keysearch(Pos,2,Names) of
+	{value,{Name,_}} ->
+	    bit_list_or_named1(Pos+1,Bt,Names,[Name|Acc]);
+	_  -> 
+	    bit_list_or_named1(Pos+1,Bt,Names,[{bit,Pos}|Acc])
+    end;
+bit_list_or_named1(_Pos,[],_Names,Acc) ->
+    lists:reverse(Acc).
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% 
+
+int_to_bitlist(Int) when is_integer(Int), Int > 0 ->
+    [Int band 1 | int_to_bitlist(Int bsr 1)];
+int_to_bitlist(0) ->
+    [].
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% get_all_bitposes([list of named bits to set], named_bit_db, []) ->
+%%   [sorted_list_of_bitpositions_to_set]
+
+get_all_bitposes([{bit,ValPos}|Rest], NamedBitList, Ack) ->
+    get_all_bitposes(Rest, NamedBitList, [ValPos | Ack ]);
+
+get_all_bitposes([Val | Rest], NamedBitList, Ack) ->
+    case lists:keysearch(Val, 1, NamedBitList) of
+	{value, {_ValName, ValPos}} ->
+	    get_all_bitposes(Rest, NamedBitList, [ValPos | Ack]);
+	_ ->
+	    exit({error,{asn1, {bitstring_namedbit, Val}}})
+    end;
+get_all_bitposes([], _NamedBitList, Ack) ->
+    lists:sort(Ack).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% make_and_set_list([list of positions to set to 1])->
+%% returns list with all in SetPos set.
+%% in positioning in list the first element is 0, the second 1 etc.., but
+%% 
+
+make_and_set_list([XPos|SetPos], XPos) ->
+    [1 | make_and_set_list(SetPos, XPos + 1)];
+make_and_set_list([Pos|SetPos], XPos) ->
+    [0 | make_and_set_list([Pos | SetPos], XPos + 1)];
+make_and_set_list([], _) ->
+    [].
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% X.691:16
+%% encode_octet_string(Constraint,ExtensionMarker,Val)
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+encode_octet_string(C,Val) ->
+    encode_octet_string(C,false,Val).
+
+encode_octet_string(C,Bool,{_Name,Val}) ->
+    encode_octet_string(C,Bool,Val);
+encode_octet_string(_C,true,_Val) -> 
+    exit({error,{asn1,{'not_supported',extensionmarker}}});
+encode_octet_string(SZ={_,_},false,Val) ->
+%    [encode_length(SZ,length(Val)),align,
+%	     {octets,Val}];
+    Len = length(Val),
+    [encode_length(SZ,Len),2,
+     octets_to_complete(Len,Val)];
+encode_octet_string(SZ,false,Val) when is_list(SZ) ->
+    Len = length(Val),
+    [encode_length({hd(SZ),lists:max(SZ)},Len),2,
+     octets_to_complete(Len,Val)];
+encode_octet_string(no,false,Val) ->
+    Len = length(Val),
+    [encode_length(undefined,Len),2,
+     octets_to_complete(Len,Val)];
+encode_octet_string(C,_,_) ->
+    exit({error,{not_implemented,C}}).
+
+
+decode_octet_string(Bytes,Range) ->
+    decode_octet_string(Bytes,Range,false).
+
+decode_octet_string(<<B1,Bytes/bitstring>>,1,false) ->
+%%    {B1,Bytes2} = getbits(Bytes,8),
+    {[B1],Bytes};
+decode_octet_string(<<B1,B2,Bytes/bitstring>>,2,false) ->
+%%    {Bs,Bytes2}= getbits(Bytes,16),
+%%    {binary_to_list(<<Bs:16>>),Bytes2};
+    {[B1,B2],Bytes};
+decode_octet_string(Bytes,Sv,false) when is_integer(Sv),Sv=<65535 ->
+    %%    Bytes2 = align(Bytes),
+    %% getoctets_as_list aligns buffer before it picks octets
+    getoctets_as_list(Bytes,Sv);
+decode_octet_string(Bytes,Sv,false) when is_integer(Sv) ->
+    Bytes2 = align(Bytes),
+    decode_fragmented_octets(Bytes2,Sv);
+decode_octet_string(Bytes,{Lb,Ub},false) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,{Lb,Ub}),
+%%    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+    getoctets_as_list(Bytes2,Len);
+decode_octet_string(Bytes,Sv,false) when is_list(Sv) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,{hd(Sv),lists:max(Sv)}),
+%%    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+    getoctets_as_list(Bytes2,Len);
+decode_octet_string(Bytes,no,false) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+%%    Bytes3 = align(Bytes2),
+    getoctets_as_list(Bytes2,Len).
