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+# Cross Compiling Erlang/OTP - Raspberry Pi 3
+
+
+## Introduction
+
+This document describes how to build a toolchain and cross compile Erlang/OTP
+to Raspberry Pi 3 on macOS High Sierra. It is recommended to consult
+[Building and Installing Erlang/OTP](https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/master/HOWTO/INSTALL.md) and [Cross Compiling Erlang/OTP](https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/master/HOWTO/INSTALL-CROSS.md) before attempting to follow the instructions in this guide.
+
+The whole process takes several hours and depending on the package versions different problems may arise that require additional
+fixes not described in this document. In other words, it is not fun to build a toolchain. I assume that you have a Mac and would
+like to develop Erlang/OTP applications based on the latest OTP release (or master) that not yet released as a binary for
+Raspberry Pi 3.
+
+The first and most time consuming step is building the toolchain from scratch. Once your cross compiler is ready you cross compile
+all library dependencies and create the sysroot file system. In the last step you cross compile Erlang/OTP using the new
+toolchain and sysroot.
+
+#### Tested Configuration
+
+macOS High Sierra 10.13.2<br>
+Raspberry Pi Model B Rev 1.2<br>
+Crosstools-NG 1.23.0_1
+
+> Note: /proc/device/tree/model contains model information of your
+> Raspberry Pi.
+
+
+#### Install Crosstool NG
+
+ (1)
+
+ $ brew install crosstool-ng
+ $ brew install grep --default-names # needed by crosstools-ng scripts
+ $ brew install md5sha1sum # needed by crosstools-ng populate script
+
+
+#### Create case-sensitive disk images
+
+ (2)
+
+Create two case-sensitive disk images using Disk Utility:
+
+`File -> New Image -> Blank Image...`
+
+Format: `Mac OS Extended (Case-sensitive, Journaled)`
+
+```
+/Volumes/xtools-build-env 15 GB
+/Volumes/xtools           500 MB
+```
+
+The first image holds all source and object files while building the toolchain. The second image houses the compiled
+toolchain.
+
+## Building the Toolchain
+
+
+#### Configure crosstool-ng
+
+ (4)
+
+ $ ct-ng armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf
+ $ ct-ng menuconfig
+
+#### Modify *path* section
+
+* Local tarballs directory: `/Volumes/xtools-build-env/src`
+* Working directory: `/Volumes/xtools-build-env/.build`
+* Prefix directory: `/Volumes/xtools/${CT_TARGET}`
+
+#### Modify *Extracting* section
+
+* Check option: _Stop after extracting tarballs_.
+
+> Note: The build shall stop after the tarballs have been extracted to give us time to fix source code problems.
+
+#### Enable STOP / RESTART
+
+Edit /Volumes/xtools-build-env/.config
+  `CT_DEBUG_CT_SAVE_STEPS=y`
+
+Should the build break at a particular build step, you can fix the problem and continue the build from where it broke.
+
+Short summary of the most common `ct-ng` commands:
+
+* Listing all build steps
+
+```
+    $ ct-ng list-steps
+
+ Available build steps, in order:
+ - companion_tools_for_build
+ - companion_libs_for_build
+ - binutils_for_build
+ - companion_tools_for_host
+ - companion_libs_for_host
+ - binutils_for_host
+ - cc_core_pass_1
+ - kernel_headers
+ - libc_start_files
+ - cc_core_pass_2
+ - libc
+ - cc_for_build
+ - cc_for_host
+ - libc_post_cc
+ - companion_libs_for_target
+ - binutils_for_target
+ - debug
+ - test_suite
+    - finish
+```
+
+* Re-run step
+```
+    $ ct-ng step
+```
+
+* Restart from step
+```
+    $ ct-ng step+
+```
+
+* Run until step
+```
+    $ ct-ng +step
+```
+
+#### Fix file permissions on crosstool-NG.sh
+
+ (5)
+
+ $ chmod 744 /usr/local/Cellar/crosstool-ng/1.23.0_1/lib/crosstool-ng-1.23.0/scripts/crosstool-NG.sh
+
+#### Run build command
+
+Build process stops just after the tarballs have been extracted.
+
+ (6)
+
+ $ ct-ng build
+
+ Retrieving needed toolchain components' tarballs
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'make-4.2.1'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'm4-1.4.18'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'linux-4.10.8'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'gmp-6.1.2'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'mpfr-3.1.5'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'isl-0.16.1'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'mpc-1.0.3'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'expat-2.2.0'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'ncurses-6.0'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'libiconv-1.15'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'gettext-0.19.8.1'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'binutils-2.28'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'gcc-6.3.0'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'glibc-2.25'
+ [EXTRA] Retrieving 'gdb-7.12.1'
+
+#### Fix source files
+
+ (7)
+
+Add macro to /Volumes/xtools-build-env/.build/src/gdb-7.12.1/gdb/doublest.c:
+```C
+#define min(a,b) \
+ ({ typeof (a) _a = (a); \
+ typeof (b) _b = (b); \
+    _a < _b ? _a : _b; })
+```
+
+  (8) Update ulimit
+
+ $ ulimit -n 1024
+
+#### Modify *extract* section
+
+ (8)
+
+ $ ct-ng menuconfig
+
+ Uncheck option: _Stop after extracting tarballs_
+
+#### Re-run build command
+
+Restarts build process from where it previously stopped.
