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Diffstat (limited to 'erts/doc/src/erlang.xml')
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erlang.xml | 7483 |
1 files changed, 4062 insertions, 3421 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml index 37f0aa289e..e4d5e6e77a 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <erlref> <header> <copyright> - <year>1996</year><year>2013</year> + <year>1996</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -30,42 +30,43 @@ <file>erlang.xml</file> </header> <module>erlang</module> - <modulesummary>The Erlang BIFs</modulesummary> + <modulesummary>The Erlang BIFs.</modulesummary> <description> - <p>By convention, most built-in functions (BIFs) are seen as being - in the module <c>erlang</c>. A number of the BIFs are viewed more + <p>By convention, most Built-In Functions (BIFs) are seen as being + in this module. Some of the BIFs are viewed more or less as part of the Erlang programming language and are - <em>auto-imported</em>. Thus, it is not necessary to specify - the module name and both the calls <c>atom_to_list(Erlang)</c> and - <c>erlang:atom_to_list(Erlang)</c> are identical.</p> - <p>In the text, auto-imported BIFs are listed without module prefix. + <em>auto-imported</em>. Thus, it is not necessary to specify the + module name. For example, the calls <c>atom_to_list(Erlang)</c> + and <c>erlang:atom_to_list(Erlang)</c> are identical.</p> + <p>Auto-imported BIFs are listed without module prefix. BIFs listed with module prefix are not auto-imported.</p> - <p>BIFs may fail for a variety of reasons. All BIFs fail with + <p>BIFs can fail for various reasons. All BIFs fail with reason <c>badarg</c> if they are called with arguments of an - incorrect type. The other reasons that may make BIFs fail are - described in connection with the description of each individual - BIF.</p> - <p>Some BIFs may be used in guard tests, these are marked with + incorrect type. The other reasons are described in the + description of each individual BIF.</p> + <p>Some BIFs can be used in guard tests and are marked with "Allowed in guard tests".</p> </description> <datatypes> <datatype> - <name><marker id="type-ext_binary">ext_binary()</marker></name> + <name>ext_binary()</name> <desc> + <marker id="type-ext_binary"></marker> <p>A binary data object, structured according to the Erlang external term format.</p> </desc> </datatype> + <datatype> <name name="timestamp"></name> <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#timestamp/0">erlang:timestamp/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> </datatype> - <marker id="type_time_unit"/> <datatype> <name name="time_unit"></name> - <desc><p>Currently supported time unit representations:</p> + <desc><p><marker id="type_time_unit"/> + Supported time unit representations:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>PartsPerSecond :: integer() >= 1</c></tag> <item><p>Time unit expressed in parts per second. That is, @@ -92,11 +93,11 @@ used by the Erlang runtime system.</p> <p>The <c>native</c> time unit is determined at - runtime system start, and will remain the same until + runtime system start, and remains the same until the runtime system terminates. If a runtime system is stopped and then started again (even on the same machine), the <c>native</c> time unit of the new - runtime system instance may differ from the + runtime system instance can differ from the <c>native</c> time unit of the old runtime system instance.</p> @@ -105,8 +106,7 @@ seconds, native)</c>. The result equals the number of whole <c>native</c> time units per second. In case the number of <c>native</c> time units per second does - not add up to a whole number, the result will be - rounded downwards.</p> + not add up to a whole number, the result is rounded downwards.</p> <note> <p>The value of the <c>native</c> time unit gives @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ but it gives absolutely no information at all about the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso> of time values. The resolution of the <c>native</c> time - unit and the resolution of time values may differ + unit and the resolution of time values can differ significantly.</p> </note> </item> @@ -139,12 +139,15 @@ <func> <name name="abs" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> <name name="abs" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> - <type variable="Float" name_i="1"/> - <type variable="Int" name_i="2"/> - <fsummary>Arithmetical absolute value</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns an integer or float which is the arithmetical - absolute value of <c><anno>Float</anno></c> or <c><anno>Int</anno></c>.</p> + <fsummary>Arithmetical absolute value.</fsummary> + <type> + <v>Float = float()</v> + <v>Int = integer()</v> + </type> + <desc> + <p>Returns an integer or float that is the arithmetical + absolute value of <c><anno>Float</anno></c> or + <c><anno>Int</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>abs(-3.33).</input> 3.33 @@ -153,206 +156,214 @@ <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="adler32" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Compute adler32 checksum</fsummary> + <fsummary>Computes adler32 checksum.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Computes and returns the adler32 checksum for <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Computes and returns the adler32 checksum for + <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="adler32" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Compute adler32 checksum</fsummary> + <fsummary>Computes adler32 checksum.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Continue computing the adler32 checksum by combining - the previous checksum, <c><anno>OldAdler</anno></c>, with the checksum of - <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> - <p>The following code:</p> - <code> - X = erlang:adler32(Data1), - Y = erlang:adler32(X,Data2). - </code> - <p>- would assign the same value to <c>Y</c> as this would:</p> - <code> - Y = erlang:adler32([Data1,Data2]). - </code> + <p>Continues computing the adler32 checksum by combining + the previous checksum, <c><anno>OldAdler</anno></c>, with + the checksum of <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> + <p>The following code:</p> + <code> + X = erlang:adler32(Data1), + Y = erlang:adler32(X,Data2).</code> + <p>assigns the same value to <c>Y</c> as this:</p> + <code> + Y = erlang:adler32([Data1,Data2]).</code> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="adler32_combine" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Combine two adler32 checksums</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Combines two previously computed adler32 checksums. - This computation requires the size of the data object for - the second checksum to be known.</p> - <p>The following code:</p> - <code> - Y = erlang:adler32(Data1), - Z = erlang:adler32(Y,Data2). - </code> - <p>- would assign the same value to <c>Z</c> as this would:</p> - <code> - X = erlang:adler32(Data1), - Y = erlang:adler32(Data2), - Z = erlang:adler32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)). - </code> + <fsummary>Combines two adler32 checksums.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Combines two previously computed adler32 checksums. + This computation requires the size of the data object for + the second checksum to be known.</p> + <p>The following code:</p> + <code> + Y = erlang:adler32(Data1), + Z = erlang:adler32(Y,Data2).</code> + <p>assigns the same value to <c>Z</c> as this:</p> + <code> + X = erlang:adler32(Data1), + Y = erlang:adler32(Data2), + Z = erlang:adler32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)).</code> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="append_element" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Append an extra element to a tuple</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns a new tuple which has one element more than - <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c>, and contains the elements in <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c> - followed by <c><anno>Term</anno></c> as the last element. Semantically - equivalent to - <c>list_to_tuple(tuple_to_list(<anno>Tuple1</anno>) ++ [<anno>Term</anno>])</c>, but much - faster.</p> + <fsummary>Appends an extra element to a tuple.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns a new tuple that has one element more than + <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c>, and contains the elements in + <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c> + followed by <c><anno>Term</anno></c> as the last element. + Semantically equivalent to + <c>list_to_tuple(tuple_to_list(<anno>Tuple1</anno>) ++ + [<anno>Term</anno>])</c>, but much faster.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:append_element({one, two}, three).</input> {one,two,three}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="apply" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Apply a function to an argument list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Applies a function to an argument list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Call a fun, passing the elements in <c><anno>Args</anno></c> as - arguments.</p> - <p>Note: If the number of elements in the arguments are known at - compile-time, the call is better written as + <p>Calls a fun, passing the elements in <c><anno>Args</anno></c> + as arguments.</p> + <p>If the number of elements in the arguments are known at + compile time, the call is better written as <c><anno>Fun</anno>(Arg1, Arg2, ... ArgN)</c>.</p> <warning> <p>Earlier, <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> could also be given as <c>{Module, Function}</c>, equivalent to - <c>apply(Module, Function, Args)</c>. This usage is - deprecated and will stop working in a future release of - Erlang/OTP.</p> + <c>apply(Module, Function, Args)</c>. This use is + deprecated and will stop working in a future release.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="apply" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Apply a function to an argument list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Applies a function to an argument list.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the result of applying <c>Function</c> in - <c><anno>Module</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>. The applied function must + <c><anno>Module</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>. + The applied function must be exported from <c>Module</c>. The arity of the function is the length of <c>Args</c>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>apply(lists, reverse, [[a, b, c]]).</input> -[c,b,a]</pre> - <p><c>apply</c> can be used to evaluate BIFs by using - the module name <c>erlang</c>.</p> - <pre> +[c,b,a] > <input>apply(erlang, atom_to_list, ['Erlang']).</input> "Erlang"</pre> - <p>Note: If the number of arguments are known at compile-time, + <p>If the number of arguments are known at compile time, the call is better written as <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno>(Arg1, Arg2, ..., ArgN)</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>error_handler:undefined_function/3</c> is called if the applied function is not exported. The error handler can be redefined (see <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>). - If the <c>error_handler</c> is undefined, or if the user has + If <c>error_handler</c> is undefined, or if the user has redefined the default <c>error_handler</c> so the replacement module is undefined, an error with the reason <c>undef</c> is generated.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="atom_to_binary" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Return the binary representation of an atom</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns a binary which corresponds to the text - representation of <c><anno>Atom</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> - is <c>latin1</c>, there will be one byte for each character - in the text representation. If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> is - <c>utf8</c> or - <c>unicode</c>, the characters will be encoded using UTF-8 - (meaning that characters from 16#80 up to 0xFF will be - encoded in two bytes).</p> - - <note><p>Currently, <c>atom_to_binary(<anno>Atom</anno>, latin1)</c> can - never fail because the text representation of an atom can only contain - characters from 0 to 16#FF. In a future release, the text representation - of atoms might be allowed to contain any Unicode character - and <c>atom_to_binary(<anno>Atom</anno>, latin1)</c> will fail if the - text representation for the <c><anno>Atom</anno></c> contains a Unicode - character greater than 16#FF.</p></note> - + <fsummary>Returns the binary representation of an atom.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns a binary corresponding to the text + representation of <c><anno>Atom</anno></c>. + If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> + is <c>latin1</c>, there is one byte for each character + in the text representation. If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> is + <c>utf8</c> or + <c>unicode</c>, the characters are encoded using UTF-8 + (that is, characters from 128 through 255 are + encoded in two bytes).</p> + <note><p><c>atom_to_binary(<anno>Atom</anno>, latin1)</c> never + fails because the text representation of an atom can only + contain characters from 0 through 255. In a future release, + the text representation + of atoms can be allowed to contain any Unicode character and + <c>atom_to_binary(<anno>Atom</anno>, latin1)</c> will then fail if the + text representation for <c><anno>Atom</anno></c> contains a Unicode + character greater than 255.</p></note> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>atom_to_binary('Erlang', latin1).</input> <<"Erlang">></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="atom_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of an atom</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of an atom.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text - representation of <c><anno>Atom</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text + representation of <c><anno>Atom</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>atom_to_list('Erlang').</input> "Erlang"</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_part" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Extracts a part of a binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Extracts a part of a binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Extracts the part of the binary described by <c><anno>PosLen</anno></c>.</p> - - <p>Negative length can be used to extract bytes at the end of a binary:</p> - + <p>Extracts the part of the binary described by + <c><anno>PosLen</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Negative length can be used to extract bytes at the end + of a binary, for example:</p> <code> 1> Bin = <<1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10>>. 2> binary_part(Bin,{byte_size(Bin), -5}). -<<6,7,8,9,10>> -</code> - - <p>If <c><anno>PosLen</anno></c> in any way references outside the binary, a <c>badarg</c> exception is raised.</p> - - <p><c><anno>Start</anno></c> is zero-based, i.e.:</p> +<<6,7,8,9,10>></code> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>PosLen</anno></c> in any way + references outside the binary.</p> + <p><c><anno>Start</anno></c> is zero-based, that is:</p> <code> 1> Bin = <<1,2,3>> 2> binary_part(Bin,{0,2}). -<<1,2>> -</code> - - <p>See the STDLIB module <c>binary</c> for details about the <c><anno>PosLen</anno></c> semantics.</p> - +<<1,2>></code> + <p>For details about the <c><anno>PosLen</anno></c> semantics, see the + <seealso marker="stdlib:binary">binary</seealso> + manual page in <c>STDLIB</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_part" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Extracts a part of a binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Extracts a part of a binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>The same as <c>binary_part(<anno>Subject</anno>, {<anno>Start</anno>, <anno>Length</anno>})</c>.</p> - + <p>The same as <c>binary_part(<anno>Subject</anno>, + {<anno>Start</anno>, <anno>Length</anno>})</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_atom" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an atom</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an atom.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the atom whose text representation is - <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> is <c>latin1</c>, no - translation of bytes in the binary is done. If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> - is <c>utf8</c> or <c>unicode</c>, the binary must contain - valid UTF-8 sequences; furthermore, only Unicode characters up - to 0xFF are allowed.</p> - - <note><p><c>binary_to_atom(<anno>Binary</anno>, utf8)</c> will fail if - the binary contains Unicode characters greater than 16#FF. - In a future release, such Unicode characters might be allowed - and <c>binary_to_atom(<anno>Binary</anno>, utf8)</c> - will not fail in that case. For more information on Unicode support in atoms - see <seealso marker="erl_ext_dist#utf8_atoms">note on UTF-8 encoded atoms</seealso> - in the chapter about the external term format in the ERTS User's Guide.</p></note> - + <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>. + If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> is <c>latin1</c>, no + translation of bytes in the binary is done. + If <c><anno>Encoding</anno></c> + is <c>utf8</c> or <c>unicode</c>, the binary must contain + valid UTF-8 sequences. Only Unicode characters up + to 255 are allowed.</p> + <note><p><c>binary_to_atom(<anno>Binary</anno>, utf8)</c> fails if + the binary contains Unicode characters greater than 255. + In a future release, such Unicode characters can be allowed + and <c>binary_to_atom(<anno>Binary</anno>, utf8)</c> does then not fail. + For more information on Unicode support in atoms, see the + <seealso marker="erl_ext_dist#utf8_atoms">note on UTF-8 + encoded atoms</seealso> + in Section "External Term Format" in the User's Guide.</p></note> + <p>Examples:</p> <pre> > <input>binary_to_atom(<<"Erlang">>, latin1).</input> 'Erlang' @@ -362,20 +373,24 @@ called as binary_to_atom(<<208,128>>,utf8)</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_existing_atom" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an atom</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an atom.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Works like <seealso marker="#binary_to_atom/2">binary_to_atom/2</seealso>, - but the atom must already exist.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the atom does not already exist.</p> + <p>As + <seealso marker="#binary_to_atom/2">binary_to_atom/2</seealso>, + but the atom must exist.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the atom does not exist.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_float" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to a float</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to a float.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the float whose text representation is <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns the float whose text representation is + <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>binary_to_float(<<"2.2017764e+0">>).</input> 2.2017764</pre> @@ -383,12 +398,13 @@ representation of a float.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_integer" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an integer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns an integer whose text representation is - <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>.</p> + <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>binary_to_integer(<<"123">>).</input> 123</pre> @@ -396,12 +412,13 @@ representation of an integer.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_integer" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an integer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns an integer whose text representation in base - <c><anno>Base</anno></c> is <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>.</p> + <c><anno>Base</anno></c> is <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>binary_to_integer(<<"3FF">>, 16).</input> 1023</pre> @@ -409,93 +426,101 @@ representation of an integer.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert a binary to a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts a binary to a list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of integers which correspond to the bytes of + <p>Returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes of <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_list" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Convert part of a binary to a list</fsummary> - <type_desc variable="Start">1..byte_size(<anno>Binary</anno>)</type_desc> + <fsummary>Converts part of a binary to a list.</fsummary> + <type_desc variable="Start">1..byte_size(<c><anno>Binary</anno></c>)</type_desc> <desc> <p>As <c>binary_to_list/1</c>, but returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes from position <c><anno>Start</anno></c> to - position <c><anno>Stop</anno></c> in <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>. Positions in the + position <c><anno>Stop</anno></c> in <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>. + The positions in the binary are numbered starting from 1.</p> - - <note><p>This function's indexing style of using one-based indices for - binaries is deprecated. New code should use the functions in - the STDLIB module <c>binary</c> instead. They consequently - use the same (zero-based) style of indexing.</p></note> + <note><p>The one-based indexing for binaries used by + this function is deprecated. New code is to use + <seealso marker="stdlib:binary#bin_to_list/3">binary:bin_to_list/3</seealso> + in <c>STDLIB</c> instead. All functions in module + <c>binary</c> consistently use zero-based indexing.</p></note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="bitstring_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert a bitstring to a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts a bitstring to a list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of integers which correspond to the bytes of - <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c>. If the number of bits in the binary is not - divisible by 8, the last element of the list will be a bitstring - containing the remaining bits (1 up to 7 bits).</p> + <p>Returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes of + <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c>. If the number of bits in the binary + is not divisible by 8, the last element of the list is a bitstring + containing the remaining 1-7 bits.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_term" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Decode an Erlang external term format binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Decodes an Erlang external term format binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an Erlang term which is the result of decoding - the binary object <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>, which must be encoded + <p>Returns an Erlang term that is the result of decoding + binary object <c><anno>Binary</anno></c>, which must be encoded according to the Erlang external term format.</p> - <warning> - <p>When decoding binaries from untrusted sources, consider using - <c>binary_to_term/2</c> to prevent denial of service attacks.</p> - </warning> - <p>See also - <seealso marker="#term_to_binary/1">term_to_binary/1</seealso> - and - <seealso marker="#binary_to_term/2">binary_to_term/2</seealso>.</p> + <warning><p>When decoding binaries from untrusted sources, + consider using <c>binary_to_term/2</c> to prevent Denial + of Service attacks.</p></warning> + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#term_to_binary/1">term_to_binary/1</seealso> + and + <seealso marker="#binary_to_term/2">binary_to_term/2</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="binary_to_term" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Decode an Erlang external term format binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Decodes an Erlang external term format binary.</fsummary> <desc> <p>As <c>binary_to_term/1</c>, but takes options that affect decoding of the binary.</p> <taglist> <tag><c>safe</c></tag> <item> - <p>Use this option when receiving binaries from an untrusted + <p>Use this option when receiving binaries from an untrusted source.</p> - <p>When enabled, it prevents decoding data that may be used to - attack the Erlang system. In the event of receiving unsafe - data, decoding fails with a badarg error.</p> - <p>Currently, this prevents creation of new atoms directly, - creation of new atoms indirectly (as they are embedded in - certain structures like pids, refs, funs, etc.), and creation of - new external function references. None of those resources are - currently garbage collected, so unchecked creation of them can - exhaust available memory.</p> + <p>When enabled, it prevents decoding data that can be used to + attack the Erlang system. In the event of receiving unsafe + data, decoding fails with a <c>badarg</c> error.</p> + <p>This prevents creation of new atoms directly, + creation of new atoms indirectly (as they are embedded in + certain structures, such as process identifiers, + refs, and funs), and + creation of new external function references. + None of those resources are garbage collected, so unchecked + creation of them can exhaust available memory.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c>safe</c> is specified and unsafe data - is decoded.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c>safe</c> is specified and unsafe + data is decoded.</p> <p>See also <seealso marker="#term_to_binary/1">term_to_binary/1</seealso>, <seealso marker="#binary_to_term/1">binary_to_term/1</seealso>, - and <seealso marker="#list_to_existing_atom/1"> - list_to_existing_atom/1</seealso>.</p> + and + <seealso marker="#list_to_existing_atom/1">list_to_existing_atom/1</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="bit_size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return the size of a bitstring</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the size of a bitstring.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer which is the size in bits of <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns an integer that is the size in bits of + <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>bit_size(<<433:16,3:3>>).</input> 19 @@ -504,30 +529,34 @@ <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="bump_reductions" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Increment the reduction counter</fsummary> + <fsummary>Increments the reduction counter.</fsummary> <desc> <p>This implementation-dependent function increments the reduction counter for the calling process. In the Beam emulator, the reduction counter is normally incremented by - one for each function and BIF call, and a context switch is - forced when the counter reaches the maximum number of reductions - for a process (2000 reductions in R12B).</p> + one for each function and BIF call. A context switch is + forced when the counter reaches the maximum number of + reductions for a process (2000 reductions in OTP R12B).</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF might be removed in a future version of the Beam + <p>This BIF can be removed in a future version of the Beam machine without prior warning. It is unlikely to be implemented in other Erlang implementations.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="byte_size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return the size of a bitstring (or binary)</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the size of a bitstring (or binary).</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer which is the number of bytes needed to contain - <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c>. (That is, if the number of bits in <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c> is not - divisible by 8, the resulting number of bytes will be rounded <em>up</em>.)</p> + <p>Returns an integer that is the number of bytes needed to + contain <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c>. That is, if the number of bits + in <c><anno>Bitstring</anno></c> is not divisible by 8, the resulting + number of bytes is rounded <em>up</em>.</p> + <p>Examples:</p> <pre> > <input>byte_size(<<433:16,3:3>>).</input> 3 @@ -536,18 +565,19 @@ <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="cancel_timer" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Cancel a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Cancels a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p> - Cancels a timer that has been created by either + Cancels a timer that has been created by <seealso marker="#start_timer/4"><c>erlang:start_timer()</c></seealso>, or <seealso marker="#send_after/4"><c>erlang:send_after()</c></seealso>. <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> identifies the timer, and was returned by the BIF that created the timer. </p> - <p>Currently available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s:</p> + <p>Available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{async, Async}</c></tag> <item> @@ -556,7 +586,7 @@ defaults to <c>false</c> which will cause the cancellation to be performed synchronously. When <c>Async</c> is set to <c>true</c>, the cancel - operation will be performed asynchronously. That is, + operation is performed asynchronously. That is, <c>erlang:cancel_timer()</c> will send an asynchronous request for cancellation to the timer service that manages the timer, and then return <c>ok</c>. @@ -567,17 +597,17 @@ <p> Request information about the <c><anno>Result</anno></c> of the cancellation. <c>Info</c> defaults to <c>true</c> - which means that the <c><anno>Result</anno></c> will - be given. When <c>Info</c> is set to <c>false</c>, no + which means the <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is + given. When <c>Info</c> is set to <c>false</c>, no information about the result of the cancellation - will be given. When the operation is performed</p> + is given. When the operation is performed</p> <taglist> <tag>synchronously</tag> <item> <p> - If <c>Info</c> is <c>true</c>, the <c>Result</c> will + If <c>Info</c> is <c>true</c>, the <c>Result</c> is returned by <c>erlang:cancel_timer()</c>; otherwise, - <c>ok</c> will be returned. + <c>ok</c> is returned. </p> </item> <tag>asynchronously</tag> @@ -585,10 +615,10 @@ <p> If <c>Info</c> is <c>true</c>, a message on the form <c>{cancel_timer, <anno>TimerRef</anno>, - <anno>Result</anno>}</c> will be sent to the + <anno>Result</anno>}</c> is sent to the caller of <c>erlang:cancel_timer()</c> when the cancellation operation has been performed; otherwise, - no message will be sent. + no message is sent. </p> </item> </taglist> @@ -597,30 +627,30 @@ <p> More <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s may be added in the future. </p> + <p>If <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is an integer, it represents + the time in milli-seconds left until the canceled timer would + have expired.</p> <p> - When the <c><anno>Result</anno></c> equals <c>false</c>, a + If <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is <c>false</c>, a timer corresponding to <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> could not be found. This can be either because the timer had expired, already had been canceled, or because <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> - never has corresponded to a timer. If the timer has expired, - the timeout message has been sent, but it does not tell you - whether or not it has arrived at its destination yet. When the - <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is an integer, it represents the - time in milli-seconds left until the timer will expire. + never corresponded to a timer. Even if the timer had expired, + it does not tell you whether or not the timeout message has + arrived at its destination yet. </p> <note> <p> The timer service that manages the timer may be co-located with another scheduler than the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. If this is the case, communication - with the timer service will take much longer time than if it + with the timer service takes much longer time than if it is located locally. If the calling process is in critical path, and can do other things while waiting for the result of this operation, or is not interested in the result of - the operation, you want to use the <c>{async, true}</c> - option. If using the <c>{async, false}</c> option, the calling - process will be blocked until the operation has been - performed. + the operation, you want to use option <c>{async, true}</c>. + If using option <c>{async, false}</c>, the calling + process blocks until the operation has been performed. </p> </note> <p>See also @@ -632,7 +662,7 @@ </func> <func> <name name="cancel_timer" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Cancel a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Cancels a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Cancels a timer. The same as calling <seealso marker="#cancel_timer/2"><c>erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef, @@ -641,103 +671,102 @@ </func> <func> <name name="check_old_code" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check if a module has old code</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks if a module has old code.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the <c><anno>Module</anno></c> has old code, - and <c>false</c> otherwise.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Module</anno></c> has old code, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>See also <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="check_process_code" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Check if a process is executing old code for a module</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks if a process executes old code for a module.</fsummary> <desc> <p>The same as - <seealso marker="#check_process_code/3"><c>erlang:check_process_code(<anno>Pid</anno>, - <anno>Module</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> + <seealso marker="#check_process_code/3"><c>erlang:check_process_code(<anno>Pid</anno>, <anno>Module</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="check_process_code" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Check if a process is executing old code for a module</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks if a process executes old code for a module.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Check if the node local process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> - is executing old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> - <p>Currently available <c><anno>Option</anno>s</c>:</p> + <p>Checks if the node local process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + executes old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> + <p>The available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{allow_gc, boolean()}</c></tag> <item> - Determines if garbage collection is allowed when performing - the operation. If <c>{allow_gc, false}</c> is passed, and - a garbage collection is needed in order to determine the - result of the operation, the operation will be aborted - (see information on <c><anno>CheckResult</anno></c> below). - The default is to allow garbage collection, i.e., - <c>{allow_gc, true}</c>. + <p>Determines if garbage collection is allowed when performing + the operation. If <c>{allow_gc, false}</c> is passed, and + a garbage collection is needed to determine the + result of the operation, the operation is aborted (see + information on <c><anno>CheckResult</anno></c> in the following). + The default is to allow garbage collection, that is, + <c>{allow_gc, true}</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{async, RequestId}</c></tag> <item> - The <c>check_process_code/3</c> function will return - the value <c>async</c> immediately after the request - has been sent. When the request has been processed, the - process that called this function will be passed a - message on the form:<br/> - <c>{check_process_code, <anno>RequestId</anno>, <anno>CheckResult</anno>}</c>. + <p>The function <c>check_process_code/3</c> returns + the value <c>async</c> immediately after the request + has been sent. When the request has been processed, the + process that called this function is passed a + message on the form + <c>{check_process_code, <anno>RequestId</anno>, <anno>CheckResult</anno>}</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> equals <c>self()</c>, and - no <c>async</c> option has been passed, the operation will - be performed at once. In all other cases a request for - the operation will be sent to the process identified by - <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, and will be handled when - appropriate. If no <c>async</c> option has been passed, - the caller will block until <c><anno>CheckResult</anno></c> - is available and can be returned.</p> - <p><c><anno>CheckResult</anno></c> informs about the result of - the request:</p> + <p>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> equals <c>self()</c>, and + no <c>async</c> option has been passed, the operation + is performed at once. Otherwise a request for + the operation is sent to the process identified by + <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, and is handled when + appropriate. If no <c>async</c> option has been passed, + the caller blocks until <c><anno>CheckResult</anno></c> + is available and can be returned.</p> + <p><c><anno>CheckResult</anno></c> informs about the result of + the request as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>true</c></tag> <item> - The process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is - executing old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>. - That is, the current call of the process executes old - code for this module, or the process has references - to old code for this module, or the process contains - funs that references old code for this module. + <p>The process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + executes old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>. + That is, the current call of the process executes old + code for this module, or the process has references + to old code for this module, or the process contains + funs that references old code for this module.</p> </item> <tag><c>false</c></tag> <item> - The process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is - not executing old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>. + <p>The process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> does + not execute old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>aborted</c></tag> <item> - The operation was aborted since the process needed to - be garbage collected in order to determine the result - of the operation, and the operation was requested - by passing the <c>{allow_gc, false}</c> option.</item> + <p>The operation was aborted, as the process needed to + be garbage collected to determine the operation result, + and the operation was requested + by passing option <c>{allow_gc, false}</c>.</p></item> </taglist> <p>See also <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> - <item> - If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not a node local process identifier. + <item>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not a node local process identifier. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> - <item> - If <c><anno>Module</anno></c> is not an atom. + <item>If <c><anno>Module</anno></c> is not an atom. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> - <item> - If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is not a valid list of options. + <item>If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is an invalid list of options. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="convert_time_unit" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts time unit of a time value.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Converts the <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value of time unit <c><anno>FromUnit</anno></c> to the corresponding @@ -753,100 +782,102 @@ </func> <func> <name name="crc32" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Compute crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksum</fsummary> + <fsummary>Computes crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksum.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Computes and returns the crc32 (IEEE 802.3 style) checksum for <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Computes and returns the crc32 (IEEE 802.3 style) checksum + for <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="crc32" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Compute crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksum</fsummary> + <fsummary>Computes crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksum.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Continue computing the crc32 checksum by combining - the previous checksum, <c><anno>OldCrc</anno></c>, with the checksum of - <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> - <p>The following code:</p> - <code> - X = erlang:crc32(Data1), - Y = erlang:crc32(X,Data2). - </code> - <p>- would assign the same value to <c>Y</c> as this would:</p> - <code> - Y = erlang:crc32([Data1,Data2]). - </code> + <p>Continues computing the crc32 checksum by combining + the previous checksum, <c><anno>OldCrc</anno></c>, with the checksum of + <c><anno>Data</anno></c>.</p> + <p>The following code:</p> + <code> + X = erlang:crc32(Data1), + Y = erlang:crc32(X,Data2).</code> + <p>assigns the same value to <c>Y</c> as this:</p> + <code> + Y = erlang:crc32([Data1,Data2]).</code> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="crc32_combine" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Combine two crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksums</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Combines two previously computed crc32 checksums. - This computation requires the size of the data object for - the second checksum to be known.</p> - <p>The following code:</p> + <fsummary>Combines two crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksums.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Combines two previously computed crc32 checksums. + This computation requires the size of the data object for + the second checksum to be known.</p> + <p>The following code:</p> + <code> + Y = erlang:crc32(Data1), + Z = erlang:crc32(Y,Data2).</code> + <p>assigns the same value to <c>Z</c> as this:</p> <code> - Y = erlang:crc32(Data1), - Z = erlang:crc32(Y,Data2). - </code> - <p>- would assign the same value to <c>Z</c> as this would:</p> - <code> - X = erlang:crc32(Data1), - Y = erlang:crc32(Data2), - Z = erlang:crc32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)). - </code> + X = erlang:crc32(Data1), + Y = erlang:crc32(Data2), + Z = erlang:crc32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)).</code> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="date" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Current date</fsummary> + <fsummary>Current date.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the current date as <c>{Year, Month, Day}</c>.</p> - <p>The time zone and daylight saving time correction depend on + <p>The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>date().</input> {1995,2,19}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="decode_packet" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Extracts a protocol packet from a binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Extracts a protocol packet from a binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Decodes the binary <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> according to the packet - protocol specified by <c><anno>Type</anno></c>. Very similar to the packet - handling done by sockets with the option {packet,<anno>Type</anno>}.</p> - <p>If an entire packet is contained in <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> it is + protocol specified by <c><anno>Type</anno></c>. Similar to the packet + handling done by sockets with option {packet,<anno>Type</anno>}.</p> + <p>If an entire packet is contained in <c><anno>Bin</anno></c>, it is returned together with the remainder of the binary as <c>{ok,<anno>Packet</anno>,<anno>Rest</anno>}</c>.</p> <p>If <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> does not contain the entire packet, - <c>{more,<anno>Length</anno>}</c> is returned. <c><anno>Length</anno></c> is either the - expected <em>total size</em> of the packet or <c>undefined</c> - if the expected packet size is not known. <c>decode_packet</c> + <c>{more,<anno>Length</anno>}</c> is returned. + <c><anno>Length</anno></c> is either the + expected <em>total size</em> of the packet, or <c>undefined</c> + if the expected packet size is unknown. <c>decode_packet</c> can then be called again with more data added.</p> - <p>If the packet does not conform to the protocol format + <p>If the packet does not conform to the protocol format, <c>{error,<anno>Reason</anno>}</c> is returned.</p> - <p>The following values of <c><anno>Type</anno></c> are valid:</p> + <p>The following <c>Type</c>s are valid:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>raw | 0</c></tag> <item> - <p>No packet handling is done. Entire binary is + <p>No packet handling is done. The entire binary is returned unless it is empty.</p> </item> <tag><c>1 | 2 | 4</c></tag> <item> <p>Packets consist of a header specifying the number of bytes in the packet, followed by that number of bytes. - The length of header can be one, two, or four bytes; + The length of the header can be one, two, or four bytes; the order of the bytes is big-endian. The header - will be stripped off when the packet is returned.</p> + is stripped off when the packet is returned.</p> </item> <tag><c>line</c></tag> <item> - <p>A packet is a line terminated with newline. The - newline character is included in the returned packet - unless the line was truncated according to the option - <c>line_length</c>.</p> + <p>A packet is a line terminated by a delimiter byte, + default is the latin1 newline character. The delimiter + byte is included in the returned packet unless the line + was truncated according to option <c>line_length</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi | tpkt</c></tag> <item> @@ -864,41 +895,50 @@ <item> <p>The Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The packets are returned with the format according to - <c><anno>HttpPacket</anno></c> described above. A packet is either a - request, a response, a header or an end of header - mark. Invalid lines are returned as <c><anno>HttpError</anno></c>.</p> - <p>Recognized request methods and header fields are returned as atoms. - Others are returned as strings. Strings of unrecognized header fields - are formatted with only capital letters first and after hyphen characters - (like <c>"Sec-Websocket-Key"</c>).</p> - <p>The protocol type <c>http</c> should only be used for - the first line when a <c><anno>HttpRequest</anno></c> or a - <c><anno>HttpResponse</anno></c> is expected. The following calls - should use <c>httph</c> to get <c><anno>HttpHeader</anno></c>'s until - <c>http_eoh</c> is returned that marks the end of the + <c><anno>HttpPacket</anno></c> described earlier. + A packet is either a + request, a response, a header, or an end of header + mark. Invalid lines are returned as + <c><anno>HttpError</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Recognized request methods and header fields are returned + as atoms. Others are returned as strings. Strings of + unrecognized header fields are formatted with only + capital letters first and after hyphen characters, for + example, <c>"Sec-Websocket-Key"</c>.</p> + <p>The protocol type <c>http</c> is only to be used for + the first line when an <c><anno>HttpRequest</anno></c> or an + <c><anno>HttpResponse</anno></c> is expected. + The following calls are to use <c>httph</c> to get + <c><anno>HttpHeader</anno></c>s until + <c>http_eoh</c> is returned, which marks the end of the headers and the beginning of any following message body.</p> - <p>The variants <c>http_bin</c> and <c>httph_bin</c> will return + <p>The variants <c>http_bin</c> and <c>httph_bin</c> return strings (<c>HttpString</c>) as binaries instead of lists.</p> </item> </taglist> <p>The following options are available:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{packet_size, integer() >= 0}</c></tag> - <item><p>Sets the max allowed size of the packet body. If - the packet header indicates that the length of the - packet is longer than the max allowed length, the packet - is considered invalid. Default is 0 which means no - size limit.</p> + <item><p>Sets the maximum allowed size of the packet body. + If the packet header indicates that the length of the + packet is longer than the maximum allowed length, the + packet is considered invalid. Default is 0, which means + no size limit.</p> </item> <tag><c>{line_length, integer() >= 0}</c></tag> - <item><p>For packet type <c>line</c>, truncate lines longer - than the indicated length.</p> - <p>Option <c>line_length</c> also applies to <c>http*</c> - packet types as an alias for option <c>packet_size</c> in the - case when <c>packet_size</c> itself is not set. This usage is - only intended for backward compatibility.</p> + <item><p>For packet type <c>line</c>, lines longer than + the indicated length are truncated.</p> + <p>Option <c>line_length</c> also applies to <c>http*</c> + packet types as an alias for option <c>packet_size</c> + if <c>packet_size</c> itself is not set. This use is + only intended for backward compatibility.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>{line_delimiter, 0 =< byte() =< 255}</c></tag> + <item><p>For packet type <c>line</c>, sets the delimiting byte. + Default is the latin1 character <c>$\n</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> + <p>Examples:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:decode_packet(1,<<3,"abcd">>,[]).</input> {ok,<<"abc">>,<<"d">>} @@ -909,13 +949,11 @@ <func> <name name="delete_element" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Delete element at index in a tuple</fsummary> + <fsummary>Deletes element at index in a tuple.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="Index">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple1</anno>)</type_desc> <desc> - <p> - Returns a new tuple with element at <c><anno>Index</anno></c> removed from - tuple <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c>. - </p> + <p>Returns a new tuple with element at <c><anno>Index</anno></c> + removed from tuple <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:delete_element(2, {one, two, three}).</input> {one,three}</pre> @@ -924,45 +962,49 @@ <func> <name name="delete_module" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Make the current code for a module old</fsummary> + <fsummary>Makes the current code for a module old.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Makes the current code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c> become old code, and - deletes all references for this module from the export table. + <p>Makes the current code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c> become old code, + and deletes all references for this module from the export table. Returns <c>undefined</c> if the module does not exist, otherwise <c>true</c>.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for the code server (see - <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and should not be - used elsewhere.</p> + <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and is not + to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there is already an old version of + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there already is an old version of <c>Module</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="demonitor" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Stop monitoring</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops monitoring.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>If <c><anno>MonitorRef</anno></c> is a reference which the calling process - obtained by calling + <p>If <c><anno>MonitorRef</anno></c> is a reference that the + calling process obtained by calling <seealso marker="#monitor/2">monitor/2</seealso>, this monitoring is turned off. If the monitoring is already turned off, nothing happens.</p> - <p>Once <c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</c> has returned it is - guaranteed that no <c>{'DOWN', <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, _, _, _}</c> message - due to the monitor will be placed in the caller's message queue - in the future. A <c>{'DOWN', <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, _, _, _}</c> message - might have been placed in the caller's message queue prior to - the call, though. Therefore, in most cases, it is advisable + <p>Once <c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</c> has returned, it is + guaranteed that no <c>{'DOWN', + <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, _, _, _}</c> message, + because of the monitor, will be placed in the caller message queue + in the future. A <c>{'DOWN', + <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, _, _, _}</c> message + can have been placed in the caller message queue before + the call, though. It is therefore usually advisable to remove such a <c>'DOWN'</c> message from the message queue - after monitoring has been stopped. - <seealso marker="#demonitor/2">demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [flush])</seealso> can be used instead of + after monitoring has been stopped. + <seealso marker="#demonitor/2"><c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [flush])</c></seealso> + can be used instead of <c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</c> if this cleanup is wanted.</p> <note> - <p>Prior to OTP release R11B (erts version 5.5) <c>demonitor/1</c> - behaved completely asynchronous, i.e., the monitor was active + <p>Prior to OTP release R11B (ERTS version 5.5) <c>demonitor/1</c> + behaved completely asynchronously, i.e., the monitor was active until the "demonitor signal" reached the monitored entity. This - had one undesirable effect, though. You could never know when + had one undesirable effect. You could never know when you were guaranteed <em>not</em> to receive a <c>DOWN</c> message due to the monitor.</p> <p>Current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: @@ -971,31 +1013,31 @@ </note> <p>Failure: It is an error if <c><anno>MonitorRef</anno></c> refers to a monitoring started by another process. Not all such cases are - cheap to check; if checking is cheap, the call fails with - <c>badarg</c> (for example if <c><anno>MonitorRef</anno></c> is a remote - reference).</p> + cheap to check. If checking is cheap, the call fails with + <c>badarg</c> for example, if <c><anno>MonitorRef</anno></c> is a + remote reference.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="demonitor" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Stop monitoring</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops monitoring.</fsummary> <desc> <p>The returned value is <c>true</c> unless <c>info</c> is part - of <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c>. - </p> + of <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c>.</p> <p><c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [])</c> is equivalent to - <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</seealso>.</p> - <p>Currently the following <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are valid:</p> + <seealso marker="#demonitor/1"><c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> + <p>The available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>flush</c></tag> <item> - <p>Remove (one) <c>{_, <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, _, _, _}</c> message, - if there is one, from the caller's message queue after + <p>Removes (one) <c>{_, + <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, _, _, _}</c> message, + if there is one, from the caller message queue after monitoring has been stopped.</p> <p>Calling <c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [flush])</c> is equivalent to the following, but more efficient:</p> <code type="none"> - demonitor(MonitorRef), receive {_, MonitorRef, _, _, _} -> @@ -1006,78 +1048,90 @@ </item> <tag><c>info</c></tag> <item> - <p>The returned value is one of the following:</p> - <taglist> - <tag><c>true</c></tag> - <item><p>The monitor was found and removed. In this case - no <c>'DOWN'</c> message due to this monitor have - been nor will be placed in the message queue - of the caller. - </p> - </item> - <tag><c>false</c></tag> - <item><p>The monitor was not found and could not be removed. - This probably because someone already has placed a - <c>'DOWN'</c> message corresponding to this monitor - in the caller's message queue. - </p> - </item> - </taglist> - <p>If the <c>info</c> option is combined with the <c>flush</c> - option, <c>false</c> will be returned if a flush was needed; - otherwise, <c>true</c>. - </p> + <p>The returned value is one of the following:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>true</c></tag> + <item>The monitor was found and removed. In this case, + no <c>'DOWN'</c> message corresponding to this + monitor has been delivered and will not be delivered. + </item> + <tag><c>false</c></tag> + <item>The monitor was not found and could not be removed. + This probably because someone already has placed a + <c>'DOWN'</c> message corresponding to this monitor + in the caller message queue. + </item> + </taglist> + <p>If option <c>info</c> is combined with option <c>flush</c>, + <c>false</c> is returned if a flush was needed, + otherwise <c>true</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> <note> - <p>More options may be added in the future.</p> + <p>More options can be added in a future release.</p> </note> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is not a list, or - if <c><anno>Option</anno></c> is not a valid option, or the same failure as for - <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso></p> + <p>Failures:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is not a list. + </item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>Option</anno></c> is an invalid option. + </item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>The same failure as for + <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso>. + </item> + </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="disconnect_node" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Force the disconnection of a node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Forces the disconnection of a node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Forces the disconnection of a node. This will appear to - the node <c><anno>Node</anno></c> as if the local node has crashed. This - BIF is mainly used in the Erlang network authentication - protocols. Returns <c>true</c> if disconnection succeeds, + <p>Forces the disconnection of a node. This appears to + the node <c><anno>Node</anno></c> as if the local node has crashed. + This BIF is mainly used in the Erlang network authentication + protocols.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if disconnection succeeds, otherwise <c>false</c>. If the local node is not alive, - the function returns <c>ignored</c>.</p> + <c>ignored</c> is returned.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="display" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Print a term on standard output</fsummary> + <fsummary>Prints a term on standard output.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Prints a text representation of <c><anno>Term</anno></c> on the standard - output. On OSE the term is printed to the ramlog.</p> + <p>Prints a text representation of <c><anno>Term</anno></c> on the + standard output. On OSE, the term is printed to the ramlog.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for debugging only.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="element" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Returns the Nth element of a tuple.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="N">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple</anno>)</type_desc> - <fsummary>Get Nth element of a tuple</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the <c><anno>N</anno></c>th element (numbering from 1) of - <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>.</p> + <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>element(2, {a, b, c}).</input> b</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="erase" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Return and delete the process dictionary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns and deletes the process dictionary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the process dictionary and deletes it.</p> + <p>Returns the process dictionary and deletes it, for + example:</p> <pre> > <input>put(key1, {1, 2, 3}),</input> <input>put(key2, [a, b, c]),</input> @@ -1085,13 +1139,16 @@ b</pre> [{key1,{1,2,3}},{key2,[a,b,c]}]</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="erase" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return and delete a value from the process dictionary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns and deletes a value from the process dictionary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c> associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c> and - deletes it from the process dictionary. Returns - <c>undefined</c> if no value is associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c> associated with + <c><anno>Key</anno></c> and deletes it from the process dictionary. + Returns <c>undefined</c> if no value is associated with + <c><anno>Key</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>put(key1, {merry, lambs, are, playing}),</input> <input>X = erase(key1),</input> @@ -1099,16 +1156,19 @@ b</pre> {{merry,lambs,are,playing},undefined}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="error" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops execution with a given reason.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Stops the execution of the calling process with the reason - <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>, where <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any term. The actual - exit reason will be <c>{<anno>Reason</anno>, Where}</c>, where <c>Where</c> + <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>, where <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> + is any term. The exit reason is + <c>{<anno>Reason</anno>, Where}</c>, where <c>Where</c> is a list of the functions most recently called (the current function first). Since evaluating this function causes the process to terminate, it has no return value.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>catch error(foobar).</input> {'EXIT',{foobar,[{erl_eval,do_apply,5}, @@ -1118,29 +1178,34 @@ b</pre> {shell,eval_loop,3}]}}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="error" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops execution with a given reason.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Stops the execution of the calling process with the reason - <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>, where <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any term. The actual - exit reason will be <c>{<anno>Reason</anno>, Where}</c>, where <c>Where</c> + <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>, where <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> + is any term. The exit reason is + <c>{<anno>Reason</anno>, Where}</c>, where <c>Where</c> is a list of the functions most recently called (the current - function first). <c><anno>Args</anno></c> is expected to be the list of - arguments for the current function; in Beam it will be used - to provide the actual arguments for the current function in - the <c>Where</c> term. Since evaluating this function causes + function first). <c><anno>Args</anno></c> is expected to be the + list of arguments for the current function; in Beam it is used + to provide the arguments for the current function in + the term <c>Where</c>. Since evaluating this function causes the process to terminate, it has no return value.