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% Restricted char string types 
+%% (NumericString, PrintableString,VisibleString,IA5String,BMPString,UniversalString)
+%% X.691:26 and X.680:34-36
+%%encode_restricted_string(aligned,'BMPString',Constraints,Extension,Val)
+
+
+encode_restricted_string(aligned,{Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val);
+
+encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val) when is_list(Val)->
+    Len = length(Val),
+    [encode_length(undefined,Len),octets_to_complete(Len,Val)].
+
+
+encode_known_multiplier_string(StringType,SizeC,NumBits,CharOutTab,{Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_known_multiplier_string(StringType,SizeC,NumBits,CharOutTab,Val);
+encode_known_multiplier_string(_StringType,SizeC,NumBits,CharOutTab,Val) ->
+    Result = chars_encode2(Val,NumBits,CharOutTab),
+    case SizeC of
+	Ub when is_integer(Ub), Ub*NumBits =< 16  ->
+	    Result;
+	Ub when is_integer(Ub),Ub =<65535 -> % fixed length
+	    [2,Result];
+	{Ub,Lb} ->
+	    [encode_length({Ub,Lb},length(Val)),2,Result];
+	no  ->
+	    [encode_length(undefined,length(Val)),2,Result]
+    end.
+
+decode_restricted_string(Bytes,aligned) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    getoctets_as_list(Bytes2,Len).
+
+decode_known_multiplier_string(StringType,SizeC,NumBits,CharInTab,Bytes) ->
+    case SizeC of
+	Ub when is_integer(Ub), Ub*NumBits =< 16  ->
+	    chars_decode(Bytes,NumBits,StringType,CharInTab,Ub);
+	Ub when is_integer(Ub),Ub =<65535 -> % fixed length
+	    Bytes1 = align(Bytes),
+	    chars_decode(Bytes1,NumBits,StringType,CharInTab,Ub);
+	Vl when is_list(Vl) ->
+	    {Len,Bytes1} = decode_length(Bytes,{hd(Vl),lists:max(Vl)}),
+	    Bytes2 = align(Bytes1),
+	    chars_decode(Bytes2,NumBits,StringType,CharInTab,Len);
+	no  ->
+	    {Len,Bytes1} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+	    Bytes2 = align(Bytes1),
+	    chars_decode(Bytes2,NumBits,StringType,CharInTab,Len);
+	{Lb,Ub}->
+	    {Len,Bytes1} = decode_length(Bytes,{Lb,Ub}),
+	    Bytes2 = align(Bytes1),
+	    chars_decode(Bytes2,NumBits,StringType,CharInTab,Len)
+    end.
+
+encode_GeneralString(_C,Val) ->
+    encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val).
+decode_GeneralString(Bytes,_C) ->
+    decode_restricted_string(Bytes,aligned).
+
+encode_GraphicString(_C,Val) ->
+    encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val).
+decode_GraphicString(Bytes,_C) ->
+    decode_restricted_string(Bytes,aligned).
+
+encode_ObjectDescriptor(_C,Val) ->
+    encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val).
+decode_ObjectDescriptor(Bytes) ->
+    decode_restricted_string(Bytes,aligned).
+
+encode_TeletexString(_C,Val) -> % equivalent with T61String
+    encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val).
+decode_TeletexString(Bytes,_C) ->
+    decode_restricted_string(Bytes,aligned).