+
+ (9)
+
+ $ ct-ng build
+
+#### Fix gettext
+
+Build will fail at step `companion_tools_for_build` but it can be fixed by running autoreconf:
+
+ (10)
+
+ $ cd .build/src/gettext-0.19.8.1/
+ $ ./autoreconf
+ $ ct-ng companion_tools_for_build+
+
+#### Test the toolchain
+
+ (11)
+
+ $ cat > test.c
+ $ int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); return 0; }
+ $ /Volumes/xtools/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gcc -o test test.c
+
+ (12) OPTIONAL
+
+ “Render the toolchain read-only” from crosstool-NG’s “Paths and misc options” configuration page.
+
+
+## Cross compiling dependencies
+
+ (13)
+
+ $ export PATH=/Volumes/xtools/armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf/bin:$PATH
+
+#### Cross compiling zlib
+
+ (14)
+
+ $ wget http://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz
+ $ tar xf zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz
+ $ cd zlib-1.2.11
+ $ CHOST=armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf ./configure --prefix=/Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/arm
+ $ make
+ $ make install
+
+#### Cross compiling openssl
+
+ (15)
+
+ $ wget http://openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.0g.tar.gz
+ $ tar xf openssl-1.1.0g.tar.gz
+ $ cd openssl-1.1.0g
+ $ ./Configure linux-generic32 --prefix=/Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/arm --openssldir=/Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/arm/openssl --cross-compile-prefix=armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf
+ $ make
+ $ make install
+
+#### Cross compiling ncurses
+
+ (16)
+
+ $ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz
+
+
+ (17)
+
+Apply patch:
+
+```patch
+--- a/ncurses/base/MKlib_gen.sh
++++ b/ncurses/base/MKlib_gen.sh
+@@ -474,11 +474,22 @@ sed -n -f $ED1 \
+ -e 's/gen_$//' \
+ -e 's/ / /g' >>$TMP
+
++cat >$ED1 <<EOF
++s/ / /g
++s/^ //
++s/ $//
++s/P_NCURSES_BOOL/NCURSES_BOOL/g
++EOF
++
++# A patch discussed here:
++# https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2014-06/msg02185.html
++# introduces spurious #line markers. Work around that by ignoring the system's
++# attempt to define "bool" and using our own symbol here.
++sed -e 's/bool/P_NCURSES_BOOL/g' $TMP > $ED2
++cat $ED2 >$TMP
++
+ $preprocessor $TMP 2>/dev/null \
+-| sed \
+- -e 's/ / /g' \
+- -e 's/^ //' \
+- -e 's/_Bool/NCURSES_BOOL/g' \
++| sed -f $ED1 \
+ | $AWK -f $AW2 \
+ | sed -f $ED3 \
+ | sed \
+```
+
+  (18)
+
+ $ ./configure --build=x86_64-apple-darwin17.3.0 --host=armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf --without-ada --without-cxx --without-cxx-binding --without-manpages --without-progs --without-tests --prefix=/usr --libdir=/lib --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" --with-shared
+ $ make
+ $ make DESTDIR=/Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/arm install
+
+ (19)
+
+Compile ncurses test program:
+
+ $ cd test
+ $ armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -o nctest ncurses.c -I${RPI_SYSROOT}/usr/include -L${RPI_SYSROOT}/lib -lncursesw
+
+
+## Populating sysroot
+
+ (19)
+
+ Edit /Volumes/xtools/armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf/bin/armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf-populate:
+
+ sed="gsed"
+
+ (20)
+
+ $ armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf-populate -s /Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/arm -d /Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/sysroot
+ $ export RPI_SYSROOT=/Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/sysroot
+
+
+## Cross compiling Erlang/OTP
+
+ (21)
+
+ $ LC_CTYPE=C && LANG=C && ./otp_build autoconf
+ $ ./otp_build configure --disable-dynamic-ssl-lib --xcomp-conf=./xcomp/erl-xcomp-armv8-rpi3-linux-gnueabihf.conf
+ $ ./otp_build boot -a
+ $ ./otp_build release -a /Users/<username>/git/raspberrypi/erlang
+ $ tar czf erlang.tgz ./erlang
+