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="exit" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops execution with a given reason.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Stops the execution of the calling process with the exit - reason <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>, where <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any term. Since + <p>Stops the execution of the calling process with exit reason + <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>, where <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> + is any term. Since evaluating this function causes the process to terminate, it has no return value.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>exit(foobar).</input> ** exception exit: foobar @@ -1148,110 +1213,117 @@ b</pre> {'EXIT',foobar}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="exit" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Send an exit signal to a process or a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sends an exit signal to a process or a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sends an exit signal with exit reason <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> to the process or port identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>.</p> - <p>The following behavior apply if <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any term - except <c>normal</c> or <c>kill</c>:</p> - <p>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not trapping exits, <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> itself will - exit with exit reason <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is trapping - exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message - <c>{'EXIT', From, <anno>Reason</anno>}</c> and delivered to the message - queue of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. <c>From</c> is the pid of the process - which sent the exit signal. See also - <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>.</p> - <p>If <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is the atom <c>normal</c>, <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> will - not exit. If it is trapping exits, the exit signal is - transformed into a message <c>{'EXIT', From, normal}</c> - and delivered to its message queue.</p> - <p>If <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is the atom <c>kill</c>, that is if - <c>exit(<anno>Pid</anno>, kill)</c> is called, an untrappable exit signal - is sent to <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> which will unconditionally exit with - exit reason <c>killed</c>.</p> + <p>The following behavior applies if <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> + is any term, except <c>normal</c> or <c>kill</c>:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not trapping exits, + <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + itself exits with exit reason <c><anno>Reason</anno></c>. + </item> + <item>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is trapping exits, the exit + signal is transformed into a message + <c>{'EXIT', From, <anno>Reason</anno>}</c> + and delivered to the message queue of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. + </item> + <item><c>From</c> is the process identifier of the process + that sent the exit signal. See also + <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>. + </item> + </list> + <p>If <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is the atom <c>normal</c>, + <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + does not exit. If it is trapping exits, the exit signal is + transformed into a message <c>{'EXIT', From, normal}</c> + and delivered to its message queue.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is the atom <c>kill</c>, + that is, if <c>exit(<anno>Pid</anno>, kill)</c> is called, + an untrappable exit signal is sent to <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, + which unconditionally exits with exit reason <c>killed</c>. + </p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="external_size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Calculate the maximum size for a term encoded in the Erlang - external term format</fsummary> + <fsummary>Calculates the maximum size for a term encoded in the Erlang external term format.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Calculates, without doing the encoding, the maximum byte size for a term encoded in the Erlang external term format. The following condition applies always:</p> - <p> <pre> > <input>Size1 = byte_size(term_to_binary(<anno>Term</anno>)),</input> > <input>Size2 = erlang:external_size(<anno>Term</anno>),</input> > <input>true = Size1 =< Size2.</input> -true - </pre> - </p> - <p>This is equivalent to a call to: <code>erlang:external_size(<anno>Term</anno>, []) - </code></p> +true</pre> + <p>This is equivalent to a call to:</p> +<code>erlang:external_size(<anno>Term</anno>, [])</code> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="external_size" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Calculate the maximum size for a term encoded in the Erlang - external term format</fsummary> + <fsummary>Calculates the maximum size for a term encoded in the Erlang external term format.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Calculates, without doing the encoding, the maximum byte size for a term encoded in the Erlang external term format. The following condition applies always:</p> - <p> <pre> > <input>Size1 = byte_size(term_to_binary(<anno>Term</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>)),</input> > <input>Size2 = erlang:external_size(<anno>Term</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>),</input> > <input>true = Size1 =< Size2.</input> -true - </pre> - </p> - <p>The option <c>{minor_version, <anno>Version</anno>}</c> specifies how floats - are encoded. See - <seealso marker="#term_to_binary/2">term_to_binary/2</seealso> for - a more detailed description. - </p> +true</pre> + <p>Option <c>{minor_version, <anno>Version</anno>}</c> specifies how + floats are encoded. For a detailed description, see + <seealso marker="#term_to_binary/2">term_to_binary/2</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="float" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert a number to a float</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts a number to a float.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a float by converting <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to a float.</p> + <p>Returns a float by converting <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to a float, + for example:</p> <pre> > <input>float(55).</input> 55.0</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> <note> - <p>Note that if used on the top-level in a guard, it will - test whether the argument is a floating point number; for - clarity, use + <p>If used on the top level in a guard, it tests whether the + argument is a floating point number; for clarity, use <seealso marker="#is_float/1">is_float/1</seealso> instead.</p> <p>When <c>float/1</c> is used in an expression in a guard, such as '<c>float(A) == 4.0</c>', it converts a number as - described above.</p> + described earlier.</p> </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="float_to_binary" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a float</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a float.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>The same as <c>float_to_binary(<anno>Float</anno>,[{scientific,20}])</c>.</p> + <p>The same as + <c>float_to_binary(<anno>Float</anno>,[{scientific,20}])</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="float_to_binary" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a float formatted using given options</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a float formatted using given options.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a binary which corresponds to the text + <p>Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of <c><anno>Float</anno></c> using fixed decimal - point formatting. The <c><anno>Options</anno></c> behave in the same - way as <seealso marker="#float_to_list/2">float_to_list/2</seealso>. - </p> + point formatting. <c><anno>Options</anno></c> behaves in the same + way as <seealso marker="#float_to_list/2">float_to_list/2</seealso>.</p> + <p>Examples:</p> <pre> > <input>float_to_binary(7.12, [{decimals, 4}]).</input> <<"7.1200">> @@ -1259,31 +1331,42 @@ true <<"7.12">></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="float_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a float</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a float.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>The same as <c>float_to_list(<anno>Float</anno>,[{scientific,20}])</c>.</p> + <p>The same as + <c>float_to_list(<anno>Float</anno>,[{scientific,20}])</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="float_to_list" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a float formatted using given options</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text - representation of <c>Float</c> using fixed decimal point formatting. - When <c>decimals</c> option is specified - the returned value will contain at most <c>Decimals</c> number of - digits past the decimal point. If the number doesn't fit in the - internal static buffer of 256 bytes, the function throws <c>badarg</c>. - When <c>compact</c> option is provided - the trailing zeros at the end of the list are truncated (this option is - only meaningful together with the <c>decimals</c> option). When - <c>scientific</c> option is provided, the float will be formatted using - scientific notation with <c>Decimals</c> digits of precision. If - <c>Options</c> is <c>[]</c> the function behaves like - <c><seealso marker="#float_to_list/1">float_to_list/1</seealso></c>. - </p> + <fsummary>Text representation of a float formatted using given options.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text representation + of <c>Float</c> using fixed decimal point formatting. The + options are as follows:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If option <c>decimals</c> is specified, the returned value + contains at most <c>Decimals</c> number of digits past the + decimal point. If the number does not fit in the internal + static buffer of 256 bytes, the function throws <c>badarg</c>. + </item> + <item>If option <c>compact</c> is provided, the trailing zeros + at the end of the list are truncated. This option is only + meaningful together with option <c>decimals</c>. + </item> + <item>If option <c>scientific</c> is provided, the float is + formatted using scientific notation with <c>Decimals</c> + digits of precision. + </item> + <item>If <c>Options</c> is <c>[]</c>, the function behaves as + <seealso marker="#float_to_list/1">float_to_list/1</seealso>. + </item> + </list> + <p>Examples:</p> <pre> > <input>float_to_list(7.12, [{decimals, 4}]).</input> "7.1200" @@ -1291,36 +1374,40 @@ true "7.12"</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="fun_info" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Information about a fun</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about a fun.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list containing information about the fun - <c><anno>Fun</anno></c>. Each element of the list is a tuple. The order of - the tuples is not defined, and more tuples may be added in a + <p>Returns a list with information about the fun + <c><anno>Fun</anno></c>. Each list element is a tuple. The order + of the tuples is undefined, and more tuples can be added in a future release.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is mainly intended for debugging, but it can - occasionally be useful in library functions that might need - to verify, for instance, the arity of a fun.</p> + sometimes be useful in library functions that need + to verify, for example, the arity of a fun.</p> </warning> - <p>There are two types of funs with slightly different - semantics:</p> - <p>A fun created by <c>fun M:F/A</c> is called an - <em>external</em> fun. Calling it will always call the - function <c>F</c> with arity <c>A</c> in the latest code for - module <c>M</c>. Note that module <c>M</c> does not even need - to be loaded when the fun <c>fun M:F/A</c> is created.</p> - <p>All other funs are called <em>local</em>. When a local fun - is called, the same version of the code that created the fun - will be called (even if newer version of the module has been - loaded).</p> - <p>The following elements will always be present in the list + <p>Two types of funs have slightly different semantics:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>A fun created by <c>fun M:F/A</c> is called an + <em>external</em> fun. Calling it will always call the + function <c>F</c> with arity <c>A</c> in the latest code for + module <c>M</c>. Notice that module <c>M</c> does not even + need to be loaded when the fun <c>fun M:F/A</c> is created. + </item> + <item>All other funs are called <em>local</em>. When a local fun + is called, the same version of the code that created the fun + is called (even if a newer version of the module has been + loaded). + </item> + </list> + <p>The following elements are always present in the list for both local and external funs:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{type, Type}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c>Type</c> is either <c>local</c> or <c>external</c>.</p> + <p><c>Type</c> is <c>local</c> or <c>external</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{module, Module}</c></tag> <item> @@ -1335,148 +1422,154 @@ true <p><c>Name</c> (an atom) is a function name.</p> <p>If <c>Fun</c> is a local fun, <c>Name</c> is the name of the local function that implements the fun. - (This name was generated by the compiler, and is generally + (This name was generated by the compiler, and is only of informational use. As it is a local function, it - is not possible to call it directly.) + cannot be called directly.) If no code is currently loaded for the fun, <c>[]</c> - will be returned instead of an atom.</p> + is returned instead of an atom.</p> <p>If <c>Fun</c> is an external fun, <c>Name</c> is the name of the exported function that the fun refers to.</p> </item> <tag><c>{arity, Arity}</c></tag> <item> <p><c>Arity</c> is the number of arguments that the fun - should be called with.</p> + is to be called with.</p> </item> <tag><c>{env, Env}</c></tag> <item> <p><c>Env</c> (a list) is the environment or free variables - for the fun. (For external funs, the returned list is - always empty.)</p> + for the fun. For external funs, the returned list is + always empty.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>The following elements will only be present in the list if + <p>The following elements are only present in the list if <c>Fun</c> is local:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{pid, Pid}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c>Pid</c> is the pid of the process that originally - created the fun.</p> + <p><c>Pid</c> is the process identifier of the process + that originally created the fun.</p> </item> <tag><c>{index, Index}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c>Index</c> (an integer) is an index into the module's + <p><c>Index</c> (an integer) is an index into the module fun table.</p> </item> <tag><c>{new_index, Index}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c>Index</c> (an integer) is an index into the module's + <p><c>Index</c> (an integer) is an index into the module fun table.</p> </item> <tag><c>{new_uniq, Uniq}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c>Uniq</c> (a binary) is a unique value for this fun. - It is calculated from the compiled code for the entire module.</p> + <p><c>Uniq</c> (a binary) is a unique value for this fun. It + is calculated from the compiled code for the entire module.</p> </item> <tag><c>{uniq, Uniq}</c></tag> <item> <p><c>Uniq</c> (an integer) is a unique value for this fun. - Starting in the R15 release, this integer is calculated from - the compiled code for the entire module. Before R15, this - integer was based on only the body of the fun. - </p> + As from OTP R15, this integer is calculated from the + compiled code for the entire module. Before OTP R15, this + integer was based on only the body of the fun.</p> </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="fun_info" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Information about a fun.</fsummary> <type name="fun_info_item"/> - <fsummary>Information about a fun</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> as specified by - <c><anno>Item</anno></c>, in the form <c>{<anno>Item</anno>,<anno>Info</anno>}</c>.</p> + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>, in the form + <c>{<anno>Item</anno>,<anno>Info</anno>}</c>.</p> <p>For any fun, <c><anno>Item</anno></c> can be any of the atoms - <c>module</c>, <c>name</c>, <c>arity</c>, <c>env</c>, or <c>type</c>.</p> - <p>For a local fun, <c><anno>Item</anno></c> can also be any of the atoms - <c>index</c>, <c>new_index</c>, <c>new_uniq</c>, + <c>module</c>, <c>name</c>, <c>arity</c>, <c>env</c>, or + <c>type</c>.</p> + <p>For a local fun, <c><anno>Item</anno></c> can also be any of the + atoms <c>index</c>, <c>new_index</c>, <c>new_uniq</c>, <c>uniq</c>, and <c>pid</c>. For an external fun, the value of any of these items is always the atom <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>See <seealso marker="#fun_info/1">erlang:fun_info/1</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="fun_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a fun</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a fun.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="function_exported" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Check if a function is exported and loaded</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks if a function is exported and loaded.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> is loaded and contains an exported function <c><anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c>, or if there is a BIF (a built-in function implemented in C) - with the given name; otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + with the given name, otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> <note><p>This function used to return false for built-in functions before the 18.0 release.</p></note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="garbage_collect" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Force an immediate garbage collection of the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Forces an immediate garbage collection of the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Forces an immediate garbage collection of the currently - executing process. The function should not be used, unless - it has been noticed -- or there are good reasons to suspect -- + <p>Forces an immediate garbage collection of the + executing process. The function is not to be used unless + it has been noticed (or there are good reasons to suspect) that the spontaneous garbage collection will occur too late - or not at all. Improper use may seriously degrade system - performance.</p> + or not at all.</p> + <warning> + <p>Improper use can seriously degrade system performance.</p> + </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="garbage_collect" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Garbage collect a process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Garbage collects a process.</fsummary> <desc> <p>The same as <seealso marker="#garbage_collect/2"><c>garbage_collect(<anno>Pid</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="garbage_collect" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Garbage collect a process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Garbage collects a process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Garbage collect the node local process identified by - <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>.</p> - <p>Currently available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s:</p> + <p>Garbage collects the node local process identified by + <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>.</p> + <p>The available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{async, RequestId}</c></tag> - <item> - The <c>garbage_collect/2</c> function will return + <item>The function <c>garbage_collect/2</c> returns the value <c>async</c> immediately after the request has been sent. When the request has been processed, the - process that called this function will be passed a - message on the form:<br/> - <c>{garbage_collect, <anno>RequestId</anno>, <anno>GCResult</anno>}</c>. - </item> + process that called this function is passed a message on + the form <c>{garbage_collect, + <anno>RequestId</anno>, <anno>GCResult</anno>}</c>. + </item> </taglist> <p>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> equals <c>self()</c>, and no <c>async</c> option has been passed, the garbage - collection will be performed at once, i.e. the same as - calling + collection is performed at once, that is, the same as calling <seealso marker="#garbage_collect/0">garbage_collect/0</seealso>. - In all other cases a request for garbage collection will - be sent to the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, + Otherwise a request for garbage collection + is sent to the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, and will be handled when appropriate. If no <c>async</c> - option has been passed, the caller will block until - <c><anno>GCResult</anno></c> is available and can be - returned.</p> + option has been passed, the caller blocks until + <c><anno>GCResult</anno></c> is available and can be returned.</p> <p><c><anno>GCResult</anno></c> informs about the result of - the garbage collection request:</p> + the garbage collection request as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>true</c></tag> <item> @@ -1485,14 +1578,13 @@ true </item> <tag><c>false</c></tag> <item> - No garbage collection was performed. This since the + No garbage collection was performed, as the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> terminated before the request could be satisfied. </item> </taglist> - <p>Note that the same caveats as for - <seealso marker="#garbage_collect/0">garbage_collect/0</seealso> - apply.</p> + <p>Notice that the same caveats apply as for + <seealso marker="#garbage_collect/0">garbage_collect/0</seealso>.</p> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> @@ -1501,17 +1593,18 @@ true </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is not a valid list of options. + If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is an invalid list of options. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="get" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Return the process dictionary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the process dictionary.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the process dictionary as a list of - <c>{<anno>Key</anno>, <anno>Val</anno>}</c> tuples.</p> + <c>{<anno>Key</anno>, <anno>Val</anno>}</c> tuples, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>put(key1, merry),</input> <input>put(key2, lambs),</input> @@ -1520,13 +1613,15 @@ true [{key1,merry},{key2,lambs},{key3,{are,playing}}]</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="get" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return a value from the process dictionary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns a value from the process dictionary.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c> associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in the process dictionary, or <c>undefined</c> if <c><anno>Key</anno></c> does not exist.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>put(key1, merry),</input> <input>put(key2, lambs),</input> @@ -1535,14 +1630,16 @@ true {are,playing}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="get_cookie" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Get the magic cookie of the local node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Gets the magic cookie of the local node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the magic cookie of the local node, if the node is - alive; otherwise the atom <c>nocookie</c>.</p> + <p>Returns the magic cookie of the local node if the node is + alive, otherwise the atom <c>nocookie</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="get_keys" arity="0"/> <fsummary>Return a list of all keys from the process dictionary</fsummary> @@ -1558,10 +1655,10 @@ true </func> <func> <name name="get_keys" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return a list of keys from the process dictionary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns a list of keys from the process dictionary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of keys which are associated with the value - <c><anno>Val</anno></c> in the process dictionary.</p> + <p>Returns a list of keys that are associated with the value + <c><anno>Val</anno></c> in the process dictionary, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>put(mary, {1, 2}),</input> <input>put(had, {1, 2}),</input> @@ -1573,40 +1670,40 @@ true [mary,had,a,little,lamb]</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="get_stacktrace" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Get the call stack back-trace of the last exception</fsummary> + <fsummary>Gets the call stack back-trace of the last exception.</fsummary> <type name="stack_item"/> <desc> - <p>Get the call stack back-trace (<em>stacktrace</em>) of the last - exception in the calling process as a list of + <p>Gets the call stack back-trace (<em>stacktrace</em>) of the + last exception in the calling process as a list of <c>{<anno>Module</anno>,<anno>Function</anno>,<anno>Arity</anno>,<anno>Location</anno>}</c> tuples. - The <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> field in the first tuple may be the argument - list of that function call instead of an arity integer, + Field <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> in the first tuple can be the + argument list of that function call instead of an arity integer, depending on the exception.</p> <p>If there has not been any exceptions in a process, the stacktrace is <c>[]</c>. After a code change for the process, - the stacktrace may also be reset to [].</p> + the stacktrace can also be reset to <c>[]</c>.</p> <p>The stacktrace is the same data as the <c>catch</c> operator returns, for example:</p> <p><c>{'EXIT',{badarg,Stacktrace}} = catch abs(x)</c></p> - <p><c><anno>Location</anno></c> is a (possibly empty) list of two-tuples that - may indicate the location in the source code of the function. - The first element is an atom that describes the type of - information in the second element. Currently the following - items may occur:</p> + <p><c><anno>Location</anno></c> is a (possibly empty) list + of two-tuples that + can indicate the location in the source code of the function. + The first element is an atom describing the type of + information in the second element. The following + items can occur:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>file</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The second element of the tuple is a string (list of - characters) representing the filename of the source file - of the function.</p> + <item>The second element of the tuple is a string (list of + characters) representing the file name of the source file + of the function. </item> <tag><c>line</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The second element of the tuple is the line number + <item>The second element of the tuple is the line number (an integer greater than zero) in the source file - where the exception occurred or the function was called.</p> + where the exception occurred or the function was called. </item> </taglist> <p>See also @@ -1614,49 +1711,56 @@ true <seealso marker="#error/2">erlang:error/2</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="group_leader" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Get the group leader for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Gets the group leader for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of the group leader for the process which - evaluates the function.</p> + <p>Returns the process identifier of the group leader for the + process evaluating the function.</p> <p>Every process is a member of some process group and all - groups have a <em>group leader</em>. All IO from the group + groups have a <em>group leader</em>. All I/O from the group is channeled to the group leader. When a new process is spawned, it gets the same group leader as the spawning process. Initially, at system start-up, <c>init</c> is both its own group leader and the group leader of all processes.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="group_leader" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Set the group leader for a process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets the group leader for a process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Sets the group leader of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> to <c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c>. - Typically, this is used when a processes started from a - certain shell should have another group leader than + <p>Sets the group leader of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + to <c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c>. + Typically, this is used when a process started from a + certain shell is to have another group leader than <c>init</c>.</p> <p>See also <seealso marker="#group_leader/0">group_leader/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="halt" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Halt the Erlang runtime system and indicate normal exit to the calling environment</fsummary> + <fsummary>Halts the Erlang runtime system and indicates normal exit to the calling environment.</fsummary> <desc> <p>The same as <seealso marker="#halt/2"><c>halt(0, [])</c></seealso>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>halt().</input> os_prompt% </pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="halt" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Halt the Erlang runtime system</fsummary> + <fsummary>Halts the Erlang runtime system.</fsummary> <desc> <p>The same as <seealso marker="#halt/2"><c>halt(<anno>Status</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>halt(17).</input> os_prompt% <input>echo $?</input> @@ -1664,178 +1768,188 @@ os_prompt% <input>echo $?</input> os_prompt% </pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="halt" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Halt the Erlang runtime system</fsummary> + <fsummary>Halts the Erlang runtime system.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Status</anno></c> must be a non-negative integer, a string, or the atom <c>abort</c>. Halts the Erlang runtime system. Has no return value. - Depending on <c><anno>Status</anno></c>: - </p> + Depending on <c><anno>Status</anno></c>, the following occurs:</p> <taglist> <tag>integer()</tag> - <item>The runtime system exits with the integer value <c><anno>Status</anno></c> - as status code to the calling environment (operating system). + <item>The runtime system exits with integer value + <c><anno>Status</anno></c> + as status code to the calling environment (OS). </item> <tag>string()</tag> - <item>An erlang crash dump is produced with <c><anno>Status</anno></c> as slogan, - and then the runtime system exits with status code <c>1</c>. + <item>An Erlang crash dump is produced with <c><anno>Status</anno></c> + as slogan. Then the runtime system exits with status code <c>1</c>. </item> <tag><c>abort</c></tag> <item> The runtime system aborts producing a core dump, if that is - enabled in the operating system. + enabled in the OS. </item> </taglist> - <p>Note that on many platforms, only the status codes 0-255 are - supported by the operating system. - </p> - <p>For integer <c><anno>Status</anno></c> the Erlang runtime system closes all ports - and allows async threads to finish their operations before exiting. - To exit without such flushing use - <c><anno>Option</anno></c> as <c>{flush,false}</c>. - </p> - <p>For statuses <c>string()</c> and <c>abort</c> the <c>flush</c> - option is ignored and flushing is <em>not</em> done. - </p> + <note><p>On many platforms, the OS supports only status + codes 0-255.</p></note> + <p>For integer <c><anno>Status</anno></c>, the Erlang runtime system + closes all ports and allows async threads to finish their + operations before exiting. To exit without such flushing, use + <c><anno>Option</anno></c> as <c>{flush,false}</c>.</p> + <p>For statuses <c>string()</c> and <c>abort</c>, option + <c>flush</c> is ignored and flushing is <em>not</em> done.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="hash" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Hash function (deprecated)</fsummary> + <fsummary>Hash function (deprecated).</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns a hash value for <c><anno>Term</anno></c> within the range - <c>1..<anno>Range</anno></c>. The allowed range is 1..2^27-1.</p> + <c>1..<anno>Range</anno></c>. The maximum range is 1..2^27-1.</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF is deprecated as the hash value may differ on - different architectures. Also the hash values for integer - terms larger than 2^27 as well as large binaries are very + <p>This BIF is deprecated, as the hash value can differ on + different architectures. The hash values for integer + terms higher than 2^27 and large binaries are poor. The BIF is retained for backward compatibility - reasons (it may have been used to hash records into a file), - but all new code should use one of the BIFs + reasons (it can have been used to hash records into a file), + but all new code is to use one of the BIFs <c>erlang:phash/2</c> or <c>erlang:phash2/1,2</c> instead.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="hd" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Head of a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Head of a list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the head of <c><anno>List</anno></c>, that is, the first element.</p> + <p>Returns the head of <c><anno>List</anno></c>, that is, + the first element, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>hd([1,2,3,4,5]).</input> 1</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>List</anno></c> is the empty list [].</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>List</anno></c> is the empty + list <c>[]</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="hibernate" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Hibernate a process until a message is sent to it</fsummary> + <fsummary>Hibernates a process until a message is sent to it.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Puts the calling process into a wait state where its memory - allocation has been reduced as much as possible, which is + allocation has been reduced as much as possible. This is useful if the process does not expect to receive any messages - in the near future.</p> - <p>The process will be awaken when a message is sent to it, and - control will resume in <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> with - the arguments given by <c><anno>Args</anno></c> with the call stack - emptied, meaning that the process will terminate when that - function returns. Thus <c>erlang:hibernate/3</c> will never - return to its caller.</p> + soon.</p> + <p>The process is awaken when a message is sent to it, and control + resumes in <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> with + the arguments given by <c><anno>Args</anno></c> with the call + stack emptied, meaning that the process terminates when that + function returns. Thus <c>erlang:hibernate/3</c> never + returns to its caller.</p> <p>If the process has any message in its message queue, - the process will be awaken immediately in the same way as - described above.</p> + the process is awakened immediately in the same way as + described earlier.</p> <p>In more technical terms, what <c>erlang:hibernate/3</c> does - is the following. It discards the call stack for the process. - Then it garbage collects the process. After the garbage - collection, all live data is in one continuous heap. The heap + is the following. It discards the call stack for the process, + and then garbage collects the process. After this, + all live data is in one continuous heap. The heap is then shrunken to the exact same size as the live data - which it holds (even if that size is less than the minimum + that it holds (even if that size is less than the minimum heap size for the process).</p> <p>If the size of the live data in the process is less than the minimum heap size, the first garbage collection occurring - after the process has been awaken will ensure that the heap + after the process is awakened ensures that the heap size is changed to a size not smaller than the minimum heap size.</p> - <p>Note that emptying the call stack means that any surrounding - <c>catch</c> is removed and has to be re-inserted after + <p>Notice that emptying the call stack means that any surrounding + <c>catch</c> is removed and must be reinserted after hibernation. One effect of this is that processes started using <c>proc_lib</c> (also indirectly, such as - <c>gen_server</c> processes), should use + <c>gen_server</c> processes), are to use <seealso marker="stdlib:proc_lib#hibernate/3">proc_lib:hibernate/3</seealso> - instead to ensure that the exception handler continues to work + instead, to ensure that the exception handler continues to work when the process wakes up.</p> </desc> </func> <func> <name name="insert_element" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Insert an element at index in a tuple</fsummary> + <fsummary>Inserts an element at index in a tuple.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="Index">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple1</anno>) + 1</type_desc> <desc> - <p> - Returns a new tuple with element <c><anno>Term</anno></c> insert at position - <c><anno>Index</anno></c> in tuple <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c>. - All elements from position <c><anno>Index</anno></c> and upwards are subsequently - pushed one step higher in the new tuple <c><anno>Tuple2</anno></c>. - </p> + <p>Returns a new tuple with element <c><anno>Term</anno></c> + inserted at position + <c><anno>Index</anno></c> in tuple <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c>. + All elements from position <c><anno>Index</anno></c> and upwards are + pushed one step higher in the new tuple <c><anno>Tuple2</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:insert_element(2, {one, two, three}, new).</input> {one,new,two,three}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="integer_to_binary" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of an integer.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a binary which corresponds to the text - representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a binary corresponding to the text + representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>integer_to_binary(77).</input> <<"77">></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="integer_to_binary" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of an integer.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a binary which corresponds to the text - representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c> in base <c><anno>Base</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a binary corresponding to the text + representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c> in base + <c><anno>Base</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>integer_to_binary(1023, 16).</input> <<"3FF">></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="integer_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of an integer.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text - representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text + representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>integer_to_list(77).</input> "77"</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="integer_to_list" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of an integer.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text - representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c> in base <c><anno>Base</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text + representation of <c><anno>Integer</anno></c> in base + <c><anno>Base</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>integer_to_list(1023, 16).</input> "3FF"</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="iolist_to_binary" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert an iolist to a binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts an iolist to a binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a binary which is made from the integers and - binaries in <c><anno>IoListOrBinary</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a binary that is made from the integers and + binaries in <c><anno>IoListOrBinary</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.</input> <<1,2,3>> @@ -1847,278 +1961,311 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="iolist_size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Size of an iolist</fsummary> + <fsummary>Size of an iolist.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer which is the size in bytes - of the binary that would be the result of - <c>iolist_to_binary(<anno>Item</anno>)</c>.</p> + <p>Returns an integer that is the size in bytes + of the binary that would be the result of + <c>iolist_to_binary(<anno>Item</anno>)</c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>iolist_size([1,2|<<3,4>>]).</input> 4</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_alive" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Check whether the local node is alive</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether the local node is alive.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the local node is alive; that is, if - the node can be part of a distributed system. Otherwise, it - returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the local node is alive (that is, if + the node can be part of a distributed system), otherwise + <c>false</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_atom" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is an atom</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is an atom.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is an atom; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is an atom, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_binary" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a binary; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> - + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a binary, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>A binary always contains a complete number of bytes.</p> - <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_bitstring" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a bitstring</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a bitstring.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a bitstring (including a binary); - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> - + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a + bitstring (including a binary), otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_boolean" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a boolean</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a boolean.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is - either the atom <c>true</c> or the atom <c>false</c> - (i.e. a boolean); otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is the + atom <c>true</c> or the atom <c>false</c> (that is, a boolean). + Otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_builtin" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Check if a function is a BIF implemented in C</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks if a function is a BIF implemented in C.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c> is - a BIF implemented in C; otherwise returns <c>false</c>. - This BIF is useful for builders of cross reference tools.</p> + <p>This BIF is useful for builders of cross-reference tools.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if + <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c> + is a BIF implemented in C, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_float" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a float</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a float.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a floating point - number; otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + number, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_function" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a fun</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a fun.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a fun; otherwise - returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a fun, otherwise + <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_function" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a fun with a given arity</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a fun with a given arity.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a fun that can be - applied with <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> number of arguments; otherwise - returns <c>false</c>.</p> + applied with <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> number of arguments, otherwise + <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_integer" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is an integer.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is an integer; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is an integer, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a list.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a list with - zero or more elements; otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + zero or more elements, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_map" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a map</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a map.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a map; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a map, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_number" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a number</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a number.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is either an integer or a - floating point number; otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is an integer or a + floating point number. Otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_pid" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a pid</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a process identifier.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a pid (process - identifier); otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a process + identifier, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_port" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a port.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a port identifier; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a port identifier, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_process_alive" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a process is alive</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a process is alive.</fsummary> <desc> - <p> - <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> must refer to a process at the local node. - Returns <c>true</c> if the process exists and is alive, that - is, is not exiting and has not exited. Otherwise, returns + <p><c><anno>Pid</anno></c> must refer to a process at the local node.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the process exists and is alive, that + is, is not exiting and has not exited. Otherwise returns <c>false</c>. </p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_record" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term appears to be a record</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term appears to be a record.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a tuple and its first - element is <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c>. Otherwise, returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a tuple and its + first element is <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c>. + Otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> <note> <p>Normally the compiler treats calls to <c>is_record/2</c> - specially. It emits code to verify that <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a - tuple, that its first element is <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c>, and that - the size is correct. However, if the <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> is - not a literal atom, the <c>is_record/2</c> BIF will be - called instead and the size of the tuple will not be - verified.</p> + specially. It emits code to verify that <c><anno>Term</anno></c> + is a tuple, that its first element is + <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c>, and that the + size is correct. However, if <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> is + not a literal atom, the BIF <c>is_record/2</c> is called + instead and the size of the tuple is not verified.</p> </note> - <p>Allowed in guard tests, if <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> is a literal - atom.</p> + <p>Allowed in guard tests, if <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> is + a literal atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_record" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term appears to be a record</fsummary> - <desc> - <p><c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> must be an atom. Returns <c>true</c> if - <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a tuple, its first element is <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c>, - and its size is <c><anno>Size</anno></c>. Otherwise, returns <c>false</c>.</p> - <p>Allowed in guard tests, provided that <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> is + <fsummary>Checks whether a term appears to be a record.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p><c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> must be an atom.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if + <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a tuple, + its first element is <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c>, + and its size is <c><anno>Size</anno></c>. + Otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Allowed in guard tests if <c><anno>RecordTag</anno></c> is a literal atom and <c>Size</c> is a literal integer.</p> <note> - <p>This BIF is documented for completeness. In most cases - <c>is_record/2</c> should be used.</p> + <p>This BIF is documented for completeness. Usually + <c>is_record/2</c> is to be used.</p> </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_reference" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a reference</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a reference.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a reference; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a reference, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="is_tuple" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check whether a term is a tuple</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks whether a term is a tuple.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a tuple; - otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if <c><anno>Term</anno></c> is a tuple, + otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="length" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Length of a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Length of a list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the length of <c><anno>List</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns the length of <c><anno>List</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>length([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]).</input> 9</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="link" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Create a link to another process (or port)</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a link to another process (or port).</fsummary> <desc> <p>Creates a link between the calling process and another - process (or port) <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c>, if there is not such a link + process (or port) <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c>, if there is + not such a link already. If a process attempts to create a link to itself, nothing is done. Returns <c>true</c>.</p> - <p>If <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> does not exist, the behavior of the BIF depends - on if the calling process is trapping exits or not (see + <p>If <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> does not exist, the behavior + of the BIF + depends on if the calling process is trapping exits or not (see <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>):</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item>If the calling process is not trapping exits, and - checking <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is cheap -- that is, if <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is - local -- <c>link/1</c> fails with reason <c>noproc</c>.</item> + checking <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is cheap + (that is, if <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> + is local), <c>link/1</c> fails with reason <c>noproc</c>.</item> <item>Otherwise, if the calling process is trapping exits, - and/or <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is remote, <c>link/1</c> returns - <c>true</c>, but an exit signal with reason <c>noproc</c> + and/or <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is remote, <c>link/1</c> + returns <c>true</c>, but an exit signal with reason <c>noproc</c> is sent to the calling process.</item> </list> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_atom" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an atom</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns the atom whose text representation is <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> - <p><c><anno>String</anno></c> may only contain ISO-latin-1 - characters (i.e. numbers below 256) as the current - implementation does not allow unicode characters >= 256 in - atoms. For more information on Unicode support in atoms - see <seealso marker="erl_ext_dist#utf8_atoms">note on UTF-8 encoded atoms</seealso> - in the chapter about the external term format in the ERTS User's Guide.</p> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an atom.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns the atom whose text representation is + <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> + <p><c><anno>String</anno></c> can only contain ISO-latin-1 + characters (that is, + numbers less than 256) as the implementation does not + allow unicode characters equal to or above 256 in atoms. + For more information on Unicode support in atoms, see + <seealso marker="erl_ext_dist#utf8_atoms">note on UTF-8 + encoded atoms</seealso> + in Section "External Term Format" in the User's Guide.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>list_to_atom("Erlang").</input> 'Erlang'</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_binary" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert a list to a binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts a list to a binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a binary which is made from the integers and - binaries in <c><anno>IoList</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns a binary that is made from the integers and + binaries in <c><anno>IoList</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.</input> <<1,2,3>> @@ -2130,40 +2277,46 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_bitstring" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Converts a list to a bitstring.</fsummary> <type name="bitstring_list"/> - <fsummary>Convert a list to a bitstring</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a bitstring which is made from the integers and - bitstrings in <c><anno>BitstringList</anno></c>. (The last tail in <c><anno>BitstringList</anno></c> - is allowed to be a bitstring.)</p> + <p>Returns a bitstring that is made from the integers and + bitstrings in <c><anno>BitstringList</anno></c>. (The last tail in + <c><anno>BitstringList</anno></c> is allowed to be a bitstring.)</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.</input> <<1,2,3>> > <input>Bin2 = <<4,5>>.</input> <<4,5>> -> <input>Bin3 = <<6,7:4,>>.</input> -<<6>> +> <input>Bin3 = <<6,7:4>>.</input> +<<6,7:4>> > <input>list_to_bitstring([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).</input> -<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6,7:46>></pre> +<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6,7:4>></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_existing_atom" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an atom</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an atom.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the atom whose text representation is <c><anno>String</anno></c>, + <p>Returns the atom whose text representation is + <c><anno>String</anno></c>, but only if there already exists such atom.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there does not already exist an atom whose text representation is <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_float" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to a float</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to a float.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the float whose text representation is <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns the float whose text representation is + <c><anno>String</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>list_to_float("2.2017764e+0").</input> 2.2017764</pre> @@ -2171,12 +2324,13 @@ os_prompt% </pre> representation of a float.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_integer" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an integer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns an integer whose text representation is - <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> + <c><anno>String</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>list_to_integer("123").</input> 123</pre> @@ -2184,12 +2338,14 @@ os_prompt% </pre> representation of an integer.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_integer" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to an integer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to an integer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns an integer whose text representation in base - <c><anno>Base</anno></c> is <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> + <c><anno>Base</anno></c> is <c><anno>String</anno></c>, + for example:</p> <pre> > <input>list_to_integer("3FF", 16).</input> 1023</pre> @@ -2197,47 +2353,52 @@ os_prompt% </pre> representation of an integer.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_pid" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from text representation to a pid</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from text representation to a pid.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a pid whose text representation is <c><anno>String</anno></c>.</p> - <warning> - <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and for use in - the Erlang operating system. It should not be used in - application programs.</p> - </warning> + <p>Returns a process identifier whose text representation is a + <c><anno>String</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>list_to_pid("<0.4.1>").</input> <0.4.1></pre> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>String</anno></c> contains a bad - representation of a pid.</p> + representation of a process identifier.</p> + <warning> + <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used + in application programs.</p> + </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="list_to_tuple" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert a list to a tuple</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts a list to a tuple.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a tuple which corresponds to <c><anno>List</anno></c>. <c><anno>List</anno></c> - can contain any Erlang terms.</p> + <p>Returns a tuple corresponding to <c><anno>List</anno></c>, + for example</p> <pre> > <input>list_to_tuple([share, ['Ericsson_B', 163]]).</input> {share, ['Ericsson_B', 163]}</pre> + <p><c><anno>List</anno></c> can contain any Erlang terms.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="load_module" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Load object code for a module</fsummary> + <fsummary>Loads object code for a module.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>If <c><anno>Binary</anno></c> contains the object code for the module - <c><anno>Module</anno></c>, this BIF loads that object code. Also, if - the code for the module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> already exists, all + <p>If <c><anno>Binary</anno></c> contains the object code for module + <c><anno>Module</anno></c>, this BIF loads that object code. If + the code for module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> already exists, all export references are replaced so they point to the newly loaded code. The previously loaded code is kept in the system - as old code, as there may still be processes which are - executing that code. It returns either - <c>{module, <anno>Module</anno>}</c>, or <c>{error, <anno>Reason</anno>}</c> if loading - fails. <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is one of the following:</p> + as old code, as there can still be processes executing + that code.</p> + <p>Returns either <c>{module, <anno>Module</anno>}</c>, or + <c>{error, <anno>Reason</anno>}</c> if loading fails. + <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any of the following:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badfile</c></tag> <item> @@ -2247,118 +2408,122 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>not_purged</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Binary</anno></c> contains a module which cannot be loaded - because old code for this module already exists.</p> + <p><c><anno>Binary</anno></c> contains a module that cannot be + loaded because old code for this module already exists.</p> </item> </taglist> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for the code server (see - <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and should not be - used elsewhere.</p> + <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) + and is not to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="load_nif" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Load NIF library</fsummary> + <fsummary>Loads NIF library.</fsummary> <desc> <note> - <p>In releases older than OTP R14B, NIFs were an - experimental feature. Versions of OTP older than R14B might + <p>Before OTP R14B, NIFs were an + experimental feature. Versions before OTP R14B can have different and possibly incompatible NIF semantics and - interfaces. For example, in R13B03 the return value on - failure was - <c>{error,Reason,Text}</c>.</p> + interfaces. For example, in OTP R13B03 the return value on + failure was <c>{error,Reason,Text}</c>.</p> </note> <p>Loads and links a dynamic library containing native - implemented functions (NIFs) for a module. <c><anno>Path</anno></c> is a - file path to the sharable object/dynamic library file minus - the OS-dependent file extension (.so for Unix and .dll for - Windows). See <seealso marker="erl_nif">erl_nif</seealso> - on how to implement a NIF library.