+
+encode_VideotexString(_C,Val) ->
+    encode_restricted_string(aligned,Val).
+decode_VideotexString(Bytes,_C) ->
+    decode_restricted_string(Bytes,aligned).
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% getBMPChars(Bytes,Len) ->{BMPcharList,RemainingBytes}
+%%
+getBMPChars(<<T/binary>>, 0, Acc) ->
+    {lists:reverse(Acc),T};
+getBMPChars(<<0,O2,Bytes1/bitstring>>, Len, Acc) ->
+    getBMPChars(Bytes1,Len-1,[O2|Acc]);
+getBMPChars(<<O1,O2,Bytes1/bitstring>>, Len, Acc) ->
+    getBMPChars(Bytes1,Len-1,[{0,0,O1,O2}|Acc]).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% chars_encode(C,StringType,Value) -> ValueList
+%%
+%% encodes chars according to the per rules taking the constraint PermittedAlphabet 
+%% into account.
+%% This function does only encode the value part and NOT the length
+
+% chars_encode(C,StringType,Value) ->
+%     case {StringType,get_constraint(C,'PermittedAlphabet')} of
+% 	{'UniversalString',{_,Sv}} ->
+% 	    exit({error,{asn1,{'not implemented',"UniversalString with PermittedAlphabet constraint"}}});
+% 	{'BMPString',{_,Sv}} ->
+% 	    exit({error,{asn1,{'not implemented',"BMPString with PermittedAlphabet constraint"}}});
+% 	_ ->
+% 	    {NumBits,CharOutTab} = {get_NumBits(C,StringType),get_CharOutTab(C,StringType)}, 
+% 	    chars_encode2(Value,NumBits,CharOutTab)
+%     end.
+
+
+chars_encode2([H|T],NumBits,T1={Min,Max,notab}) when  H =< Max, H >= Min ->
+%    [[10,NumBits,H-Min]|chars_encode2(T,NumBits,T1)];
+    [pre_complete_bits(NumBits,H-Min)|chars_encode2(T,NumBits,T1)];
+chars_encode2([H|T],NumBits,T1={Min,Max,Tab}) when H =< Max, H >= Min ->
+%    [[10,NumBits,element(H-Min+1,Tab)]|chars_encode2(T,NumBits,T1)];
+    [pre_complete_bits(NumBits,exit_if_false(H,element(H-Min+1,Tab)))|
+     chars_encode2(T,NumBits,T1)];
+chars_encode2([{A,B,C,D}|T],NumBits,T1={Min,_Max,notab}) -> 
+    %% no value range check here (ought to be, but very expensive)
+%    [{bits,NumBits,(A*B*C*D)-Min}|chars_encode2(T,NumBits,{Min,Max,notab})];
+%    [[10,NumBits,((((((A bsl 8)+B) bsl 8)+C) bsl 8)+D)-Min]|chars_encode2(T,NumBits,T1)];
+    [pre_complete_bits(NumBits,
+			       ((((((A bsl 8)+B) bsl 8)+C) bsl 8)+D)-Min)|
+     chars_encode2(T,NumBits,T1)];
+chars_encode2([H={A,B,C,D}|T],NumBits,{Min,Max,Tab}) -> 
+    %% no value range check here (ought to be, but very expensive)
+    [pre_complete_bits(NumBits,exit_if_false(H,element(((((((A bsl 8)+B) bsl 8)+C) bsl 8)+D)-Min,Tab)))|chars_encode2(T,NumBits,{Min,Max,notab})];
+chars_encode2([H|_T],_NumBits,{_Min,_Max,_Tab}) ->
+    exit({error,{asn1,{illegal_char_value,H}}});
+chars_encode2([],_,_) ->
+    [].
+
+exit_if_false(V,false)->
+    exit({error,{asn1,{"illegal value according to Permitted alphabet constraint",V}}});
+exit_if_false(_,V) ->V.