</p> - <p><c><anno>LoadInfo</anno></c> can be any term. It will be passed on to + implemented functions (NIFs) for a module. <c><anno>Path</anno></c> + is a file path to the shareable object/dynamic library file minus + the OS-dependent file extension (<c>.so</c> for Unix and + <c>.dll</c> for Windows. For information on how to + implement a NIF library, see + <seealso marker="erl_nif">erl_nif</seealso>.</p> + <p><c><anno>LoadInfo</anno></c> can be any term. It is passed on to the library as part of the initialization. A good practice is to include a module version number to support future code upgrade scenarios.</p> <p>The call to <c>load_nif/2</c> must be made <em>directly</em> from the Erlang code of the module that the - NIF library belongs to.</p> - <p>It returns either <c>ok</c>, or <c>{error,{<anno>Reason</anno>,Text}}</c> - if loading fails. <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is one of the atoms below, - while <c><anno>Text</anno></c> is a human readable string that may give - some more information about the failure.</p> + NIF library belongs to. It returns either <c>ok</c>, or + <c>{error,{<anno>Reason</anno>,Text}}</c> if loading fails. + <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is one of the following atoms + while <c><anno>Text</anno></c> is a human readable string that + can give more information about the failure:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>load_failed</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The OS failed to load the NIF library.</p> + <item>The OS failed to load the NIF library. </item> <tag><c>bad_lib</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The library did not fulfil the requirements as a NIF - library of the calling module.</p> + <item>The library did not fulfill the requirements as a NIF + library of the calling module. </item> <tag><c>load | reload | upgrade</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The corresponding library callback was not successful.</p> + <item>The corresponding library callback was unsuccessful. </item> <tag><c>old_code</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The call to <c>load_nif/2</c> was made from the old - code of a module that has been upgraded. This is not - allowed.</p> + <item>The call to <c>load_nif/2</c> was made from the old + code of a module that has been upgraded; this is not + allowed. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="loaded" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>List of all loaded modules</fsummary> + <fsummary>Lists all loaded modules.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of all loaded Erlang modules (current and/or + <p>Returns a list of all loaded Erlang modules (current and old code), including preloaded modules.</p> <p>See also <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="localtime" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Current local date and time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Current local date and time.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the current local date and time - <c>{{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}}</c>.</p> - <p>The time zone and daylight saving time correction depend - on the underlying OS.</p> + <p>Returns the current local date and time, + <c>{{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}}</c>, + for example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:localtime().</input> {{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}</pre> + <p>The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend + on the underlying OS.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="localtime_to_universaltime" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from local to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from local to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Converts local date and time to Universal Time Coordinated - (UTC), if this is supported by the underlying OS. Otherwise, - no conversion is done and <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> is returned.</p> + (UTC), if supported by the underlying OS. Otherwise + no conversion is done and <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> + is returned.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}).</input> {{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}</pre> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> does not denote - a valid date and time.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> denotes an + invalid date and time.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="localtime_to_universaltime" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Convert from local to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from local to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Converts local date and time to Universal Time Coordinated - (UTC) just like <c>erlang:localtime_to_universaltime/1</c>, - but the caller decides if daylight saving time is active or - not.</p> - <p>If <c><anno>IsDst</anno> == true</c> the <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> is during - daylight saving time, if <c><anno>IsDst</anno> == false</c> it is not, - and if <c><anno>IsDst</anno> == undefined</c> the underlying OS may + (UTC) as <c>erlang:localtime_to_universaltime/1</c>, + but the caller decides if Daylight Saving Time is active.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>IsDst</anno> == true</c>, <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> is + during Daylight Saving Time, if <c><anno>IsDst</anno> == false</c> it is + not. If <c><anno>IsDst</anno> == undefined</c>, the underlying OS can guess, which is the same as calling <c>erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(<anno>Localtime</anno>)</c>.</p> + <p>Examples:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, true).</input> {{1996,11,6},{12,45,17}} @@ -2366,15 +2531,16 @@ os_prompt% </pre> {{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}} > <input>erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, undefined).</input> {{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}</pre> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> does not denote - a valid date and time.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Localtime</anno></c> denotes an + invalid date and time.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="make_ref" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Return a unique reference</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns a unique reference.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Return a <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_references">unique + <p>Returns a <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_references">unique reference</seealso>. The reference is unique among connected nodes.</p> <warning><p>Known issue: When a node is restarted multiple @@ -2383,200 +2549,209 @@ os_prompt% </pre> created on an older node with the same node name.</p></warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="make_tuple" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Create a new tuple of a given arity</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new tuple of a given arity.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a new tuple of the given <c><anno>Arity</anno></c>, where all - elements are <c><anno>InitialValue</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Creates a new tuple of the given <c><anno>Arity</anno></c>, where all + elements are <c><anno>InitialValue</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:make_tuple(4, []).</input> {[],[],[],[]}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="make_tuple" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Create a new tuple with given arity and contents</fsummary> - <desc> - <p><c>erlang:make_tuple</c> first creates a tuple of size <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> - where each element has the value <c><anno>DefaultValue</anno></c>. It then fills - in values from <c><anno>InitList</anno></c>. Each list element in <c><anno>InitList</anno></c> - must be a two-tuple where the first element is a position in the - newly created tuple and the second element is any term. If a position - occurs more than once in the list, the term corresponding to - last occurrence will be used.</p> + <fsummary>Creates a new tuple with given arity and contents.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Creates a tuple of size <c><anno>Arity</anno></c>, where each element + has value <c><anno>DefaultValue</anno></c>, and then fills in + values from <c><anno>InitList</anno></c>. + Each list element in <c><anno>InitList</anno></c> + must be a two-tuple, where the first element is a position in the + newly created tuple and the second element is any term. If a + position occurs more than once in the list, the term corresponding + to the last occurrence is used.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:make_tuple(5, [], [{2,ignored},{5,zz},{2,aa}]).</input> {{[],aa,[],[],zz}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="map_size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return the size of a map</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the size of a map.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer which is the number of key-value pairs in <c><anno>Map</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns an integer, which is the number of key-value pairs + in <c><anno>Map</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>map_size(#{a=>1, b=>2, c=>3}).</input> 3</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="max" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Return the largest of two term</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the largest of two terms.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Return the largest of <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> and <c><anno>Term2</anno></c>; - if the terms compare equal, <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> will be returned.</p> + <p>Returns the largest of <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> and + <c><anno>Term2</anno></c>. + If the terms are equal, <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> is returned.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="md5" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Compute an MD5 message digest</fsummary> + <fsummary>Computes an MD5 message digest.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Computes an <c>MD5</c> message digest from <c><anno>Data</anno></c>, where - the length of the digest is 128 bits (16 bytes). <c><anno>Data</anno></c> + <p>Computes an MD5 message digest from <c><anno>Data</anno></c>, where + the length of the digest is 128 bits (16 bytes). + <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is a binary or a list of small integers and binaries.</p> - <p>See The MD5 Message Digest Algorithm (RFC 1321) for more - information about MD5.</p> - <warning><p>The MD5 Message Digest Algorithm is <em>not</em> considered - safe for code-signing or software integrity purposes.</p></warning> + <p>For more information about MD5, see RFC 1321 - The + MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.</p> + <warning><p>The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is <em>not</em> considered + safe for code-signing or software-integrity purposes.</p></warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="md5_final" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Finish the update of an MD5 context and return the computed MD5 message digest</fsummary> + <fsummary>Finishes the update of an MD5 context and returns the computed MD5 message digest.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Finishes the update of an MD5 <c><anno>Context</anno></c> and returns the computed <c>MD5</c> message digest.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="md5_init" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Create an MD5 context</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates an MD5 context.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Creates an MD5 context, to be used in subsequent calls to <c>md5_update/2</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="md5_update" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Update an MD5 context with data, and return a new context</fsummary> + <fsummary>Updates an MD5 context with data and returns a new context.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Updates an MD5 <c><anno>Context</anno></c> with <c><anno>Data</anno></c>, and returns - a <c><anno>NewContext</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Updates an MD5 <c><anno>Context</anno></c> with + <c><anno>Data</anno></c> and returns a + <c><anno>NewContext</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="memory" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Information about dynamically allocated memory.</fsummary> <type name="memory_type"/> - <fsummary>Information about dynamically allocated memory</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns a list containing information about memory - dynamically allocated by the Erlang emulator. Each element of - the list is a tuple <c>{Type, Size}</c>. The first element - <c><anno>Type</anno></c>is an atom describing memory type. The second - element <c><anno>Size</anno></c>is memory size in bytes. A description of - each memory type follows:</p> + <desc> + <p>Returns a list with information about memory + dynamically allocated by the Erlang emulator. Each list + element is a tuple <c>{Type, Size}</c>. The first element + <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is an atom describing memory type. The second + element <c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the memory size in bytes.</p> + <p>The memory types are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>total</c></tag> <item> - <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated, which is - the same as the sum of memory size for <c>processes</c> + <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated. This is + the same as the sum of the memory size for <c>processes</c> and <c>system</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>processes</c></tag> <item> - <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated by + <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for the Erlang processes.</p> </item> <tag><c>processes_used</c></tag> <item> <p>The total amount of memory currently used by the Erlang - processes.</p> - <p>This memory is part of the memory presented as + processes. This is part of the memory presented as <c>processes</c> memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>system</c></tag> <item> - <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated by + <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for the emulator that is not directly related to any Erlang - process.</p> - <p>Memory presented as <c>processes</c> is not included in - this memory.</p> + process. Memory presented as <c>processes</c> is not + included in this memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>atom</c></tag> <item> - <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for atoms.</p> - <p>This memory is part of the memory presented as + <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for atoms. + This memory is part of the memory presented as <c>system</c> memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>atom_used</c></tag> <item> - <p>The total amount of memory currently used for atoms.</p> - <p>This memory is part of the memory presented as + <p>The total amount of memory currently used for atoms. + This memory is part of the memory presented as <c>atom</c> memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>binary</c></tag> <item> <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for - binaries.</p> - <p>This memory is part of the memory presented as - <c>system</c> memory.</p> + binaries. This memory is part of the memory presented + as <c>system</c> memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>code</c></tag> <item> <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for - Erlang code.</p> - <p>This memory is part of the memory presented as - <c>system</c> memory.</p> + Erlang code. This memory is part of the memory presented + as <c>system</c> memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>ets</c></tag> <item> <p>The total amount of memory currently allocated for ets - tables.</p> - <p>This memory is part of the memory presented as + tables. This memory is part of the memory presented as <c>system</c> memory.</p> </item> <tag><c>low</c></tag> <item> - <p>Only on 64-bit halfword emulator.</p> - <p>The total amount of memory allocated in low memory areas - that are restricted to less than 4 Gb even though - the system may have more physical memory.</p> - <p>May be removed in future releases of halfword emulator.</p> + <p>Only on 64-bit halfword emulator. + The total amount of memory allocated in low memory areas + that are restricted to less than 4 GB, although + the system can have more memory.</p> + <p>Can be removed in a future release of the halfword + emulator.</p> </item> <tag><c>maximum</c></tag> <item> <p>The maximum total amount of memory allocated since - the emulator was started.</p> - <p>This tuple is only present when the emulator is run with - instrumentation.</p> + the emulator was started. This tuple is only present + when the emulator is run with instrumentation.</p> <p>For information on how to run the emulator with - instrumentation see + instrumentation, see <seealso marker="tools:instrument">instrument(3)</seealso> and/or <seealso marker="erts:erl">erl(1)</seealso>.</p> </item> </taglist> <note> <p>The <c>system</c> value is not complete. Some allocated - memory that should be part of the <c>system</c> value are - not.</p> + memory that is to be part of this value is not.</p> <p>When the emulator is run with instrumentation, the <c>system</c> value is more accurate, but memory - directly allocated by <c>malloc</c> (and friends) are still + directly allocated for <c>malloc</c> (and friends) is still not part of the <c>system</c> value. Direct calls to - <c>malloc</c> are only done from OS specific runtime - libraries and perhaps from user implemented Erlang drivers + <c>malloc</c> are only done from OS-specific runtime + libraries and perhaps from user-implemented Erlang drivers that do not use the memory allocation functions in the driver interface.</p> - <p>Since the <c>total</c> value is the sum of <c>processes</c> - and <c>system</c> the error in <c>system</c> will propagate + <p>As the <c>total</c> value is the sum of <c>processes</c> + and <c>system</c>, the error in <c>system</c> propagates to the <c>total</c> value.</p> <p>The different amounts of memory that are summed are - <em>not</em> gathered atomically which also introduce + <em>not</em> gathered atomically, which introduces an error in the result.</p> </note> - <p>The different values has the following relation to each + <p>The different values have the following relation to each other. Values beginning with an uppercase letter is not part of the result.</p> <code type="none"> @@ -2584,69 +2759,62 @@ os_prompt% </pre> processes = processes_used + ProcessesNotUsed system = atom + binary + code + ets + OtherSystem atom = atom_used + AtomNotUsed - RealTotal = processes + RealSystem RealSystem = system + MissedSystem</code> - <p>More tuples in the returned list may be added in the future.</p> + <p>More tuples in the returned list can be added in a + future release.</p> <note> <p>The <c>total</c> value is supposed to be the total amount of memory dynamically allocated by the emulator. Shared libraries, the code of the emulator itself, and - the emulator stack(s) are not supposed to be included. That + the emulator stacks are not supposed to be included. That is, the <c>total</c> value is <em>not</em> supposed to be - equal to the total size of all pages mapped to the emulator. - Furthermore, due to fragmentation and pre-reservation of - memory areas, the size of the memory segments which contain - the dynamically allocated memory blocks can be substantially + equal to the total size of all pages mapped to the emulator.</p> + <p>Furthermore, because of fragmentation and prereservation of + memory areas, the size of the memory segments containing + the dynamically allocated memory blocks can be much larger than the total size of the dynamically allocated memory blocks.</p> </note> <note> - <p> - Since erts version 5.6.4 <c>erlang:memory/0</c> requires that + <p>As from <c>ERTS</c> 5.6.4, <c>erlang:memory/0</c> requires that all <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc">erts_alloc(3)</seealso> - allocators are enabled (default behaviour). - </p> + allocators are enabled (default behavior).</p> </note> - <p>Failure:</p> - <taglist> - <tag><c>notsup</c></tag> - <item> - If an <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc">erts_alloc(3)</seealso> - allocator has been disabled. - </item> - </taglist> + <p>Failure: <c>notsup</c> if an + <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc">erts_alloc(3)</seealso> + allocator has been disabled.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="memory" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> <name name="memory" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> + <fsummary>Information about dynamically allocated memory.</fsummary> <type name="memory_type"/> - <fsummary>Information about dynamically allocated memory</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the memory size in bytes allocated for memory of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c>. The argument can also be given as a list of <c>memory_type()</c> atoms, in which case a corresponding list of <c>{memory_type(), Size :: integer >= 0}</c> tuples is returned.</p> <note> - <p> - Since erts version 5.6.4 <c>erlang:memory/1</c> requires that + <p>As from <c>ERTS</c> version 5.6.4, + <c>erlang:memory/1</c> requires that all <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc">erts_alloc(3)</seealso> - allocators are enabled (default behaviour). - </p> + allocators are enabled (default behavior).</p> </note> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is not one of the memory types listed in the - documentation of + If <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is not one of the memory types + listed in the description of <seealso marker="#memory/0">erlang:memory/0</seealso>. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c>maximum</c> is passed as <c><anno>Type</anno></c> and the emulator - is not run in instrumented mode. + If <c>maximum</c> is passed as <c><anno>Type</anno></c> and + the emulator is not run in instrumented mode. </item> <tag><c>notsup</c></tag> <item> @@ -2658,35 +2826,39 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <seealso marker="#memory/0">erlang:memory/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="min" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Return the smallest of two term</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the smallest of two terms.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Return the smallest of <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> and <c><anno>Term2</anno></c>; - if the terms compare equal, <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> will be returned.</p> + <p>Returns the smallest of <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> and + <c><anno>Term2</anno></c>. + If the terms are equal, <c><anno>Term1</anno></c> is returned.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="module_loaded" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Check if a module is loaded</fsummary> + <fsummary>Checks if a module is loaded.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> is loaded, - otherwise returns <c>false</c>. It does not attempt to load + <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> + is loaded, otherwise <c>false</c>. It does not attempt to load the module.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for the code server (see - <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and should not be + <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and is not to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> + <fsummary>Starts monitoring.</fsummary> <type name="registered_name"/> <type name="registered_process_identifier"/> <type name="monitor_process_identifier"/> - <fsummary>Start monitoring</fsummary> <desc> <p>Send a monitor request of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c> to the entity identified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. The caller of @@ -2694,15 +2866,15 @@ os_prompt% </pre> following format if the monitored state is changed:</p> <code type="none">{Tag, <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, <anno>Type</anno>, Object, Info}</code> <note><p>The monitor request is an asynchronous signal. That is, it - takes time before the signal reach its destination.</p></note> - <p>Currently valid <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s:</p> + takes time before the signal reaches its destination.</p></note> + <p>Valid <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s:</p> <taglist> <tag><marker id="monitor_process"/><c>process</c></tag> <item> <p>Monitor the existence of the process identified by - <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. Currently valid + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. Valid <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s in combination with the - <c>process <anno>Type</anno></c>:</p> + <c>process <anno>Type</anno></c> can be any of the following:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>pid()</c></tag> <item> @@ -2721,10 +2893,10 @@ os_prompt% </pre> will become monitored.</p> </item> </taglist> - <note><p>When a process is monitored by registered name, the - process that has the registered name at the time when the + <note><p>When a registered name is used, the + process that has the registered name when the monitor request reach its destination will be monitored. - The monitor will not be effected, if the registered name is + The monitor is not effected if the registered name is unregistered, or unregistered and later registered on another process.</p></note> <p>The monitor is triggered either when the monitored process @@ -2732,22 +2904,22 @@ os_prompt% </pre> lost. In the case the connection to it is lost, we do not know if it still exist or not. After this type of monitor has been triggered, the monitor is automatically removed.</p> - <p>When the monitor is triggered a <c>'DOWN'</c> message will - be sent to the monitoring process. A <c>'DOWN'</c> message has + <p>When the monitor is triggered a <c>'DOWN'</c> message is + sent to the monitoring process. A <c>'DOWN'</c> message has the following pattern:</p> <code type="none">{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}</code> - <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c> and <c>Type</c> are the same as - described above, and:</p> + <p>Here <c>MonitorRef</c> and <c>Type</c> are the same as + described earlier, and:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>Object</c></tag> <item> <p>equals:</p> <taglist> <tag><c><anno>Item</anno></c></tag> - <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified by a - pid.</item> + <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is specified by a + process identifier.</item> <tag><c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c></tag> - <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as + <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is specified as <c>RegisteredName</c>, or <c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c> where <c>Node</c> corresponds to the node that the monitored process resides on.</item> @@ -2760,26 +2932,26 @@ os_prompt% </pre> connection to the node where the monitored process resides).</p></item> </taglist> - <p>The monitoring is turned off either when the <c>'DOWN'</c> - message is sent, or when + <p>The monitoring is turned off when the <c>'DOWN'</c> + message is sent or when <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso> is called.</p> <p>If an attempt is made to monitor a process on an older node - (where remote process monitoring is not implemented or one + (where remote process monitoring is not implemented or where remote process monitoring by registered name is not implemented), the call fails with <c>badarg</c>.</p> <note> - <p>The format of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message changed in the 5.2 - version of the emulator (OTP release R9B) for monitor - <em>by registered name</em>. The <c>Object</c> element of + <p>The format of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message changed in ERTS + version 5.2 (OTP R9B) for monitoring + <em>by registered name</em>. Element <c>Object</c> of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message could in earlier versions - sometimes be the pid of the monitored process and sometimes - be the registered name. Now the <c>Object</c> element is + sometimes be the process identifier of the monitored process and sometimes + be the registered name. Now element <c>Object</c> is always a tuple consisting of the registered name and - the node name. Processes on new nodes (emulator version 5.2 - or greater) will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on + the node name. Processes on new nodes (ERTS version 5.2 + or higher) always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on the new format even if they are monitoring processes on old - nodes. Processes on old nodes will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> + nodes. Processes on old nodes always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on the old format.</p> </note> </item> @@ -2807,8 +2979,8 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single time warp mode</seealso> is used. When a change from preliminary to final time offset is made, the monitor will be triggered once - regardless of whether the time offset value was changed due to - the finalization or not.</p> + regardless of whether the time offset value was actually changed + or not.</p> <p>If the runtime system is in <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi @@ -2836,7 +3008,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <p>When the <c>'CHANGE'</c> message has been received you are guaranteed not to retrieve the old time offset when calling <seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso>. - Note that you may observe the change of the time offset + Note that you can observe the change of the time offset when calling <c>erlang:time_offset()</c> before you get the <c>'CHANGE'</c> message.</p> @@ -2844,67 +3016,71 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </taglist> <p>Making several calls to <c>monitor/2</c> for the same <c><anno>Item</anno></c> and/or <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is not - an error; it results in many, completely independent, - monitorings.</p> + an error; it results in as many independent monitoring instances.</p> <p>The monitor functionality is expected to be extended. That is, other <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s and <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s - are expected to be supported in the future.</p> + are expected to be supported in a future release.</p> <note> - <p>If/when <c>monitor/2</c> is extended, other - possible values for <c>Tag</c>, <c>Object</c>, and + <p>If or when <c>monitor/2</c> is extended, other + possible values for <c>Tag</c>, <c>Object</c> and <c>Info</c> in the monitor message will be introduced.</p> </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="monitor_node" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Monitor the status of a node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Monitors the status of a node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Monitors the status of the node <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Flag</anno></c> - is <c>true</c>, monitoring is turned on; if <c><anno>Flag</anno></c> is - <c>false</c>, monitoring is turned off.</p> + <p>Monitors the status of the node <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. + If <c><anno>Flag</anno></c> + is <c>true</c>, monitoring is turned on. If <c><anno>Flag</anno></c> + is <c>false</c>, monitoring is turned off.</p> <p>Making several calls to <c>monitor_node(Node, true)</c> for - the same <c><anno>Node</anno></c> is not an error; it results in as many, - completely independent, monitorings.</p> + the same <c><anno>Node</anno></c> is not an error; it results + in as many independent monitoring instances.</p> <p>If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> fails or does not exist, the message <c>{nodedown, Node}</c> is delivered to the process. If a process has made two calls to <c>monitor_node(Node, true)</c> - and <c><anno>Node</anno></c> terminates, two <c>nodedown</c> messages are - delivered to the process. If there is no connection to - <c><anno>Node</anno></c>, there will be an attempt to create one. If this - fails, a <c>nodedown</c> message is delivered.</p> + and <c><anno>Node</anno></c> terminates, two <c>nodedown</c> messages + are delivered to the process. If there is no connection to + <c><anno>Node</anno></c>, an attempt is made to create one. + If this fails, a <c>nodedown</c> message is delivered.</p> <p>Nodes connected through hidden connections can be monitored - as any other node.</p> + as any other nodes.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the local node is not alive.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="monitor_node" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Monitor the status of a node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Monitors the status of a node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Behaves as <c>monitor_node/2</c> except that it allows an + <p>Behaves as + <seealso marker="#monitor_node/2">monitor_node/2</seealso> + except that it allows an extra option to be given, namely <c>allow_passive_connect</c>. - The option allows the BIF to wait the normal net connection - timeout for the <em>monitored node</em> to connect itself, + This option allows the BIF to wait the normal network connection + time-out for the <em>monitored node</em> to connect itself, even if it cannot be actively connected from this node - (i.e. it is blocked). The state where this might be useful can - only be achieved by using the kernel option - <c>dist_auto_connect once</c>. If that kernel option is not - used, the <c>allow_passive_connect</c> option has no - effect.</p> + (that is, it is blocked). The state where this can be useful + can only be achieved by using the <c>Kernel</c> option + <c>dist_auto_connect once</c>. If that option is not + used, option <c>allow_passive_connect</c> has no effect.</p> <note> - <p>The <c>allow_passive_connect</c> option is used + <p>Option <c>allow_passive_connect</c> is used internally and is seldom needed in applications where the - network topology and the kernel options in effect is known in - advance.</p> + network topology and the <c>Kernel</c> options in effect + are known in advance.</p> </note> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the local node is not alive or the option list is malformed.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="monotonic_time" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Current Erlang monotonic time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Current Erlang monotonic time.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the current <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang @@ -2917,7 +3093,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <seealso marker="time_correction#Monotonically_Increasing">monotonically increasing</seealso> time, but <em>not</em> a <seealso marker="time_correction#Strictly_Monotonically_Increasing">strictly monotonically increasing</seealso> time. That is, consecutive calls to - <c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c> may produce the same result.</p> + <c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c> can produce the same result.</p> <p>Different runtime system instances will use different unspecified points in time as base for their Erlang monotonic clocks. @@ -2925,9 +3101,9 @@ os_prompt% </pre> different runtime system instances. Different runtime system instances may also place this unspecified point in time different relative runtime system start. It may be placed in the future (time at start - will be a negative value), the past (time at start will be a - positive value), or the runtime system start (time at start will - be zero). The monotonic time as of runtime system start can be + is a negative value), the past (time at start is a + positive value), or the runtime system start (time at start is + zero). The monotonic time at runtime system start can be retrieved by calling <seealso marker="#system_info_start_time"><c>erlang:system_info(start_time)</c></seealso>.</p></note> </desc> @@ -2949,61 +3125,68 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> <name name="nif_error" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops execution with a given reason.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Works exactly like - <seealso marker="#error/1">erlang:error/1</seealso>, - but Dialyzer thinks that this BIF will return an arbitrary term. - When used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an - exception when the NIF library is not loaded, Dialyzer - will not generate false warnings.</p> + <seealso marker="#error/1">erlang:error/1</seealso>, but + <c>Dialyzer</c> thinks that this BIF will return an arbitrary + term. When used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an + exception when the NIF library is not loaded, <c>Dialyzer</c> + does not generate false warnings.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="nif_error" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary> + <fsummary>Stops execution with a given reason.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Works exactly like - <seealso marker="#error/2">erlang:error/2</seealso>, - but Dialyzer thinks that this BIF will return an arbitrary term. - When used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an - exception when the NIF library is not loaded, Dialyzer - will not generate false warnings.</p> + <seealso marker="#error/2">erlang:error/2</seealso>, but + <c>Dialyzer</c> thinks that this BIF will return an arbitrary + term. When used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an + exception when the NIF library is not loaded, <c>Dialyzer</c> + does not generate false warnings.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="node" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Name of the local node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Name of the local node.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the name of the local node. If the node is not alive, <c>nonode@nohost</c> is returned instead.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="node" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>At which node is a pid, port or reference located</fsummary> + <fsummary>At which node a pid, port, or reference originates.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the node where <c><anno>Arg</anno></c> is located. <c><anno>Arg</anno></c> can - be a pid, a reference, or a port. If the local node is not + <p>Returns the node where <c><anno>Arg</anno></c> originates. + <c><anno>Arg</anno></c> can + be a process identifier, a reference, or a port. + If the local node is not alive, <c>nonode@nohost</c> is returned.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="nodes" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>All visible nodes in the system</fsummary> + <fsummary>All visible nodes in the system.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of all visible nodes in the system, excluding + <p>Returns a list of all visible nodes in the system, except the local node. Same as <c>nodes(visible)</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="nodes" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>All nodes of a certain type in the system</fsummary> + <fsummary>All nodes of a certain type in the system.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of nodes according to argument given. - The result returned when the argument is a list, is the list + <p>Returns a list of nodes according to the argument given. + The returned result when the argument is a list, is the list of nodes satisfying the disjunction(s) of the list elements.</p> <p><c><anno>NodeType</anno></c> can be any of the following:</p> <taglist> @@ -3025,22 +3208,26 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>known</c></tag> <item> - <p>Nodes which are known to this node, i.e., connected, - previously connected, etc.</p> + <p>Nodes that are known to this node. That is, connected + nodes and nodes referred to by process identifiers, port + identifiers and references located on this node. + The set of known nodes is garbage collected. Notice that + this garbage collection can be delayed. For more + information, see + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_delayed_node_table_gc">delayed_node_table_gc</seealso>. + </p> </item> </taglist> <p>Some equalities: <c>[node()] = nodes(this)</c>, <c>nodes(connected) = nodes([visible, hidden])</c>, and <c>nodes() = nodes(visible)</c>.</p> - <p>If the local node is not alive, - <c>nodes(this) == nodes(known) == [nonode@nohost]</c>, for - any other <c><anno>Arg</anno></c> the empty list [] is returned.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="now" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Elapsed time since 00:00 GMT.</fsummary> <type name="timestamp"/> - <fsummary>Elapsed time since 00:00 GMT</fsummary> <desc> <warning><p><em>This function is deprecated! Do not use it!</em> See the users guide chapter @@ -3050,107 +3237,101 @@ os_prompt% </pre> section for information on what to use instead of <c>erlang:now/0</c>. </p></warning> <p>Returns the tuple <c>{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}</c> which is - the elapsed time since 00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970 (zero hour) + the elapsed time since 00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970 (zero hour), on the assumption that the underlying OS supports this. - Otherwise, some other point in time is chosen. It is also - guaranteed that subsequent calls to this BIF returns + Otherwise some other point in time is chosen. It is also + guaranteed that subsequent calls to this BIF return continuously increasing values. Hence, the return value from - <c>now()</c> can be used to generate unique time-stamps, - and if it is called in a tight loop on a fast machine + <c>now()</c> can be used to generate unique time-stamps. + If it is called in a tight loop on a fast machine, the time of the node can become skewed.</p> - <p>It can only be used to check the local time of day if - the time-zone info of the underlying operating system is + <p>Can only be used to check the local time of day if + the time-zone information of the underlying OS is properly configured.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="open_port" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Open a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Opens a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns a port identifier as the result of opening a new Erlang port. A port can be seen as an external Erlang - process. - </p> + process.</p> <p>The name of the executable as well as the arguments - given in <c>cd</c>, <c>env</c>, <c>args</c> and <c>arg0</c> is subject to - Unicode file name translation if the system is running + given in <c>cd</c>, <c>env</c>, <c>args</c>, and <c>arg0</c> are + subject to Unicode file name translation if the system is running in Unicode file name mode. To avoid - translation or force i.e. UTF-8, supply the executable + translation or to force, for example UTF-8, supply the executable and/or arguments as a binary in the correct - encoding. See the <seealso - marker="kernel:file">file</seealso> module, the - <seealso marker="kernel:file#native_name_encoding/0"> - file:native_name_encoding/0</seealso> function and the - <seealso marker="stdlib:unicode_usage">stdlib users guide - </seealso> for details.</p> - - <note><p>The characters in the name (if given as a list) - can only be > 255 if the Erlang VM is started in - Unicode file name translation mode, otherwise the name + encoding. For details, see the module + <seealso marker="kernel:file">file</seealso>, the function + <seealso marker="kernel:file#native_name_encoding/0">file:native_name_encoding/0</seealso>, and the + <seealso marker="stdlib:unicode_usage">STDLIB </seealso> + User's Guide.</p> + <note><p>The characters in the name (if given as a list) can + only be higher than 255 if the Erlang Virtual Machine is started + in Unicode file name translation mode. Otherwise the name of the executable is limited to the ISO-latin-1 character set.</p></note> - - <p><c><anno>PortName</anno></c> is one of the following:</p> + <p><c><anno>PortName</anno></c> can be any of the following:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Starts an external program. <c><anno>Command</anno></c> is the name - of the external program which will be run. <c><anno>Command</anno></c> + <p>Starts an external program. <c><anno>Command</anno></c> + is the name of the external program to be run. + <c><anno>Command</anno></c> runs outside the Erlang work space unless an Erlang - driver with the name <c><anno>Command</anno></c> is found. If found, - that driver will be started. A driver runs in the Erlang - workspace, which means that it is linked with the Erlang + driver with the name <c><anno>Command</anno></c> is found. + If found, that driver is started. A driver runs in the Erlang + work space, which means that it is linked with the Erlang runtime system.</p> <p>When starting external programs on Solaris, the system call <c>vfork</c> is used in preference to <c>fork</c> for performance reasons, although it has a history of - being less robust. If there are problems with using - <c>vfork</c>, setting the environment variable - <c>ERL_NO_VFORK</c> to any value will cause <c>fork</c> + being less robust. If there are problems using + <c>vfork</c>, setting environment variable + <c>ERL_NO_VFORK</c> to any value causes <c>fork</c> to be used instead.</p> - - <p>For external programs, the <c>PATH</c> is searched + <p>For external programs, <c>PATH</c> is searched (or an equivalent method is used to find programs, - depending on operating system). This is done by invoking - the shell on certain platforms. The first space - separated token of the command will be considered as the + depending on OS). This is done by invoking + the shell on certain platforms. The first space-separated + token of the command is considered as the name of the executable (or driver). This (among other things) makes this option unsuitable for running - programs having spaces in file or directory names. Use - {spawn_executable, <anno>Command</anno>} instead if spaces in executable - file names is desired.</p> + programs having spaces in file names or directory names. + If spaces in executable file names are desired, use + <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> instead.</p> </item> <tag><c>{spawn_driver, <anno>Command</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p>Works like <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c>, but demands the - first (space separated) token of the command to be the name of a + first (space-separated) token of the command to be the name of a loaded driver. If no driver with that name is loaded, a <c>badarg</c> error is raised.</p> </item> <tag><c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Works like <c>{spawn, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>, but only runs - external executables. The <c><anno>FileName</anno></c> in its whole - is used as the name of the executable, including any - spaces. If arguments are to be passed, the - <c>args</c> and <c>arg0</c> <c><anno>PortSettings</anno></c> can be used.</p> - - <p>The shell is not usually invoked to start the - program, it's executed directly. Neither is the - <c>PATH</c> (or equivalent) searched. To find a program - in the PATH to execute, use <seealso - marker="kernel:os#find_executable/1">os:find_executable/1</seealso>.</p> + external executables. <c><anno>FileName</anno></c> in its whole + is used as the name of the executable, including any spaces. + If arguments are to be passed, the <c><anno>PortSettings</anno></c> + <c>args</c> and <c>arg0</c> can be used.</p> + <p>The shell is usually not invoked to start the + program, it is executed directly. <c>PATH</c> (or + equivalent) is not searched. To find a program + in <c>PATH</c> to execute, use + <seealso marker="kernel:os#find_executable/1">os:find_executable/1</seealso>.</p> <p>Only if a shell script or <c>.bat</c> file is - executed, the appropriate command interpreter will - implicitly be invoked, but there will still be no - command argument expansion or implicit PATH search.</p> - - <p>If the <c><anno>FileName</anno></c> cannot be run, an error - exception, with the posix error code as the reason, is - raised. The error reason may differ between operating - systems. Typically the error <c>enoent</c> is raised - when one tries to run a program that is not found and + executed, the appropriate command interpreter is + invoked implicitly, but there is still no + command argument expansion or implicit <c>PATH</c> search.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>FileName</anno></c> cannot be run, an error + exception is raised, with the POSIX error code as the reason. + The error reason can differ between OSs. + Typically the error <c>enoent</c> is raised when an + attempt is made to run a program that is not found and <c>eacces</c> is raised when the given file is not executable.</p> </item> @@ -3160,19 +3341,18 @@ os_prompt% </pre> file descriptors used by Erlang. The file descriptor <c><anno>In</anno></c> can be used for standard input, and the file descriptor <c><anno>Out</anno></c> for standard output. It is only - used for various servers in the Erlang operating system - (<c>shell</c> and <c>user</c>). Hence, its use is very - limited.</p> + used for various servers in the Erlang OS (<c>shell</c> + and <c>user</c>). Hence, its use is limited.</p> </item> </taglist> <p><c><anno>PortSettings</anno></c> is a list of settings for the port. - Valid settings are:</p> + The valid settings are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{packet, <anno>N</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p>Messages are preceded by their length, sent in <c><anno>N</anno></c> - bytes, with the most significant byte first. Valid values - for <c>N</c> are 1, 2, or 4.</p> + bytes, with the most significant byte first. The valid values + for <c>N</c> are 1, 2, and 4.</p> </item> <tag><c>stream</c></tag> <item> @@ -3183,116 +3363,108 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <tag><c>{line, <anno>L</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p>Messages are delivered on a per line basis. Each line - (delimited by the OS-dependent newline sequence) is - delivered in one single message. The message data format - is <c>{Flag, Line}</c>, where <c>Flag</c> is either - <c>eol</c> or <c>noeol</c> and <c>Line</c> is the actual - data delivered (without the newline sequence).</p> + (delimited by the OS-dependent new line sequence) is + delivered in a single message. The message data format + is <c>{Flag, Line}</c>, where <c>Flag</c> is + <c>eol</c> or <c>noeol</c>, and <c>Line</c> is the + data delivered (without the new line sequence).</p> <p><c><anno>L</anno></c> specifies the maximum line length in bytes. - Lines longer than this will be delivered in more than one - message, with the <c>Flag</c> set to <c>noeol</c> for all + Lines longer than this are delivered in more than one + message, with <c>Flag</c> set to <c>noeol</c> for all but the last message. If end of file is encountered - anywhere else than immediately following a newline - sequence, the last line will also be delivered with - the <c>Flag</c> set to <c>noeol</c>. In all other cases, + anywhere else than immediately following a new line + sequence, the last line is also delivered with + <c>Flag</c> set to <c>noeol</c>. Otherwise lines are delivered with <c>Flag</c> set to <c>eol</c>.</p> - <p>The <c>{packet, <anno>N</anno>}</c> and <c>{line, <anno>L</anno>}</c> settings are - mutually exclusive.</p> + <p>The <c>{packet, <anno>N</anno>}</c> and <c>{line, + <anno>L</anno>}</c> settings are mutually exclusive.</p> </item> <tag><c>{cd, <anno>Dir</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>This is only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> and - <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>. + <p>Only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> and + <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>. The external program starts using <c><anno>Dir</anno></c> as its - working directory. <c><anno>Dir</anno></c> must be a string. - </p> + working directory. <c><anno>Dir</anno></c> must be a string.</p> </item> <tag><c>{env, <anno>Env</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>This is only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> and + <p>Only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> and <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>. The environment of the started process is extended using the environment specifications in <c><anno>Env</anno></c>.</p> - <p><c><anno>Env</anno></c> should be a list of tuples <c>{<anno>Name</anno>, <anno>Val</anno>}</c>, - where <c><anno>Name</anno></c> is the name of an environment variable, - and <c><anno>Val</anno></c> is the value it is to have in the spawned - port process. Both <c><anno>Name</anno></c> and <c><anno>Val</anno></c> must be - strings. The one exception is <c><anno>Val</anno></c> being the atom + <p><c><anno>Env</anno></c> is to be a list of tuples + <c>{<anno>Name</anno>, <anno>Val</anno>}</c>, + where <c><anno>Name</anno></c> is the name of an + environment variable, and <c><anno>Val</anno></c> is the + value it is to have in the spawned + port process. Both <c><anno>Name</anno></c> and + <c><anno>Val</anno></c> must be strings. The one + exception is <c><anno>Val</anno></c> being the atom <c>false</c> (in analogy with <c>os:getenv/1</c>), which - removes the environment variable. - </p> + removes the environment variable.</p> </item> <tag><c>{args, [ string() | binary() ]}</c></tag> <item> - - <p>This option is only valid for <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c> + <p>Only valid for <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c> and specifies arguments to the executable. Each argument is given as a separate string and (on Unix) eventually ends up as one element each in the argument vector. On - other platforms, similar behavior is mimicked.</p> - - <p>The arguments are not expanded by the shell prior to - being supplied to the executable, most notably this - means that file wildcard expansion will not happen. Use - <seealso - marker="stdlib:filelib#wildcard/1">filelib:wildcard/1</seealso> - to expand wildcards for the arguments. Note that even if + other platforms, a similar behavior is mimicked.</p> + <p>The arguments are not expanded by the shell before + being supplied to the executable. Most notably this + means that file wild card expansion does not happen. + To expand wild cards for the arguments, use + <seealso marker="stdlib:filelib#wildcard/1">filelib:wildcard/1</seealso>. + Notice that even if the program is a Unix shell script, meaning that the - shell will ultimately be invoked, wildcard expansion - will not happen and the script will be provided with the - untouched arguments. On Windows®, wildcard expansion - is always up to the program itself, why this isn't an - issue.</p> - - <p>Note also that the actual executable name (a.k.a. <c>argv[0]</c>) - should not be given in this list. The proper executable name will - automatically be used as argv[0] where applicable.</p> - - <p>If one, for any reason, wants to explicitly set the - program name in the argument vector, the <c>arg0</c> - option can be used.</p> - + shell ultimately is invoked, wild card expansion + does not happen, and the script is provided with the + untouched arguments. On Windows, wild card expansion + is always up to the program itself, therefore this is + not an issue issue.</p> + <p>The executable name (also known as <c>argv[0]</c>) + is not to be given in this list. The proper executable name + is automatically used as argv[0], where applicable.</p> + <p>If you explicitly want to set the + program name in the argument vector, option <c>arg0</c> + can be used.</p> </item> <tag><c>{arg0, string() | binary()}</c></tag> <item> - - <p>This option is only valid for <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c> + <p>Only valid for <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c> and explicitly specifies the program name argument when - running an executable. This might in some circumstances, - on some operating systems, be desirable. How the program - responds to this is highly system dependent and no specific + running an executable. This can in some circumstances, + on some OSs, be desirable. How the program + responds to this is highly system-dependent and no specific effect is guaranteed.</p> - </item> - <tag><c>exit_status</c></tag> <item> - <p>This is only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> where - <c><anno>Command</anno></c> refers to an external program, and for - <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>.</p> + <p>Only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c>, where + <c><anno>Command</anno></c> refers to an external program, and + for <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>.</p> <p>When the external process connected to the port exits, a message of the form <c>{Port,{exit_status,Status}}</c> is sent to the connected process, where <c>Status</c> is the exit status of the external process. If the program - aborts, on Unix the same convention is used as the shells - do (i.e., 128+signal).</p> - <p>If the <c>eof</c> option has been given as well, - the <c>eof</c> message and the <c>exit_status</c> message - appear in an unspecified order.</p> - <p>If the port program closes its stdout without exiting, - the <c>exit_status</c> option will not work.</p> + aborts on Unix, the same convention is used as the shells + do (that is, 128+signal).</p> + <p>If option <c>eof</c> is also given, the messages <c>eof</c> + and <c>exit_status</c> appear in an unspecified order.</p> + <p>If the port program closes its <c>stdout</c> without exiting, + option <c>exit_status</c> does not work.</p> </item> <tag><c>use_stdio</c></tag> <item> - <p>This is only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> and + <p>Only valid for <c>{spawn, <anno>Command</anno>}</c> and <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c>. It allows the standard input and output (file descriptors 0 - and 1) of the spawned (UNIX) process for communication + and 1) of the spawned (Unix) process for communication with Erlang.</p> </item> <tag><c>nouse_stdio</c></tag> <item> - <p>The opposite of <c>use_stdio</c>. Uses file descriptors + <p>The opposite of <c>use_stdio</c>. It uses file descriptors 3 and 4 for communication with Erlang.</p> </item> <tag><c>stderr_to_stdout</c></tag> @@ -3304,14 +3476,15 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>overlapped_io</c></tag> <item> - <p>Affects ports to external programs on Windows® only. - The standard input and standard output handles of the port program - will, if this option is supplied, be opened with the flag - FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, so that the port program can (and has to) do + <p>Affects ports to external programs on Windows only. The + standard input and standard output handles of the port program + are, if this option is supplied, opened with flag + <c>FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED</c>, so that the port program can + (and must) do overlapped I/O on its standard handles. This is not normally the case for simple port programs, but an option of value for the - experienced Windows programmer. <em>On all other platforms, this - option is silently discarded</em>.</p> + experienced Windows programmer. <em>On all other platforms, this + option is silently discarded.</em></p> </item> <tag><c>in</c></tag> <item> @@ -3323,345 +3496,354 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>binary</c></tag> <item> - <p>All IO from the port are binary data objects as opposed + <p>All I/O from the port is binary data objects as opposed to lists of bytes.</p> </item> <tag><c>eof</c></tag> <item> - <p>The port will not be closed at the end of the file and - produce an exit signal. Instead, it will remain open and - a <c>{Port, eof}</c> message will be sent to the process + <p>The port is not closed at the end of the file and does not + produce an exit signal. Instead, it remains open and + a <c>{Port, eof}</c> message is sent to the process holding the port.</p> </item> <tag><c>hide</c></tag> <item> - <p>When running on Windows, suppress creation of a new + <p>When running on Windows, suppresses creation of a new console window when spawning the port program. (This option has no effect on other platforms.)</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="open_port_parallelism"><c>{parallelism, Boolean}</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>{parallelism, Boolean}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Set scheduler hint for port parallelism. If set to <c>true</c>, - the VM will schedule port tasks when doing so will improve - parallelism in the system. If set to <c>false</c>, the VM will - try to perform port tasks immediately, improving latency at the - expense of parallelism. The default can be set on system startup - by passing the - <seealso marker="erl#+spp">+spp</seealso> command line argument - to <seealso marker="erl">erl(1)</seealso>. - </p> + <marker id="open_port_parallelism"></marker> + <p>Sets scheduler hint for port parallelism. If set to + <c>true</c>, the Virtual Machine schedules port tasks; + when doing so, it improves parallelism in the system. If set + to <c>false</c>, the Virtual Machine tries to + perform port tasks immediately, improving latency at the + expense of parallelism. The default can be set at system startup + by passing command-line argument + <seealso marker="erl#+spp">+spp</seealso> to <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>The default is <c>stream</c> for all types of port and + <p>Default is <c>stream</c> for all port types and <c>use_stdio</c> for spawned ports.</p> <p>Failure: If the port cannot be opened, the exit reason is - <c>badarg</c>, <c>system_limit</c>, or the Posix error code which - most closely describes the error, or <c>einval</c> if no Posix code - is appropriate:</p> + <c>badarg</c>, <c>system_limit</c>, or the POSIX error code that + most closely describes the error, or <c>einval</c> if no POSIX + code is appropriate:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> - <item> - <p>Bad input arguments to <c>open_port</c>.</p> + <item>Bad input arguments to <c>open_port</c>. </item> <tag><c>system_limit</c></tag> - <item> - <p>All available ports in the Erlang emulator are in use.</p> + <item>All available ports in the Erlang emulator are in use. </item> <tag><c>enomem</c></tag> - <item> - <p>There was not enough memory to create the port.</p> + <item>Not enough memory to create the port. </item> <tag><c>eagain</c></tag> - <item> - <p>There are no more available operating system processes.</p> + <item>No more available OS processes. </item> <tag><c>enametoolong</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The external command given was too long.</p> + <item>Too long external command. </item> <tag><c>emfile</c></tag> - <item> - <p>There are no more available file descriptors (for the operating system process - that the Erlang emulator runs in).</p> + <item>No more available file descriptors (for the + OS process that the Erlang emulator runs in). </item> <tag><c>enfile</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The file table is full (for the entire operating system).</p> + <item>Full file table (for the entire OS). </item> <tag><c>eacces</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The <c>Command</c> given in <c>{spawn_executable, Command}</c> does not point out an executable file.</p> + <item><c>Command</c> given in <c>{spawn_executable, Command}</c> + does not point out an executable file. </item> <tag><c>enoent</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The <c><anno>FileName</anno></c> given in <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c> does not point out an existing file.</p> + <item><c><anno>FileName</anno></c> given in + <c>{spawn_executable, <anno>FileName</anno>}</c> + does not point out an existing file. </item> </taglist> <p>During use of a port opened using <c>{spawn, Name}</c>, - <c>{spawn_driver, Name}</c> or <c>{spawn_executable, Name}</c>, + <c>{spawn_driver, Name}</c>, or <c>{spawn_executable, Name}</c>, errors arising when sending messages to it are reported to the owning process using signals of the form - <c>{'EXIT', Port, PosixCode}</c>. See <c>file(3)</c> for - possible values of <c>PosixCode</c>.</p> + <c>{'EXIT', Port, PosixCode}</c>. For the possible values of + <c>PosixCode</c>, see the + <seealso marker="kernel:file">file(3)</seealso> + manual page in <c>Kernel</c>.</p> <p>The maximum number of ports that can be open at the same - time can be configured by passing the - <seealso marker="erl#max_ports"><c>+Q</c></seealso> - command line flag to - <seealso marker="erl"><c>erl(1)</c></seealso>.</p> + time can be configured by passing command-line flag + <seealso marker="erl#max_ports"><c>+Q</c></seealso> to + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="phash" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Portable hash function.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="Range">Range = 1..2^32, Hash = 1..Range</type_desc> - <fsummary>Portable hash function</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Portable hash function that will give the same hash for + <p>Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine architecture and - ERTS version (the BIF was introduced in ERTS 4.9.1.1). Range - can be between 1 and 2^32, the function returns a hash value - for <c><anno>Term</anno></c> within the range <c>1..<anno>Range</anno></c>.</p> - <p>This BIF could be used instead of the old deprecated - <c>erlang:hash/2</c> BIF, as it calculates better hashes for - all data-types, but consider using <c>phash2/1,2</c> instead.</p> + <c>ERTS</c> version (the BIF was introduced in <c>ERTS</c> 4.9.1.1). + The function returns a hash value for + <c><anno>Term</anno></c> within the range + <c>1..<anno>Range</anno></c>. The maximum value for + <c><anno>Range</anno></c> is 2^32.</p> + <p>This BIF can be used instead of the old deprecated BIF + <c>erlang:hash/2</c>, as it calculates better hashes for + all data types, but consider using <c>phash2/1,2</c> instead.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="phash2" arity="1"/> <name name="phash2" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Portable hash function.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="Range">1..2^32</type_desc> <type_desc variable="Hash">0..Range-1</type_desc> - <fsummary>Portable hash function</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Portable hash function that will give the same hash for + <p>Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine architecture and - ERTS version (the BIF was introduced in ERTS 5.2). Range can - be between 1 and 2^32, the function returns a hash value for - <c><anno>Term</anno></c> within the range <c>0..<anno>Range</anno>-1</c>. When called - without the <c><anno>Range</anno></c> argument, a value in the range - <c>0..2^27-1</c> is returned.</p> - <p>This BIF should always be used for hashing terms. It + <c>ERTS</c> version (the BIF was introduced in <c>ERTS</c> 5.2). + The function returns a hash value for + <c><anno>Term</anno></c> within the range + <c>0..<anno>Range</anno>-1</c>. The maximum value for + <c><anno>Range</anno></c> is 2^32. When without argument + <c><anno>Range</anno></c>, a value in the range + 0..2^27-1 is returned.</p> + <p>This BIF is always to be used for hashing terms. It distributes small integers better than <c>phash/2</c>, and it is faster for bignums and binaries.</p> - <p>Note that the range <c>0..<anno>Range</anno>-1</c> is different from - the range of <c>phash/2</c> (<c>1..<anno>Range</anno></c>).</p> + <p>Notice that the range <c>0..<anno>Range</anno>-1</c> is + different from the range of <c>phash/2</c>, which is + <c>1..<anno>Range</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="pid_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a pid</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a pid.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>.</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and for use in - the Erlang operating system. It should not be used in - application programs.</p> + <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used + in application programs.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_close" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Close an open port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Closes an open port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Closes an open port. Roughly the same as - <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {self(), close}</c> except for the error behaviour - (see below), being synchronous, and that the port does - <em>not</em> reply with <c>{Port, closed}</c>. Any process may + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {self(), close}</c> except for the error behavior + (see the following), being synchronous, and that the port does + <em>not</em> reply with <c>{Port, closed}</c>. Any process can close a port with <c>port_close/1</c>, not only the port owner (the connected process). If the calling process is linked to - port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due - to that link will be received by the process prior to the return - from <c>port_close/1</c>.</p> - <p>For comparison: <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {self(), close}</c> fails with - <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> cannot be sent to (i.e., - <c><anno>Port</anno></c> refers neither to a port nor to a process). If - <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a closed port nothing happens. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> + the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_close/1</c> returns.</p> + <p>For comparison: <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {self(), close}</c> + only fails with <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> does + not refer to a port or a process. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> + is a closed port, nothing happens. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is an open port and the calling process is the port owner, - the port replies with <c>{Port, closed}</c> when all buffers - have been flushed and the port really closes, but if - the calling process is not the port owner the <em>port owner</em> fails with <c>badsig</c>.</p> - - <p>Note that any process can close a port using - <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, close}</c> just as if it itself was + the port replies with <c>{Port, closed}</c> when all buffers + have been flushed and the port really closes. If the calling + process is not the port owner, the <em>port owner</em> fails + with <c>badsig</c>.</p> + <p>Notice that any process can close a port using + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, close}</c> as if it itself was the port owner, but the reply always goes to the port owner.</p> - <p>As of OTP-R16 <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, close}</c> is truly - asynchronous. Note that this operation has always been + <p>As from OTP R16, <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, close}</c> is truly + asynchronous. Notice that this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while the underlying implementation has been synchronous. <c>port_close/1</c> is - however still fully synchronous. This due to its error + however still fully synchronous. This because of its error behavior.</p> - <p>Failure:</p> - <taglist> - <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> - <item> - If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open - port, or the registered name of an open port. If the calling - process was linked to the previously open port identified by - <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to this exception. - </item> - </taglist> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier + of an open port, or the registered name of an open port. + If the calling process was previously linked to the closed + port, identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + this <c>badarg</c> exception occurs.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_command" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Send data to a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sends data to a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sends data to a port. Same as - <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}}</c> except for the error - behaviour and being synchronous (see below). Any process may - send data to a port with <c>port_command/2</c>, not only the + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}}</c> except + for the error + behavior and being synchronous (see the following). Any process + can send data to a port with <c>port_command/2</c>, not only the port owner (the connected process).</p> <p>For comparison: <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}}</c> - fails with <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> cannot be sent to - (i.e., <c><anno>Port</anno></c> refers neither to a port nor to a process). - If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a closed port the data message disappears + only fails with <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> + does not refer to a port or a process. If + <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a closed port, the data message + disappears without a sound. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is open and the calling process is not the port owner, the <em>port owner</em> fails with <c>badsig</c>. The port owner fails with <c>badsig</c> - also if <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is not a valid IO list.</p> - <p>Note that any process can send to a port using - <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, <anno>Data</anno>}}</c> just as if it - itself was the port owner.</p> - <p>If the port is busy, the calling process will be suspended - until the port is not busy anymore.</p> - <p>As of OTP-R16 <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}}</c> is - truly asynchronous. Note that this operation has always been + also if <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is an invalid I/O list.</p> + <p>Notice that any process can send to a port using + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, <anno>Data</anno>}}</c> + as if it itself was the port owner.</p> + <p>If the port is busy, the calling process is suspended + until the port is not busy any more.</p> + <p>As from OTP-R16, <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}}</c> + is truly asynchronous. Notice that this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while the underlying implementation has been synchronous. <c>port_command/2</c> is - however still fully synchronous. This due to its error + however still fully synchronous. This because of its error behavior.</p> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open - port, or the registered name of an open port. If the calling - process was linked to the previously open port identified by - <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to this exception. + port, or the registered name of an open port. If the + calling process was previously linked to the closed port, + identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, the exit signal + from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this + <c>badarg</c> exception occurs. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is not a valid io list. + If <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is an invalid I/O list. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_command" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Send data to a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sends data to a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sends data to a port. <c>port_command(Port, Data, [])</c> equals <c>port_command(Port, Data)</c>.</p> - <p>If the port command is aborted <c>false</c> is returned; - otherwise, <c>true</c> is returned.</p> - <p>If the port is busy, the calling process will be suspended - until the port is not busy anymore.</p> - <p>Currently the following <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are valid:</p> + <p>If the port command is aborted, <c>false</c> is returned, + otherwise <c>true</c>.</p> + <p>If the port is busy, the calling process is suspended + until the port is not busy any more.</p> + <p>The following <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are valid:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>force</c></tag> - <item>The calling process will not be suspended if the port is - busy; instead, the port command is forced through. The - call will fail with a <c>notsup</c> exception if the + <item>The calling process is not suspended if the port is + busy, instead the port command is forced through. The + call fails with a <c>notsup</c> exception if the driver of the port does not support this. For more - information see the - <seealso marker="driver_entry#driver_flags"><![CDATA[ERL_DRV_FLAG_SOFT_BUSY]]></seealso> - driver flag. + information, see driver flag + <seealso marker="driver_entry#driver_flags"><![CDATA[ERL_DRV_FLAG_SOFT_BUSY]]></seealso>. </item> <tag><c>nosuspend</c></tag> - <item>The calling process will not be suspended if the port is - busy; instead, the port command is aborted and + <item>The calling process is not suspended if the port is + busy, instead the port command is aborted and <c>false</c> is returned. </item> </taglist> <note> - <p>More options may be added in the future.</p> + <p>More options can be added in a future release.</p> </note> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open - port, or the registered name of an open port. If the calling - process was linked to the previously open port identified by - <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to this exception. + port, or the registered name of an open port. If the + calling process was previously linked to the closed port, + identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, the exit signal + from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this + <c>badarg</c> exception occurs. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is not a valid io list. + If <c><anno>Data</anno></c> is an invalid I/O list. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is not a valid option list. + If <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c> is an invalid option list. </item> <tag><c>notsup</c></tag> <item> - If the <c>force</c> option has been passed, but the + If option <c>force</c> has been passed, but the driver of the port does not allow forcing through a busy port. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_connect" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Set the owner of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets the owner of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the port owner (the connected port) to <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. - Roughly the same as <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {Owner, {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> + Roughly the same as + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {Owner, {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> except for the following:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item> - <p>The error behavior differs, see below.</p> + <p>The error behavior differs, see the following.</p> </item> <item> <p>The port does <em>not</em> reply with <c>{Port,connected}</c>.</p> </item> <item> - <p><c>port_connect/1</c> is synchronous, see below.</p> + <p><c>port_connect/1</c> is synchronous, see the following.</p> </item> <item> <p>The new port owner gets linked to the port.</p> </item> </list> - <p>The old port owner stays linked to the port and have to call - <c>unlink(Port)</c> if this is not desired. Any process may + <p>The old port owner stays linked to the port and must call + <c>unlink(Port)</c> if this is not desired. Any process can set the port owner to be any process with <c>port_connect/2</c>.</p> - <p>For comparison: <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {self(), {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> fails - with <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> cannot be sent to (i.e., - <c><anno>Port</anno></c> refers neither to a port nor to a process). If - <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a closed port nothing happens. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> + <p>For comparison: + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {self(), {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> + only fails with <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> + does not refer to a port or a process. If + <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a closed port, nothing happens. + If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is an open port and the calling process is the port owner, the port replies with <c>{Port, connected}</c> to the old - port owner. Note that the old port owner is still linked to - the port, and that the new is not. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is an open + port owner. Notice that the old port owner is still linked to + the port, while the new is not. If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is an open port and the calling process is not the port owner, the <em>port owner</em> fails with <c>badsig</c>. The port owner fails with <c>badsig</c> also if <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not an - existing local pid.</p> - <p>Note that any process can set the port owner using - <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> just as if it - itself was the port owner, but the reply always goes to + existing local process identifier.</p> + <p>Notice that any process can set the port owner using + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> + as if it itself was the port owner, but the reply always goes to the port owner.</p> - <p>As of OTP-R16 <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> is - truly asynchronous. Note that this operation has always been + <p>As from OTP-R16, + <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {PortOwner, {connect, <anno>Pid</anno>}}</c> is + truly asynchronous. Notice that this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while the underlying implementation has been synchronous. <c>port_connect/2</c> is - however still fully synchronous. This due to its error + however still fully synchronous. This because of its error behavior.</p> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open - port, or the registered name of an open port. If the calling - process was linked to the previously open port identified by - <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to this exception. + If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open port, or + the registered name of an open port. If the calling + process was previously linked to the closed port, + identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, the exit signal + from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this + <c>badarg</c> exception occurs. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item>If process identified by <c>Pid</c> is not an existing @@ -3669,53 +3851,75 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_control" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Perform a synchronous control operation on a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Performs a synchronous control operation on a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Performs a synchronous control operation on a port. - The meaning of <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> and <c><anno>Data</anno></c> depends on - the port, i.e., on the port driver. Not all port drivers + The meaning of <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> and + <c><anno>Data</anno></c> depends on + the port, that is, on the port driver. Not all port drivers support this control feature.</p> - <p>Returns: a list of integers in the range 0 through 255, or a + <p>Returns a list of integers in the range 0..255, or a binary, depending on the port driver. The meaning of the returned data also depends on the port driver.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an open port or - the registered name of an open port, if <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> - cannot fit in a 32-bit integer, if the port driver does not - support synchronous control operations, or if the port driver - so decides for any reason (probably something wrong with - <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> or <c><anno>Data</anno></c>).</p> + <p>Failures:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item> + If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an open port or the registered + name of an open port. + </item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item> + If <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> cannot fit in a 32-bit integer. + </item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item> + If the port driver does not support synchronous control + operations. + </item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item> + If the port driver so decides for any reason (probably + something wrong with <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> or + <c><anno>Data</anno></c>). + </item> + </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_call" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Synchronous call to a port with term data</fsummary> + <fsummary>Performs a synchronous call to a port with term data.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Performs a synchronous call to a port. The meaning of - <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> and <c><anno>Data</anno></c> depends on the port, i.e., + <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> and <c><anno>Data</anno></c> + depends on the port, that is, on the port driver. Not all port drivers support this feature.</p> - <p><c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a port identifier, referring to a driver.</p> + <p><c><anno>Port</anno></c> is a port identifier, + referring to a driver.</p> <p><c><anno>Operation</anno></c> is an integer, which is passed on to the driver.</p> - <p><c><anno>Data</anno></c> is any Erlang term. This data is converted to - binary term format and sent to the port.</p> - <p>Returns: a term from the driver. The meaning of the returned + <p><c><anno>Data</anno></c> is any Erlang term. This data is converted + to binary term format and sent to the port.</p> + <p>Returns a term from the driver. The meaning of the returned data also depends on the port driver.</p> <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open - port, or the registered name of an open port. If the calling - process was linked to the previously open port identified by - <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to this exception. + If <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not an identifier of an open port, + or the registered name of an open port. If the calling + process was previously linked to the closed port, + identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, the exit signal + from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this + <c>badarg</c> exception occurs. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> does not fit in a - 32-bit integer. + If <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> does not fit in a 32-bit integer. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> @@ -3725,171 +3929,183 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> If the port driver so decides for any reason (probably - something wrong with <c><anno>Operation</anno></c>, or - <c><anno>Data</anno></c>). + something wrong with <c><anno>Operation</anno></c> + or <c><anno>Data</anno></c>). </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Information about a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns a list containing tuples with information about - the <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, or <c>undefined</c> if the port is not open. - The order of the tuples is not defined, nor are all the - tuples mandatory. - If <c>undefined</c> is returned and the calling process - was linked to a previously open port identified by - <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/1</c>.</p> - <p>Currently the result will containt information about the - following <c>Item</c>s: <c>registered_name</c> (if the port has - a registered name), <c>id</c>, <c>connected</c>, <c>links</c>, - <c>name</c>, <c>input</c>, and <c>output</c>. For more information - about the different <c>Item</c>s, see + <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, or <c>undefined</c> if the port is not open. + The order of the tuples is undefined, and all the + tuples are not mandatory. + If the port is closed and the calling process + was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the + port is guaranteed to be delivered before <c>port_info/1</c> + returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> + <p>The result contains information about the following + <c>Item</c>s:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item><c>registered_name</c> (if the port has a registered + name)</item> + <item><c>id</c></item> + <item><c>connected</c></item> + <item><c>links</c></item> + <item><c>name</c></item> + <item><c>input</c></item> + <item><c>output</c></item> + </list> + <p>For more information about the different <c>Item</c>s, see <seealso marker="#port_info/2">port_info/2</seealso>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c>Port</c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> - <fsummary>Information about the connected process of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the connected process of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is the process identifier of the process connected to the port.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> - <fsummary>Information about the internal index of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the internal index of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Index</anno></c> is the internal index of the port. This - index may be used to separate ports.</p> + index can be used to separate ports.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="3"/> - <fsummary>Information about the input of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the input of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Bytes</anno></c> is the total number of bytes read from the port.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="4"/> - <fsummary>Information about the links of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the links of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Pids</anno></c> is a list of the process identifiers of the processes that the port is linked to.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> - <fsummary>Information about the locking of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the locking of a port.</fsummary> <desc> - <p><c><anno>Locking</anno></c> is currently either <c>false</c> - (emulator without SMP support), <c>port_level</c> (port specific - locking), or <c>driver_level</c> (driver specific locking). Note - that these results are highly implementation specific and might - change in the future.</p> + <p><c><anno>Locking</anno></c> is one of the following:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item><c>false</c> (emulator without SMP support)</item> + <item><c>port_level</c> (port-specific locking)</item> + <item><c>driver_level</c> (driver-specific locking)</item> + </list> + <p>Notice that these results are highly implementation-specific + and can change in a future release.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> - <fsummary>Information about the memory size of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the memory size of a port.</fsummary> <desc> - <p><c><anno>Bytes</anno></c> is the total amount of memory, - in bytes, allocated for this port by the runtime system. Note - that the port itself might have allocated memory which is not + <p><c><anno>Bytes</anno></c> is the total number of + bytes allocated for this port by the runtime system. The + port itself can have allocated memory that is not included in <c><anno>Bytes</anno></c>.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> - <fsummary>Information about the monitors of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the monitors of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Monitors</anno></c> represent processes that this port - is monitoring.</p> + monitors.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> - <fsummary>Information about the name of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the name of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Name</anno></c> is the command name set by <seealso marker="#open_port/2">open_port/2</seealso>.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="9"/> - <fsummary>Information about the OS pid of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the OS pid of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>OsPid</anno></c> is the process identifier (or equivalent) of an OS process created with @@ -3897,432 +4113,464 @@ os_prompt% </pre> Command}, Options)</seealso>. If the port is not the result of spawning an OS process, the value is <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="10"/> - <fsummary>Information about the output of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the output of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Bytes</anno></c> is the total number of bytes written - to the port from Erlang processes using either + to the port from Erlang processes using <seealso marker="#port_command/2">port_command/2</seealso>, <seealso marker="#port_command/3">port_command/3</seealso>, - or <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {Owner, {command, Data}</c>. - </p> + or <c><anno>Port</anno> ! {Owner, {command, Data}</c>.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="11"/> - <fsummary>Information about the parallelism hint of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the parallelism hint of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>Boolean</anno></c> corresponds to the port parallelism - hint being used by this port. For more information see - the <seealso marker="#open_port_parallelism">parallelism</seealso> - option of <seealso marker="#open_port/2">open_port/2</seealso>.</p> + hint being used by this port. For more information, see option + <seealso marker="#open_port_parallelism">parallelism</seealso> + of <seealso marker="#open_port/2">open_port/2</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="12"/> - <fsummary>Information about the queue size of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the queue size of a port.</fsummary> <desc> - <p><c><anno>Bytes</anno></c> is the total amount of data, - in bytes, queued by the port using the ERTS driver queue + <p><c><anno>Bytes</anno></c> is the total number + of bytes queued by the port using the <c>ERTS</c> driver queue implementation.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_info" arity="2" clause_i="13"/> - <fsummary>Information about the registered name of a port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the registered name of a port.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>RegisteredName</anno></c> is the registered name of the port. If the port has no registered name, <c>[]</c> is returned.</p> <p>If the port identified by <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not open, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c>undefined</c> is returned and - the calling process was linked to a previously open port identified - by <c><anno>Port</anno></c>, an exit signal due to this link - was received by the process prior to the return from - <c>port_info/2</c>.</p> + <c>undefined</c> is returned. If the port is closed and the + calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit + signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before + <c>port_info/2</c> returns <c>undefined</c>.</p> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Port</anno></c> is not a local port identifier, or an atom.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="port_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a port identifier</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a port identifier.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of the port identifier <c><anno>Port</anno></c>.</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and for use in - the Erlang operating system. It should not be used in - application programs.</p> + <p>This BIF is intended for debugging. It is not to be used + in application programs.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="ports" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>All open ports</fsummary> + <fsummary>Lists all existing ports.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns a list of port identifiers corresponding to all the - ports currently existing on the local node.</p> - - <p>Note that a port that is exiting, exists but is not open.</p> + ports existing on the local node.</p> + <p>Notice that an exiting port exists, but is not open.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="pre_loaded" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>List of all pre-loaded modules</fsummary> + <fsummary>Lists all pre-loaded modules.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of Erlang modules which are pre-loaded in + <p>Returns a list of Erlang modules that are preloaded in the system. As all loading of code is done through the file system, the file system must have been loaded previously. - Hence, at least the module <c>init</c> must be pre-loaded.</p> + Hence, at least the module <c>init</c> must be preloaded.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_display" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Write information about a local process on standard error</fsummary> + <fsummary>Writes information about a local process on standard error.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Writes information about the local process <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> on - standard error. The currently allowed value for the atom + standard error. The only allowed value for the atom <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is <c>backtrace</c>, which shows the contents of the call stack, including information about the call chain, with the current function printed first. The format of the output is not further defined.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag trap_exit for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>trap_exit</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> <p>When <c>trap_exit</c> is set to <c>true</c>, exit signals - arriving to a process are converted to <c>{'EXIT', From, Reason}</c> messages, which can be received as ordinary + arriving to a process are converted to <c>{'EXIT', From, Reason}</c> + messages, which can be received as ordinary messages. If <c>trap_exit</c> is set to <c>false</c>, the process exits if it receives an exit signal other than <c>normal</c> and the exit signal is propagated to its - linked processes. Application processes should normally - not trap exits.</p> + linked processes. Application processes are normally + not to trap exits.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> <p>See also <seealso marker="#exit/2">exit/2</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag error_handler for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>error_handler</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>This is used by a process to redefine the error handler + <p>Used by a process to redefine the error handler for undefined function calls and undefined registered - processes. Inexperienced users should not use this flag - since code auto-loading is dependent on the correct + processes. Inexperienced users are not to use this flag, + as code auto-loading depends on the correct operation of the error handling module.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="3"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag min_heap_size for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>min_heap_size</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>This changes the minimum heap size for the calling - process.</p> + <p>Changes the minimum heap size for the calling process.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="4"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag min_bin_vheap_size for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>This changes the minimum binary virtual heap size for the calling + <p>Changes the minimum binary virtual heap size for the calling process.</p> - <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> + <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> + </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>priority</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag priority for the calling process</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="process_flag_priority"></marker> - This sets the process priority. <c><anno>Level</anno></c> is an atom. - There are currently four priority levels: <c>low</c>, - <c>normal</c>, <c>high</c>, and <c>max</c>. The default - priority level is <c>normal</c>. <em>NOTE</em>: The - <c>max</c> priority level is reserved for internal use in - the Erlang runtime system, and should <em>not</em> be used - by others. - </p> - <p>Internally in each priority level processes are scheduled - in a round robin fashion. - </p> + Sets the process priority. <c><anno>Level</anno></c> is an atom. + There are four priority levels: <c>low</c>, + <c>normal</c>, <c>high</c>, and <c>max</c>. Default + is <c>normal</c>.</p> + <note> + <p>Priority level <c>max</c> is reserved for internal use in + the Erlang runtime system, and is <em>not</em> to be used + by others.</p> + </note> + <p>Internally in each priority level, processes are scheduled + in a round robin fashion.</p> <p>Execution of processes on priority <c>normal</c> and - priority <c>low</c> will be interleaved. Processes on - priority <c>low</c> will be selected for execution less - frequently than processes on priority <c>normal</c>. - </p> - <p>When there are runnable processes on priority <c>high</c> - no processes on priority <c>low</c>, or <c>normal</c> will - be selected for execution. Note, however, that this does - <em>not</em> mean that no processes on priority <c>low</c>, - or <c>normal</c> will be able to run when there are - processes on priority <c>high</c> running. On the runtime - system with SMP support there might be more processes running - in parallel than processes on priority <c>high</c>, i.e., - a <c>low</c>, and a <c>high</c> priority process might - execute at the same time. - </p> - <p>When there are runnable processes on priority <c>max</c> + <c>low</c> are interleaved. Processes on priority + <c>low</c> are selected for execution less + frequently than processes on priority <c>normal</c>.</p> + <p>When there are runnable processes on priority <c>high</c>, + no processes on priority <c>low</c> or <c>normal</c> are + selected for execution. Notice however, that this does + <em>not</em> mean that no processes on priority <c>low</c> + or <c>normal</c> can run when there are processes + running on priority <c>high</c>. On the runtime + system with SMP support, more processes can be running + in parallel than processes on priority <c>high</c>, that is, + a <c>low</c> and a <c>high</c> priority process can + execute at the same time.</p> + <p>When there are runnable processes on priority <c>max</c>, no processes on priority <c>low</c>, <c>normal</c>, or - <c>high</c> will be selected for execution. As with the - <c>high</c> priority, processes on lower priorities might - execute in parallel with processes on priority <c>max</c>. - </p> + <c>high</c> are selected for execution. As with priority + <c>high</c>, processes on lower priorities can + execute in parallel with processes on priority <c>max</c>.</p> <p>Scheduling is preemptive. Regardless of priority, a process - is preempted when it has consumed more than a certain amount + is preempted when it has consumed more than a certain number of reductions since the last time it was selected for - execution. - </p> - <p><em>NOTE</em>: You should not depend on the scheduling + execution.</p> + <note> + <p>Do not depend on the scheduling to remain exactly as it is today. Scheduling, at least on - the runtime system with SMP support, is very likely to be - modified in the future in order to better utilize available - processor cores. - </p> - <p>There is currently <em>no</em> automatic mechanism for - avoiding priority inversion, such as priority inheritance, - or priority ceilings. When using priorities you have - to take this into account and handle such scenarios by - yourself. - </p> + the runtime system with SMP support, is likely to be + changed in a future release to use available + processor cores better.</p> + </note> + <p>There is <em>no</em> automatic mechanism for + avoiding priority inversion, such as priority inheritance + or priority ceilings. When using priorities, + take this into account and handle such scenarios by + yourself.</p> <p>Making calls from a <c>high</c> priority process into code - that you don't have control over may cause the <c>high</c> - priority process to wait for a processes with lower - priority, i.e., effectively decreasing the priority of the + that you have no control over can cause the <c>high</c> + priority process to wait for a process with lower + priority. That is, effectively decreasing the priority of the <c>high</c> priority process during the call. Even if this - isn't the case with one version of the code that you don't - have under your control, it might be the case in a future - version of it. This might, for example, happen if a - <c>high</c> priority process triggers code loading, since - the code server runs on priority <c>normal</c>. - </p> + is not the case with one version of the code that you have no + control over, it can be the case in a future + version of it. This can, for example, occur if a + <c>high</c> priority process triggers code loading, as + the code server runs on priority <c>normal</c>.</p> <p>Other priorities than <c>normal</c> are normally not needed. - When other priorities are used, they need to be used - with care, especially the <c>high</c> priority <em>must</em> - be used with care. A process on <c>high</c> priority should - only perform work for short periods of time. Busy looping for - long periods of time in a <c>high</c> priority process will - most likely cause problems, since there are important servers - in OTP running on priority <c>normal</c>. - </p> + When other priorities are used, use them with care, + <em>especially</em> priority <c>high</c>. A + process on priority <c>high</c> is only + to perform work for short periods. Busy looping for + long periods in a <c>high</c> priority process does + most likely cause problems, as important OTP servers + run on priority <c>normal</c>.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag save_calls for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>save_calls</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>N</anno></c> must be an integer in the interval 0..10000. - If <c><anno>N</anno></c> > 0, call saving is made active for the - process, which means that information about the <c><anno>N</anno></c> - most recent global function calls, BIF calls, sends and + If <c><anno>N</anno></c> is greater than 0, call saving is made + active for the + process. This means that information about the <c><anno>N</anno></c> + most recent global function calls, BIF calls, sends, and receives made by the process are saved in a list, which can be retrieved with <c>process_info(Pid, last_calls)</c>. A global function call is one in which the module of the function is explicitly mentioned. Only a fixed amount of information - is saved: a tuple <c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c> for - function calls, and the mere atoms <c>send</c>, - <c>'receive'</c> and <c>timeout</c> for sends and receives - (<c>'receive'</c> when a message is received and - <c>timeout</c> when a receive times out). If <c>N</c> = 0, + is saved, as follows:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>A tuple <c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c> for + function calls</item> + <item> The atoms <c>send</c>, <c>'receive'</c>, and + <c>timeout</c> for sends and receives (<c>'receive'</c> + when a message is received and <c>timeout</c> when a + receive times out)</item> + </list> + <p>If <c>N</c> = 0, call saving is disabled for the process, which is the default. Whenever the size of the call saving list is set, its contents are reset.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag sensitive for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>sensitive</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Set or clear the <c>sensitive</c> flag for the current process. + <p>Sets or clears flag <c>sensitive</c> for the current process. When a process has been marked as sensitive by calling - <c>process_flag(sensitive, true)</c>, features in the run-time - system that can be used for examining the data and/or inner working + <c>process_flag(sensitive, true)</c>, features in the runtime + system that can be used for examining the data or inner working of the process are silently disabled.</p> <p>Features that are disabled include (but are not limited to) the following:</p> - <p>Tracing: Trace flags can still be set for the process, but no - trace messages of any kind will be generated. - (If the <c>sensitive</c> flag is turned off, trace messages will - again be generated if there are any trace flags set.)</p> - <p>Sequential tracing: The sequential trace token will be propagated - as usual, but no sequential trace messages will be generated.</p> - <p><c>process_info/1,2</c> cannot be used to read out the message - queue or the process dictionary (both will be returned as empty lists).</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>Tracing: Trace flags can still be set for the process, + but no trace messages of any kind are generated. (If flag + <c>sensitive</c> is turned off, trace messages are again + generated if any trace flags are set.)</item> + <item>Sequential tracing: The sequential trace token is + propagated as usual, but no sequential trace messages are + generated.</item> + </list> + <p><c>process_info/1,2</c> cannot be used to read out the + message queue or the process dictionary (both are returned + as empty lists).</p> <p>Stack back-traces cannot be displayed for the process.</p> <p>In crash dumps, the stack, messages, and the process dictionary - will be omitted.</p> + are omitted.</p> <p>If <c>{save_calls,N}</c> has been set for the process, no - function calls will be saved to the call saving list. - (The call saving list will not be cleared; furthermore, send, receive, - and timeout events will still be added to the list.)</p> + function calls are saved to the call saving list. + (The call saving list is not cleared. Furthermore, send, receive, + and timeout events are still added to the list.)</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Set process flags for a process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets process flags for a process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Sets certain flags for the process <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, in the same - manner as + <p>Sets certain flags for the process <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, + in the same manner as <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>. - Returns the old value of the flag. The allowed values for + Returns the old value of the flag. The valid values for <c><anno>Flag</anno></c> are only a subset of those allowed in - <c>process_flag/2</c>, namely: <c>save_calls</c>.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not a local process.</p> + <c>process_flag/2</c>, namely <c>save_calls</c>.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + is not a local process.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_info" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Information about a process.</fsummary> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> <type name="stack_item"/> - <fsummary>Information about a process</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns a list containing <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with miscellaneous information about the process identified by - <c>Pid</c>, or <c>undefined</c> if the process is not alive. - </p> - <p> - The order of the <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s is not defined, nor - are all the <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s mandatory. The <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s - part of the result may be changed without prior notice. - Currently <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with the following items - are part of the result: - <c>current_function</c>, <c>initial_call</c>, <c>status</c>, - <c>message_queue_len</c>, <c>messages</c>, <c>links</c>, - <c>dictionary</c>, <c>trap_exit</c>, <c>error_handler</c>, - <c>priority</c>, <c>group_leader</c>, <c>total_heap_size</c>, - <c>heap_size</c>, <c>stack_size</c>, <c>reductions</c>, and - <c>garbage_collection</c>. - If the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> has a registered name - also an <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> with the item <c>registered_name</c> - will appear. - </p> - <p>See <seealso marker="#process_info/2">process_info/2</seealso> - for information about specific <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s.</p> + <c>Pid</c>, or <c>undefined</c> if the process is not alive.</p> + <p>The order of the <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s is undefined and + all <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s are not mandatory. + The <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s + part of the result can be changed without prior notice.</p> + <p>The <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with the following items + are part of the result:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item><c>current_function</c></item> + <item><c>initial_call</c></item> + <item><c>status</c></item> + <item><c>message_queue_len</c></item> + <item><c>messages</c></item> + <item><c>links</c></item> + <item><c>dictionary</c></item> + <item><c>trap_exit</c></item> + <item><c>error_handler</c></item> + <item><c>priority</c></item> + <item><c>group_leader</c></item> + <item><c>total_heap_size</c></item> + <item><c>heap_size</c></item> + <item><c>stack_size</c></item> + <item><c>reductions</c></item> + <item><c>garbage_collection</c></item> + </list> + <p>If the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> has a + registered name, + also an <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> with item <c>registered_name</c> + appears.</p> + <p>For information about specific <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s, see + <seealso marker="#process_info/2">process_info/2</seealso>.</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF is intended for <em>debugging only</em>, use - <seealso marker="#process_info/2">process_info/2</seealso> - for all other purposes. - </p> + <p>This BIF is intended for <em>debugging only</em>. For + all other purposes, use + <seealso marker="#process_info/2">process_info/2</seealso>.</p> </warning> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c>Pid</c> is not a local process.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not a + local process.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="process_info" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> <name name="process_info" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> + <fsummary>Information about a process.</fsummary> <type name="process_info_item"/> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="stack_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> - <fsummary>Information about a process</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns information about the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> - as specified by the <c><anno>Item</anno></c> or the <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c>, or <c>undefined</c> if the - process is not alive. - </p> - <p>If the process is alive and a single <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is given, - the returned value is the corresponding - <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> unless <c>Item =:= registered_name</c> - and the process has no registered name. In this case - <c>[]</c> is returned. This strange behavior is due to - historical reasons, and is kept for backward compatibility. - </p> - <p>If an <c>ItemList</c> is given, the result is an - <c><anno>InfoTupleList</anno></c>. The <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s in the - <c><anno>InfoTupleList</anno></c> will appear with the corresponding - <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s in the same order as the <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s appeared - in the <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c>. Valid <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s may appear multiple - times in the <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c>. - </p> - <note><p>If <c>registered_name</c> is part of an <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c> + <p>Returns information about the process identified by + <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, as specified by + <c><anno>Item</anno></c> or <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c>. + Returns <c>undefined</c> if the process is not alive.</p> + <p>If the process is alive and a single <c><anno>Item</anno></c> + is given, the returned value is the corresponding + <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>, unless <c>Item =:= registered_name</c> + and the process has no registered name. In this case, + <c>[]</c> is returned. This strange behavior is because of + historical reasons, and is kept for backward compatibility.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c> is given, the result is + <c><anno>InfoTupleList</anno></c>. + The <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s in + <c><anno>InfoTupleList</anno></c> appear with the corresponding + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s in the same order as the + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s appeared + in <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c>. Valid <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s can + appear multiple times in <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c>.</p> + <note><p>If <c>registered_name</c> is part of <c><anno>ItemList</anno></c> and the process has no name registered a - <c>{registered_name, []}</c> <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> <em>will</em> - appear in the resulting <c><anno>InfoTupleList</anno></c>. This - behavior is different than when a single - <c>Item =:= registered_name</c> is given, and than when - <c>process_info/1</c> is used. - </p></note> - <p>Currently the following <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with corresponding + <c>{registered_name, []}</c>, <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> + <em>will</em> appear in the resulting + <c><anno>InfoTupleList</anno></c>. This + behavior is different when a single + <c>Item =:= registered_name</c> is given, and when + <c>process_info/1</c> is used.</p> + </note> + <p>The following <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with corresponding <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s are valid:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{backtrace, <anno>Bin</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>The binary <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> contains the same information as - the output from + <p>Binary <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> contains the same information + as the output from <c>erlang:process_display(<anno>Pid</anno>, backtrace)</c>. Use <c>binary_to_list/1</c> to obtain the string of characters from the binary.</p> </item> <tag><c>{binary, <anno>BinInfo</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>BinInfo</anno></c> is a list containing miscellaneous information - about binaries currently being referred to by this process. - This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> may be changed or removed without prior - notice.</p> + <p><c><anno>BinInfo</anno></c> is a list containing miscellaneous + information about binaries currently being referred to by this + process. This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> can be changed or + removed without prior notice.</p> </item> <tag><c>{catchlevel, <anno>CatchLevel</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>CatchLevel</anno></c> is the number of currently active - catches in this process. This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> may be + catches in this process. This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> can be changed or removed without prior notice.</p> </item> - <tag><c>{current_function, {<anno>Module</anno>, <anno>Function</anno>, <anno>Arity</anno>}}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{current_function, {<anno>Module</anno>, + <anno>Function</anno>, Arity}}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Module</anno></c>, <c><anno>Function</anno></c>, <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> is + <p><c><anno>Module</anno></c>, <c><anno>Function</anno></c>, + <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> is the current function call of the process.</p> </item> - <tag><c>{current_location, {<anno>Module</anno>, <anno>Function</anno>, <anno>Arity</anno>, <anno>Location</anno>}}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{current_location, {<anno>Module</anno>, + <anno>Function</anno>, <anno>Arity</anno>, + <anno>Location</anno>}}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Module</anno></c>, <c><anno>Function</anno></c>, <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> is + <p><c><anno>Module</anno></c>, <c><anno>Function</anno></c>, + <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> is the current function call of the process. - <c><anno>Location</anno></c> is a list of two-tuples that describes the - location in the source code. - </p> + <c><anno>Location</anno></c> is a list of two-tuples describing the + location in the source code.</p> </item> <tag><c>{current_stacktrace, <anno>Stack</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the current call stack back-trace (<em>stacktrace</em>) + <p>Returns the current call stack back-trace (<em>stacktrace</em>) of the process. The stack has the same format as returned by - <seealso marker="#get_stacktrace/0">erlang:get_stacktrace/0</seealso>. - </p> + <seealso marker="#get_stacktrace/0">erlang:get_stacktrace/0</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{dictionary, <anno>Dictionary</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Dictionary</anno></c> is the dictionary of the process.</p> + <p><c><anno>Dictionary</anno></c> is the process dictionary.</p> </item> <tag><c>{error_handler, <anno>Module</anno>}</c></tag> <item> @@ -4331,34 +4579,36 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>{garbage_collection, <anno>GCInfo</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> is a list which contains miscellaneous + <p><c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> is a list containing miscellaneous information about garbage collection for this process. - The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> may be changed without + The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without prior notice.</p> </item> <tag><c>{group_leader, <anno>GroupLeader</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c> is group leader for the IO of + <p><c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c> is group leader for the I/O of the process.</p> </item> <tag><c>{heap_size, <anno>Size</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the size in words of youngest heap generation - of the process. This generation currently include the stack - of the process. This information is highly implementation - dependent, and may change if the implementation change. - </p> + <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the size in words of the youngest heap + generation of the process. This generation includes + the process stack. This information is highly + implementation-dependent, and can change if the + implementation changes.</p> </item> - <tag><c>{initial_call, {Module, Function, Arity}}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{initial_call, {<anno>Module</anno>, <anno>Function</anno>, + <anno>Arity</anno>}}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c>Module</c>, <c>Function</c>, <c>Arity</c> is + <p><c><anno>Module</anno></c>, <c><anno>Function</anno></c>, + <c><anno>Arity</anno></c> is the initial function call with which the process was spawned.</p> </item> <tag><c>{links, <anno>PidsAndPorts</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>PidsAndPorts</anno></c> is a list of pids and - port identifiers, with processes or ports to which the process + <p><c><anno>PidsAndPorts</anno></c> is a list of process identifiers + and port identifiers, with processes or ports to which the process has a link.</p> </item> <tag><c>{last_calls, false|Calls}</c></tag> @@ -4372,14 +4622,14 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <tag><c>{memory, <anno>Size</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the size in bytes of the process. This - includes call stack, heap and internal structures.</p> + includes call stack, heap, and internal structures.</p> </item> <tag><c>{message_queue_len, <anno>MessageQueueLen</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>MessageQueueLen</anno></c> is the number of messages currently in the message queue of the process. This is the length of the list <c><anno>MessageQueue</anno></c> returned as - the info item <c>messages</c> (see below).</p> + the information item <c>messages</c> (see the following).</p> </item> <tag><c>{messages, <anno>MessageQueue</anno>}</c></tag> <item> @@ -4388,31 +4638,35 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>{min_heap_size, <anno>MinHeapSize</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>MinHeapSize</anno></c> is the minimum heap size for the process.</p> + <p><c><anno>MinHeapSize</anno></c> is the minimum heap size + for the process.</p> </item> <tag><c>{min_bin_vheap_size, <anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno></c> is the minimum binary virtual heap size for the process.</p> + <p><c><anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno></c> is the minimum binary virtual + heap size for the process.</p> </item> <tag><c>{monitored_by, <anno>Pids</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>A list of pids that are monitoring the process (with + <p>A list of process identifiers monitoring the process (with <c>monitor/2</c>).