+
+pre_complete_bits(NumBits,Val) when NumBits =< 8 ->
+    [10,NumBits,Val];
+pre_complete_bits(NumBits,Val) when NumBits =< 16 ->
+    [10,NumBits-8,Val bsr 8,10,8,(Val band 255)];
+pre_complete_bits(NumBits,Val) when NumBits =< 2040 -> % 255 * 8
+%     LBUsed = NumBits rem 8,
+%     {Unused,Len} = case (8 - LBUsed) of
+% 		       8 -> {0,NumBits div 8};
+% 		       U -> {U,(NumBits div 8) + 1}
+% 		   end,
+%     NewVal = Val bsr LBUsed,
+%     [30,Unused,Len,<<NewVal:Len/unit:8,Val:LBUsed,0:Unused>>].
+    Unused = (8 - (NumBits rem 8)) rem 8,
+    Len = NumBits + Unused,
+    [30,Unused,Len div 8,<<(Val bsl Unused):Len>>].
+
+
+chars_decode(Bytes,_,'BMPString',_,Len) ->
+    getBMPChars(Bytes,Len,[]);
+chars_decode(Bytes,NumBits,_StringType,CharInTab,Len) ->	
+    chars_decode2(Bytes,CharInTab,NumBits,Len).
+
+
+chars_decode2(Bytes,CharInTab,NumBits,Len) ->
+    chars_decode2(Bytes,CharInTab,NumBits,Len,[]).
+
+chars_decode2(Bytes,_CharInTab,_NumBits,0,Acc) ->
+    {lists:reverse(Acc),Bytes};
+chars_decode2(Bytes,{Min,Max,notab},NumBits,Len,Acc) when NumBits > 8 ->
+    {Char,Bytes2} = getbits(Bytes,NumBits),
+    Result = 
+	if
+	    Char < 256 -> Char;
+	    true ->
+		list_to_tuple(binary_to_list(<<Char:32>>))
+	end,
+    chars_decode2(Bytes2,{Min,Max,notab},NumBits,Len -1,[Result|Acc]);
+chars_decode2(Bytes,{Min,Max,notab},NumBits,Len,Acc) ->
+    {Char,Bytes2} = getbits(Bytes,NumBits),
+    chars_decode2(Bytes2,{Min,Max,notab},NumBits,Len -1,[Char+Min|Acc]);
+
+%% BMPString and UniversalString with PermittedAlphabet is currently not supported
+chars_decode2(Bytes,{Min,Max,CharInTab},NumBits,Len,Acc) ->
+    {Char,Bytes2} = getbits(Bytes,NumBits),
+    chars_decode2(Bytes2,{Min,Max,CharInTab},NumBits,Len -1,[element(Char+1,CharInTab)|Acc]).
+
+
+						% X.691:17 
+encode_null(_Val) -> []. % encodes to nothing
+%encode_null({Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+%    encode_null(Val).
+
+decode_null(Bytes) ->
+    {'NULL',Bytes}.
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% encode_UTF8String(Val) -> CompleteList
+%% Val -> <<utf8encoded binary>>
+%% CompleteList -> [apropriate codes and values for driver complete]
+%%
+encode_UTF8String(Val) when is_binary(Val) ->
+    [encode_length(undefined,size(Val)),
+     octets_to_complete(size(Val),Val)];
+encode_UTF8String(Val) ->
+    encode_UTF8String(list_to_binary(Val)).
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% decode_UTF8String(Bytes) -> {Utf8Binary,RemainingBytes}
+%% Utf8Binary -> <<utf8 encoded binary>>
+%% RemainingBytes -> <<buffer>>
+decode_UTF8String(Bytes) -> 
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    {_Bin,_Bytes3} = getoctets_as_bin(Bytes2,Len).
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% encode_object_identifier(Val) -> CompleteList
+%% encode_object_identifier({Name,Val}) -> CompleteList
+%% Val -> {Int1,Int2,...,IntN} % N >= 2
+%% Name -> atom()
+%% Int1 -> integer(0..2)
+%% Int2 -> integer(0..39) when Int1 (0..1) else integer()
+%% Int3-N -> integer()
+%% CompleteList -> [{bits,8,Val}|{octets,Ol}|align|...]