</p> </item> <tag><c>{monitors, <anno>Monitors</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p>A list of monitors (started by <c>monitor/2</c>) that are active for the process. For a local process - monitor or a remote process monitor by pid, the list item - is <c>{process, <anno>Pid</anno>}</c>, and for a remote process + monitor or a remote process monitor by a process + identifier, the list item is <c>{process, <anno>Pid</anno>}</c>. + For a remote process monitor by name, the list item is <c>{process, {<anno>RegName</anno>, <anno>Node</anno>}}</c>.</p> </item> - <tag><c>{priority, Level}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{priority, <anno>Level</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>Level</anno></c> is the current priority level for - the process. For more information on priorities see - <seealso marker="#process_flag_priority">process_flag(priority, Level)</seealso>.</p> + the process. For more information on priorities, see + <seealso marker="#process_flag_priority">process_flag(priority, + Level)</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{reductions, <anno>Number</anno>}</c></tag> <item> @@ -4427,166 +4681,201 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> <tag><c>{sequential_trace_token, [] | <anno>SequentialTraceToken</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>SequentialTraceToken</anno></c> the sequential trace token for - the process. This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> may be changed or removed - without prior notice.</p> + <p><c><anno>SequentialTraceToken</anno></c> is the sequential trace + token for the process. This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> can be + changed or removed without prior notice.</p> </item> <tag><c>{stack_size, <anno>Size</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the stack size of the process in words.</p> + <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the stack size, in words, + of the process.</p> </item> <tag><c>{status, <anno>Status</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Status</anno></c> is the status of the process. <c><anno>Status</anno></c> - is <c>exiting</c>, <c>garbage_collecting</c>, - <c>waiting</c> (for a message), <c>running</c>, - <c>runnable</c> (ready to run, but another process is - running), or <c>suspended</c> (suspended on a "busy" port - or by the <c>erlang:suspend_process/[1,2]</c> BIF).</p> + <p><c><anno>Status</anno></c> is the status of the process and is one + of the following:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item><c>exiting</c></item> + <item><c>garbage_collecting</c></item> + <item><c>waiting</c> (for a message)</item> + <item><c>running</c></item> + <item><c>runnable</c> (ready to run, but another process is + running)</item> + <item><c>suspended</c> (suspended on a "busy" port + or by the BIF <c>erlang:suspend_process/[1,2]</c>)</item> + </list> </item> <tag><c>{suspending, <anno>SuspendeeList</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>SuspendeeList</anno></c> is a list of <c>{<anno>Suspendee</anno>, - <anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno>, <anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno>}</c> tuples. - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is the pid of a process that have been or is to - be suspended by the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> via the - <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process/2</seealso> - BIF, or the - <seealso marker="#suspend_process/1">erlang:suspend_process/1</seealso> - BIF. <c><anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno></c> is the number of times the - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has been suspended by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. + <p><c><anno>SuspendeeList</anno></c> is a list of + <c>{<anno>Suspendee</anno>, <anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno>, + <anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno>}</c> tuples. + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is the process identifier of a + process that has been, or is to be, + suspended by the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> + through one of the following BIFs:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item> + <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process/2</seealso> + </item> + <item> + <seealso marker="#suspend_process/1">erlang:suspend_process/1</seealso> + </item> + </list> + <p><c><anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno></c> is the number of + times <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has been suspended by + <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. <c><anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno></c> is the number of not yet - completed suspend requests sent by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. That is, - if <c><anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno> =/= 0</c>, <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is - currently in the suspended state, and if - <c><anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno> =/= 0</c> the <c>asynchronous</c> - option of <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c> has been used and - the suspendee has not yet been suspended by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. - Note that the <c><anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno></c> and - <c><anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno></c> are not the total suspend count - on <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>, only the parts contributed by <c>Pid</c>. - </p> + completed suspend requests sent by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, that is:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If <c><anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno> =/= 0</c>, + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is + currently in the suspended state. + </item> + <item>If <c><anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno> =/= 0</c>, option + <c>asynchronous</c> of <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c> + has been used and the suspendee has not yet been + suspended by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>. + </item> + </list> + <p>Notice that <c><anno>ActiveSuspendCount</anno></c> and + <c><anno>OutstandingSuspendCount</anno></c> are not the + total suspend count on <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>, + only the parts contributed by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{total_heap_size, <anno>Size</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the total size in words of all heap - fragments of the process. This currently include the stack - of the process. - </p> + <p><c><anno>Size</anno></c> is the total size, in words, of all heap + fragments of the process. This includes the process stack.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, <anno>InternalTraceFlags</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>InternalTraceFlags</anno></c> is an integer representing - internal trace flag for this process. This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> - may be changed or removed without prior notice.</p> + <p><c><anno>InternalTraceFlags</anno></c> is an integer + representing the internal trace flag for this process. + This <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c> + can be changed or removed without prior notice.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trap_exit, <anno>Boolean</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p><c><anno>Boolean</anno></c> is <c>true</c> if the process is trapping - exits, otherwise it is <c>false</c>.</p> + <p><c><anno>Boolean</anno></c> is <c>true</c> if the process + is trapping exits, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>Note however, that not all implementations support every one - of the above <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not a local process, - or if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is not a valid <c><anno>Item</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Notice that not all implementations support all + these <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s.</p> + <p>Failures:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is not a local process.</item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is an invalid item.</item> + </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="processes" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>All processes</fsummary> + <fsummary>All processes.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns a list of process identifiers corresponding to - all the processes currently existing on the local node. - </p> - <p>Note that a process that is exiting, exists but is not alive, i.e., - <c>is_process_alive/1</c> will return <c>false</c> for a process - that is exiting, but its process identifier will be part - of the result returned from <c>processes/0</c>. - </p> + all the processes currently existing on the local node.</p> + <p>Notice that an exiting process exists, but is not alive. + That is, <c>is_process_alive/1</c> returns <c>false</c> + for an exiting process, but its process identifier is part + of the result returned from <c>processes/0</c>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>processes().</input> [<0.0.0>,<0.2.0>,<0.4.0>,<0.5.0>,<0.7.0>,<0.8.0>]</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="purge_module" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Remove old code for a module</fsummary> + <fsummary>Removes old code for a module.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Removes old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>. Before this BIF is used, - <c>erlang:check_process_code/2</c> should be called to check - that no processes are executing old code in the module.</p> + <p>Removes old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>. + Before this BIF is used, + <c>erlang:check_process_code/2</c> is to be called to check + that no processes execute old code in the module.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for the code server (see - <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and should not be - used elsewhere.</p> + <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) + and is not to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there is no old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="put" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Add a new value to the process dictionary</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Adds a new <c><anno>Key</anno></c> to the process dictionary, associated - with the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c>, and returns <c>undefined</c>. If - <c><anno>Key</anno></c> already exists, the old value is deleted and - replaced by <c><anno>Val</anno></c> and the function returns the old value.</p> - <note> - <p>The values stored when <c>put</c> is evaluated within - the scope of a <c>catch</c> will not be retracted if a - <c>throw</c> is evaluated, or if an error occurs.</p> - </note> + <fsummary>Adds a new value to the process dictionary.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Adds a new <c><anno>Key</anno></c> to the process dictionary, + associated with the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c>, and returns + <c>undefined</c>. If <c><anno>Key</anno></c> exists, the old + value is deleted and replaced by <c><anno>Val</anno></c>, and + the function returns the old value.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>X = put(name, walrus), Y = put(name, carpenter),</input> <input>Z = get(name),</input> <input>{X, Y, Z}.</input> {undefined,walrus,carpenter}</pre> + <note> + <p>The values stored when <c>put</c> is evaluated within + the scope of a <c>catch</c> are not retracted if a + <c>throw</c> is evaluated, or if an error occurs.</p> + </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="raise" arity="3"/> + <fsummary>Stops execution with an exception of given class, reason, and call stack backtrace.</fsummary> <type name="raise_stacktrace"/> - <fsummary>Stop execution with an exception of given class, reason and call stack backtrace</fsummary> <desc> <p>Stops the execution of the calling process with an - exception of given class, reason and call stack backtrace + exception of given class, reason, and call stack backtrace (<em>stacktrace</em>).</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and for use in - the Erlang operating system. In general, it should - be avoided in applications, unless you know - very well what you are doing.</p> + <p>This BIF is intended for debugging. Avoid to use it in applications, + unless you really know what you are doing.</p> </warning> - <p><c><anno>Class</anno></c> is one of <c>error</c>, <c>exit</c> or - <c>throw</c>, so if it were not for the stacktrace - <c>erlang:raise(<anno>Class</anno>, <anno>Reason</anno>, <anno>Stacktrace</anno>)</c> is - equivalent to <c>erlang:<anno>Class</anno>(<anno>Reason</anno>)</c>. - <c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any term and <c><anno>Stacktrace</anno></c> is a list as - returned from <c>get_stacktrace()</c>, that is a list of - 4-tuples <c>{Module, Function, Arity | Args, - Location}</c> where <c>Module</c> and <c>Function</c> - are atoms and the third element is an integer arity or an - argument list. The stacktrace may also contain <c>{Fun, - Args, Location}</c> tuples where - <c>Fun</c> is a local fun and <c>Args</c> is an argument list.</p> - <p>The <c>Location</c> element at the end is optional. + <p><c><anno>Class</anno></c> is <c>error</c>, <c>exit</c>, or + <c>throw</c>. So, if it were not for the stacktrace, + <c>erlang:raise(<anno>Class</anno>, <anno>Reason</anno>, + <anno>Stacktrace</anno>)</c> is + equivalent to <c>erlang:<anno>Class</anno>(<anno>Reason</anno>)</c>.</p> + <p><c><anno>Reason</anno></c> is any term. + <c><anno>Stacktrace</anno></c> is a list as + returned from <c>get_stacktrace()</c>, that is, a list of + four-tuples <c>{Module, Function, Arity | Args, + Location}</c>, where <c>Module</c> and <c>Function</c> + are atoms, and the third element is an integer arity or an + argument list. The stacktrace can also contain <c>{Fun, + Args, Location}</c> tuples, where <c>Fun</c> is a local + fun and <c>Args</c> is an argument list.</p> + <p>Element <c>Location</c> at the end is optional. Omitting it is equivalent to specifying an empty list.</p> <p>The stacktrace is used as the exception stacktrace for the - calling process; it will be truncated to the current + calling process; it is truncated to the current maximum stacktrace depth.</p> - <p>Because evaluating this function causes the process to - terminate, it has no return value - unless the arguments are - invalid, in which case the function <em>returns the error reason</em>, that is <c>badarg</c>. If you want to be - really sure not to return you can call - <c>error(erlang:raise(<anno>Class</anno>, <anno>Reason</anno>, <anno>Stacktrace</anno>))</c> + <p>Since evaluating this function causes the process to + terminate, it has no return value unless the arguments are + invalid, in which case the function <em>returns the error + reason</em> <c>badarg</c>. If you want to be + sure not to return, you can call + <c>error(erlang:raise(<anno>Class</anno>, <anno>Reason</anno>, + <anno>Stacktrace</anno>))</c> and hope to distinguish exceptions later.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="read_timer" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Read the state of a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Reads the state of a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p> Read the state of a timer that has been created by either @@ -4595,7 +4884,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> identifies the timer, and was returned by the BIF that created the timer. </p> - <p>Currently available <c><anno>Option</anno>s</c>:</p> + <p>Available <c><anno>Option</anno>s</c>:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{async, Async}</c></tag> <item> @@ -4603,12 +4892,12 @@ os_prompt% </pre> Asynchronous request for state information. <c>Async</c> defaults to <c>false</c> which will cause the operation to be performed synchronously. In this case, the <c>Result</c> - will be returned by <c>erlang:read_timer()</c>. When - <c>Async</c> is set to <c>true</c>, <c>erlang:read_timer()</c> - will send an asynchronous request for the state information - to the timer service that manages the timer, and then return + is returned by <c>erlang:read_timer()</c>. When + <c>Async</c> is <c>true</c>, <c>erlang:read_timer()</c> + sends an asynchronous request for the state information + to the timer service that manages the timer, and then returns <c>ok</c>. A message on the format <c>{read_timer, - <anno>TimerRef</anno>, <anno>Result</anno>}</c> will be + <anno>TimerRef</anno>, <anno>Result</anno>}</c> is sent to the caller of <c>erlang:read_timer()</c> when the operation has been processed. </p> @@ -4618,26 +4907,27 @@ os_prompt% </pre> More <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s may be added in the future. </p> <p> - When the <c><anno>Result</anno></c> equals <c>false</c>, a + If <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is an integer, it represents the + time in milli-seconds left until the timer expires.</p> + <p> + If <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is <c>false</c>, a timer corresponding to <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> could not - be found. This can be either because the timer had expired, - had been canceled, or because <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> - never has corresponded to a timer. If the timer has expired, - the timeout message has been sent, but it does not tell you - whether or not it has arrived at its destination yet. When the - <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is an integer, it represents the - time in milli-seconds left until the timer will expire. + be found. This can be because the timer had expired, + it had been canceled, or because <c><anno>TimerRef</anno></c> + never has corresponded to a timer. Even if the timer has expired, + it does not tell you whether or not the timeout message has + arrived at its destination yet. </p> <note> <p> The timer service that manages the timer may be co-located with another scheduler than the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. If this is the case, communication - with the timer service will take much longer time than if it + with the timer service takes much longer time than if it is located locally. If the calling process is in critical path, and can do other things while waiting for the result - of this operation you want to use the <c>{async, true}</c> - option. If using the <c>{async, false}</c> option, the calling + of this operation, you want to use option <c>{async, true}</c>. + If using option <c>{async, false}</c>, the calling process will be blocked until the operation has been performed. </p> @@ -4651,70 +4941,86 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> <name name="read_timer" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Read the state of a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Reads the state of a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Read the state of a timer. The same as calling <seealso marker="#read_timer/2"><c>erlang:read_timer(TimerRef, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="ref_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Text representation of a reference</fsummary> + <fsummary>Text representation of a reference.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a string which corresponds to the text + <p>Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of <c><anno>Ref</anno></c>.</p> <warning> - <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and for use in - the Erlang operating system. It should not be used in - application programs.</p> + <p>This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used + in application programs.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="register" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Register a name for a pid (or port)</fsummary> + <fsummary>Registers a name for a pid (or port).</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Associates the name <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> with a pid or a port - identifier. <c><anno>RegName</anno></c>, which must be an atom, can be used - instead of the pid / port identifier in the send operator + <p>Associates the name <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> with a process + identifier (pid) or a port identifier. + <c><anno>RegName</anno></c>, which must be an atom, can be used + instead of the pid or port identifier in send operator (<c><anno>RegName</anno> ! Message</c>).</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>register(db, Pid).</input> true</pre> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is not an existing, - local process or port, if <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> is already in use, - if the process or port is already registered (already has a - name), or if <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> is the atom <c>undefined</c>.</p> + <p>Failures:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>PidOrPort</anno></c> is not an existing local + process or port.</item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> is already in use.</item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If the process or port is already registered + (already has a name).</item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> is the atom + <c>undefined</c>.</item> + </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="registered" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>All registered names</fsummary> + <fsummary>All registered names.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list of names which have been registered using - <seealso marker="#register/2">register/2</seealso>.</p> + <p>Returns a list of names that have been registered using + <seealso marker="#register/2">register/2</seealso>, for + example:</p> <pre> > <input>registered().</input> [code_server, file_server, init, user, my_db]</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="resume_process" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Resume a suspended process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Resumes a suspended process.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Decreases the suspend count on the process identified by - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> should previously have been - suspended via - <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process/2</seealso>, + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + is previously to have been suspended through + <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process/2</seealso> or <seealso marker="#suspend_process/1">erlang:suspend_process/1</seealso> - by the process calling <c>erlang:resume_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>)</c>. When - the suspend count on <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> reach zero, <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> - will be resumed, i.e., the state of the <c>Suspendee</c> is changed - from suspended into the state <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> was in before it was - suspended. - </p> + by the process calling + <c>erlang:resume_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>)</c>. When the + suspend count on <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> reaches zero, + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is resumed, that is, its state + is changed from suspended into the state it had before it was + suspended.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for debugging only.</p> </warning> @@ -4722,7 +5028,7 @@ true</pre> <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> isn't a process identifier. + If <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is not a process identifier. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> @@ -4732,58 +5038,65 @@ true</pre> </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is not alive. + If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + is not alive. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="round" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return an integer by rounding a number</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns an integer by rounding a number.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer by rounding <c><anno>Number</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns an integer by rounding <c><anno>Number</anno></c>, + for example:</p> <pre> -> <input>round(5.5).</input> +<input>round(5.5).</input> 6</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="self" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Pid of the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns pid of the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid (process identifier) of the calling process.</p> + <p>Returns the process identifier of the calling process, for + example:</p> <pre> > <input>self().</input> <0.26.0></pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="send" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Send a message</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sends a message.</fsummary> <type name="dst"/> <desc> - <p>Sends a message and returns <c><anno>Msg</anno></c>. This is the same as - <c><anno>Dest</anno> ! <anno>Msg</anno></c>.</p> - <p><c><anno>Dest</anno></c> may be a remote or local pid, a (local) port, a - locally registered name, or a tuple <c>{<anno>RegName</anno>, <anno>Node</anno>}</c> + <p>Sends a message and returns <c><anno>Msg</anno></c>. This + is the same as <c><anno>Dest</anno> ! <anno>Msg</anno></c>.</p> + <p><c><anno>Dest</anno></c> can be a remote or local process identifier, + a (local) port, a locally registered name, or a tuple + <c>{<anno>RegName</anno>, <anno>Node</anno>}</c> for a registered name at another node.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="send" arity="3"/> + <fsummary>Sends a message conditionally.</fsummary> <type name="dst"/> - <fsummary>Send a message conditionally</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Sends a message and returns <c>ok</c>, or does not send - the message but returns something else (see below). Otherwise - the same as - <seealso marker="#send/2">erlang:send/2</seealso>. See - also - <seealso marker="#send_nosuspend/2">erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3</seealso>. - for more detailed explanation and warnings.</p> - <p>The possible options are:</p> + <desc> + <p>Either sends a message and returns <c>ok</c>, or does not send + the message but returns something else (see the following). + Otherwise the same as + <seealso marker="#send/2">erlang:send/2</seealso>. + For more detailed explanation and warnings, see + <seealso marker="#send_nosuspend/2">erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3</seealso>.</p> + <p>The options are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>nosuspend</c></tag> <item> @@ -4793,314 +5106,366 @@ true</pre> <tag><c>noconnect</c></tag> <item> <p>If the destination node would have to be auto-connected - before doing the send, <c>noconnect</c> is returned + to do the send, <c>noconnect</c> is returned instead.</p> </item> </taglist> <warning> - <p>As with <c>erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3</c>: Use with extreme - care!</p> + <p>As with <c>erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3</c>: use with extreme + care.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="send_after" arity="4"/> <fsummary>Start a timer</fsummary> <desc> <p> Starts a timer. When the timer expires, the message - <c><anno>Msg</anno></c> will be sent to the process - identified by <c><anno>Dest</anno></c>. Appart from - the format of the message sent to - <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> when the timer expires + <c><anno>Msg</anno></c> is sent to the process + identified by <c><anno>Dest</anno></c>. Apart from + the format of the timeout message, <c>erlang:send_after/4</c> works exactly as <seealso marker="#start_timer/4"><c>erlang:start_timer/4</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> <func> <name name="send_after" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Start a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Starts a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Starts a timer. The same as calling <seealso marker="#send_after/4"><c>erlang:send_after(<anno>Time</anno>, <anno>Dest</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="send_nosuspend" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Try to send a message without ever blocking</fsummary> + <fsummary>Tries to send a message without ever blocking.</fsummary> <type name="dst"/> <desc> <p>The same as - <seealso marker="#send/3">erlang:send(<anno>Dest</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>, [nosuspend])</seealso>, but returns <c>true</c> if + <seealso marker="#send/3">erlang:send(<anno>Dest</anno>, + <anno>Msg</anno>, [nosuspend])</seealso>, + but returns <c>true</c> if the message was sent and <c>false</c> if the message was not sent because the sender would have had to be suspended.</p> - <p>This function is intended for send operations towards an + <p>This function is intended for send operations to an unreliable remote node without ever blocking the sending (Erlang) process. If the connection to the remote node (usually not a real Erlang node, but a node written in C or - Java) is overloaded, this function <em>will not send the message</em> but return <c>false</c> instead.</p> - <p>The same happens, if <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> refers to a local port that - is busy. For all other destinations (allowed for the ordinary - send operator <c>'!'</c>) this function sends the message and + Java) is overloaded, this function <em>does not send the message</em> + and returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <p>The same occurs if <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> refers to a local port + that is busy. For all other destinations (allowed for the ordinary + send operator <c>'!'</c>), this function sends the message and returns <c>true</c>.</p> - <p>This function is only to be used in very rare circumstances + <p>This function is only to be used in rare circumstances where a process communicates with Erlang nodes that can - disappear without any trace causing the TCP buffers and - the drivers queue to be over-full before the node will actually - be shut down (due to tick timeouts) by <c>net_kernel</c>. The - normal reaction to take when this happens is some kind of + disappear without any trace, causing the TCP buffers and + the drivers queue to be over-full before the node is + shut down (because of tick time-outs) by <c>net_kernel</c>. + The normal reaction to take when this occurs is some kind of premature shutdown of the other node.</p> - <p>Note that ignoring the return value from this function would - result in <em>unreliable</em> message passing, which is + <p>Notice that ignoring the return value from this function would + result in an <em>unreliable</em> message passing, which is contradictory to the Erlang programming model. The message is <em>not</em> sent if this function returns <c>false</c>.</p> - <p>Note also that in many systems, transient states of + <p>In many systems, transient states of overloaded queues are normal. The fact that this function - returns <c>false</c> does not in any way mean that the other + returns <c>false</c> does not mean that the other node is guaranteed to be non-responsive, it could be a - temporary overload. Also a return value of <c>true</c> does - only mean that the message could be sent on the (TCP) channel - without blocking, the message is not guaranteed to have - arrived at the remote node. Also in the case of a disconnected + temporary overload. Also, a return value of <c>true</c> does + only mean that the message can be sent on the (TCP) channel + without blocking, the message is not guaranteed to + arrive at the remote node. For a disconnected non-responsive node, the return value is <c>true</c> (mimics - the behaviour of the <c>!</c> operator). The expected - behaviour as well as the actions to take when the function - returns <c>false</c> are application and hardware specific.</p> + the behavior of operator <c>!</c>). The expected + behavior and the actions to take when the function + returns <c>false</c> are application- and hardware-specific.</p> <warning> - <p>Use with extreme care!</p> + <p>Use with extreme care.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="send_nosuspend" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Try to send a message without ever blocking</fsummary> + <fsummary>Tries to send a message without ever blocking.</fsummary> <type name="dst"/> <desc> <p>The same as - <seealso marker="#send/3">erlang:send(<anno>Dest</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>, [nosuspend | <anno>Options</anno>])</seealso>, - but with boolean return value.</p> + <seealso marker="#send/3">erlang:send(<anno>Dest</anno>, + <anno>Msg</anno>, [nosuspend | <anno>Options</anno>])</seealso>, + but with a Boolean return value.</p> <p>This function behaves like - <seealso marker="#send_nosuspend/2">erlang:send_nosuspend/2)</seealso>, - but takes a third parameter, a list of options. The only - currently implemented option is <c>noconnect</c>. The option - <c>noconnect</c> makes the function return <c>false</c> if + <seealso marker="#send_nosuspend/2">erlang:send_nosuspend/2</seealso>, + but takes a third parameter, a list of options. + The only option is <c>noconnect</c>, which + makes the function return <c>false</c> if the remote node is not currently reachable by the local - node. The normal behaviour is to try to connect to the node, - which may stall the process for a shorter period. The use of - the <c>noconnect</c> option makes it possible to be - absolutely sure not to get even the slightest delay when + node. The normal behavior is to try to connect to the node, + which can stall the process during a short period. The use of + option <c>noconnect</c> makes it possible to be + sure not to get the slightest delay when sending to a remote process. This is especially useful when - communicating with nodes who expect to always be - the connecting part (i.e. nodes written in C or Java).</p> + communicating with nodes that expect to always be + the connecting part (that is, nodes written in C or Java).</p> <p>Whenever the function returns <c>false</c> (either when a suspend would occur or when <c>noconnect</c> was specified and the node was not already connected), the message is guaranteed <em>not</em> to have been sent.</p> <warning> - <p>Use with extreme care!</p> + <p>Use with extreme care.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="set_cookie" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Set the magic cookie of a node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets the magic cookie of a node.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the magic cookie of <c><anno>Node</anno></c> to the atom - <c><anno>Cookie</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> is the local node, the function + <c><anno>Cookie</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> is the + local node, the function also sets the cookie of all other unknown nodes to - <c><anno>Cookie</anno></c> (see - <seealso marker="doc/reference_manual:distributed">Distributed Erlang</seealso> in the Erlang Reference Manual).</p> + <c><anno>Cookie</anno></c> (see Section + <seealso marker="doc/reference_manual:distributed">Distributed Erlang</seealso> + in the Erlang Reference Manual in System Documentation).</p> <p>Failure: <c>function_clause</c> if the local node is not alive.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="setelement" arity="3"/> - <type_desc variable="Index">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple1</anno>)</type_desc> - <fsummary>Set Nth element of a tuple</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets the Nth element of a tuple.</fsummary> + <type_desc variable="Index">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple1</anno></type_desc> <desc> - <p>Returns a tuple which is a copy of the argument <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c> - with the element given by the integer argument <c><anno>Index</anno></c> + <p>Returns a tuple that is a copy of argument + <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c> + with the element given by integer argument + <c><anno>Index</anno></c> (the first element is the element with index 1) replaced by - the argument <c><anno>Value</anno></c>.</p> + argument <c><anno>Value</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>setelement(2, {10, green, bottles}, red).</input> {10,red,bottles}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Size of a tuple or binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Size of a tuple or binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer which is the size of the argument - <c><anno>Item</anno></c>, which must be either a tuple or a binary.</p> + <p>Returns the number of elements in a tuple or the number of + bytes in a binary or bitstring, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>size({morni, mulle, bwange}).</input> -3</pre> +3 +> <input>size(<<11, 22, 33>>).</input> +3 +</pre> + <p>For bitstrings the number of whole bytes is returned. That is, if the number of bits + in the bitstring is not divisible by 8, the resulting + number of bytes is rounded <em>down</em>.</p> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#tuple_size/1"><c>tuple_size/1</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#byte_size/1"><c>byte_size/1</c></seealso> + and + <seealso marker="#bit_size/1"><c>bit_size/1</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a fun as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list <c>[]</c>. Otherwise works - like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> + <p>Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the + application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list + <c>[]</c>. Otherwise + works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list <c>[]</c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If - <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is returned. - Otherwise works like + <p>Returns the process identifier of a new process started + by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the + empty list <c>[]</c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If + <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is + returned. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a function as entry point</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>. The new process - created will be placed in the system scheduler queue and be - run some time later.</p> - <p><c>error_handler:undefined_function(<anno>Module</anno>, <anno>Function</anno>, <anno>Args</anno>)</c> is evaluated by the new process if - <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno>/Arity</c> does not exist (where - <c>Arity</c> is the length of <c><anno>Args</anno></c>). The error handler + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns the process identifier of a new process started by + the application of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> + to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>.</p> + <p><c>error_handler:undefined_function(<anno>Module</anno>, + <anno>Function</anno>, <anno>Args</anno>)</c> + is evaluated by the new process if + <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno>/Arity</c> + does not exist (where <c>Arity</c> is the length of + <c><anno>Args</anno></c>). The error handler can be redefined (see <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>). If <c>error_handler</c> is undefined, or the user has - redefined the default <c>error_handler</c> its replacement is - undefined, a failure with the reason <c>undef</c> will occur.</p> + redefined the default <c>error_handler</c> and its replacement is + undefined, a failure with reason <c>undef</c> occurs.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>spawn(speed, regulator, [high_speed, thin_cut]).</input> <0.13.1></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn" arity="4"/> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a function as entry point on a given node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c> on <c>Node</c>. If - <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exists, a useless pid is returned. + <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started + by the application + of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> + to <c><anno>Args</anno></c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If + <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is returned. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_link" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Create and link to a new process with a fun as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates and links to a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list []. A link is created between + <p>Returns the process identifier of a new process started by + the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list + <c>[]</c>. A link is created between the calling process and the new process, atomically. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_link" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Create and link to a new process with a fun as entry point on a specified node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates and links to a new process with a fun as entry point on a specified node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list [] on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. A link is + <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started + by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty + list <c>[]</c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. A link is created between the calling process and the new process, - atomically. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is - returned (and due to the link, an exit signal with exit - reason <c>noconnection</c> will be received). Otherwise works - like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> + atomically. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, + a useless pid is returned and an exit signal with + reason <c>noconnection</c> is sent to the calling + process. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_link" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Create and link to a new process with a function as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates and links to a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>. A link is created + <p>Returns the process identifier of a new process started by + the application of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> + to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>. A link is created between the calling process and the new process, atomically. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_link" arity="4"/> - <fsummary>Create and link to a new process with a function as entry point on a given node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates and links to a new process with a function as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c> on <c>Node</c>. A + <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process + started by the application + of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> + to <c><anno>Args</anno></c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. A link is created between the calling process and the new - process, atomically. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless - pid is returned (and due to the link, an exit signal with exit - reason <c>noconnection</c> will be received). Otherwise works - like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> + process, atomically. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does + not exist, a useless pid is returned and an exit signal with + reason <c>noconnection</c> is sent to the calling + process. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_monitor" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Create and monitor a new process with a fun as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates and monitors a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list [] and reference for a monitor - created to the new process. + <p>Returns the process identifier of a new process, started by + the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list + <c>[]</c>, + and a reference for a monitor created to the new process. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_monitor" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Create and monitor a new process with a function as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates and monitors a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> <desc> <p>A new process is started by the application - of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>, and the process is - monitored at the same time. Returns the pid and a reference - for the monitor. - Otherwise works like + of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> + to <c><anno>Args</anno></c>. The process is + monitored at the same time. Returns the process identifier + and a reference for the monitor. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="2"/> - <type name="priority_level" /> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a fun as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> + <type name="priority_level"/> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list <c>[]</c>. Otherwise - works like + <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process + started by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> + to the empty list <c>[]</c>. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn_opt/4">spawn_opt/4</seealso>.</p> - <p>If the option <c>monitor</c> is given, the newly created - process will be monitored and both the pid and reference for - the monitor will be returned.</p> + <p>If option <c>monitor</c> is given, the newly created + process is monitored, and both the pid and reference for + the monitor is returned.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="3"/> - <type name="priority_level" /> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> + <type name="priority_level"/> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the empty list <c>[]</c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If - <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is returned. - Otherwise works like + <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started + by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the + empty list <c>[]</c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If + <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is + returned. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn_opt/4">spawn_opt/4</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="4"/> - <type name="priority_level" /> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a function as entry point</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> + <type name="priority_level"/> <desc> - <p>Works exactly like + <p>Works as <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>, except that an extra option list is given when creating the process.</p> - <p>If the option <c>monitor</c> is given, the newly created - process will be monitored and both the pid and reference for - the monitor will be returned.</p> + <p>If option <c>monitor</c> is given, the newly created + process is monitored, and both the pid and reference for + the monitor is returned.</p> + <p>The options are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>link</c></tag> <item> @@ -5109,112 +5474,123 @@ true</pre> </item> <tag><c>monitor</c></tag> <item> - <p>Monitor the new process (just like + <p>Monitors the new process (like <seealso marker="#monitor/2">monitor/2</seealso> does).</p> </item> - <tag><c>{priority, <anno>Level</anno>}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{priority, <anno>Level</anno></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the priority of the new process. Equivalent to executing - <seealso marker="#process_flag_priority">process_flag(priority, <anno>Level</anno>)</seealso> in the start function of the new process, - except that the priority will be set before the process is - selected for execution for the first time. For more information - on priorities see - <seealso marker="#process_flag_priority">process_flag(priority, Level)</seealso>.</p> + <seealso marker="#process_flag_priority">process_flag(priority, + <anno>Level</anno>)</seealso> + in the start function of the new process, + except that the priority is set before the process is + selected for execution for the first time. For more + information on priorities, see + <seealso marker="#process_flag_priority">process_flag(priority, + <anno>Level</anno>)</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{fullsweep_after, <anno>Number</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>This option is only useful for performance tuning. - In general, you should not use this option unless you - know that there is problem with execution times and/or - memory consumption, and you should measure to make sure - that the option improved matters. - </p> + <p>Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this + option unless you + know that there is problem with execution times or + memory consumption, and ensure + that the option improves matters.</p> <p>The Erlang runtime system uses a generational garbage collection scheme, using an "old heap" for data that has survived at least one garbage collection. When there is no more room on the old heap, a fullsweep garbage - collection will be done.</p> - <p>The <c>fullsweep_after</c> option makes it possible to + collection is done.</p> + <p>Option <c>fullsweep_after</c> makes it possible to specify the maximum number of generational collections - before forcing a fullsweep even if there is still room on - the old heap. Setting the number to zero effectively - disables the general collection algorithm, meaning that + before forcing a fullsweep, even if there is room on + the old heap. Setting the number to zero + disables the general collection algorithm, that is, all live data is copied at every garbage collection.</p> - <p>Here are a few cases when it could be useful to change - <c>fullsweep_after</c>. Firstly, if binaries that are no - longer used should be thrown away as soon as possible. - (Set <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to zero.) Secondly, a process that - mostly have short-lived data will be fullsweeped seldom - or never, meaning that the old heap will contain mostly - garbage. To ensure a fullsweep once in a while, set - <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to a suitable value such as 10 or 20. - Thirdly, in embedded systems with limited amount of RAM - and no virtual memory, one might want to preserve memory - by setting <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to zero. (The value may be set - globally, see - <seealso marker="#system_flag/2">erlang:system_flag/2</seealso>.)</p> + <p>A few cases when it can be useful to change + <c>fullsweep_after</c>:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If binaries that are no longer used are to be + thrown away as soon as possible. (Set + <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to zero.) + </item> + <item>A process that mostly have short-lived data is + fullsweeped seldom or never, that is, the old heap + contains mostly garbage. To ensure a fullsweep + occasionally, set <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to a + suitable value, such as 10 or 20. + </item> + <item>In embedded systems with a limited amount of RAM + and no virtual memory, you might want to preserve memory + by setting <c><anno>Number</anno></c> to zero. + (The value can be set globally, see + <seealso marker="#system_flag/2">erlang:system_flag/2</seealso>.) + </item> + </list> </item> <tag><c>{min_heap_size, <anno>Size</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>This option is only useful for performance tuning. - In general, you should not use this option unless you - know that there is problem with execution times and/or - memory consumption, and you should measure to make sure - that the option improved matters. - </p> - <p>Gives a minimum heap size in words. Setting this value - higher than the system default might speed up some + <p>Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this + option unless you know that there is problem with + execution times or memory consumption, and + ensure that the option improves matters.</p> + <p>Gives a minimum heap size, in words. Setting this value + higher than the system default can speed up some processes because less garbage collection is done. - Setting too high value, however, might waste memory and - slow down the system due to worse data locality. - Therefore, it is recommended to use this option only for + However, setting a too high value can waste memory and + slow down the system because of worse data locality. + Therefore, use this option only for fine-tuning an application and to measure the execution time with various <c><anno>Size</anno></c> values.</p> </item> <tag><c>{min_bin_vheap_size, <anno>VSize</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>This option is only useful for performance tuning. - In general, you should not use this option unless you - know that there is problem with execution times and/or - memory consumption, and you should measure to make sure - that the option improved matters. - </p> - <p>Gives a minimum binary virtual heap size in words. Setting this value - higher than the system default might speed up some + <p>Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this + option unless you know that there is problem with + execution times or memory consumption, and + ensure that the option improves matters.</p> + <p>Gives a minimum binary virtual heap size, in words. + Setting this value + higher than the system default can speed up some processes because less garbage collection is done. - Setting too high value, however, might waste memory. - Therefore, it is recommended to use this option only for + However, setting a too high value can waste memory. + Therefore, use this option only for fine-tuning an application and to measure the execution time with various <c><anno>VSize</anno></c> values.</p> </item> - </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="5"/> - <type name="priority_level" /> - <fsummary>Create a new process with a function as entry point on a given node</fsummary> + <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> + <type name="priority_level"/> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid of a new process started by the application - of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to <c><anno>Args</anno></c> on <c>Node</c>. If + <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started + by the application + of <c><anno>Module</anno>:<anno>Function</anno></c> to + <c><anno>Args</anno></c> on <c><anno>Node</anno></c>. If <c><anno>Node</anno></c> does not exist, a useless pid is returned. Otherwise works like <seealso marker="#spawn_opt/4">spawn_opt/4</seealso>.</p> - <note><p>The <c>monitor</c> option is currently not supported by + <note><p>Option <c>monitor</c> is not supported by <c>spawn_opt/5</c>.</p></note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="split_binary" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Splits a binary into two.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="Pos">0..byte_size(Bin)</type_desc> - <fsummary>Split a binary into two</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a tuple containing the binaries which are the result - of splitting <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> into two parts at position <c><anno>Pos</anno></c>. + <p>Returns a tuple containing the binaries that are the result + of splitting <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> into two parts at + position <c><anno>Pos</anno></c>. This is not a destructive operation. After the operation, - there will be three binaries altogether.</p> + there are three binaries altogether.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>B = list_to_binary("0123456789").</input> <<"0123456789">> @@ -5228,31 +5604,35 @@ true</pre> 7</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="start_timer" arity="4"/> - <fsummary>Start a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Starts a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p> Starts a timer. When the timer expires, the message <c>{timeout, <anno>TimerRef</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>}</c> - will be sent to the process identified by + is sent to the process identified by <c><anno>Dest</anno></c>. </p> - <p>Currently available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s:</p> + <p>Available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s:</p> <taglist> - <tag><c>{abs, Abs}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{abs, false}</c></tag> <item> <p> - Absolute <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value. <c>Abs</c> - defaults to <c>false</c> which means that the - <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value will be interpreted - as a time in milli-seconds relative current + This is the default. It means the + <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value is interpreted + as a time in milli-seconds <em>relative</em> current <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang - monotonic time</seealso>. When <c>Abs</c> is set to - <c>true</c>, the <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value will - be interpreted as an absolute Erlang monotonic time of - milli-seconds - <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>. + monotonic time</seealso>. + </p> + </item> + <tag><c>{abs, true}</c></tag> + <item> + <p> + Absolute <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value. The + <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value is interpreted as an + absolute Erlang monotonic time in milli-seconds. </p> </item> </taglist> @@ -5260,7 +5640,7 @@ true</pre> More <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s may be added in the future. </p> <p> - The absolute point in time that the timer is set to expire on + The absolute point in time, the timer is set to expire on, has to be in the interval <c>[</c><seealso marker="#system_info_start_time"><c>erlang:system_info(start_time)</c></seealso><c>, </c><seealso marker="#system_info_end_time"><c>erlang:system_info(end_time)</c></seealso><c>]</c>. @@ -5268,21 +5648,21 @@ true</pre> is not allowed to be negative. </p> <p> - If <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> is a <c>pid()</c>, it has to + If <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> is a <c>pid()</c>, it must be a <c>pid()</c> of a process created on the current runtime system instance. This process may or may not have terminated. If <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> is an - <c>atom()</c>, it will be interpreted as the name of a + <c>atom()</c>, it is interpreted as the name of a locally registered process. The process referred to by the name is looked up at the time of timer expiration. No error is given if the name does not refer to a process. </p> <p> - If <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> is a <c>pid()</c>, the timer will - be automatically canceled if the process referred to by the - <c>pid()</c> is not alive, or when the process exits. This - feature was introduced in erts version 5.4.11. Note that - timers will not be automatically canceled when + If <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> is a <c>pid()</c>, the timer is + automatically canceled if the process referred to by the + <c>pid()</c> is not alive, or if the process exits. This + feature was introduced in ERTS version 5.4.11. Notice that + timers are not automatically canceled when <c><anno>Dest</anno></c> is an <c>atom()</c>. </p> <p>See also @@ -5290,141 +5670,203 @@ true</pre> <seealso marker="#cancel_timer/2"><c>erlang:cancel_timer/2</c></seealso>, and <seealso marker="#read_timer/2"><c>erlang:read_timer/2</c></seealso>.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the arguments does not satisfy - the requirements specified above.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the arguments do not satisfy + the requirements specified here.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="start_timer" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Start a timer</fsummary> + <fsummary>Starts a timer.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Starts a timer. The same as calling <seealso marker="#start_timer/4"><c>erlang:start_timer(<anno>Time</anno>, <anno>Dest</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> - <fsummary>Information about context switches</fsummary> - <desc> - <p><c><anno>ContextSwitches</anno></c> is the total number of context - switches since the system started.</p> + <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_active_tasks"></marker> + <p> + Returns a list where each element represents the amount + of active processes and ports on each run queue and its + associated scheduler. That is, the number of processes and + ports that are ready to run, or are currently running. The + element location in the list corresponds to the scheduler + and its run queue. The first element corresponds to scheduler + number 1 and so on. The information is <em>not</em> gathered + atomically. That is, the result is not necessarily a + consistent snapshot of the state, but instead quite + efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + </p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> - <fsummary>Information about exact reductions</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about context switches.</fsummary> <desc> - <marker id="statistics_exact_reductions"></marker> - <note><p><c>statistics(exact_reductions)</c> is - a more expensive operation than - <seealso marker="#statistics_reductions">statistics(reductions)</seealso> - especially on an Erlang machine with SMP support.</p> - </note> + <p>Returns the total number of context switches since the + system started.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="3"/> - <fsummary>Information about garbage collection</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about exact reductions.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>This information may not be valid for all implementations.</p> - <pre> -> <input>statistics(garbage_collection).</input> -{85,23961,0} -</pre> + <marker id="statistics_exact_reductions"></marker> + <p>Returns the number of exact reductions.</p> + <note><p><c>statistics(exact_reductions)</c> is + a more expensive operation than + <seealso marker="#statistics_reductions">statistics(reductions)</seealso>, + especially on an Erlang machine with SMP support.</p> + </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="4"/> - <fsummary>Information about io</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about garbage collection.</fsummary> <desc> - <p><c><anno>Input</anno></c> is the total number of bytes received - through ports, and <c><anno>Output</anno></c> is the total number of - bytes output to ports.</p> + <p>Returns information about garbage collection, for example:</p> + <pre> +> <input>statistics(garbage_collection).</input> +{85,23961,0}</pre> + <p>This information can be invalid for some implementations.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="5"/> - <fsummary>Information about reductions</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about I/O.</fsummary> <desc> - <marker id="statistics_reductions"></marker> - <note> - <p>Since erts-5.5 (OTP release R11B) - this value does not include reductions performed in current - time slices of currently scheduled processes. If an - exact value is wanted, use - <seealso marker="#statistics_exact_reductions">statistics(exact_reductions)</seealso>.</p> - </note> - <pre> -> <input>statistics(reductions).</input> -{2046,11} -</pre> + <p>Returns <c><anno>Input</anno></c>, + which is the total number of bytes + received through ports, and <c><anno>Output</anno></c>, + which is the total number of bytes output to ports.