+%%
+encode_object_identifier({Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_object_identifier(Val);
+encode_object_identifier(Val) ->
+    OctetList = e_object_identifier(Val),
+    Octets = list_to_binary(OctetList),
+    [encode_length(undefined,size(Octets)),
+     octets_to_complete(size(Octets),Octets)].
+
+e_object_identifier({'OBJECT IDENTIFIER',V}) ->
+    e_object_identifier(V);
+e_object_identifier({Cname,V}) when is_atom(Cname),is_tuple(V) ->
+    e_object_identifier(tuple_to_list(V));
+e_object_identifier({Cname,V}) when is_atom(Cname),is_list(V) ->
+    e_object_identifier(V);
+e_object_identifier(V) when is_tuple(V) ->
+    e_object_identifier(tuple_to_list(V));
+
+%% E1 = 0|1|2 and (E2 < 40 when E1 = 0|1) 
+e_object_identifier([E1,E2|Tail]) when E1 >= 0, E1 < 2, E2 < 40 ; E1==2 ->
+    Head = 40*E1 + E2,  % weird
+    e_object_elements([Head|Tail],[]);
+e_object_identifier(Oid=[_,_|_Tail]) ->
+    exit({error,{asn1,{'illegal_value',Oid}}}).
+
+e_object_elements([],Acc) ->
+    lists:reverse(Acc);
+e_object_elements([H|T],Acc) ->
+    e_object_elements(T,[e_object_element(H)|Acc]).
+
+e_object_element(Num) when Num < 128 ->
+    [Num];
+e_object_element(Num) ->
+    [e_o_e(Num bsr 7)|[Num band 2#1111111]].
+e_o_e(Num) when Num < 128 ->
+    Num bor 2#10000000;
+e_o_e(Num) ->
+    [e_o_e(Num bsr 7)|[(Num band 2#1111111) bor 2#10000000]].
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% decode_object_identifier(Bytes) -> {ObjId,RemainingBytes}
+%% ObjId -> {integer(),integer(),...} % at least 2 integers
+%% RemainingBytes -> [integer()] when integer() (0..255)
+decode_object_identifier(Bytes) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    {Octs,Bytes3} = getoctets_as_list(Bytes2,Len),
+    [First|Rest] = dec_subidentifiers(Octs,0,[]),
+    Idlist = if
+		 First < 40 ->
+		     [0,First|Rest];
+		 First < 80 ->
+		     [1,First - 40|Rest];
+		 true ->
+		     [2,First - 80|Rest]
+	     end,
+    {list_to_tuple(Idlist),Bytes3}.
+
+dec_subidentifiers([H|T],Av,Al) when H >=16#80 ->
+    dec_subidentifiers(T,(Av bsl 7) + (H band 16#7F),Al);
+dec_subidentifiers([H|T],Av,Al) ->
+    dec_subidentifiers(T,0,[(Av bsl 7) + H |Al]);
+dec_subidentifiers([],_Av,Al) ->
+    lists:reverse(Al).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% encode_relative_oid(Val) -> CompleteList
+%% encode_relative_oid({Name,Val}) -> CompleteList
+encode_relative_oid({Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_relative_oid(Val);
+encode_relative_oid(Val) when is_tuple(Val) ->
+    encode_relative_oid(tuple_to_list(Val));
+encode_relative_oid(Val) when is_list(Val) ->
+    Octets = list_to_binary([e_object_element(X)||X <- Val]),
+    [encode_length(undefined,size(Octets)),
+     octets_to_complete(size(Octets),Octets)].
+    
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% decode_relative_oid(Val) -> CompleteList
+%% decode_relative_oid({Name,Val}) -> CompleteList
+decode_relative_oid(Bytes) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    {Octs,Bytes3} = getoctets_as_list(Bytes2,Len),
+    ObjVals = dec_subidentifiers(Octs,0,[]),
+    {list_to_tuple(ObjVals),Bytes3}.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% encode_real(Val) -> CompleteList
+%% encode_real({Name,Val}) -> CompleteList
+encode_real({Name,Val}) when is_atom(Name) ->
+    encode_real(Val);
+encode_real(Real) ->
+    {EncVal,Len} = ?RT_COMMON:encode_real([],Real),
+    [encode_length(undefined,Len),octets_to_complete(size(EncVal),EncVal)].