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> - <fsummary>Information about the run-queue</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about reductions.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the total length of the run queues, that is, the number - of processes that are ready to run on all available run queues.</p> + <marker id="statistics_reductions"></marker> + <p>Returns information about reductions, for example:</p> + <pre> +> <input>statistics(reductions).</input> +{2046,11}</pre> + <note><p>As from <c>ERTS</c> 5.5 (OTP R11B), + this value does not include reductions performed in current + time slices of currently scheduled processes. If an + exact value is wanted, use + <seealso marker="#statistics_exact_reductions">statistics(exact_reductions)</seealso>.</p> + </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> - <fsummary>Information about run-time</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Note that the run-time is the sum of the run-time for all - threads in the Erlang run-time system and may therefore be greater - than the wall-clock time. The time is returned in milliseconds.</p> - <pre> -> <input>statistics(runtime).</input> -{1690,1620} -</pre> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queues.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total length of the run-queues. That is, the number + of processes and ports that are ready to run on all available + run-queues. The information is gathered atomically. That + is, the result is a consistent snapshot of the state, but + this operation is much more expensive compared to + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + This especially when a large amount of schedulers is used. + </p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> - <fsummary>Information about each schedulers work time</fsummary> - <desc> - <marker id="statistics_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> - <p> - Returns a list of tuples with <c>{<anno>SchedulerId</anno>, - <anno>ActiveTime</anno>, <anno>TotalTime</anno>}</c>, where - <c>SchedulerId</c> is an integer id of the scheduler, <c>ActiveTime</c> is - the duration the scheduler has been busy, <c>TotalTime</c> is the total time duration since - <seealso marker="#system_flag_scheduler_wall_time">scheduler_wall_time</seealso> - activation. The time unit is not defined and may be subject to change - between releases, operating systems and system restarts. - <c>scheduler_wall_time</c> should only be used to calculate relative - values for scheduler-utilization. <c>ActiveTime</c> can never exceed <c>TotalTime</c>. - </p> - - <p>The definition of a busy scheduler is when it is not idle or not - scheduling (selecting) a process or port, meaning; executing process - code, executing linked-in-driver or NIF code, executing - built-in-functions or any other runtime handling, garbage collecting - or handling any other memory management. Note, a scheduler may also be - busy even if the operating system has scheduled out the scheduler - thread. - </p> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue_lengths"></marker> + <p> + Returns a list where each element represents the amount + of processes and ports ready to run for each run queue. The + element location in the list corresponds to the run queue + of a scheduler. The first element corresponds to the run + queue of scheduler number 1 and so on. The information is + <em>not</em> gathered atomically. That is, the result is + not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but + instead quite efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> - <p> - Returns <c>undefined</c> if the system flag - <seealso marker="#system_flag_scheduler_wall_time">scheduler_wall_time</seealso> - is turned off. - </p> + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> + <fsummary>Information about runtime.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.</p> + <p>This is the sum of the runtime for all threads + in the Erlang runtime system and can therefore be greater + than the wall clock time.</p> + <p>Example:</p> + <pre> +> <input>statistics(runtime).</input> +{1690,1620}</pre> + </desc> + </func> - <p>The list of scheduler information is unsorted and may appear in different order - between calls. - </p> - <p>Using <c>scheduler_wall_time</c> to calculate scheduler utilization.</p> + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/> + <fsummary>Information about each schedulers work time.</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="statistics_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> + <p>Returns a list of tuples with + <c>{<anno>SchedulerId</anno>, <anno>ActiveTime</anno>, + <anno>TotalTime</anno>}</c>, where + <c><anno>SchedulerId</anno></c> is an integer ID of the scheduler, + <c><anno>ActiveTime</anno></c> is + the duration the scheduler has been busy, and + <c><anno>TotalTime</anno></c> is the total time duration since + <seealso marker="#system_flag_scheduler_wall_time">scheduler_wall_time</seealso> + activation. The time unit is undefined and can be subject + to change between releases, OSs, and system restarts. + <c>scheduler_wall_time</c> is only to be used to + calculate relative values for scheduler-utilization. + <c><anno>ActiveTime</anno></c> can never exceed + <c><anno>TotalTime</anno></c>.</p> + <p>The definition of a busy scheduler is when it is not idle + and is not scheduling (selecting) a process or port, + that is:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>Executing process code</item> + <item>Executing linked-in-driver or NIF code</item> + <item>Executing built-in-functions, or any other runtime + handling</item> + <item>Garbage collecting</item> + <item>Handling any other memory management</item> + </list> + <p>Notice that a scheduler can also be busy even if the + OS has scheduled out the scheduler thread.</p> + <p>Returns <c>undefined</c> if system flag + <seealso marker="#system_flag_scheduler_wall_time">scheduler_wall_time</seealso> + is turned off.</p> + <p>The list of scheduler information is unsorted and can + appear in different order between calls.</p> + <p>Using <c>scheduler_wall_time</c> to calculate scheduler-utilization:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true).</input> false > <input>Ts0 = lists:sort(erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)), ok.</input> -ok -</pre> - <p>Some time later we will take another snapshot and calculate scheduler-utilization per scheduler.</p> +ok</pre> + <p>Some time later the user takes another snapshot and calculates + scheduler-utilization per scheduler, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>Ts1 = lists:sort(erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)), ok.</input> ok @@ -5437,86 +5879,127 @@ ok {5,0.9717956667018103}, {6,0.9739235846420741}, {7,0.973237033077876}, - {8,0.9741297293248656}] -</pre> - <p>Using the same snapshots to calculate a total scheduler-utilization.</p> + {8,0.9741297293248656}]</pre> + <p>Using the same snapshots to calculate a total scheduler-utilization:</p> <pre> > <input>{A, T} = lists:foldl(fun({{_, A0, T0}, {_, A1, T1}}, {Ai,Ti}) -> {Ai + (A1 - A0), Ti + (T1 - T0)} end, {0, 0}, lists:zip(Ts0,Ts1)), A/T.</input> -0.9769136803764825 -</pre> +0.9769136803764825</pre> <note> - <p><c>scheduler_wall_time</c> is by default disabled. Use <c>erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true)</c> to enable it. </p> + <p><c>scheduler_wall_time</c> is by default disabled. To + enable it, use + <c>erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true)</c>.</p> </note> </desc> </func> + <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> - <fsummary>Information about wall-clock</fsummary> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/> + <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_total_active_tasks"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total amount of active processes and ports in + the system. That is, the number of processes and ports that + are ready to run, or are currently running. The information + is <em>not</em> gathered atomically. That is, the result + is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but + instead quite efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total length of the run-queues. That is, the number + of processes and ports that are ready to run on all available + run-queues. The information is <em>not</em> gathered atomically. + That is, the result is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of + the state, but much more efficiently gathered compared to + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue"><c>statistics(run_queue)</c></seealso>. + See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/> + <fsummary>Information about wall clock.</fsummary> <desc> - <p><c>wall_clock</c> can be used in the same manner as + <p>Returns information about wall clock. <c>wall_clock</c> can + be used in the same manner as <c>runtime</c>, except that real time is measured as opposed to runtime or CPU time.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="suspend_process" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Suspend a process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Suspends a process.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Increases the suspend count on the process identified by - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> and puts it in the suspended state if it isn't - already in the suspended state. A suspended process will not be - scheduled for execution until the process has been resumed. - </p> - + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> and puts it in the suspended + state if it is not + already in that state. A suspended process will not be + scheduled for execution until the process has been resumed.</p> <p>A process can be suspended by multiple processes and can be suspended multiple times by a single process. A suspended - process will not leave the suspended state until its suspend - count reach zero. The suspend count of <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> - is decreased when + process does not leave the suspended state until its suspend + count reaches zero. The suspend count of + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is decreased when <seealso marker="#resume_process/1">erlang:resume_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>)</seealso> is called by the same process that called - <c>erlang:suspend_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>)</c>. All increased suspend - counts on other processes acquired by a process will automatically be + <c>erlang:suspend_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>)</c>. + All increased suspend + counts on other processes acquired by a process are automatically decreased when the process terminates.</p> - - <p>Currently the following options (<c><anno>Opt</anno></c>s) are available:</p> + <p>The options (<c><anno>Opt</anno></c>s) are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>asynchronous</c></tag> <item> A suspend request is sent to the process identified by - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> will eventually suspend - unless it is resumed before it was able to suspend. The caller - of <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c> will return immediately, - regardless of whether the <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has suspended yet - or not. Note that the point in time when the <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> - will actually suspend cannot be deduced from other events - in the system. The only guarantee given is that the - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> will <em>eventually</em> suspend (unless it - is resumed). If the <c>asynchronous</c> option has <em>not</em> - been passed, the caller of <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c> will - be blocked until the <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has actually suspended. + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + eventually suspends + unless it is resumed before it could suspend. The caller + of <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c> returns immediately, + regardless of whether <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has + suspended yet or not. The point in time when + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> suspends cannot be deduced + from other events in the system. It is only guaranteed that + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> <em>eventually</em> suspends + (unless it + is resumed). If option <c>asynchronous</c> has <em>not</em> + been passed, the caller of <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c> is + blocked until <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has suspended. </item> <tag><c>unless_suspending</c></tag> <item> - The process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> will be suspended - unless the calling process already is suspending the - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. If <c>unless_suspending</c> is combined - with the <c>asynchronous</c> option, a suspend request will be - sent unless the calling process already is suspending the - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> or if a suspend request already has been sent - and is in transit. If the calling process already is suspending - the <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>, or if combined with the <c>asynchronous</c> - option and a send request already is in transit, - <c>false</c> is returned and the suspend count on <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> - will remain unchanged. + The process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is + suspended unless the calling process already is suspending + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. + If <c>unless_suspending</c> is combined + with option <c>asynchronous</c>, a suspend request is + sent unless the calling process already is suspending + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> or if a suspend request + already has been sent and is in transit. If the calling + process already is suspending <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>, + or if combined with option <c>asynchronous</c> + and a send request already is in transit, + <c>false</c> is returned and the suspend count on + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> remains unchanged. </item> </taglist> - <p>If the suspend count on the process identified by - <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> was increased, <c>true</c> is returned; otherwise, - <c>false</c> is returned.</p> - + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is increased, <c>true</c> + is returned, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for debugging only.</p> </warning> @@ -5524,310 +6007,322 @@ ok <taglist> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> isn't a process identifier. + If <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is not a process identifier. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is same the process as - the process calling <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c>. + If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + is the same process + as the process calling <c>erlang:suspend_process/2</c>. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> is not alive. + If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + is not alive. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> resides on another node. + If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + resides on another node. </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - If <c><anno>OptList</anno></c> isn't a proper list of valid <c><anno>Opt</anno></c>s. + If <c><anno>OptList</anno></c> is not a proper list of valid + <c><anno>Opt</anno></c>s. </item> <tag><c>system_limit</c></tag> <item> - If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> has been suspended more - times by the calling process than can be represented by the - currently used internal data structures. The current system limit - is larger than 2 000 000 000 suspends, and it will never be less - than that. + If the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c> + has been suspended + more times by the calling process than can be represented by the + currently used internal data structures. The system limit is + higher than 2,000,000,000 suspends and will never be lower. </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="suspend_process" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Suspend a process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Suspends a process.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Suspends the process identified by <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. The - same as calling - <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>, [])</seealso>. For more information see the documentation of <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process/2</seealso>. - </p> + <p>Suspends the process identified by + <c><anno>Suspendee</anno></c>. The same as calling + <seealso marker="#suspend_process/2">erlang:suspend_process(<anno>Suspendee</anno>, + [])</seealso>.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for debugging only.</p> </warning> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag backtrace_depth</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>backtrace_depth</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the maximum depth of call stack back-traces in the exit reason element of <c>'EXIT'</c> tuples.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>cpu_topology</c>.</fsummary> <type name="cpu_topology"/> <type name="level_entry"/> <type name="level_tag"/> <type name="sub_level"/> <type name="info_list"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag cpu_topology</fsummary> <desc> <warning> <p><marker id="system_flag_cpu_topology"></marker> - This argument is <em>deprecated</em> and - scheduled for removal in erts-5.10/OTP-R16. Instead of using - this argument you are advised to use the <c>erl</c> command - line argument <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso>. - When this argument has been removed a final CPU topology to use - will be determined at emulator boot time.</p> + This argument is <em>deprecated</em> and scheduled for + removal in <c>ERTS</c> 5.10/OTP R16. Instead of using this + argument, use command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> in + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> + <p>When this argument is removed, a final CPU topology + to use is determined at emulator boot time.</p> </warning> - <p>Sets the user defined <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c>. The user defined - CPU topology will override any automatically detected - CPU topology. By passing <c>undefined</c> as <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> - the system will revert back to the CPU topology automatically + <p>Sets the user-defined <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c>. + The user-defined + CPU topology overrides any automatically detected + CPU topology. By passing <c>undefined</c> as + <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c>, + the system reverts to the CPU topology automatically detected. The returned value equals the value returned from <c>erlang:system_info(cpu_topology)</c> before the - change was made. - </p> + change was made.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> <p>The CPU topology is used when binding schedulers to logical processors. If schedulers are already bound when the CPU - topology is changed, the schedulers will be sent a request - to rebind according to the new CPU topology. - </p> - <p>The user defined CPU topology can also be set by passing - the <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> command - line argument to <c>erl</c>. - </p> - <p>For information on the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> type - and more, see the documentation of - <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">erlang:system_info(cpu_topology)</seealso>, - and the <c>erl</c> <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> - and <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> - command line flags. - </p> + topology is changed, the schedulers are sent a request + to rebind according to the new CPU topology.</p> + <p>The user-defined CPU topology can also be set by passing + command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> to + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> + <p>For information on type <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> + and more, see + <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">erlang:system_info(cpu_topology)</seealso> + as well as the command-line flags + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> and + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> in + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="3"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag dirty CPU schedulers online</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets <c>system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online"></marker> - Sets the amount of dirty CPU schedulers online. Valid range is - <![CDATA[1 <= DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N]]> where <c>N</c> is the - lesser of the return values of <c>erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</c> and - <c>erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</c>. - </p> + Sets the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. Range is + <![CDATA[1 <= DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N]]>, where <c>N</c> + is the smallest of the return values of + <c>erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</c> and + <c>erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</c>.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> - <p>Note that the number of dirty CPU schedulers online may change if the number of - schedulers online changes. For example, if there are 12 schedulers and all are - online, and 6 dirty CPU schedulers, all online as well, and <c>system_flag/2</c> - is used to set the number of schedulers online to 6, then the number of dirty - CPU schedulers online is automatically decreased by half as well, down to 3. - Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers online increases proportionally - to increases in the number of schedulers online.</p> - <p><em>Note that the dirty schedulers functionality is experimental</em>, and - that you have to enable support for dirty schedulers when building OTP in order - to try out the functionality.</p> - <p>For more information see + <p>The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can change if the + number of schedulers online changes. For example, if 12 + schedulers and 6 dirty CPU schedulers are online, and + <c>system_flag/2</c> is used to set the number of + schedulers online to 6, then the number of dirty CPU + schedulers online is automatically decreased by half as well, + down to 3. Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers + online increases proportionally to increases in the number of + schedulers online.</p> + <note><p>The dirty schedulers functionality is experimental. + Enable support for dirty schedulers when building OTP to + try out the functionality.</p> + </note> + <p>For more information, see <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</seealso> and - <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online)</seealso>. - </p> + <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="4"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag fullsweep_after</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>fullsweep_after</c>.</fsummary> <desc> - <p><c><anno>Number</anno></c> is a non-negative integer which indicates + <p>Sets system flag <c>fullsweep_after</c>. + <c><anno>Number</anno></c> is a non-negative integer indicating how many times generational garbage collections can be done without forcing a fullsweep collection. The value - applies to new processes; processes already running are + applies to new processes, while processes already running are not affected.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> <p>In low-memory systems (especially without virtual - memory), setting the value to 0 can help to conserve + memory), setting the value to <c>0</c> can help to conserve memory.</p> - <p>An alternative way to set this value is through the - (operating system) environment variable - <c>ERL_FULLSWEEP_AFTER</c>.</p> + <p>This value can also be set through (OS) + environment variable <c>ERL_FULLSWEEP_AFTER</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag min_heap_size</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The - size is given in words. The new <c>min_heap_size</c> only - effects processes spawned after the change of - <c>min_heap_size</c> has been made. - The <c>min_heap_size</c> can be set for individual - processes by use of + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_heap_size</c>.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The size + is given in words. The new <c>min_heap_size</c> effects + only processes spawned after the change of + <c>min_heap_size</c> has been made. <c>min_heap_size</c> + can be set for individual processes by using <seealso marker="#spawn_opt/4">spawn_opt/N</seealso> or - <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>. </p> + <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag min_bin_vheap_size</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c>.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for processes. The - size is given in words. The new <c>min_bin_vhheap_size</c> only - effects processes spawned after the change of + <p>Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for + processes. The size is given in words. + The new <c>min_bin_vhheap_size</c> effects only + processes spawned after the change of <c>min_bin_vhheap_size</c> has been made. - The <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c> can be set for individual - processes by use of + <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c> can be set for individual + processes by using <seealso marker="#spawn_opt/4">spawn_opt/N</seealso> or - <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>. </p> + <seealso marker="#process_flag/2">process_flag/2</seealso>.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag multi_scheduling</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>multi_scheduling</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_multi_scheduling"></marker> If multi-scheduling is enabled, more than one scheduler thread is used by the emulator. Multi-scheduling can be - blocked. When multi-scheduling has been blocked, only - one scheduler thread will schedule Erlang processes.</p> - <p>If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= block</c>, multi-scheduling will - be blocked. If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= unblock</c> and no-one - else is blocking multi-scheduling and this process has - only blocked one time, multi-scheduling will be unblocked. - One process can block multi-scheduling multiple times. - If a process has blocked multiple times, it has to + blocked. When multi-scheduling is blocked, only + one scheduler thread schedules Erlang processes.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= block</c>, multi-scheduling is + blocked. If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= unblock</c> and no one + else blocks multi-scheduling, and this process has + blocked only once, multi-scheduling is unblocked.</p> + <p>One process can block multi-scheduling multiple times. + If a process has blocked multiple times, it must unblock exactly as many times as it has blocked before it has released its multi-scheduling block. If a process that - has blocked multi-scheduling exits, it will release its + has blocked multi-scheduling exits, it releases its blocking of multi-scheduling.</p> <p>The return values are <c>disabled</c>, <c>blocked</c>, or <c>enabled</c>. The returned value describes the state just after the call to <c>erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, <anno>BlockState</anno>)</c> - has been made. The return values are described in the - documentation of <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>.</p> - <p><em>NOTE</em>: Blocking of multi-scheduling should normally - not be needed. If you feel that you need to - block multi-scheduling, think through the - problem at least a couple of times again. - Blocking multi-scheduling should only be used - as a last resort since it will most likely be - a <em>very inefficient</em> way to solve the - problem.</p> - <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + has been made. For information about the return values, see + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>.</p> + <note><p>Blocking of multi-scheduling is normally not needed. + If you feel that you need to block multi-scheduling, + consider it a few more times again. Blocking multi-scheduling + is only to be used as a last resort, as it is most likely + a <em>very inefficient</em> way to solve the problem.</p> + </note> + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_bind_type</c>.</fsummary> <type name="scheduler_bind_type"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag scheduler_bind_type</fsummary> <desc> <warning> <p><marker id="system_flag_scheduler_bind_type"></marker> - This argument is <em>deprecated</em> and - scheduled for removal in erts-5.10/OTP-R16. Instead of using - this argument you are advised to use the <c>erl</c> command - line argument <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso>. - When this argument has been removed a final scheduler bind type - to use will be determined at emulator boot time.</p> + This argument is <em>deprecated</em> and scheduled for + removal in <c>ERTS</c> 5.10/OTP R16. Instead of using this + argument, use command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. + When this argument is removed, a final scheduler bind + type to use is determined at emulator boot time.</p> </warning> <p>Controls if and how schedulers are bound to logical processors.</p> - <p>When <c>erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, <anno>How</anno>)</c> is - called, an asynchronous signal is sent to all schedulers - online which causes them to try to bind or unbind as requested. - <em>NOTE:</em> If a scheduler fails to bind, this - will often be silently ignored. This since it isn't always - possible to verify valid logical processor identifiers. If - an error is reported, it will be reported to the - <c>error_logger</c>. If you want to verify that the - schedulers actually have bound as requested, call - <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>. - </p> - <p>Schedulers can currently only be bound on newer Linux, + <p>When <c>erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, <anno>How</anno>)</c> + is called, an asynchronous signal is sent to all schedulers + online, causing them to try to bind or unbind as requested.</p> + <note><p>If a scheduler fails to bind, this is often silently + ignored, as it is not always possible to verify valid + logical processor identifiers. If an error is reported, + it is reported to <c>error_logger</c>. To verify that the + schedulers have bound as requested, call + <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>.</p> + </note> + <p>Schedulers can be bound on newer Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems, but more systems will be - supported in the future. - </p> + supported in future releases.</p> <p>In order for the runtime system to be able to bind schedulers, - the CPU topology needs to be known. If the runtime system fails - to automatically detect the CPU topology, it can be defined. + the CPU topology must be known. If the runtime system fails + to detect the CPU topology automatically, it can be defined. For more information on how to define the CPU topology, see - the <c>erl</c> <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> command - line flag. - </p> - <p>The runtime system will by default <em>not</em> bind schedulers - to logical processors. - </p> - <p><em>NOTE:</em> If the Erlang runtime system is the only - operating system process that binds threads to logical processors, - this improves the performance of the runtime system. However, - if other operating system processes (as for example another Erlang - runtime system) also bind threads to logical processors, there - might be a performance penalty instead. In some cases this - performance penalty might be severe. If this is the case, you - are advised to not bind the schedulers.</p> - <p>Schedulers can be bound in different ways. The <c><anno>How</anno></c> - argument determines how schedulers are bound. <c><anno>How</anno></c> can - currently be one of:</p> + command-line flag <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> + <p>The runtime system does by default <em>not</em> bind schedulers + to logical processors.</p> + <note><p>If the Erlang runtime system is the only OS + process binding threads to logical processors, this + improves the performance of the runtime system. However, + if other OS processes (for example, another Erlang + runtime system) also bind threads to logical processors, + there can be a performance penalty instead. Sometimes this + performance penalty can be severe. If so, it is recommended + to not bind the schedulers.</p> + </note> + <p>Schedulers can be bound in different ways. Argument + <c><anno>How</anno></c> determines how schedulers are + bound and can be any of the following:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>unbound</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt u</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt u</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>no_spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt ns</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt ns</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>thread_spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt ts</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt ts</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>processor_spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt ps</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt ps</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt s</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt s</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>no_node_thread_spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt nnts</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt nnts</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>no_node_processor_spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt nnps</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt nnps</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>thread_no_node_processor_spread</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt tnnps</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt tnnps</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> <tag><c>default_bind</c></tag> - <item><p>Same as the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt db</seealso>. + <item><p>Same as command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt db</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>. </p></item> </taglist> - <p>The value returned equals <c><anno>How</anno></c> before the - <c>scheduler_bind_type</c> flag was changed.</p> - <p>Failure:</p> + <p>The returned value equals <c><anno>How</anno></c> before flag + <c>scheduler_bind_type</c> was changed.</p> + <p>Failures:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>notsup</c></tag> <item> @@ -5835,168 +6330,171 @@ ok </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - <p>If <c>How</c> isn't one of the documented alternatives.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>How</anno></c> is not one of the documented + alternatives.</p> </item> <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> <item> - <p>If no CPU topology information is available.</p> + <p>If CPU topology information is unavailable.</p> </item> </taglist> <p>The scheduler bind type can also be set by passing - the <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> command - line argument to <c>erl</c>. - </p> + command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> to <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> <p>For more information, see <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bind_type">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bind_type)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>, - the <c>erl</c> <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> - and <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> command line - flags. - </p> + as well as command-line flags + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> + and <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag scheduler_wall_time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_wall_time</c>.</fsummary> <desc><p><marker id="system_flag_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> - Turns on/off scheduler wall time measurements. </p> - <p>For more information see, - <seealso marker="#statistics_scheduler_wall_time">erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)</seealso>. - </p> + Turns on or off scheduler wall time measurements.</p> + <p>For more information, see + <seealso marker="#statistics_scheduler_wall_time">erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag schedulers_online</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>schedulers_online</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_schedulers_online"></marker> - Sets the amount of schedulers online. Valid range is - <![CDATA[1 <= SchedulersOnline <= erlang:system_info(schedulers)]]>. - </p> + Sets the number of schedulers online. Range is + <![CDATA[1 <= SchedulersOnline <= erlang:system_info(schedulers)]]>.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> - <p>Note that if the emulator was built with support for <seealso - marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">dirty schedulers</seealso>, - changing the number of schedulers online can also change the number of dirty - CPU schedulers online. For example, if there are 12 schedulers and all are - online, and 6 dirty CPU schedulers, all online as well, and <c>system_flag/2</c> - is used to set the number of schedulers online to 6, then the number of dirty - CPU schedulers online is automatically decreased by half as well, down to 3. - Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers online increases proportionally - to increases in the number of schedulers online.</p> - <p>For more information see, - <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>, + <p>If the emulator was built with support for + <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">dirty schedulers</seealso>, + changing the number of schedulers online can also change the + number of dirty CPU schedulers online. For example, if 12 + schedulers and 6 dirty CPU schedulers are online, and + <c>system_flag/2</c> is used to set the number of schedulers + online to 6, then the number of dirty CPU schedulers online + is automatically decreased by half as well, down to 3. + Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers online increases + proportionally to increases in the number of schedulers online.</p> + <p>For more information, see + <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso> and - <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</seealso>. - </p> + <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/> - <fsummary>Set system flag trace_control_word</fsummary> + <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>trace_control_word</c>.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Sets the value of the node's trace control word to - <c><anno>TCW</anno></c>. <c><anno>TCW</anno></c> should be an unsigned integer. For - more information see documentation of the + <p>Sets the value of the node trace control word to + <c><anno>TCW</anno></c>, which is to be an unsigned integer. + For more information, see the function <seealso marker="erts:match_spec#set_tcw">set_tcw</seealso> - function in the match specification documentation in the - ERTS User's Guide.</p> + in Section "Match Specifications in Erlang" in the + User's Guide.</p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> - <marker id="system_flag_time_offset"/> + <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="12"/> <fsummary>Finalize the Time Offset</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Finalizes the <seealso marker="#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso> - when the <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single - time warp mode</seealso> is being used. If another time warp mode than - the "single time warp mode" is used, the time offset state will be left - unchanged.</p> - <p>Returns the old state identifier. That is, if:</p> + <p><marker id="system_flag_time_offset"></marker> + Finalizes the <seealso marker="#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso> + when <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single + time warp mode</seealso> is used. If another time warp mode + is used, the time offset state is left unchanged.</p> + <p>Returns the old state identifier. That is:</p> <list> - <item><p><c>preliminary</c> is returned, finalization was + <item><p>If <c>preliminary</c> is returned, finalization was performed and the time offset is now final.</p></item> - <item><p><c>final</c> is returned, the time offset was - already in the final state. This either due to another + <item><p>If <c>final</c> is returned, the time offset was + already in the final state. This either because another <c>erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize)</c> call, or - due to the - <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no - time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item> + because <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> - <item><p><c>volatile</c> is returned, the time offset - cannot be finalized due to the + <item><p>If <c>volatile</c> is returned, the time offset + cannot be finalized because <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi - time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item> + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> </list> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="3"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="4"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="5"/> + <fsummary>Information about the system allocators.</fsummary> <type variable="Allocator" name_i="2"/> <type variable="Version" name_i="2"/> <type variable="Features" name_i="2"/> <type variable="Settings" name_i="2"/> <type variable="Alloc" name_i="3"/> - <fsummary>Information about the allocators of the system</fsummary> <desc> - <p> - Returns various information about the - <marker id="system_info_allocator_tags">allocators</marker> of the + <marker id="system_info_allocator_tags"></marker> + <p>Returns various information about the allocators of the current system (emulator) as specified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>:</p> + <marker id="system_info_allocated_areas"></marker> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="system_info_allocated_areas"><c>allocated_areas</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>allocated_areas</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list of tuples with information about miscellaneous allocated memory areas.</p> - <p>Each tuple contains an atom describing type of memory as - first element and amount of allocated memory in bytes as - second element. In those cases when there is information - present about allocated and used memory, a third element - is present. This third element contains the amount of + <p>Each tuple contains an atom describing the type of + memory as first element and the amount of allocated + memory in bytes as second element. When information + about allocated and used memory is present, also a + third element is present, containing the amount of used memory in bytes.</p> <p><c>erlang:system_info(allocated_areas)</c> is intended - for debugging, and the content is highly implementation - dependent. The content of the results will therefore - change when needed without prior notice.</p> - <p><em>Note:</em> The sum of these values is <em>not</em> + for debugging, and the content is highly + implementation-dependent. The content of the results + therefore changes when needed without prior notice.</p> + <p>Notice that the sum of these values is <em>not</em> the total amount of memory allocated by the emulator. Some values are part of other values, and some memory - areas are not part of the result. If you are interested - in the total amount of memory allocated by the emulator - see <seealso marker="#memory/0">erlang:memory/0,1</seealso>.</p> + areas are not part of the result. For information about + the total amount of memory allocated by the emulator, see + <seealso marker="#memory/0">erlang:memory/0,1</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_allocator"><c>allocator</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>allocator</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns <c>{<anno>Allocator</anno>, <anno>Version</anno>, <anno>Features</anno>, <anno>Settings</anno>}.</c></p> - <p>Explanation:</p> + <marker id="system_info_allocator"></marker> + <p>Returns <c>{<anno>Allocator</anno>, <anno>Version</anno>, + <anno>Features</anno>, <anno>Settings</anno></c>, where:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item> - <p><c><anno>Allocator</anno></c> corresponds to the <c>malloc()</c> - implementation used. If <c><anno>Allocator</anno></c> equals + <p><c><anno>Allocator</anno></c> corresponds to the + <c>malloc()</c> implementation used. If + <c><anno>Allocator</anno></c> equals <c>undefined</c>, the <c>malloc()</c> implementation - used could not be identified. Currently - <c>glibc</c> can be identified.</p> + used cannot be identified. <c>glibc</c> can be + identified.</p> </item> <item> - <p><c><anno>Version</anno></c> is a list of integers (but not a - string) representing the version of + <p><c><anno>Version</anno></c> is a list of integers + (but not a string) representing the version of the <c>malloc()</c> implementation used.</p> </item> <item> - <p><c><anno>Features</anno></c> is a list of atoms representing - allocation features used.</p> + <p><c><anno>Features</anno></c> is a list of atoms + representing the allocation features used.</p> </item> <item> - <p><c><anno>Settings</anno></c> is a list of subsystems, their - configurable parameters, and used values. Settings - may differ between different combinations of + <p><c><anno>Settings</anno></c> is a list of subsystems, + their configurable parameters, and used values. Settings + can differ between different combinations of platforms, allocators, and allocation features. Memory sizes are given in bytes.</p> </item> @@ -6004,165 +6502,169 @@ ok <p>See also "System Flags Effecting erts_alloc" in <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc#flags">erts_alloc(3)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_alloc_util_allocators"><c>alloc_util_allocators</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>alloc_util_allocators</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns a list of the names of all allocators - using the ERTS internal <c>alloc_util</c> framework - as atoms. For more information see the - <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc#alloc_util">"the - alloc_util framework" section in the - erts_alloc(3)</seealso> documentation. - </p> + <marker id="system_info_alloc_util_allocators"></marker> + <p>Returns a list of the names of all allocators using + the <c>ERTS</c> internal <c>alloc_util</c> framework + as atoms. For more information, see Section + <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc#alloc_util">"The + alloc_util framework" in erts_alloc(3)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_allocator_tuple"><c>{allocator, <anno>Alloc</anno>}</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>{allocator, <anno>Alloc</anno>}</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_allocator_tuple"></marker> <p>Returns information about the specified allocator. - As of erts version 5.6.1 the return value is a list - of <c>{instance, InstanceNo, InstanceInfo}</c> tuples + As from <c>ERTS</c> 5.6.1, the return value is a list + of <c>{instance, InstanceNo, InstanceInfo}</c> tuples, where <c>InstanceInfo</c> contains information about - a specific instance of the allocator. As of erts version - 5.10.4 the returned list when calling + a specific instance of the allocator. As from + <c>ERTS</c> 5.10.4, the returned list when calling <c>erlang:system_info({allocator, mseg_alloc})</c> also - include an <c>{erts_mmap, _}</c> tuple as one element - in the list. - If <c><anno>Alloc</anno></c> is not a recognized allocator, - <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c><anno>Alloc</anno></c> is disabled, + includes an <c>{erts_mmap, _}</c> tuple as one element + in the list. If <c><anno>Alloc</anno></c> is not a + recognized allocator, <c>undefined</c> is returned. + If <c><anno>Alloc</anno></c> is disabled, <c>false</c> is returned.</p> - <p><em>Note:</em> The information returned is highly - implementation dependent and may be changed, or removed + <p>Notice that the information returned is highly + implementation-dependent and can be changed or removed at any time without prior notice. It was initially intended as a tool when developing new allocators, but - since it might be of interest for others it has been + as it can be of interest for others it has been briefly documented.</p> <p>The recognized allocators are listed in <seealso marker="erts:erts_alloc">erts_alloc(3)</seealso>. After reading the <c>erts_alloc(3)</c> documentation, the returned information - should more or less speak for itself. But it can be worth + more or less speaks for itself, but it can be worth explaining some things. Call counts are presented by two - values. The first value is giga calls, and the second - value is calls. <c>mbcs</c>, and <c>sbcs</c> are - abbreviations for, respectively, multi-block carriers, and - single-block carriers. Sizes are presented in bytes. When - it is not a size that is presented, it is the amount of - something. Sizes and amounts are often presented by three - values, the first is current value, the second is maximum - value since the last call to - <c>erlang:system_info({allocator, Alloc})</c>, and - the third is maximum value since the emulator was started. - If only one value is present, it is the current value. + values, the first value is giga calls, and the second + value is calls. <c>mbcs</c> and <c>sbcs</c> denote + multi-block carriers, and single-block carriers, + respectively. Sizes are presented in bytes. When a + size is not presented, it is the amount of something. + Sizes and amounts are often presented by three values:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>The first is the current value.</item> + <item>The second is the maximum value since the last call + to <c>erlang:system_info({allocator, Alloc})</c>.</item> + <item>The third is the maximum value since the emulator + was started.</item> + </list> + <p>If only one value is present, it is the current value. <c>fix_alloc</c> memory block types are presented by two - values. The first value is memory pool size and - the second value used memory size.</p> + values. The first value is the memory pool size and + the second value is the used memory size.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_allocator_sizes"><c>{allocator_sizes, <anno>Alloc</anno>}</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>{allocator_sizes, <anno>Alloc</anno>}</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_allocator_sizes"></marker> <p>Returns various size information for the specified allocator. The information returned is a subset of the information returned by - <seealso marker="#system_info_allocator_tuple">erlang:system_info({allocator, <anno>Alloc</anno>})</seealso>. + <seealso marker="#system_info_allocator_tuple"><c>erlang:system_info({allocator, <anno>Alloc</anno>})</c></seealso>. </p> </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="10"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="11"/> + <fsummary>Information about the CPU topology of the system.</fsummary> <type name="cpu_topology"/> <type name="level_entry"/> <type_desc name="cpu_topology"> - <marker id="system_info_cpu_topology"></marker> All <c><anno>LevelEntry</anno></c>s of a list must contain the same <c><anno>LevelTag</anno></c>, except on the top level where both <c>node</c> and - <c>processor</c> <c><anno>LevelTag</anno></c>s may co-exist. + <c>processor</c> <c><anno>LevelTag</anno></c>s can coexist. </type_desc> <type_desc name="level_entry"> - <c>{<anno>LevelTag</anno>, <anno>SubLevel</anno>} == {<anno>LevelTag</anno>, [], <anno>SubLevel</anno>}</c> + <c>{<anno>LevelTag</anno>, + <anno>SubLevel</anno>} == {<anno>LevelTag</anno>, [], + <anno>SubLevel</anno>}</c> </type_desc> <type name="level_tag"/> <type_desc name="level_tag"> - More <c><anno>LevelTag</anno></c>s may be introduced in the future. + More <c><anno>LevelTag</anno></c>s can be introduced in a + future release. </type_desc> <type name="sub_level"/> <type name="info_list"/> <type_desc name="info_list"> - The <c>info_list()</c> may be extended in the future. + The <c>info_list()</c> can be extended in a future release. </type_desc> - <fsummary>Information about the CPU topology of the system</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns various information about the - <marker id="system_info_cpu_topology_tags">CPU topology</marker> - of the current system - (emulator) as specified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>:</p> + <marker id="system_info_cpu_topology_tags"></marker> + <marker id="system_info_cpu_topology"></marker> + <p>Returns various information about the CPU topology of + the current system (emulator) as specified by + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>cpu_topology</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> which currently is used by the - emulator. The CPU topology is used when binding schedulers + <p>Returns the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> currently used by + the emulator. The CPU topology is used when binding schedulers to logical processors. The CPU topology used is the - <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_cpu_topology_defined">user - defined CPU topology</seealso> if such exists; otherwise, the - <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_cpu_topology_detected">automatically - detected CPU topology</seealso> if such exists. If no CPU topology + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_cpu_topology_defined">user-defined CPU topology</seealso>, + if such exists, otherwise the + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_cpu_topology_detected">automatically detected CPU topology</seealso>, + if such exists. If no CPU topology exists, <c>undefined</c> is returned.</p> - <p><c>node</c> refers to NUMA (non-uniform memory access) - nodes, and <c>thread</c> refers to hardware threads - (e.g. Intels hyper-threads).</p> - <p>A level in the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> term can be omitted if - only one entry exists and the <c><anno>InfoList</anno></c> is empty. - </p> + <p><c>node</c> refers to Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) + nodes. <c>thread</c> refers to hardware threads + (for example, Intel hyper-threads).</p> + <p>A level in term <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> can be + omitted if only one entry exists and + <c><anno>InfoList</anno></c> is empty.</p> <p><c>thread</c> can only be a sub level to <c>core</c>. - <c>core</c> can be a sub level to either <c>processor</c> - or <c>node</c>. <c>processor</c> can either be on the + <c>core</c> can be a sub level to <c>processor</c> + or <c>node</c>. <c>processor</c> can be on the top level or a sub level to <c>node</c>. <c>node</c> - can either be on the top level or a sub level to + can be on the top level or a sub level to <c>processor</c>. That is, NUMA nodes can be processor internal or processor external. A CPU topology can consist of a mix of processor internal and external - NUMA nodes, as long as each logical CPU belongs to one - and only one NUMA node. Cache hierarchy is not part of - the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> type yet, but will be in the - future. Other things may also make it into the CPU - topology in the future. In other words, expect the - <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> type to change. - </p> - </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_cpu_topology_defined"><c>{cpu_topology, defined}</c></marker></tag> - <item> - <p>Returns the user defined <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c>. For more - information see the documentation of - the <c>erl</c> <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> command - line flag, and the documentation of the - <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">cpu_topology</seealso> - argument. - </p> - </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_cpu_topology_detected"><c>{cpu_topology, detected}</c></marker></tag> - <item> - <p>Returns the automatically detected <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c>. The - emulator currently only detects the CPU topology on some newer - Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems. On Windows system with - more than 32 logical processors the CPU topology is not detected. - </p> - <p>For more information see the documentation of the - <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">cpu_topology</seealso> - argument. - </p> + NUMA nodes, as long as each logical CPU belongs to + <em>one</em> NUMA node. Cache hierarchy is not part of + the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> type, but will be in a + future release. Other things can also make it into the CPU + topology in a future release. In other words, expect the + <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> type to change.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>{cpu_topology, defined}</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_cpu_topology_defined"></marker> + <p>Returns the user-defined <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c>. + For more information, see command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sct">+sct</seealso> in + <c>erl(1)</c> and argument + <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">cpu_topology</seealso>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>{cpu_topology, detected}</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_cpu_topology_detected"></marker> + <p>Returns the automatically detected + <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno>y</c>. The + emulator detects the CPU topology on some newer + Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems. + On Windows system with more than 32 logical processors, + the CPU topology is not detected.</p> + <p>For more information, see argument + <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">cpu_topology</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{cpu_topology, used}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> which is used by the - emulator. For more information see the - documentation of the - <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">cpu_topology</seealso> - argument. - </p> + <p>Returns <c><anno>CpuTopology</anno></c> used by the emulator. + For more information, see argument + <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology">cpu_topology</seealso>.</p> </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> @@ -6224,7 +6726,7 @@ ok <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="65"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="66"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="67"/> - <fsummary>Information about the system</fsummary> + <fsummary>Information about the system.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns various information about the current system (emulator) as specified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>:</p> @@ -6241,8 +6743,7 @@ ok Other possible return values are <c>debug</c>, <c>purify</c>, <c>quantify</c>, <c>purecov</c>, <c>gcov</c>, <c>valgrind</c>, <c>gprof</c>, and <c>lcnt</c>. Possible return values - may be added and/or removed at any time without prior notice. - </p> + can be added or removed at any time without prior notice.</p> </item> <tag><c>c_compiler_used</c></tag> <item> @@ -6250,26 +6751,25 @@ ok compiling the runtime system. The first element is an atom describing the name of the compiler, or <c>undefined</c> if unknown. The second element is a term describing the - version of the compiler, or <c>undefined</c> if unknown. - </p> + version of the compiler, or <c>undefined</c> if unknown.</p> </item> <tag><c>check_io</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list containing miscellaneous information - regarding the emulators internal I/O checking. Note, - the content of the returned list may vary between - platforms and over time. The only thing guaranteed is + about the emulators internal I/O checking. Notice that + the content of the returned list can vary between + platforms and over time. It is only guaranteed that a list is returned.</p> </item> <tag><c>compat_rel</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns the compatibility mode of the local node as an integer. The integer returned represents the - Erlang/OTP release which the current emulator has been + Erlang/OTP release that the current emulator has been set to be backward compatible with. The compatibility - mode can be configured at startup by using the command - line flag <c>+R</c>, see - <seealso marker="erts:erl#compat_rel">erl(1)</seealso>.</p> + mode can be configured at startup by using command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#compat_rel">+R</seealso> in + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>cpu_topology</c></tag> <item> @@ -6282,144 +6782,150 @@ ok creation of a node is stored in process identifiers, port identifiers, and references. This makes it (to some extent) possible to distinguish between identifiers from - different incarnations of a node. Currently valid - creations are integers in the range 1..3, but this may - (probably will) change in the future. If the node is not - alive, 0 is returned.</p> + different incarnations of a node. The valid + creations are integers in the range 1..3, but this will + probably change in a future release. If the node is not + alive, <c>0</c> is returned.</p> </item> <tag><c>debug_compiled</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the emulator has been debug - compiled; otherwise, <c>false</c>. - </p> + compiled, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_delayed_node_table_gc"><c>delayed_node_table_gc</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>delayed_node_table_gc</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the amount of time in seconds that garbage collection - of an entry in a node table will be delayed. This limit can be set - on startup by passing the - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+zdntgc">+zdntgc</seealso> command line - flag to <c>erl</c>. For more information see the documentation of the + <marker id="system_info_delayed_node_table_gc"></marker> + <p>Returns the amount of time in seconds garbage collection + of an entry in a node table is delayed. This limit can be set + on startup by passing the command line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+zdntgc">+zdntgc</seealso> + to <c>erl</c>. For more information see the documentation of the command line flag.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers"><c>dirty_cpu_schedulers</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>dirty_cpu_schedulers</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers"></marker> <p>Returns the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads used by the emulator. Dirty CPU schedulers execute CPU-bound - native functions such as NIFs, linked-in driver code, and BIFs - that cannot be managed cleanly by the emulator's normal schedulers. - </p> - <p>The number of dirty CPU scheduler threads is determined at emulator - boot time and cannot be changed after that. The number of dirty CPU - scheduler threads online can however be changed at any time. The number of - dirty CPU schedulers can be set on startup by passing - the <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDcpu">+SDcpu</seealso> or - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDPcpu">+SDPcpu</seealso> command line flags, - see <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDcpu">erl(1)</seealso>. - </p> - <p><em>Note that the dirty schedulers functionality is experimental</em>, and - that you have to enable support for dirty schedulers when building OTP in - order to try out the functionality.</p> - <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline)</seealso>, + native functions, such as NIFs, linked-in driver code, + and BIFs that cannot be managed cleanly by the normal + emulator schedulers.</p> + <p>The number of dirty CPU scheduler threads is determined + at emulator boot time and cannot be changed after that. + However, the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads online + can be changed at any time. The number of dirty CPU + schedulers can be set at startup by passing + command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDcpu">+SDcpu</seealso> or + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDPcpu">+SDPcpu</seealso> in + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> + <p>Notice that the dirty schedulers functionality is + experimental. Enable support for dirty schedulers when + building OTP to try out the functionality.</p> + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_io_schedulers">erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</seealso>, and <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online"><c>dirty_cpu_schedulers_online</c></marker></tag> - <item> - <p>Returns the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. The return value - satisfies the following relationship: - <c><![CDATA[1 <= DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N]]></c>, where <c>N</c> is - the lesser of the return values of <c>erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</c> and - <c>erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</c>. - </p> - <p>The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can be set on startup by passing - the <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDcpu">+SDcpu</seealso> command line flag, see - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDcpu">erl(1)</seealso>. - </p> - <p><em>Note that the dirty schedulers functionality is experimental</em>, and - that you have to enable support for dirty schedulers when building OTP in - order to try out the functionality.</p> + <tag><c>dirty_cpu_schedulers_online</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online"></marker> + <p>Returns the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. + The return value satisfies + <c><![CDATA[1 <= DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N]]></c>, + where <c>N</c> is the smallest of the return values of + <c>erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</c> and + <c>erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</c>.</p> + <p>The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can be set at + startup by passing command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDcpu">+SDcpu</seealso> in + <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> + <p>Notice that the dirty schedulers functionality is + experimental. Enable support for dirty schedulers when + building OTP to try out the functionality.</p> <p>For more information, see <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_io_schedulers">erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</seealso>, and - <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline)</seealso>. - </p> - </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_dirty_io_schedulers"><c>dirty_io_schedulers</c></marker></tag> - <item> - <p>Returns the number of dirty I/O schedulers as an integer. Dirty I/O schedulers - execute I/O-bound native functions such as NIFs and linked-in driver code that - cannot be managed cleanly by the emulator's normal schedulers. - </p> - <p>This value can be set on startup by passing - the <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDio">+SDio</seealso> command line flag, see - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDio">erl(1)</seealso>. - </p> - <p><em>Note that the dirty schedulers functionality is experimental</em>, and - that you have to enable support for dirty schedulers when building OTP in - order to try out the functionality.</p> + <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline)</seealso>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>dirty_io_schedulers</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_dirty_io_schedulers"></marker> + <p>Returns the number of dirty I/O schedulers as an integer. + Dirty I/O schedulers execute I/O-bound native functions, + such as NIFs and linked-in driver code, which cannot be + managed cleanly by the normal emulator schedulers.</p> + <p>This value can be set at startup by passing command-line + argument <seealso marker="erts:erl#+SDio">+SDio</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> + <p>Notice that the dirty schedulers functionality is + experimental. Enable support for dirty schedulers when + building OTP to try out the functionality.</p> <p>For more information, see <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online)</seealso>, and - <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline)</seealso>. - </p> + <seealso marker="#system_flag_dirty_cpu_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline)</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>dist</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a binary containing a string of distribution information formatted as in Erlang crash dumps. For more - information see the <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> - chapter in the ERTS User's Guide.</p> + information, see Section + <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> + in the User's Guide.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_dist_buf_busy_limit"><c>dist_buf_busy_limit</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>dist_buf_busy_limit</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_dist_buf_busy_limit"></marker> <p>Returns the value of the distribution buffer busy limit - in bytes. This limit can be set on startup by passing the - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+zdbbl">+zdbbl</seealso> command line - flag to <c>erl</c>.</p> + in bytes. This limit can be set at startup by passing + command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+zdbbl">+zdbbl</seealso> + to <c>erl</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>dist_ctrl</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list of tuples - <c>{Node, ControllingEntity}</c>, one entry for each - connected remote node. The <c><anno>Node</anno></c> is the name of the - node and the <c><anno>ControllingEntity</anno></c> is the port or pid - responsible for the communication to that node. More - specifically, the <c><anno>ControllingEntity</anno></c> for nodes - connected via TCP/IP (the normal case) is the socket - actually used in communication with the specific node.</p> + <c>{<anno>Node</anno>, <anno>ControllingEntity</anno>}</c>, + one entry for each connected remote node. + <c><anno>Node</anno></c> is the node name + and <c><anno>ControllingEntity</anno></c> is the port or process + identifier responsible for the communication to that node. + More specifically, <c><anno>ControllingEntity</anno></c> for + nodes connected through TCP/IP (the normal case) is the socket + used in communication with the specific node.</p> </item> <tag><c>driver_version</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns a string containing the erlang driver version - used by the runtime system. It will be on the form + <p>Returns a string containing the Erlang driver version + used by the runtime system. It has the form <seealso marker="erts:erl_driver#version_management">"<major ver>.<minor ver>"</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>dynamic_trace</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns an atom describing the dynamic trace framework - compiled into the virtual machine. It can currently be either - <c>dtrace</c>, <c>systemtap</c> or <c>none</c>. For a - commercial or standard build, this is always <c>none</c>, - the other return values indicate a custom configuration - (e.g. <c>./configure --with-dynamic-trace=dtrace</c>). See - the <seealso marker="runtime_tools:dyntrace">dyntrace - </seealso> manual page and the + compiled into the virtual machine. It can be + <c>dtrace</c>, <c>systemtap</c>, or <c>none</c>. For a + commercial or standard build, it is always <c>none</c>. + The other return values indicate a custom configuration + (for example, <c>./configure --with-dynamic-trace=dtrace</c>). + For more information about dynamic tracing, see the + <seealso marker="runtime_tools:dyntrace">dyntrace</seealso> + manual page and the <c>README.dtrace</c>/<c>README.systemtap</c> files in the - Erlang source code top directory for more information - about dynamic tracing.</p> + Erlang source code top directory.</p> </item> <tag><c>dynamic_trace_probes</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns a <c>boolean()</c> indicating if dynamic trace probes - (either dtrace or systemtap) are built into the - emulator. This can only be <c>true</c> if the virtual - machine was built for dynamic tracing - (i.e. <c>system_info(dynamic_trace)</c> returns + <p>Returns a <c>boolean()</c> indicating if dynamic trace + probes (<c>dtrace</c> or <c>systemtap</c>) are built into + the emulator. This can only be <c>true</c> if the Virtual + Machine was built for dynamic tracing (that is, + <c>system_info(dynamic_trace)</c> returns <c>dtrace</c> or <c>systemtap</c>).</p> </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_end_time"/><c>end_time</c></tag> @@ -6433,42 +6939,43 @@ ok <tag><c>elib_malloc</c></tag> <item> <p>This option will be removed in a future release. - The return value will always be <c>false</c> since - the elib_malloc allocator has been removed.</p> + The return value will always be <c>false</c>, as the + <c>elib_malloc</c> allocator has been removed.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_eager_check_io"><c>eager_check_io</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_eager_check_io"/><c>eager_check_io</c></tag> <item> <p> - Returns the value of the <c>erl</c> - <seealso marker="erl#+secio">+secio</seealso> command line - flag which is either <c>true</c> or <c>false</c>. See the + Returns the value of the <c>erl</c> command line flag + <seealso marker="erl#+secio">+secio</seealso> + which is either <c>true</c> or <c>false</c>. See the documentation of the command line flag for information about the different values. </p> </item> <tag><c>ets_limit</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the maximum number of ETS tables allowed. This limit - can be increased on startup by passing the <seealso - marker="erts:erl#+e">+e</seealso> command line flag to - <c>erl</c> or by setting the environment variable - <c>ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</c> before starting the Erlang runtime - system.</p> + <p>Returns the maximum number of ETS tables allowed. This + limit can be increased at startup by passing + command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+e">+e</seealso> to + <c>erl(1)</c> or by setting environment variable + <c>ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</c> before starting the Erlang + runtime system.</p> </item> <tag><c>fullsweep_after</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns <c>{fullsweep_after, integer() >= 0}</c> which is the - <c>fullsweep_after</c> garbage collection setting used - by default. For more information see - <c>garbage_collection</c> described below.</p> + <p>Returns <c>{fullsweep_after, integer() >= 0}</c>, which is + the <c>fullsweep_after</c> garbage collection setting used + by default. For more information, see + <c>garbage_collection</c> described in the following.</p> </item> <tag><c>garbage_collection</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list describing the default garbage collection settings. A process spawned on the local node by a - <c>spawn</c> or <c>spawn_link</c> will use these + <c>spawn</c> or <c>spawn_link</c> uses these garbage collection settings. The default settings can be - changed by use of + changed by using <seealso marker="#system_flag/2">system_flag/2</seealso>. <seealso marker="#spawn_opt/4">spawn_opt/4</seealso> can spawn a process that does not use the default @@ -6482,8 +6989,8 @@ ok </item> <tag><c>heap_type</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the heap type used by the current emulator. - Currently only the following heap type exists:</p> + <p>Returns the heap type used by the current emulator. One + heap type exists:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>private</c></tag> <item> @@ -6498,51 +7005,51 @@ ok <item> <p>Returns a binary containing a string of miscellaneous system information formatted as in Erlang crash dumps. - For more information see the - <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> chapter in the ERTS - User's Guide.</p> + For more information, see Section + <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> + in the User's Guide.</p> </item> <tag><c>kernel_poll</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the emulator uses some kind of - kernel-poll implementation; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</p> + kernel-poll implementation, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>loaded</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a binary containing a string of loaded module information formatted as in Erlang crash dumps. For more - information see the <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> chapter - in the ERTS User's Guide.</p> + information, see Section + <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> + in the User's Guide.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="logical_processors"><c>logical_processors</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>logical_processors</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="logical_processors"></marker> <p>Returns the detected number of logical processors configured - on the system. The return value is either an integer, or - the atom <c>unknown</c> if the emulator wasn't able to - detect logical processors configured. - </p> + in the system. The return value is either an integer, or + the atom <c>unknown</c> if the emulator cannot + detect the configured logical processors.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="logical_processors_available"><c>logical_processors_available</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>logical_processors_available</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the detected number of logical processors available to - the Erlang runtime system. The return value is either an - integer, or the atom <c>unknown</c> if the emulator wasn't - able to detect logical processors available. The number - of logical processors available is less than or equal to - the number of <seealso marker="#logical_processors_online">logical - processors online</seealso>. - </p> + <marker id="logical_processors_available"></marker> + <p>Returns the detected number of logical processors available + to the Erlang runtime system. The return value is either an + integer, or the atom <c>unknown</c> if the emulator + cannot detect the available logical processors. The number + of available logical processors is less than or equal to + the number of + <seealso marker="#logical_processors_online">logical processors online</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="logical_processors_online"><c>logical_processors_online</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>logical_processors_online</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="logical_processors_online"></marker> <p>Returns the detected number of logical processors online on the system. The return value is either an integer, - or the atom <c>unknown</c> if the emulator wasn't able to + or the atom <c>unknown</c> if the emulator cannot detect logical processors online. The number of logical processors online is less than or equal to the number of - <seealso marker="#logical_processors">logical processors - configured</seealso>. - </p> + <seealso marker="#logical_processors">logical processors configured</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>machine</c></tag> <item> @@ -6550,27 +7057,30 @@ ok </item> <tag><c>min_heap_size</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns <c>{min_heap_size, <anno>MinHeapSize</anno>}</c> where <c><anno>MinHeapSize</anno></c> is the current system wide - minimum heap size for spawned processes.</p> + <p>Returns <c>{min_heap_size, <anno>MinHeapSize</anno>}</c>, + where <c><anno>MinHeapSize</anno></c> is the current + system-wide minimum heap size for spawned processes.</p> </item> <tag><c>min_bin_vheap_size</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns <c>{min_bin_vheap_size, <anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno>}</c> where <c><anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno></c> is the current system wide + <p>Returns <c>{min_bin_vheap_size, + <anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno>}</c>, where + <c><anno>MinBinVHeapSize</anno></c> is the current system-wide minimum binary virtual heap size for spawned processes.</p> </item> <tag><c>modified_timing_level</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the modified timing level (an integer) if - modified timing has been enabled; otherwise, - <c>undefined</c>. See the <c>+T</c> command line flag - in the documentation of the - <seealso marker="erts:erl#+T">erl(1)</seealso> - command for more information on modified timing.</p> + <p>Returns the modified timing-level (an integer) if + modified timing is enabled, otherwise, <c>undefined</c>. + For more information about modified timing, see + command-line flag + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+T">+T</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c></p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_multi_scheduling"><c>multi_scheduling</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>multi_scheduling</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns <c>disabled</c>, <c>blocked</c>, or <c>enabled</c>. - A description of the return values:</p> + <marker id="system_info_multi_scheduling"></marker> + <p>Returns <c>disabled</c>, <c>blocked</c>, or <c>enabled</c>:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>disabled</c></tag> <item> @@ -6581,93 +7091,99 @@ ok <tag><c>blocked</c></tag> <item> <p>The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, - but all scheduler threads but one have been blocked, - i.e., only one scheduler thread will schedule - Erlang processes and execute Erlang code.</p> + but all scheduler threads except one are blocked, + that is, only one scheduler thread schedules + Erlang processes and executes Erlang code.</p> </item> <tag><c>enabled</c></tag> <item> <p>The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, - and no scheduler threads have been blocked, i.e., - all available scheduler threads will schedule + and no scheduler threads are blocked, that is, + all available scheduler threads schedule Erlang processes and execute Erlang code.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, - <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, and + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, + and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers"><c>multi_scheduling_blockers</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>multi_scheduling_blockers</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns a list of <c><anno>PID</anno></c>s when multi-scheduling - is blocked; otherwise, the empty list. The <c><anno>PID</anno></c>s - in the list is <c><anno>PID</anno></c>s of the processes currently - blocking multi-scheduling. A <c><anno>PID</anno></c> will only be - present once in the list, even if the corresponding + <marker id="system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers"></marker> + <p>Returns a list of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>s when + multi-scheduling is blocked, otherwise the empty list is + returned. The <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>s in the list + represent all the processes currently + blocking multi-scheduling. A <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> occurs + only once in the list, even if the corresponding process has blocked multiple times.</p> - <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, - <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, and + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>nif_version</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns a string containing the erlang NIF version - used by the runtime system. It will be on the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".</p> + <p>Returns a string containing the version of the Erlang NIF interface + used by the runtime system. It is on the form + "<major ver>.<minor ver>".</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_otp_release"><c>otp_release</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>otp_release</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_otp_release"></marker> <p>Returns a string containing the OTP release number of the - OTP release that the currently executing ERTS application is + OTP release that the currently executing <c>ERTS</c> application is part of.</p> - <p>As of OTP release 17, the OTP release number corresponds to - the major OTP version number. There is no - <c>erlang:system_info()</c> argument giving the exact OTP - version. This since the exact OTP version in the general case - is hard to determine. For more information see - <seealso marker="doc/system_principles:versions">the - documentation of versions in the system principles - guide</seealso>.</p> + <p>As from OTP 17, the OTP release number corresponds to + the major OTP version number. No + <c>erlang:system_info()</c> argument gives the exact OTP + version. This is because the exact OTP version in the general case + is difficult to determine. For more information, see the description + of versions in <seealso marker="doc/system_principles:versions"> + System principles</seealso> in System Documentation.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>os_monotonic_time_source</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"/><c>os_monotonic_time_source</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_Monotonic_Time">OS monotonic time</seealso> that is used by the runtime system.</p> - <p>In case <c>[]</c> is returned, no OS monotonic time is + <p>If <c>[]</c> is returned, no OS monotonic time is available. The list contains two-tuples with <c>Key</c>s as first element, and <c>Value</c>s as second element. The - order if these tuples is undefined. Currently the following - tuples may be part of the list, but more tuples may be + order of these tuples is undefined. The following + tuples can be part of the list, but more tuples can be introduced in the future:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{function, Function}</c></tag> - <item><p><c>Function</c> is the name of the funcion + <item><p><c>Function</c> is the name of the function used. This tuple always exist if OS monotonic time is available to the runtime system.</p></item> <tag><c>{clock_id, ClockId}</c></tag> <item><p>This tuple only exist if <c>Function</c> can be used with different clocks. <c>ClockId</c> - corresponds to the clock identifer used when calling + corresponds to the clock identifier used when calling <c>Function</c>.</p></item> <tag><c>{resolution, OsMonotonicTimeResolution}</c></tag> <item><p>Highest possible <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso> of current OS monotonic time source as parts per - second. If no resolution information can be retreived - from the OS, <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c> will be + second. If no resolution information can be retrieved + from the OS, <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c> is set to the resolution of the time unit of <c>Function</c>s return value. That is, the actual - resolution may be lower than + resolution can be lower than <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c>. Also note that the resolution does not say anything about the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>, - and that the + and whether the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso> - might not align with the resolution. You do, - however, know that the precision won't be - better than + do align with the resolution. You do, + however, know that the precision is not better than <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c>.</p></item> <tag><c>{extended, Extended}</c></tag> @@ -6692,15 +7208,15 @@ ok <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>os_system_time_source</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_os_system_time_source"/><c>os_system_time_source</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS system time</seealso> that is used by the runtime system.</p> <p>The list contains two-tuples with <c>Key</c>s as first element, and <c>Value</c>s as second element. The - order if these tuples is undefined. Currently the following - tuples may be part of the list, but more tuples may be + order if these tuples is undefined. The following + tuples can be part of the list, but more tuples can be introduced in the future:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{function, Function}</c></tag> @@ -6710,26 +7226,25 @@ ok <tag><c>{clock_id, ClockId}</c></tag> <item><p>This tuple only exist if <c>Function</c> can be used with different clocks. <c>ClockId</c> - corresponds to the clock identifer used when calling + corresponds to the clock identifier used when calling <c>Function</c>.</p></item> <tag><c>{resolution, OsSystemTimeResolution}</c></tag> <item><p>Highest possible <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso> of current OS system time source as parts per - second. If no resolution information can be retreived - from the OS, <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c> will be + second. If no resolution information can be retrieved + from the OS, <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c> is set to the resolution of the time unit of <c>Function</c>s return value. That is, the actual resolution may be lower than <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c>. Also note that the resolution does not say anything about the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>, - and that the + and whether the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso> - might not align with the resolution. You do, - however, know that the precision won't be - better than + do align with the resolution. You do, + however, know that the precision is not better than <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c>.</p></item> <tag><c>{parallel, Parallel}</c></tag> @@ -6745,130 +7260,136 @@ ok <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_port_parallelism"><c>port_parallelism</c></marker></tag> - <item><p>Returns the default port parallelism scheduling hint used. - For more information see the - <seealso marker="erl#+spp">+spp</seealso> command line argument - of <seealso marker="erl">erl(1)</seealso>.</p></item> + <tag><c>port_parallelism</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_port_parallelism"></marker> + <p>Returns the default port parallelism scheduling hint used. + For more information, see command-line argument + <seealso marker="erl#+spp">+spp</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>.</p></item> <tag><marker id="system_info_port_count"/><c>port_count</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the number of ports currently existing at - the local node as an integer. The same value as - <c>length(erlang:ports())</c> returns, but more efficient.</p> + <p>Returns the number of ports currently existing at the + local node. The value is given as an integer. This is + the same value as returned by + <c>length(erlang:ports())</c>, but more efficient.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_port_limit"><c>port_limit</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>port_limit</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_port_limit"></marker> <p>Returns the maximum number of simultaneously existing - ports at the local node as an integer. This limit - can be configured at startup by using the - <seealso marker="erl#+Q">+Q</seealso> - command line flag of - <seealso marker="erl">erl(1)</seealso>.</p> + ports at the local node as an integer. This limit can be + configured at startup by using command-line flag + <seealso marker="erl#+Q">+Q</seealso> in <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_process_count"/><c>process_count</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the number of processes currently existing at - the local node as an integer. The same value as - <c>length(processes())</c> returns, but more efficient.</p> + <p>Returns the number of processes currently existing at the + local node. The value is given as an integer. This is + the same value as returned by + <c>length(processes())</c>, but more efficient.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_process_limit"><c>process_limit</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>process_limit</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_process_limit"></marker> <p>Returns the maximum number of simultaneously existing - processes at the local node as an integer. This limit - can be configured at startup by using the - <seealso marker="erl#+P">+P</seealso> - command line flag of - <seealso marker="erl">erl(1)</seealso>.</p> + processes at the local node. The value is given as an + integer. This limit can be configured at startup by using + command-line flag <seealso marker="erl#+P">+P</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>procs</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a binary containing a string of process and port information formatted as in Erlang crash dumps. For more - information see the <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> chapter - in the ERTS User's Guide.</p> + information, see Section + <seealso marker="erts:crash_dump">"How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps"</seealso> + in the User's Guide.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_scheduler_bind_type"><c>scheduler_bind_type</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>scheduler_bind_type</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns information on how user has requested + <marker id="system_info_scheduler_bind_type"></marker> + <p>Returns information about how the user has requested schedulers to be bound or not bound.</p> - <p><em>NOTE:</em> Even though user has requested - schedulers to be bound, they might have silently failed - to bind. In order to inspect actual scheduler bindings call - <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>. - </p> - <p>For more information, see - the <c>erl</c> <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> - command line argument, and - <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>. - </p> - </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_scheduler_bindings"><c>scheduler_bindings</c></marker></tag> - <item> - <p>Returns information on currently used scheduler + <p>Notice that even though a user has requested + schedulers to be bound, they can silently have failed + to bind. To inspect the scheduler bindings, call + <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>.</p> + <p>For more information, see command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c> and + <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>scheduler_bindings</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_scheduler_bindings"></marker> + <p>Returns information about the currently used scheduler bindings.</p> <p>A tuple of a size equal to - <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso> is returned. The elements of the tuple are integers + <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso> + is returned. The tuple elements are integers or the atom <c>unbound</c>. Logical processor identifiers are represented as integers. The <c>N</c>th element of the tuple equals the current binding for the scheduler with the scheduler identifier equal to - <c>N</c>. E.g., if the schedulers have been bound, + <c>N</c>. For example, if the schedulers are bound, <c>element(erlang:system_info(scheduler_id), - erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings))</c> will return + erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings))</c> returns the identifier of the logical processor that the calling - process is executing on. - </p> - <p>Note that only schedulers online can be bound to logical + process is executing on.</p> + <p>Notice that only schedulers online can be bound to logical processors.</p> - <p>For more information, see - the <c>erl</c> <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> - command line argument, + <p>For more information, see command-line argument + <seealso marker="erts:erl#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> + in <c>erl(1)</c> and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</seealso>. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_scheduler_id"><c>scheduler_id</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>scheduler_id</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the scheduler id (<c>SchedulerId</c>) of the + <marker id="system_info_scheduler_id"></marker> + <p>Returns the scheduler ID (<c>SchedulerId</c>) of the scheduler thread that the calling process is executing - on. <c><anno>SchedulerId</anno></c> is a positive integer; where - <c><![CDATA[1 <= SchedulerId <= erlang:system_info(schedulers)]]></c>. See also + on. <c><anno>SchedulerId</anno></c> is a positive integer, + where + <c><![CDATA[1 <= SchedulerId <= erlang:system_info(schedulers)]]></c>. + See also <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_schedulers"><c>schedulers</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>schedulers</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_schedulers"></marker> <p>Returns the number of scheduler threads used by the emulator. Scheduler threads online schedules Erlang processes and Erlang ports, and execute Erlang code - and Erlang linked in driver code.</p> + and Erlang linked-in driver code.</p> <p>The number of scheduler threads is determined at - emulator boot time and cannot be changed after - that. The amount of schedulers online can - however be changed at any time.</p> - <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline)</seealso>, + emulator boot time and cannot be changed later. + However, the number of schedulers online can + be changed at any time.</p> + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers_online">erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_id">erlang:system_info(scheduler_id)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, - <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, and - and <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>.</p> + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + and + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_schedulers_online"><c>schedulers_online</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>schedulers_online</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the amount of schedulers online. The scheduler - identifiers of schedulers online satisfy the following - relationship: - <c><![CDATA[1 <= SchedulerId <= erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)]]></c>. - </p> + <marker id="system_info_schedulers_online"></marker> + <p>Returns the number of schedulers online. The scheduler + identifiers of schedulers online satisfy the relationship + <c><![CDATA[1 <= SchedulerId <= erlang:system_info(schedulers_online)]]></c>.</p> <p>For more information, see - <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso> and - <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline)</seealso>. - </p> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="49"/> - + <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline)</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>smp_support</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the emulator has been compiled - with smp support; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</p> + with SMP support, otherwise <c>false</c> is returned.</p> </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_start_time"/><c>start_time</c></tag> <item><p>The <seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0">Erlang monotonic @@ -6880,7 +7401,7 @@ ok <tag><c>system_version</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a string containing version number and - some important properties such as the number of schedulers.</p> + some important properties, such as the number of schedulers.</p> </item> <tag><c>system_architecture</c></tag> <item> @@ -6890,23 +7411,28 @@ ok <tag><c>threads</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the emulator has been compiled - with thread support; otherwise, <c>false</c> is - returned.</p> + with thread support, otherwise <c>false</c> is returned.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_thread_pool_size"><c>thread_pool_size</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>thread_pool_size</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_thread_pool_size"></marker> <p>Returns the number of async threads in the async thread pool used for asynchronous driver calls - (<seealso marker="erts:erl_driver#driver_async">driver_async()</seealso>) - as an integer.</p> + (<seealso marker="erts:erl_driver#driver_async">driver_async()</seealso>). + The value is given as an integer.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_time_correction"/><c>time_correction</c></tag> - <item><p>Returns a boolean value indicating whether + + <tag><c>time_correction</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_time_correction"></marker> + <p>Returns a boolean value indicating whether <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Correction">time correction</seealso> is enabled or not. </p></item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_time_offset"/><c>time_offset</c></tag> - <item><p>Returns the state of the time offset:</p> + <tag><c>time_offset</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_time_offset"></marker> + <p>Returns the state of the time offset:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>preliminary</c></tag> <item><p>The time offset is preliminary, and will be changed @@ -6916,19 +7442,18 @@ ok time warp mode</seealso>.</p></item> <tag><c>final</c></tag> - <item><p>The time offset is final. This - either due to the use of the + <item><p>The time offset is final. This either because <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no - time warp mode</seealso>, or due to the time offset having - been finalized when using the + time warp mode</seealso> is used, or because the time + offset have been finalized when <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single - time warp mode</seealso>.</p></item> + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> <tag><c>volatile</c></tag> - <item><p>The time offset is volatile. That is, it may - change at any time. This due to the + <item><p>The time offset is volatile. That is, it can + change at any time. This is because <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi - time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item> + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> </taglist> </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_time_warp_mode"/><c>time_warp_mode</c></tag> @@ -6938,19 +7463,20 @@ ok <taglist> <tag><c>no_time_warp</c></tag> <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no - time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item> + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> <tag><c>single_time_warp</c></tag> <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single - time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item> + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> <tag><c>multi_time_warp</c></tag> <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi - time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item> + time warp mode</seealso> is used.</p></item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_tolerant_timeofday"><c>tolerant_timeofday</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>tolerant_timeofday</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_tolerant_timeofday"></marker> <p>Returns whether a pre erts-7.0 backwards compatible compensation for sudden changes of system time is <c>enabled</c> or <c>disabled</c>. Such compensation is <c>enabled</c> when the @@ -6961,90 +7487,92 @@ ok </item> <tag><c>trace_control_word</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the value of the node's trace control word. - For more information see documentation of the function - <c>get_tcw</c> in "Match Specifications in Erlang", - <seealso marker="erts:match_spec#get_tcw">ERTS User's Guide</seealso>.</p> + <p>Returns the value of the node trace control word. For + more information, see function <c>get_tcw</c> in Section + <seealso marker="erts:match_spec#get_tcw">Match Specifications in Erlang</seealso> in the User's Guide.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="update_cpu_info"><c>update_cpu_info</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>update_cpu_info</c></tag> <item> - <p>The runtime system rereads the CPU information available and - updates its internally stored information about the - <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology_detected">detected CPU - topology</seealso> and the amount of logical processors + <marker id="update_cpu_info"></marker> + <p>The runtime system rereads the CPU information available + and updates its internally stored information about the + <seealso marker="#system_info_cpu_topology_detected">detected + CPU topology</seealso> and the number of logical processors <seealso marker="#logical_processors">configured</seealso>, <seealso marker="#logical_processors_online">online</seealso>, and - <seealso marker="#logical_processors_available">available</seealso>. - If the CPU information has changed since the last time it was read, - the atom <c>changed</c> is returned; otherwise, the atom - <c>unchanged</c> is returned. If the CPU information has changed + <seealso marker="#logical_processors_available">available</seealso>.</p> + <p>If the CPU information has changed since the last time + it was read, the atom <c>changed</c> is returned, otherwise + the atom <c>unchanged</c>. If the CPU information has changed, you probably want to - <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">adjust the amount - of schedulers online</seealso>. You typically want to have as - many schedulers online as - <seealso marker="#logical_processors_available">logical processors - available</seealso>. - </p> + <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">adjust the + number of schedulers online</seealso>. You typically want + to have as many schedulers online as + <seealso marker="#logical_processors_available">logical + processors available</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_version"><c>version</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>version</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="system_info_version"></marker> <p>Returns a string containing the version number of the emulator.</p> </item> <tag><c>wordsize</c></tag> <item> - <p>Same as <c>{wordsize, internal}.</c></p> + <p>Same as <c>{wordsize, internal}</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{wordsize, internal}</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns the size of Erlang term words in bytes as an - integer, i.e. on a 32-bit architecture 4 is returned, - and on a pure 64-bit architecture 8 is returned. On a + integer, that is, 4 is returned on a 32-bit architecture, + and 8 is returned on a pure 64-bit architecture. On a halfword 64-bit emulator, 4 is returned, as the Erlang - terms are stored using a virtual wordsize of half the - system's wordsize.</p> + terms are stored using a virtual word size of half the + system word size.</p> </item> <tag><c>{wordsize, external}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the true wordsize of the emulator, i.e. the size - of a pointer, in bytes as an integer. On a pure 32-bit - architecture 4 is returned, on both a halfword and pure + <p>Returns the true word size of the emulator, that is, + the size of a pointer. The value is given in bytes + as an integer. On a pure 32-bit architecture, 4 is + returned. On both a half word and on a pure 64-bit architecture, 8 is returned.</p> </item> </taglist> <note> - <p>The <c>scheduler</c> argument has changed name to - <c>scheduler_id</c>. This in order to avoid mixup with - the <c>schedulers</c> argument. The <c>scheduler</c> - argument was introduced in ERTS version 5.5 and renamed - in ERTS version 5.5.1.</p> + <p>Argument <c>scheduler</c> has changed name to + <c>scheduler_id</c> to avoid mix up with argument + <c>schedulers</c>. Argument <c>scheduler</c> was + introduced in <c>ERTS</c> 5.5 and renamed in + <c>ERTS</c> 5.5.1.</p> </note> </desc> </func> <func> <name name="system_monitor" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Current system performance monitoring settings.</fsummary> <type name="system_monitor_option"/> - <fsummary>Current system performance monitoring settings</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the current system monitoring settings set by <seealso marker="#system_monitor/2">erlang:system_monitor/2</seealso> - as <c>{<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>}</c>, or <c>undefined</c> if there - are no settings. The order of the options may be different + as <c>{<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>}</c>, + or <c>undefined</c> if there + are no settings. The order of the options can be different from the one that was set.</p> </desc> </func> <func> <name name="system_monitor" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Sets or clears system performance monitoring options.</fsummary> <type name="system_monitor_option"/> - <fsummary>Set or clear system performance monitoring options</fsummary> <desc> - <p>When called with the argument <c>undefined</c>, all + <p>When called with argument <c>undefined</c>, all system performance monitoring settings are cleared.</p> - <p>Calling the function with <c>{<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>}</c> as - argument, is the same as calling - <seealso marker="#system_monitor/2">erlang:system_monitor(<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>)</seealso>.</p> + <p>Calling the function with <c>{<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, + <anno>Options</anno>}</c> as argument is the same as calling + <seealso marker="#system_monitor/2"><c>erlang:system_monitor(<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> <p>Returns the previous system monitor settings just like <seealso marker="#system_monitor/0">erlang:system_monitor/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> @@ -7052,102 +7580,101 @@ ok <func> <name name="system_monitor" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Sets system performance monitoring options.</fsummary> <type name="system_monitor_option"/> - <fsummary>Set system performance monitoring options</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Sets system performance monitoring options. <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c> - is a local pid that will receive system monitor messages, and - the second argument is a list of monitoring options:</p> + <p>Sets the system performance monitoring options. + <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c> is a local process identifier (pid) + receiving system monitor messages. The + second argument is a list of monitoring options:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{long_gc, Time}</c></tag> <item> <p>If a garbage collection in the system takes at least - <c>Time</c> wallclock milliseconds, a message + <c>Time</c> wall clock milliseconds, a message <c>{monitor, GcPid, long_gc, Info}</c> is sent to - <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>GcPid</c> is the pid that was - garbage collected and <c>Info</c> is a list of two-element - tuples describing the result of the garbage collection. - One of the tuples is <c>{timeout, GcTime}</c> where - <c>GcTime</c> is the actual time for the garbage + <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>GcPid</c> is the pid that + was garbage collected. <c>Info</c> is a list of two-element + tuples describing the result of the garbage collection.</p> + <p>One of the tuples is <c>{timeout, GcTime}</c>, where + <c>GcTime</c> is the time for the garbage collection in milliseconds. The other tuples are - tagged with <c>heap_size</c>, <c>heap_block_size</c>, - <c>stack_size</c>, <c>mbuf_size</c>, <c>old_heap_size</c>, - and <c>old_heap_block_size</c>. These tuples are - explained in the documentation of the - <seealso marker="#gc_start">gc_start</seealso> - trace message (see - <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso>). - New tuples may be added, and the order of the tuples in - the <c>Info</c> list may be changed at any time without prior - notice. - </p> + tagged with <c>heap_size</c>, <c>heap_block_size</c> + <c>stack_size</c>, <c>mbuf_size</c>, <c>old_heap_size</c>, + and <c>old_heap_block_size</c>. These tuples are + explained in the description of trace message + <seealso marker="#gc_start">gc_start</seealso> (see + <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso>). + New tuples can be added, and the order of the tuples in + the <c>Info</c> list can be changed at any time without + prior notice.</p> </item> <tag><c>{long_schedule, Time}</c></tag> <item> - <p>If a process or port in the system runs uninterrupted + <p>If a process or port in the system runs uninterrupted for at least <c>Time</c> wall clock milliseconds, a message <c>{monitor, PidOrPort, long_schedule, Info}</c> is sent to <c>MonitorPid</c>. <c>PidOrPort</c> is the - process or port that was running and <c>Info</c> is a - list of two-element tuples describing the event. In case - of a <c>pid()</c>, the tuples <c>{timeout, Millis}</c>, - <c>{in, Location}</c> and <c>{out, Location}</c> will be + process or port that was running. <c>Info</c> is a + list of two-element tuples describing the event.</p> + <p>If a <c>pid()</c>, the tuples <c>{timeout, Millis}</c>, + <c>{in, Location}</c>, and <c>{out, Location}</c> are present, where <c>Location</c> is either an MFA (<c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c>) describing the function where the process was scheduled in/out, or the - atom <c>undefined</c>. In case of a <c>port()</c>, the + atom <c>undefined</c>.</p> + <p>If a <c>port()</c>, the tuples <c>{timeout, Millis}</c> and <c>{port_op,Op}</c> - will be present. <c>Op</c> will be one of <c>proc_sig</c>, + are present. <c>Op</c> is one of <c>proc_sig</c>, <c>timeout</c>, <c>input</c>, <c>output</c>, - <c>event</c> or <c>dist_cmd</c>, depending on which - driver callback was executing. <c>proc_sig</c> is an - internal operation and should never appear, while the + <c>event</c>, or <c>dist_cmd</c>, depending on which + driver callback was executing.</p> + <p><c>proc_sig</c> is an + internal operation and is never to appear, while the others represent the corresponding driver callbacks <c>timeout</c>, <c>ready_input</c>, <c>ready_output</c>, - <c>event</c> and finally <c>outputv</c> (when the port - is used by distribution). The <c>Millis</c> value in - the <c>timeout</c> tuple will tell you the actual - uninterrupted execution time of the process or port, - which will always be <c>>=</c> the <c>Time</c> value - supplied when starting the trace. New tuples may be - added to the <c>Info</c> list in the future, and the - order of the tuples in the list may be changed at any - time without prior notice. - </p> - <p>This can be used to detect problems with NIF's or - drivers that take too long to execute. Generally, 1 ms - is considered a good maximum time for a driver callback - or a NIF. However, a time sharing system should usually - consider everything below 100 ms as "possible" and - fairly "normal". Schedule times above that might however - indicate swapping or a NIF/driver that is - misbehaving. Misbehaving NIF's and drivers could cause - bad resource utilization and bad overall performance of - the system.</p> + <c>event</c>, and <c>outputv</c> (when the port + is used by distribution). Value <c>Millis</c> in + the <c>timeout</c> tuple informs about the + uninterrupted execution time of the process or port, which + always is equal to or higher than the <c>Time</c> value + supplied when starting the trace. New tuples can be + added to the <c>Info</c> list in a future release. The + order of the tuples in the list can be changed at any + time without prior notice.</p> + <p>This can be used to detect problems with NIFs or + drivers that take too long to execute. 1 ms is + considered a good maximum time for a driver callback + or a NIF. However, a time-sharing system is usually to + consider everything below 100 ms as "possible" and + fairly "normal". However, longer schedule times can + indicate swapping or a misbehaving NIF/driver. + Misbehaving NIFs and drivers can cause bad resource + utilization and bad overall system performance.</p> </item> <tag><c>{large_heap, Size}</c></tag> <item> <p>If a garbage collection in the system results in the allocated size of a heap being at least <c>Size</c> words, a message <c>{monitor, GcPid, large_heap, Info}</c> - is sent to <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>GcPid</c> and <c>Info</c> - are the same as for <c>long_gc</c> above, except that - the tuple tagged with <c>timeout</c> is not present. - <em>Note</em>: As of erts version 5.6 the monitor message - is sent if the sum of the sizes of all memory blocks allocated - for all heap generations is equal to or larger than <c>Size</c>. - Previously the monitor message was sent if the memory block - allocated for the youngest generation was equal to or larger - than <c>Size</c>. - </p> + is sent to <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. + <c>GcPid</c> and <c>Info</c> + are the same as for <c>long_gc</c> earlier, except that + the tuple tagged with <c>timeout</c> is not present.</p> + <p>As of <c>ERTS</c> 5.6, the monitor message is sent + if the sum of the sizes of all memory blocks allocated + for all heap generations is equal to or higher than <c>Size</c>. + Previously the monitor message was sent if the memory block + allocated for the youngest generation was equal to or higher + than <c>Size</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>busy_port</c></tag> <item> <p>If a process in the system gets suspended because it sends to a busy port, a message <c>{monitor, SusPid, busy_port, Port}</c> is sent to - <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>SusPid</c> is the pid that got - suspended when sending to <c>Port</c>.</p> + <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>SusPid</c> is the pid + that got suspended when sending to <c>Port</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>busy_dist_port</c></tag> <item> @@ -7155,8 +7682,8 @@ ok sends to a process on a remote node whose inter-node communication was handled by a busy port, a message <c>{monitor, SusPid, busy_dist_port, Port}</c> is sent to - <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>SusPid</c> is the pid that got - suspended when sending through the inter-node + <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c>. <c>SusPid</c> is the pid + that got suspended when sending through the inter-node communication port <c>Port</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> @@ -7165,74 +7692,103 @@ ok <note> <p>If a monitoring process gets so large that it itself starts to cause system monitor messages when garbage - collecting, the messages will enlarge the process's + collecting, the messages enlarge the process message queue and probably make the problem worse.</p> <p>Keep the monitoring process neat and do not set the system monitor limits too tight.</p> </note> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c> does not exist or is not a local process.</p> + <p>Failures:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c> does not exist.</item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>MonitorPid</anno></c> is not a local process.</item> + </taglist> </desc> </func> <func> <name name="system_profile" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Current system profiling settings.</fsummary> <type name="system_profile_option"/> - <fsummary>Current system profiling settings</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the current system profiling settings set by <seealso marker="#system_profile/2">erlang:system_profile/2</seealso> - as <c>{<anno>ProfilerPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>}</c>, or <c>undefined</c> if there - are no settings. The order of the options may be different + as <c>{<anno>ProfilerPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>}</c>, + or <c>undefined</c> if there + are no settings. The order of the options can be different from the one that was set.</p> </desc> </func> <func> <name name="system_profile" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Current system profiling settings.</fsummary> <type name="system_profile_option"/> - <fsummary>Current system profiling settings</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets system profiler options. <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c> - is a local pid or port that will receive profiling messages. The - receiver is excluded from all profiling. + is a local process identifier (pid) or port receiving profiling + messages. The receiver is excluded from all profiling. The second argument is a list of profiling options:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>exclusive</c></tag> <item> - <p> - If a synchronous call to a port from a process is done, the + <p>If a synchronous call to a port from a process is done, the calling process is considered not runnable during the call runtime to the port. The calling process is notified as - <c>inactive</c> and subsequently <c>active</c> when the port - callback returns. - </p> + <c>inactive</c>, and later <c>active</c> when the port + callback returns.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Timestamps in profile messages will use + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso>. The time-stamp (Ts) has the same + format and value as produced by + <c>erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds)</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>runnable_procs</c></tag> <item> - <p>If a process is put into or removed from the run queue a message, - <c>{profile, Pid, State, Mfa, Ts}</c>, is sent to - <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>. Running processes that is reinserted into the - run queue after having been preemptively scheduled out will not trigger this - message. - </p> + <p>If a process is put into or removed from the run queue, a + message, <c>{profile, Pid, State, Mfa, Ts}</c>, is sent to + <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>. Running processes that + are reinserted into the run queue after having been + preempted do not trigger this message.</p> </item> <tag><c>runnable_ports</c></tag> <item> - <p>If a port is put into or removed from the run queue a message, - <c>{profile, Port, State, 0, Ts}</c>, is sent to - <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>. - </p> + <p>If a port is put into or removed from the run queue, a + message, <c>{profile, Port, State, 0, Ts}</c>, is sent to + <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>scheduler</c></tag> <item> - <p>If a scheduler is put to sleep or awoken a message, - <c>{profile, scheduler, Id, State, NoScheds, Ts}</c>, is sent - to <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>. - </p> + <p>If a scheduler is put to sleep or awoken, a message, + <c>{profile, scheduler, Id, State, NoScheds, Ts}</c>, is + sent to <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Timestamps in profile messages will consisting of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> and a monotonically increasing + integer. The time-stamp (Ts) has the same format and value + as produced by <c>{erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds), + erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}</c>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Timestamps in profile messages will include a + time-stamp (Ts) that has the same form as returned by + <c>erlang:now()</c>. This is also the default if no + timestamp flag is given. If <c>cpu_timestamp</c> has + been enabled via <c>erlang:trace/3</c>, this will also + effect the timestamp produced in profiling messages + when <c>timestamp</c> flag is enabled.</p> </item> </taglist> - <note><p><c>erlang:system_profile</c> is considered experimental and - its behaviour may change in the future.</p> + <note><p><c>erlang:system_profile</c> is considered experimental + and its behavior can change in a future release.</p> </note> </desc> </func> @@ -7276,11 +7832,12 @@ ok </func> <func> <name name="term_to_binary" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Encode a term to an Erlang external term format binary</fsummary> + <fsummary>Encodes a term to an Erlang external term format binary.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a binary data object which is the result of encoding - <c><anno>Term</anno></c> according to the Erlang external term format.</p> - <p>This can be used for a variety of purposes, for example + <p>Returns a binary data object that is the result of encoding + <c><anno>Term</anno></c> according to the Erlang external + term format.</p> + <p>This can be used for various purposes, for example, writing a term to a file in an efficient way, or sending an Erlang term to some type of communications channel not supported by distributed Erlang.</p> @@ -7288,67 +7845,81 @@ ok <seealso marker="#binary_to_term/1">binary_to_term/1</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="term_to_binary" arity="2"/> - <fsummary>Encode a term to en Erlang external term format binary</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns a binary data object which is the result of encoding - <c><anno>Term</anno></c> according to the Erlang external term format.</p> - <p>If the option <c>compressed</c> is provided, the external - term format will be compressed. The compressed format is - automatically recognized by <c>binary_to_term/1</c> in R7B and later.</p> - <p>It is also possible to specify a compression level by giving - the option <c>{compressed, <anno>Level</anno>}</c>, where <c><anno>Level</anno></c> is an - integer from 0 through 9. <c>0</c> means that no compression - will be done (it is the same as not giving any <c>compressed</c> option); - <c>1</c> will take the least time but may not compress as well as - the higher levels; <c>9</c> will take the most time and may produce - a smaller result. Note the "mays" in the preceding sentence; depending - on the input term, level 9 compression may or may not produce a smaller - result than level 1 compression.</p> - <p>Currently, <c>compressed</c> gives the same result as - <c>{compressed, 6}</c>.</p> - <p>The option <c>{minor_version, <anno>Version</anno>}</c> can be use to control - some details of the encoding. This option was - introduced in R11B-4. Currently, the allowed values for <c><anno>Version</anno></c> - are <c>0</c> and <c>1</c>.</p> - <p><c>{minor_version, 1}</c> is since 17.0 the default, it forces any floats in - the term to be encoded - in a more space-efficient and exact way (namely in the 64-bit IEEE format, - rather than converted to a textual representation). <c>binary_to_term/1</c> - in R11B-4 and later is able decode this representation.