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% decode_real(Val) -> {REALvalue,Rest}
+%% decode_real({Name,Val}) -> {REALvalue,Rest}
+decode_real(Bytes) ->
+    {Len,Bytes2} = decode_length(Bytes,undefined),
+    {RealVal,Rest,Len} = ?RT_COMMON:decode_real(Bytes2,Len),
+    {RealVal,Rest}.
+
+
+get_constraint([{Key,V}],Key) ->
+    V;
+get_constraint([],_) ->
+    no;
+get_constraint(C,Key) ->
+    case lists:keysearch(Key,1,C) of
+	false ->
+	    no;
+	{value,{_,V}} -> 
+	    V
+    end.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% complete(InList) -> ByteList
+%% Takes a coded list with bits and bytes and converts it to a list of bytes
+%% Should be applied as the last step at encode of a complete ASN.1 type
+%%
+
+-ifdef(nodriver).
+
+complete(L) ->
+    case complete1(L) of
+	{[],[]} ->
+	    <<0>>;
+	{Acc,[]} ->
+	    Acc;
+	{Acc,Bacc}  ->
+	    [Acc|complete_bytes(Bacc)]
+    end.
+
+
+% this function builds the ugly form of lists [E1|E2] to avoid having to reverse it at the end.
+% this is done because it is efficient and that the result always will be sent on a port or
+% converted by means of list_to_binary/1
+ complete1(InList) when is_list(InList) ->
+     complete1(InList,[],[]);
+ complete1(InList) ->
+     complete1([InList],[],[]).
+
+ complete1([],Acc,Bacc) ->
+     {Acc,Bacc};
+ complete1([H|T],Acc,Bacc) when is_list(H) ->
+     {NewH,NewBacc} = complete1(H,Acc,Bacc),
+     complete1(T,NewH,NewBacc);
+
+ complete1([{octets,Bin}|T],Acc,[]) ->
+     complete1(T,[Acc|Bin],[]);
+
+ complete1([{octets,Bin}|T],Acc,Bacc) ->
+     complete1(T,[Acc|[complete_bytes(Bacc),Bin]],[]);
+
+ complete1([{debug,_}|T], Acc,Bacc) ->
+     complete1(T,Acc,Bacc);
+
+ complete1([{bits,N,Val}|T],Acc,Bacc) ->
+     complete1(T,Acc,complete_update_byte(Bacc,Val,N));
+
+ complete1([{bit,Val}|T],Acc,Bacc) ->
+     complete1(T,Acc,complete_update_byte(Bacc,Val,1));
+
+ complete1([align|T],Acc,[]) ->
+     complete1(T,Acc,[]);
+ complete1([align|T],Acc,Bacc) ->
+     complete1(T,[Acc|complete_bytes(Bacc)],[]);
+ complete1([{0,Bin}|T],Acc,[]) when is_binary(Bin) ->
+     complete1(T,[Acc|Bin],[]);
+ complete1([{Unused,Bin}|T],Acc,[]) when is_integer(Unused),is_binary(Bin) ->
+     Size = size(Bin)-1,
+     <<Bs:Size/binary,B>> = Bin,
+     NumBits = 8-Unused,
+     complete1(T,[Acc|Bs],[[B bsr Unused]|NumBits]);
+ complete1([{Unused,Bin}|T],Acc,Bacc) when is_integer(Unused),is_binary(Bin) ->
+     Size = size(Bin)-1,
+     <<Bs:Size/binary,B>> = Bin,
+     NumBits = 8 - Unused,
+     Bf = complete_bytes(Bacc),
+     complete1(T,[Acc|[Bf,Bs]],[[B bsr Unused]|NumBits]).
+
+
+ complete_update_byte([],Val,Len) ->
+     complete_update_byte([[0]|0],Val,Len);
+ complete_update_byte([[Byte|Bacc]|NumBits],Val,Len) when NumBits + Len == 8 ->
+     [[0,((Byte bsl Len) + Val) band 255|Bacc]|0];
+ complete_update_byte([[Byte|Bacc]|NumBits],Val,Len) when NumBits + Len > 8  ->
+     Rem = 8 - NumBits,
+     Rest = Len - Rem,
+     complete_update_byte([[0,((Byte bsl Rem) + (Val bsr Rest)) band 255 |Bacc]|0],Val,Rest);
+ complete_update_byte([[Byte|Bacc]|NumBits],Val,Len) ->
+     [[((Byte bsl Len) + Val) band 255|Bacc]|NumBits+Len].
+
+ 
+ complete_bytes([[Byte|Bacc]|0]) ->
+     lists:reverse(Bacc);
+ complete_bytes([[Byte|Bacc]|NumBytes]) ->
+     lists:reverse([(Byte bsl (8-NumBytes)) band 255|Bacc]);
+ complete_bytes([]) ->
+     [].
+
+-else.
+
+%% asn1-1.6.8.1_dev
+%% complete(L) ->
+%%     case catch port_control(asn1_driver_port,1,L) of
+%% 	Bin when is_binary(Bin) ->
+%% 	    Bin;
+%% 	List when is_list(List) -> handle_error(List,L);
+%% 	{'EXIT',{badarg,Reason}} ->
+%% 	    asn1rt_driver_handler:load_driver(),
+%% 	    receive
+%% 		driver_ready ->
+%% 		    case catch port_control(asn1_driver_port,1,L) of
+%% 			Bin2 when is_binary(Bin2) -> Bin2;
+%% 			List when is_list(List) -> handle_error(List,L);
+%% 			{'EXIT',Reason2={badarg,_R}} -> 
+%% 			    exit({"failed to call driver probably due to bad asn1 value",Reason2});
+%% 			Reason2 -> exit(Reason2)
+%% 		    end;
+%% 		{error,Error} -> % error when loading driver
+%% 		    %% the driver could not be loaded
+%% 		    exit(Error);
+%% 		Error={port_error,Reason} ->
+%% 		    exit(Error)
+%% 	    end;
+%% 	{'EXIT',Reason} ->
+%% 	    exit(Reason)
+%%     end.
+
+%% asn1-1.6.9
+complete(L) ->
+    case catch control(?COMPLETE_ENCODE,L) of
+ 	Bin when is_binary(Bin) ->
+ 	    Bin;
+ 	List when is_list(List) -> handle_error(List,L);
+ 	{'EXIT',{badarg,_Reason}} ->
+ 	    case asn1rt:load_driver() of
+ 		ok ->
+ 		    case control(?COMPLETE_ENCODE,L) of
+ 			Bin when is_binary(Bin) ->Bin;
+ 			List when is_list(List) -> handle_error(List,L)
+ 		    end;
+ 		Err ->
+ 		    Err
+ 	    end
+    end.
+
+
+handle_error([],_)->
+    exit({error,{asn1,{"memory allocation problem in driver"}}});
+handle_error("1",L) -> % error in complete in driver
+    exit({error,{asn1,L}});
+handle_error(ErrL,L) ->
+    exit({error,{asn1,ErrL,L}}).
+
+%% asn1-1.6.9
+control(Cmd, Data) ->
+    Port = asn1rt_driver_handler:client_port(),
+    erlang:port_control(Port, Cmd, Data).
+
+-endif.
+
+
+octets_to_complete(Len,Val) when Len < 256 ->
+    [20,Len,Val];
+octets_to_complete(Len,Val) ->
+    [21,<<Len:16>>,Val].
+
+octets_unused_to_complete(Unused,Len,Val) when Len < 256 ->
+    [30,Unused,Len,Val];
+octets_unused_to_complete(Unused,Len,Val) ->
+    [31,Unused,<<Len:16>>,Val].