</p> - <p><c>{minor_version, 0}</c> meaning that floats - will be encoded using a textual representation; this option is useful if - you want to ensure that releases prior to R11B-4 can decode resulting + <fsummary>Encodes a term to en Erlang external term format binary.</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns a binary data object that is the result of encoding + <c><anno>Term</anno></c> according to the Erlang external + term format.</p> + <p>If option <c>compressed</c> is provided, the external term + format is compressed. The compressed format is automatically + recognized by <c>binary_to_term/1</c> as from Erlang R7B.</p> + <p>A compression level can be specified by giving option + <c>{compressed, <anno>Level</anno>}</c>. + <c><anno>Level</anno></c> is an integer + with range 0..9, where:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item><c>0</c> - No compression is done (it is the same as + giving no <c>compressed</c> option).</item> + <item><c>1</c> - Takes least time but may not compress + as well as the higher levels.</item> + <item><c>6</c> - Default level when option <c>compressed</c> + is provided.</item> + <item><c>9</c> - Takes most time and tries to produce a smaller + result. Notice "tries" in the preceding sentence; depending + on the input term, level 9 compression either does or does + not produce a smaller result than level 1 compression.</item> + </list> + <p>Option <c>{minor_version, <anno>Version</anno>}</c> + can be used to control + some encoding details. This option was introduced in OTP R11B-4. + The valid values for <c><anno>Version</anno></c> are + <c>0</c> and <c>1</c>.</p> + <p>As from OTP 17.0, <c>{minor_version, 1}</c> is the default. It + forces any floats in the term to be encoded in a more + space-efficient and exact way (namely in the 64-bit IEEE format, + rather than converted to a textual representation).</p> + <p>As from OTP R11B-4, <c>binary_to_term/1</c> can decode this + representation.</p> + <p><c>{minor_version, 0}</c> means that floats are encoded + using a textual representation. This option is useful to + ensure that releases before OTP R11B-4 can decode resulting binary.</p> <p>See also <seealso marker="#binary_to_term/1">binary_to_term/1</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="throw" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Throw an exception</fsummary> + <fsummary>Throws an exception.</fsummary> <desc> <p>A non-local return from a function. If evaluated within a - <c>catch</c>, <c>catch</c> will return the value <c><anno>Any</anno></c>.</p> + <c>catch</c>, <c>catch</c> returns value <c><anno>Any</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>catch throw({hello, there}).</input> {hello,there}</pre> <p>Failure: <c>nocatch</c> if not evaluated within a catch.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="time" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Current time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Current time.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the current time as <c>{Hour, Minute, Second}</c>.</p> - <p>The time zone and daylight saving time correction depend on + <p>The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>time().</input> {9,42,44}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="time_offset" arity="0"/> <fsummary>Current time offset</fsummary> @@ -7399,14 +7970,14 @@ ok </func> <func> <name name="timestamp" arity="0"/> - <type name="timestamp"/> <fsummary>Current Erlang System time</fsummary> + <type name="timestamp"/> <desc> <p>Returns current <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> on the format <c>{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}</c>. This format is - the same that <seealso marker="kernel:os#timestamp/0"><c>os:timestamp/0</c></seealso> - and the now deprecated <seealso marker="#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso> + the same as <seealso marker="kernel:os#timestamp/0"><c>os:timestamp/0</c></seealso> + and the deprecated <seealso marker="#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso> uses. The reason for the existence of <c>erlang:timestamp()</c> is purely to simplify usage for existing code that assumes this timestamp format. Current Erlang system time can more efficiently be retrieved in @@ -7420,9 +7991,9 @@ timestamp() -> Secs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000000 - MegaSecs*1000000, MicroSecs = ErlangSystemTime rem 1000000, {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}.</code> - <p>It however use a native implementation which does - not build garbage on the heap and with slightly better - performance.</p> + <p>It, however, uses a native implementation which does + not build garbage on the heap and with slightly better + performance.</p> <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of @@ -7433,186 +8004,213 @@ timestamp() -> </func> <func> <name name="tl" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Tail of a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Tail of a list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the tail of <c><anno>List</anno></c>, that is, the list minus - the first element.</p> + <p>Returns the tail of <c><anno>List</anno></c>, that is, + the list minus the first element, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>tl([geesties, guilies, beasties]).</input> [guilies, beasties]</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>List</anno></c> is the empty list [].</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>List</anno></c> + is the empty list <c>[]</c>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="trace" arity="3"/> + <fsummary>Sets trace flags for a process or processes.</fsummary> <type name="trace_flag"/> - <fsummary>Set trace flags for a process or processes</fsummary> <desc> <p>Turns on (if <c><anno>How</anno> == true</c>) or off (if - <c><anno>How</anno> == false</c>) the trace flags in <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> for - the process or processes represented by <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c>.</p> - <p><c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is either a pid for a local process, or one of - the following atoms:</p> + <c><anno>How</anno> == false</c>) the trace flags in + <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> for + the process or processes represented by + <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c>.</p> + <p><c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is either a process identifier + (pid) for a local process, or one of the following atoms:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>existing</c></tag> <item> - <p>All processes currently existing.</p> + <p>All currently existing processes.</p> </item> <tag><c>new</c></tag> <item> - <p>All processes that will be created in the future.</p> + <p>All processes that are created in the future.</p> </item> <tag><c>all</c></tag> <item> <p>All currently existing processes and all processes that - will be created in the future.</p> + are created in the future.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p><c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> can contain any number of the following - flags (the "message tags" refers to the list of messages - following below):</p> + <p><c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> can contain any number of the + following flags (the "message tags" refers to the list of + <seealso marker="#trace_3_trace_messages">trace messages</seealso>):</p> <taglist> <tag><c>all</c></tag> <item> - <p>Set all trace flags except <c>{tracer, Tracer}</c> and - <c>cpu_timestamp</c> that are in their nature different + <p>Sets all trace flags except <c>{tracer, Tracer}</c> and + <c>cpu_timestamp</c>, which are in their nature different than the others.</p> </item> <tag><c>send</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace sending of messages.</p> - <p>Message tags: <c>send</c>, + <p>Traces sending of messages.</p> + <p>Message tags: <c>send</c> and <c>send_to_non_existing_process</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>'receive'</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace receiving of messages.</p> + <p>Traces receiving of messages.</p> <p>Message tags: <c>'receive'</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>procs</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace process related events.</p> + <p>Traces process-related events.</p> <p>Message tags: <c>spawn</c>, <c>exit</c>, <c>register</c>, <c>unregister</c>, <c>link</c>, - <c>unlink</c>, <c>getting_linked</c>, + <c>unlink</c>, <c>getting_linked</c>, and <c>getting_unlinked</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>call</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace certain function calls. Specify which function + <p>Traces certain function calls. Specify which function calls to trace by calling <seealso marker="#trace_pattern/3">erlang:trace_pattern/3</seealso>.</p> - <p>Message tags: <c>call</c>, <c>return_from</c>.</p> + <p>Message tags: <c>call</c> and <c>return_from</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>silent</c></tag> <item> - <p>Used in conjunction with the <c>call</c> trace flag. - The <c>call</c>, <c>return_from</c> and <c>return_to</c> - trace messages are inhibited if this flag is set, - but if there are match specs they are executed as normal.</p> + <p>Used with the <c>call</c> trace flag. + The <c>call</c>, <c>return_from</c>, and <c>return_to</c> + trace messages are inhibited if this flag is set, but they + are executed as normal if there are match specifications.</p> <p>Silent mode is inhibited by executing <c>erlang:trace(_, false, [silent|_])</c>, - or by a match spec executing the <c>{silent, false}</c> - function.</p> + or by a match specification executing the function + <c>{silent, false}</c>.</p> <p>The <c>silent</c> trace flag facilitates setting up a trace on many or even all processes in the system. - Then the interesting trace can be activated and - deactivated using the <c>{silent,Bool}</c> - match spec function, giving a high degree - of control of which functions with which - arguments that triggers the trace.</p> - <p>Message tags: <c>call</c>, <c>return_from</c>, + The trace can then be activated and deactivated using the match + specification function <c>{silent,Bool}</c>, giving + a high degree of control of which functions with which + arguments that trigger the trace.</p> + <p>Message tags: <c>call</c>, <c>return_from</c>, and <c>return_to</c>. Or rather, the absence of.</p> </item> <tag><c>return_to</c></tag> <item> - <p>Used in conjunction with the <c>call</c> trace flag. - Trace the actual return from a traced function back to + <p>Used with the <c>call</c> trace flag. + Traces the return from a traced function back to its caller. Only works for functions traced with - the <c>local</c> option to + option <c>local</c> to <seealso marker="#trace_pattern/3">erlang:trace_pattern/3</seealso>.</p> <p>The semantics is that a trace message is sent when a - call traced function actually returns, that is, when a - chain of tail recursive calls is ended. There will be - only one trace message sent per chain of tail recursive - calls, why the properties of tail recursiveness for + call traced function returns, that is, when a + chain of tail recursive calls ends. Only one trace + message is sent per chain of tail recursive calls, + so the properties of tail recursiveness for function calls are kept while tracing with this flag. Using <c>call</c> and <c>return_to</c> trace together makes it possible to know exactly in which function a process executes at any time.</p> <p>To get trace messages containing return values from - functions, use the <c>{return_trace}</c> match_spec - action instead.</p> + functions, use the <c>{return_trace}</c> match + specification action instead.</p> <p>Message tags: <c>return_to</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>running</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace scheduling of processes.</p> - <p>Message tags: <c>in</c>, and <c>out</c>.</p> + <p>Traces scheduling of processes.</p> + <p>Message tags: <c>in</c> and <c>out</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>exiting</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace scheduling of an exiting processes.</p> + <p>Traces scheduling of exiting processes.</p> <p>Message tags: <c>in_exiting</c>, <c>out_exiting</c>, and <c>out_exited</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>garbage_collection</c></tag> <item> - <p>Trace garbage collections of processes.</p> - <p>Message tags: <c>gc_start</c>, <c>gc_end</c>.</p> + <p>Traces garbage collections of processes.</p> + <p>Message tags: <c>gc_start</c> and <c>gc_end</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>timestamp</c></tag> <item> - <p>Include a time stamp in all trace messages. The time - stamp (Ts) is of the same form as returned by + <p>Includes a time-stamp in all trace messages. The + time-stamp (Ts) has the same form as returned by <c>erlang:now()</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>cpu_timestamp</c></tag> <item> <p>A global trace flag for the Erlang node that makes all - trace timestamps be in CPU time, not wallclock. It is - only allowed with <c>PidSpec==all</c>. If the host - machine operating system does not support high resolution + trace time-stamps using the <c>timestamp</c> flag to be + in CPU time, not wall clock time. That is, <c>cpu_timestamp</c> + will not be used if <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>, or + <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> is enabled. + Only allowed with <c>PidSpec==all</c>. If the host + machine OS does not support high-resolution CPU time measurements, <c>trace/3</c> exits with - <c>badarg</c>. Note that most operating systems do + <c>badarg</c>. Notice that most OS do not synchronize this value across cores, so be prepared that time might seem to go backwards when using this option.</p> </item> + <tag><c>monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Includes an + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> time-stamp in all trace messages. The + time-stamp (Ts) has the same format and value as produced by + <c>erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds)</c>. This flag overrides + the <c>cpu_timestamp</c> flag.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Includes an timestamp consisting of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> and a monotonically increasing + integer in all trace messages. The time-stamp (Ts) has the + same format and value as produced by + <c>{erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds), + erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}</c>. This flag overrides + the <c>cpu_timestamp</c> flag.</p> + </item> <tag><c>arity</c></tag> <item> - <p>Used in conjunction with the <c>call</c> trace flag. - <c>{M, F, Arity}</c> will be specified instead of + <p>Used with the <c>call</c> trace flag. + <c>{M, F, Arity}</c> is specified instead of <c>{M, F, Args}</c> in call trace messages.</p> </item> <tag><c>set_on_spawn</c></tag> <item> <p>Makes any process created by a traced process inherit - its trace flags, including the <c>set_on_spawn</c> flag.</p> + its trace flags, including flag <c>set_on_spawn</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>set_on_first_spawn</c></tag> <item> <p>Makes the first process created by a traced process - inherit its trace flags, excluding - the <c>set_on_first_spawn</c> flag.</p> + inherit its trace flags, excluding flag + <c>set_on_first_spawn</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>set_on_link</c></tag> <item> <p>Makes any process linked by a traced process inherit its - trace flags, including the <c>set_on_link</c> flag.</p> + trace flags, including flag <c>set_on_link</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>set_on_first_link</c></tag> <item> <p>Makes the first process linked to by a traced process - inherit its trace flags, excluding - the <c>set_on_first_link</c> flag.</p> + inherit its trace flags, excluding flag + <c>set_on_first_link</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{tracer, Tracer}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Specify where to send the trace messages. <c>Tracer</c> - must be the pid of a local process or the port identifier + <p>Specifies where to send the trace messages. <c>Tracer</c> + must be the process identifier of a local process + or the port identifier of a local port. If this flag is not given, trace - messages will be sent to the process that called + messages are sent to the process that called <c>erlang:trace/3</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> @@ -7620,27 +8218,34 @@ timestamp() -> <c>set_on_link</c> is the same as having <c>set_on_first_link</c> alone. Likewise for <c>set_on_spawn</c> and <c>set_on_first_spawn</c>.</p> - <p>If the <c>timestamp</c> flag is not given, the tracing - process will receive the trace messages described below. - <c>Pid</c> is the pid of the traced process in which - the traced event has occurred. The third element of the tuple - is the message tag.</p> - <p>If the <c>timestamp</c> flag is given, the first element of - the tuple will be <c>trace_ts</c> instead and the timestamp - is added last in the tuple.</p> + <p>The tracing process receives the <em>trace messages</em> described + in the following list. <c>Pid</c> is the process identifier of the + traced process in which the traced event has occurred. The + third tuple element is the message tag.</p> + <p>If flag <c>timestamp</c>, <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c>, or + <c>monotonic_timestamp</c> is given, the first tuple + element is <c>trace_ts</c> instead, and the time-stamp + is added as an extra element last in the message tuple. If + multiple timestamp flags are passed, <c>timestamp</c> has + precedence over <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> which + in turn has precedence over <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>. All + timestamp flags are remembered, so if two are passed + and the one with highest precedence later is disabled + the other one will become active.</p> + <marker id="trace_3_trace_messages"></marker> <taglist> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, 'receive', Msg}</c></tag> <item> - <p>When <c>Pid</c> receives the message <c>Msg</c>.</p> + <p>When <c>Pid</c> receives message <c>Msg</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, send, Msg, To}</c></tag> <item> - <p>When <c>Pid</c> sends the message <c>Msg</c> to - the process <c>To</c>.</p> + <p>When <c>Pid</c> sends message <c>Msg</c> to + process <c>To</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, send_to_non_existing_process, Msg, To}</c></tag> <item> - <p>When <c>Pid</c> sends the message <c>Msg</c> to + <p>When <c>Pid</c> sends message <c>Msg</c> to the non-existing process <c>To</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, call, {M, F, Args}}</c></tag> @@ -7648,7 +8253,7 @@ timestamp() -> <p>When <c>Pid</c> calls a traced function. The return values of calls are never supplied, only the call and its arguments.</p> - <p>Note that the trace flag <c>arity</c> can be used to + <p>Trace flag <c>arity</c> can be used to change the contents of this message, so that <c>Arity</c> is specified instead of <c>Args</c>.</p> </item> @@ -7656,35 +8261,34 @@ timestamp() -> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> returns <em>to</em> the specified function. This trace message is sent if both - the <c>call</c> and the <c>return_to</c> flags are set, + the flags <c>call</c> and <c>return_to</c> are set, and the function is set to be traced on <em>local</em> function calls. The message is only sent when returning - from a chain of tail recursive function calls where at + from a chain of tail recursive function calls, where at least one call generated a <c>call</c> trace message - (that is, the functions match specification matched and + (that is, the functions match specification matched, and <c>{message, false}</c> was not an action).</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, return_from, {M, F, Arity}, ReturnValue}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> returns <em>from</em> the specified - function. This trace message is sent if the <c>call</c> - flag is set, and the function has a match specification + function. This trace message is sent if flag <c>call</c> + is set, and the function has a match specification with a <c>return_trace</c> or <c>exception_trace</c> action.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, exception_from, {M, F, Arity}, {Class, Value}}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> exits <em>from</em> the specified - function due to an exception. This trace message is sent - if the <c>call</c> flag is set, and the function has + function because of an exception. This trace message is + sent if flag <c>call</c> is set, and the function has a match specification with an <c>exception_trace</c> action.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, spawn, Pid2, {M, F, Args}}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> spawns a new process <c>Pid2</c> with the specified function call as entry point.</p> - <p>Note that <c>Args</c> is supposed to be the argument - list, but may be any term in the case of an erroneous - spawn.</p> + <p><c>Args</c> is supposed to be the argument list, + but can be any term if the spawn is erroneous.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, exit, Reason}</c></tag> <item> @@ -7714,148 +8318,158 @@ timestamp() -> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, unregister, RegName}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> gets the name <c>RegName</c> unregistered. - Note that this is done automatically when a registered + This is done automatically when a registered process exits.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, in, {M, F, Arity} | 0}</c></tag> <item> - <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled to run. The process will - run in function <c>{M, F, Arity}</c>. On some rare - occasions the current function cannot be determined, then - the last element <c>Arity</c> is 0.</p> + <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled to run. The process + runs in function <c>{M, F, Arity}</c>. On some rare + occasions, the current function cannot be determined, + then the last element is <c>0</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, out, {M, F, Arity} | 0}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled out. The process was - running in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare occasions + running in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last - element <c>Arity</c> is 0.</p> + element is <c>0</c>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="gc_start"><c>{trace, Pid, gc_start, Info}</c></marker></tag> + <tag><c>{trace, Pid, gc_start, Info}</c></tag> <item> + <marker id="gc_start"></marker> <p>Sent when garbage collection is about to be started. <c>Info</c> is a list of two-element tuples, where the first element is a key, and the second is the value. - You should not depend on the tuples have any defined - order. Currently, the following keys are defined:</p> + Do not depend on any order of the tuples. + The following keys are defined:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>heap_size</c></tag> <item>The size of the used part of the heap.</item> <tag><c>heap_block_size</c></tag> <item>The size of the memory block used for storing - the heap and the stack.</item> + the heap and the stack.</item> <tag><c>old_heap_size</c></tag> <item>The size of the used part of the old heap.</item> <tag><c>old_heap_block_size</c></tag> <item>The size of the memory block used for storing - the old heap.</item> + the old heap.</item> <tag><c>stack_size</c></tag> - <item>The actual size of the stack.</item> + <item>The size of the stack.</item> <tag><c>recent_size</c></tag> <item>The size of the data that survived the previous garbage - collection.</item> + collection.</item> <tag><c>mbuf_size</c></tag> <item>The combined size of message buffers associated with - the process.</item> - + the process.</item> <tag><c>bin_vheap_size</c></tag> - <item>The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process heap.</item> + <item>The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced + from the process heap.</item> <tag><c>bin_vheap_block_size</c></tag> - <item>The total size of binaries, in words, allowed in the virtual - heap in the process before doing a garbage collection. </item> + <item>The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual + heap in the process before doing a garbage collection.</item> <tag><c>bin_old_vheap_size</c></tag> - <item>The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process old heap.</item> - <tag><c>bin_vheap_block_size</c></tag> - <item>The total size of binaries, in words, allowed in the virtual - old heap in the process before doing a garbage collection. </item> - - + <item>The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced + from the process old heap.</item> + <tag><c>bin_old_vheap_block_size</c></tag> + <item>The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual + old heap in the process before doing a garbage collection.</item> </taglist> <p>All sizes are in words.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, gc_end, Info}</c></tag> <item> <p>Sent when garbage collection is finished. <c>Info</c> - contains the same kind of list as in the <c>gc_start</c> - message, but the sizes reflect the new sizes after + contains the same kind of list as in message <c>gc_start</c>, + but the sizes reflect the new sizes after garbage collection.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>If the tracing process dies, the flags will be silently + <p>If the tracing process dies, the flags are silently removed.</p> - <p>Only one process can trace a particular process. For this - reason, attempts to trace an already traced process will fail.</p> + <p>Only one process can trace a particular process. Therefore, + attempts to trace an already traced process fail.</p> <p>Returns: A number indicating the number of processes that - matched <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c>. If <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is a pid, - the return value will be <c>1</c>. If <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is - <c>all</c> or <c>existing</c> the return value will be + matched <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c>. + If <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is a process + identifier, the return value is <c>1</c>. + If <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> + is <c>all</c> or <c>existing</c>, the return value is the number of processes running, excluding tracer processes. - If <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is <c>new</c>, the return value will be + If <c><anno>PidSpec</anno></c> is <c>new</c>, the return value is <c>0</c>.</p> - <p>Failure: If specified arguments are not supported. For - example <c>cpu_timestamp</c> is not supported on all - platforms.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if the specified arguments are + not supported. For example, <c>cpu_timestamp</c> is not + supported on all platforms.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="trace_delivered" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Notification when trace has been delivered</fsummary> + <fsummary>Notification when trace has been delivered.</fsummary> <desc> <p>The delivery of trace messages is dislocated on the time-line - compared to other events in the system. If you know that the - <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> has passed some specific point in its execution, + compared to other events in the system. If you know that + <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> has passed some specific point + in its execution, and you want to know when at least all trace messages - corresponding to events up to this point have reached the tracer - you can use <c>erlang:trace_delivered(<anno>Tracee</anno>)</c>. A + corresponding to events up to this point have reached the + tracer, use <c>erlang:trace_delivered(<anno>Tracee</anno>)</c>. A <c>{trace_delivered, <anno>Tracee</anno>, <anno>Ref</anno>}</c> message is sent to the caller of <c>erlang:trace_delivered(<anno>Tracee</anno>)</c> when it - is guaranteed that all trace messages have been delivered to - the tracer up to the point that the <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> had reached + is guaranteed that all trace messages are delivered to + the tracer up to the point that <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> reached at the time of the call to <c>erlang:trace_delivered(<anno>Tracee</anno>)</c>.</p> - <p>Note that the <c>trace_delivered</c> message does <em>not</em> - imply that trace messages have been delivered; instead, it implies - that all trace messages that <em>should</em> be delivered have - been delivered. It is not an error if <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> isn't, and - hasn't been traced by someone, but if this is the case, - <em>no</em> trace messages will have been delivered when the + <p>Notice that message <c>trace_delivered</c> does <em>not</em> + imply that trace messages have been delivered. + Instead it implies that all trace messages that + <em>are to be delivered</em> have been delivered. + It is not an error if <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> is not, and + has not been traced by someone, but if this is the case, + <em>no</em> trace messages have been delivered when the <c>trace_delivered</c> message arrives.</p> - <p>Note that <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> has to refer to a process currently, + <p>Notice that that <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> must refer + to a process currently, or previously existing on the same node as the caller of <c>erlang:trace_delivered(<anno>Tracee</anno>)</c> resides on. - The special <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> atom <c>all</c> denotes all processes + The special <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> atom <c>all</c> + denotes all processes that currently are traced in the node.</p> - <p>An example: Process <c>A</c> is <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c>, port <c>B</c> is - tracer, and process <c>C</c> is the port owner of <c>B</c>. - <c>C</c> wants to close <c>B</c> when <c>A</c> exits. <c>C</c> - can ensure that the trace isn't truncated by calling - <c>erlang:trace_delivered(A)</c> when <c>A</c> exits and wait - for the <c>{trace_delivered, A, <anno>Ref</anno>}</c> message before closing - <c>B</c>.</p> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> does not refer to a + <p>Example: Process <c>A</c> is <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c>, + port <c>B</c> is tracer, and process <c>C</c> is the port + owner of <c>B</c>. <c>C</c> wants to close <c>B</c> when + <c>A</c> exits. To ensure that the trace is not truncated, + <c>C</c> can call <c>erlang:trace_delivered(A)</c>, when + <c>A</c> exits, and wait for message <c>{trace_delivered, A, + <anno>Ref</anno>}</c> before closing <c>B</c>.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c><anno>Tracee</anno></c> + does not refer to a process (dead or alive) on the same node as the caller of <c>erlang:trace_delivered(<anno>Tracee</anno>)</c> resides on.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="trace_info" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Trace information about a process or function.</fsummary> <type name="trace_info_return"/> <type name="trace_info_item_result"/> <type name="trace_info_flag"/> <type name="trace_match_spec"/> - <fsummary>Trace information about a process or function</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns trace information about a process or function.</p> - <p>To get information about a process, <c><anno>PidOrFunc</anno></c> should - be a pid or the atom <c>new</c>. The atom <c>new</c> means - that the default trace state for processes to be created will - be returned. <c><anno>Item</anno></c> must have one of the following - values:</p> + <p>To get information about a process, + <c><anno>PidOrFunc</anno></c> is to + be a process identifier (pid) or the atom <c>new</c>. + The atom <c>new</c> means that the default trace state for + processes to be created is returned.</p> + <p>The following <c>Item</c>s are valid:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>flags</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return a list of atoms indicating what kind of traces is - enabled for the process. The list will be empty if no + <p>Returns a list of atoms indicating what kind of traces is + enabled for the process. The list is empty if no traces are enabled, and one or more of the followings atoms if traces are enabled: <c>send</c>, <c>'receive'</c>, <c>set_on_spawn</c>, <c>call</c>, @@ -7866,337 +8480,354 @@ timestamp() -> </item> <tag><c>tracer</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the identifier for process or port tracing this + <p>Returns the identifier for process or port tracing this process. If this process is not being traced, the return - value will be <c>[]</c>.</p> + value is <c>[]</c>.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>To get information about a function, <c>PidOrFunc</c> should - be a three-element tuple: <c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c> or - the atom <c>on_load</c>. No wildcards are allowed. Returns - <c>undefined</c> if the function does not exist or - <c>false</c> if the function is not traced at all. <c>Item</c> - must have one of the following values:</p> + <p>To get information about a function, <c>PidOrFunc</c> is to + be the three-element tuple <c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c> or + the atom <c>on_load</c>. No wild cards are allowed. Returns + <c>undefined</c> if the function does not exist, or + <c>false</c> if the function is not traced.</p> + <p>The following <c>Item</c>s are valid::</p> <taglist> <tag><c>traced</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return <c>global</c> if this function is traced on + <p>Returns <c>global</c> if this function is traced on global function calls, <c>local</c> if this function is - traced on local function calls (i.e local and global - function calls), and <c>false</c> if neither local nor - global function calls are traced.</p> + traced on local function calls (that is, local and global + function calls), and <c>false</c> if local or + global function calls are not traced.</p> </item> <tag><c>match_spec</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the match specification for this function, if it + <p>Returns the match specification for this function, if it has one. If the function is locally or globally traced but has no match specification defined, the returned value is <c>[]</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>meta</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the meta trace tracer process or port for this - function, if it has one. If the function is not meta - traced the returned value is <c>false</c>, and if - the function is meta traced but has once detected that - the tracer proc is invalid, the returned value is [].</p> + <p>Returns the meta-trace tracer process or port for this + function, if it has one. If the function is not + meta-traced, the returned value is <c>false</c>. If + the function is meta-traced but has once detected that + the tracer process is invalid, the returned value is [].</p> </item> <tag><c>meta_match_spec</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the meta trace match specification for this - function, if it has one. If the function is meta traced + <p>Returns the meta-trace match specification for this + function, if it has one. If the function is meta-traced but has no match specification defined, the returned value is <c>[]</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>call_count</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the call count value for this function or + <p>Returns the call count value for this function or <c>true</c> for the pseudo function <c>on_load</c> if call - count tracing is active. Return <c>false</c> otherwise. + count tracing is active. Otherwise <c>false</c> is returned. See also <seealso marker="#trace_pattern/3">erlang:trace_pattern/3</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>call_time</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return the call time values for this function or + <p>Returns the call time values for this function or <c>true</c> for the pseudo function <c>on_load</c> if call - time tracing is active. Returns <c>false</c> otherwise. + time tracing is active. Otherwise <c>false</c> is returned. The call time values returned, <c>[{Pid, Count, S, Us}]</c>, - is a list of each process that has executed the function and its specific counters. - See also + is a list of each process that executed the function + and its specific counters. See also <seealso marker="#trace_pattern/3">erlang:trace_pattern/3</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>all</c></tag> <item> - <p>Return a list containing the <c>{<anno>Item</anno>, Value}</c> tuples - for all other items, or return <c>false</c> if no tracing + <p>Returns a list containing the + <c>{<anno>Item</anno>, Value}</c> tuples + for all other items, or returns <c>false</c> if no tracing is active for this function.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>The actual return value will be <c>{<anno>Item</anno>, Value}</c>, where - <c>Value</c> is the requested information as described above. + <p>The return value is <c>{<anno>Item</anno>, Value}</c>, where + <c>Value</c> is the requested information as described earlier. If a pid for a dead process was given, or the name of a - non-existing function, <c>Value</c> will be <c>undefined</c>.</p> - <p>If <c><anno>PidOrFunc</anno></c> is the <c>on_load</c>, the information + non-existing function, <c>Value</c> is <c>undefined</c>.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>PidOrFunc</anno></c> is <c>on_load</c>, the information returned refers to the default value for code that will be loaded.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="trace_pattern" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> + <fsummary>Sets trace patterns for global call tracing.</fsummary> <type name="trace_pattern_mfa"/> <type name="trace_match_spec"/> - <fsummary>Set trace patterns for global call tracing</fsummary> <desc> <p>The same as <seealso marker="#trace_pattern/3">erlang:trace_pattern(MFA, MatchSpec, [])</seealso>, retained for backward compatibility.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="trace_pattern" arity="3"/> + <fsummary>Sets trace patterns for tracing of function calls.</fsummary> <type name="trace_pattern_mfa"/> <type name="trace_match_spec"/> <type name="trace_pattern_flag"/> - <fsummary>Set trace patterns for tracing of function calls</fsummary> <desc> - <p>This BIF is used to enable or disable call tracing for - exported functions. It must be combined with + <p>Enables or disables call tracing for + one or more functions. Must be combined with <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso> to set the <c>call</c> trace flag for one or more processes.</p> - <p>Conceptually, call tracing works like this: Inside - the Erlang virtual machine there is a set of processes to be - traced and a set of functions to be traced. Tracing will be - enabled on the intersection of the set. That is, if a process - included in the traced process set calls a function included - in the traced function set, the trace action will be taken. - Otherwise, nothing will happen.</p> - <p>Use - <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso> to - add or remove one or more processes to the set of traced - processes. Use <c>erlang:trace_pattern/2</c> to add or remove - exported functions to the set of traced functions.</p> - <p>The <c>erlang:trace_pattern/3</c> BIF can also add match - specifications to an exported function. A match specification - comprises a pattern that the arguments to the function must - match, a guard expression which must evaluate to <c>true</c> + <p>Conceptually, call tracing works as follows. Inside + the Erlang Virtual Machine, a set of processes and + a set of functions are to be traced. If a traced process + calls a traced function, the trace action is taken. + Otherwise, nothing happens.</p> + <p>To add or remove one or more processes to the set of traced + processes, use + <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso>.</p> + <p>To add or remove functions to the set of traced + functions, use <c>erlang:trace_pattern/3</c>.</p> + <p>The BIF <c>erlang:trace_pattern/3</c> can also add match + specifications to a function. A match specification + comprises a pattern that the function arguments must + match, a guard expression that must evaluate to <c>true</c>, and an action to be performed. The default action is to send a trace message. If the pattern does not match or the guard - fails, the action will not be executed.</p> - <p>The <c><anno>MFA</anno></c> argument should be a tuple like - <c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c> or the atom <c>on_load</c> - (described below). It can be the module, function, and arity - for an exported function (or a BIF in any module). - The <c>'_'</c> atom can be used to mean any of that kind. - Wildcards can be used in any of the following ways:</p> + fails, the action is not executed.</p> + <p>Argument <c><anno>MFA</anno></c> is to be a tuple, such as + <c>{Module, Function, Arity}</c>, or the atom <c>on_load</c> + (described in the following). It can be the module, function, + and arity for a function (or a BIF in any module). + The atom <c>'_'</c> can be used as a wild card in any of the + following ways:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>{Module,Function,'_'}</c></tag> <item> - <p>All exported functions of any arity named <c>Function</c> + <p>All functions of any arity named <c>Function</c> in module <c>Module</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{Module,'_','_'}</c></tag> <item> - <p>All exported functions in module <c>Module</c>.</p> + <p>All functions in module <c>Module</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{'_','_','_'}</c></tag> <item> - <p>All exported functions in all loaded modules.</p> + <p>All functions in all loaded modules.</p> </item> </taglist> <p>Other combinations, such as <c>{Module,'_',Arity}</c>, are - not allowed. Local functions will match wildcards only if - the <c>local</c> option is in the <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c>.</p> - <p>If the <c><anno>MFA</anno></c> argument is the atom <c>on_load</c>, - the match specification and flag list will be used on all + not allowed. Local functions match wild cards only if + option <c>local</c> is in <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c>.</p> + <p>If argument <c><anno>MFA</anno></c> is the atom <c>on_load</c>, + the match specification and flag list are used on all modules that are newly loaded.</p> - <p>The <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno></c> argument can take any of the following - forms:</p> + <p>Argument <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno></c> can take the + following forms:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>false</c></tag> <item> - <p>Disable tracing for the matching function(s). Any match - specification will be removed.</p> + <p>Disables tracing for the matching functions. + Any match specification is removed.</p> </item> <tag><c>true</c></tag> <item> - <p>Enable tracing for the matching function(s).</p> + <p>Enables tracing for the matching functions.</p> </item> <tag><c><anno>MatchSpecList</anno></c></tag> <item> <p>A list of match specifications. An empty list is - equivalent to <c>true</c>. See the ERTS User's Guide - for a description of match specifications.</p> + equivalent to <c>true</c>. For a description of match + specifications, see the User's Guide.</p> </item> <tag><c>restart</c></tag> <item> - <p>For the <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> option <c>call_count</c> and <c>call_time</c>: - restart the existing counters. The behaviour is undefined + <p>For the <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> options <c>call_count</c> + and <c>call_time</c>: restarts + the existing counters. The behavior is undefined for other <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> options.</p> </item> <tag><c>pause</c></tag> <item> - <p>For the <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> option <c>call_count</c> and <c>call_time</c>: pause - the existing counters. The behaviour is undefined for - other <c>FlagList</c> options.</p> + <p>For the <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> options + <c>call_count</c> and <c>call_time</c>: pauses + the existing counters. The behavior is undefined for + other <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> options.</p> </item> </taglist> - <p>The <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> parameter is a list of options. - The following options are allowed:</p> + <p>Parameter <c><anno>FlagList</anno></c> is a list of options. + The following are the valid options:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>global</c></tag> <item> - <p>Turn on or off call tracing for global function calls + <p>Turns on or off call tracing for global function calls (that is, calls specifying the module explicitly). Only - exported functions will match and only global calls will - generate trace messages. This is the default.</p> + exported functions match and only global calls + generate trace messages. <em>This is the default</em>.</p> </item> <tag><c>local</c></tag> <item> - <p>Turn on or off call tracing for all types of function - calls. Trace messages will be sent whenever any of + <p>Turns on or off call tracing for all types of function + calls. Trace messages are sent whenever any of the specified functions are called, regardless of how they - are called. If the <c>return_to</c> flag is set for - the process, a <c>return_to</c> message will also be sent + are called. If flag <c>return_to</c> is set for + the process, a <c>return_to</c> message is also sent when this function returns to its caller.</p> </item> <tag><c>meta | {meta, <anno>Pid</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Turn on or off meta tracing for all types of function - calls. Trace messages will be sent to the tracer process + <p>Turns on or off meta-tracing for all types of function + calls. Trace messages are sent to the tracer process or port <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> whenever any of the specified functions are called, regardless of how they are called. - If no <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is specified, <c>self()</c> is used as a - default tracer process.</p> - <p>Meta tracing traces all processes and does not care + If no <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> is specified, + <c>self()</c> is used as a default tracer process.</p> + <p>Meta-tracing traces all processes and does not care about the process trace flags set by <c>trace/3</c>, the trace flags are instead fixed to <c>[call, timestamp]</c>.</p> - <p>The match spec function <c>{return_trace}</c> works with - meta trace and send its trace message to the same tracer - process.</p> + <p>The match specification function <c>{return_trace}</c> + works with meta-trace and sends its trace message to the + same tracer process.</p> </item> <tag><c>call_count</c></tag> <item> <p>Starts (<c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == true</c>) or stops - (<c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == false</c>) call count tracing for all - types of function calls. For every function a counter is + (<c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == false</c>) + call count tracing for all + types of function calls. For every function, a counter is incremented when the function is called, in any process. No process trace flags need to be activated.</p> <p>If call count tracing is started while already running, - the count is restarted from zero. Running counters can be - paused with <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == pause</c>. Paused and running - counters can be restarted from zero with + the count is restarted from zero. To pause running + counters, use <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == pause</c>. + Paused and running counters can be restarted from zero with <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == restart</c>.</p> - <p>The counter value can be read with + <p>To read the counter value, use <seealso marker="#trace_info/2">erlang:trace_info/2</seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>call_time</c></tag> <item> <p>Starts (<c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == true</c>) or stops - (<c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == false</c>) call time tracing for all - types of function calls. For every function a counter is - incremented when the function is called. Time spent in the function - is accumulated in two other counters, seconds and micro-seconds. + (<c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == false</c>) call time + tracing for all + types of function calls. For every function, a counter is + incremented when the function is called. + Time spent in the function is accumulated in + two other counters, seconds and microseconds. The counters are stored for each call traced process.</p> <p>If call time tracing is started while already running, - the count and time is restarted from zero. Running counters can be - paused with <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == pause</c>. Paused and running - counters can be restarted from zero with + the count and time is restarted from zero. To pause + running counters, use <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == pause</c>. + Paused and running counters can be restarted from zero with <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno> == restart</c>.</p> - <p>The counter value can be read with + <p>To read the counter value, use <seealso marker="#trace_info/2">erlang:trace_info/2</seealso>.</p> </item> - </taglist> - <p>The <c>global</c> and <c>local</c> options are mutually - exclusive and <c>global</c> is the default (if no options are - specified). The <c>call_count</c> and <c>meta</c> options - perform a kind of local tracing, and can also not be combined - with <c>global</c>. A function can be either globally or + <p>The options <c>global</c> and <c>local</c> are mutually + exclusive, and <c>global</c> is the default (if no options are + specified). The options <c>call_count</c> and <c>meta</c> + perform a kind of local tracing, and cannot be combined + with <c>global</c>. A function can be globally or locally traced. If global tracing is specified for a - specified set of functions; local, meta, call time and call count - tracing for the matching set of local functions will be - disabled, and vice versa.</p> + set of functions, then local, meta, call time, and call count + tracing for the matching set of local functions is + disabled, and conversely.</p> <p>When disabling trace, the option must match the type of trace - that is set on the function, so that local tracing must be - disabled with the <c>local</c> option and global tracing with - the <c>global</c> option (or no option at all), and so forth.</p> - <p>There is no way to directly change part of a match - specification list. If a function has a match specification, - you can replace it with a completely new one. If you need to - change an existing match specification, use the + set on the function. That is, local tracing must be + disabled with option <c>local</c> and global tracing with + option <c>global</c> (or no option), and so forth.</p> + <p>Part of a match specification list cannot be changed directly. + If a function has a match specification, it can be replaced + with a new one. To change an existing match specification, + use the BIF <seealso marker="#trace_info/2">erlang:trace_info/2</seealso> - BIF to retrieve the existing match specification.</p> - <p>Returns the number of exported functions that matched - the <c><anno>MFA</anno></c> argument. This will be zero if none matched at - all.</p> + to retrieve the existing match specification.</p> + <p>Returns the number of functions matching + argument <c><anno>MFA</anno></c>. This is zero if none matched.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="trunc" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return an integer by the truncating a number</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns an integer by truncating a number</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer by the truncating <c><anno>Number</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns an integer by truncating <c><anno>Number</anno></c>, + for example:</p> <pre> > <input>trunc(5.5).</input> 5</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="tuple_size" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Return the size of a tuple</fsummary> + <fsummary>Returns the size of a tuple.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an integer which is the number of elements in <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>.</p> + <p>Returns an integer that is the number of elements in + <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>tuple_size({morni, mulle, bwange}).</input> 3</pre> <p>Allowed in guard tests.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="tuple_to_list" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert a tuple to a list</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts a tuple to a list.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns a list which corresponds to <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>. - <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c> may contain any Erlang terms.</p> + <p>Returns a list corresponding to <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>. + <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c> can contain any Erlang terms.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>tuple_to_list({share, {'Ericsson_B', 163}}).</input> [share,{'Ericsson_B',163}]</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="universaltime" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Current date and time according to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)</fsummary> + <fsummary>Current date and time according to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC).</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the current date and time according to Universal - Time Coordinated (UTC), also called GMT, in the form + Time Coordinated (UTC) in the form <c>{{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}}</c> if - supported by the underlying operating system. If not, - <c>erlang:universaltime()</c> is equivalent to + supported by the underlying OS. + Otherwise <c>erlang:universaltime()</c> is equivalent to <c>erlang:localtime()</c>.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:universaltime().</input> {{1996,11,6},{14,18,43}}</pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="universaltime_to_localtime" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Convert from Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) to local date and time</fsummary> + <fsummary>Converts from Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) to local date and time.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Converts Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time to - local date and time, if this is supported by the underlying - OS. Otherwise, no conversion is done, and + local date and time in the form + <c>{{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}}</c> if + supported by the underlying OS. + Otherwise no conversion is done, and <c><anno>Universaltime</anno></c> is returned.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>erlang:universaltime_to_localtime({{1996,11,6},{14,18,43}}).</input> {{1996,11,7},{15,18,43}}</pre> - <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c>Universaltime</c> does not denote - a valid date and time.</p> + <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if <c>Universaltime</c> denotes + an invalid date and time.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="unique_integer" arity="0"/> <fsummary>Get a unique integer value</fsummary> @@ -8221,23 +8852,23 @@ timestamp() -> Each integer value can of course be constructed by other means.</p> - <p>By default, i.e. when <c>[]</c> is passed as + <p>By default, when <c>[]</c> is passed as <c><anno>ModifierList</anno></c>, both negative and - positive integers will be returned. This is order - to be able to utilize the range of integers that do - not need to be heap allocated as much as possible. + positive integers can be returned. This in order + to utilize the range of integers that do + not need heap memory allocation as much as possible. By default the returned integers are also only - guaranteed to be unique, i.e., any integer returned - may be either smaller, or larger than previously + guaranteed to be unique, that is, any returned integer + can be smaller or larger than previously returned integers.</p> - <p>Currently valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s:</p> + <p>Valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s:</p> <taglist> <tag>positive</tag> <item><p>Return only positive integers.</p> <p>Note that by passing the <c>positive</c> modifier - you will get heap allocated integers (big-nums) + you will get heap allocated integers (bignums) quicker.</p> </item> @@ -8249,7 +8880,7 @@ timestamp() -> returned will always be larger than previously returned integers on the current runtime system instance.</p> - <p>These values can be used when ordering events + <p>These values can be used to determine order between events on the runtime system instance. That is, if both <c>X = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c> and <c>Y = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c> are @@ -8259,21 +8890,21 @@ timestamp() -> before <c>Y</c>.</p> <warning><p>Strictly monotonically increasing values are inherently quite expensive to generate and scales - poorly. This since the values needs to be - synchronized. That is, do not pass the <c>monotonic</c> + poorly. This is because the values need to be + synchronized between cpu cores. That is, do not pass the <c>monotonic</c> modifier unless you really need strictly monotonically increasing values.</p></warning> </item> </taglist> - <p>All currently valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s + <p>All valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s can be combined. Repeated (valid) <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s in the <c>ModifierList</c> are ignored.</p> <note><p>Note that the set of integers returned by - <c>unique_integer/1</c> using diffrent sets of + <c>unique_integer/1</c> using different sets of <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s <em>will overlap</em>. For example, by calling <c>unique_integer([monotonic])</c>, and <c>unique_integer([positive, monotonic])</c> @@ -8293,25 +8924,30 @@ timestamp() -> </func> <func> <name name="unlink" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Remove a link, if there is one, to another process or port</fsummary> + <fsummary>Removes a link to another process or port.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Removes the link, if there is one, between the calling - process and the process or port referred to by <c><anno>Id</anno></c>.</p> + process and the process or port referred to by + <c><anno>Id</anno></c>.</p> <p>Returns <c>true</c> and does not fail, even if there is no - link to <c><anno>Id</anno></c>, or if <c><anno>Id</anno></c> does not exist.</p> - <p>Once <c>unlink(<anno>Id</anno>)</c> has returned it is guaranteed that + link to <c><anno>Id</anno></c>, or if <c><anno>Id</anno></c> + does not exist.</p> + <p>Once <c>unlink(<anno>Id</anno>)</c> has returned, + it is guaranteed that the link between the caller and the entity referred to by - <c><anno>Id</anno></c> has no effect on the caller in the future (unless - the link is setup again). If caller is trapping exits, an - <c>{'EXIT', <anno>Id</anno>, _}</c> message due to the link might have - been placed in the caller's message queue prior to the call, - though. Note, the <c>{'EXIT', <anno>Id</anno>, _}</c> message can be the - result of the link, but can also be the result of <c><anno>Id</anno></c> - calling <c>exit/2</c>. Therefore, it <em>may</em> be - appropriate to cleanup the message queue when trapping exits - after the call to <c>unlink(<anno>Id</anno>)</c>, as follow:</p> + <c><anno>Id</anno></c> has no effect on the caller + in the future (unless + the link is setup again). If the caller is trapping exits, an + <c>{'EXIT', <anno>Id</anno>, _}</c> message from the link + can have been placed in the caller's message queue before + the call.</p> + <p>Notice that the <c>{'EXIT', <anno>Id</anno>, _}</c> + message can be the + result of the link, but can also be the result of <c>Id</c> + calling <c>exit/2</c>. Therefore, it <em>can</em> be + appropriate to clean up the message queue when trapping exits + after the call to <c>unlink(<anno>Id</anno>)</c>, as follows:</p> <code type="none"> - unlink(Id), receive {'EXIT', Id, _} -> @@ -8320,23 +8956,25 @@ timestamp() -> true end</code> <note> - <p>Prior to OTP release R11B (erts version 5.5) <c>unlink/1</c> - behaved completely asynchronous, i.e., the link was active + <p>Prior to OTP release R11B (ERTS version 5.5) <c>unlink/1</c> + behaved completely asynchronously, i.e., the link was active until the "unlink signal" reached the linked entity. This - had one undesirable effect, though. You could never know when + had an undesirable effect, as you could never know when you were guaranteed <em>not</em> to be effected by the link.</p> - <p>Current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: + <p>The current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: asynchronously send an "unlink signal" to the linked entity and ignore any future results of the link.</p> </note> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="unregister" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Remove the registered name for a process (or port)</fsummary> + <fsummary>Removes the registered name for a process (or port).</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Removes the registered name <c><anno>RegName</anno></c>, associated with a - pid or a port identifier.</p> + <p>Removes the registered name <c><anno>RegName</anno></c> + associated with a + process identifier or a port identifier, for example:</p> <pre> > <input>unregister(db).</input> true</pre> @@ -8345,31 +8983,34 @@ true</pre> name.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="whereis" arity="1"/> - <fsummary>Get the pid (or port) with a given registered name</fsummary> + <fsummary>Gets the pid (or port) with a given registered name.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the pid or port identifier with the registered name - <c>RegName</c>. Returns <c>undefined</c> if the name is not - registered.</p> + <p>Returns the process identifier or port identifier with + the registered name <c>RegName</c>. Returns <c>undefined</c> + if the name is not registered.</p> + <p>Example:</p> <pre> > <input>whereis(db).</input> <0.43.0></pre> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="yield" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Let other processes get a chance to execute</fsummary> + <fsummary>Lets other processes get a chance to execute.</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Voluntarily let other processes (if any) get a chance to + <p>Voluntarily lets other processes (if any) get a chance to execute. Using <c>erlang:yield()</c> is similar to <c>receive after 1 -> ok end</c>, except that <c>yield()</c> is faster.</p> <warning><p>There is seldom or never any need to use this BIF, - especially in the SMP-emulator as other processes will have a - chance to run in another scheduler thread anyway. - Using this BIF without a thorough grasp of how the scheduler - works may cause performance degradation.</p></warning> + especially in the SMP emulator, as other processes have a + chance to run in another scheduler thread anyway. + Using this BIF without a thorough grasp of how the scheduler + works can cause performance degradation.</p></warning> </desc> </func> </funcs> |