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-rw-r--r--erts/doc/src/erlang.xml876
1 files changed, 768 insertions, 108 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml
index 0e5909a52d..ba5f80a9c1 100644
--- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml
+++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml
@@ -58,7 +58,78 @@
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="timestamp"></name>
- <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#now/0">now/0</seealso>.</p>
+ <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#timestamp/0">erlang:timestamp/0</seealso>.</p>
+ </desc>
+ </datatype>
+ <marker id="type_time_unit"/>
+ <datatype>
+ <name name="time_unit"></name>
+ <desc><p>Currently supported time unit representations:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>PartsPerSecond :: integer() >= 1</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Time unit expressed in parts per second. That is,
+ the time unit equals <c>1/PartsPerSecond</c> second.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>seconds</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit
+ represented by the integer <c>1</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>milli_seconds</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit
+ represented by the integer <c>1000</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>micro_seconds</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit
+ represented by the integer <c>1000000</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>nano_seconds</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit
+ represented by the integer <c>1000000000</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>native</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Symbolic representation of the native time unit
+ used by the Erlang runtime system.</p>
+
+ <p>The <c>native</c> time unit is determined at
+ runtime system start, and will remain the same until
+ the runtime system terminates. If a runtime system
+ is stopped and then started again (even on the same
+ machine), the <c>native</c> time unit of the new
+ runtime system instance may differ from the
+ <c>native</c> time unit of the old runtime system
+ instance.</p>
+
+ <p>One can get an approximation of the <c>native</c>
+ time unit by calling <c>erlang:convert_time_unit(1,
+ seconds, native)</c>. The result equals the number
+ of whole <c>native</c> time units per second. In case
+ the number of <c>native</c> time units per second does
+ not add up to a whole number, the result will be
+ rounded downwards.</p>
+
+ <note>
+ <p>The value of the <c>native</c> time unit gives
+ you more or less no information at all about the
+ quality of time values. It sets a limit for
+ the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso>
+ as well as for the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso>
+ of time values,
+ but it gives absolutely no information at all about the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>
+ of time values. The resolution of the <c>native</c> time
+ unit and the resolution of time values may differ
+ significantly.</p>
+ </note>
+ </item>
+
+ </taglist>
+
+ <p>The <c>time_unit/0</c> type may be extended. Use
+ <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit/3</c></seealso>
+ in order to convert time values between time units.</p>
+
</desc>
</datatype>
</datatypes>
@@ -585,6 +656,22 @@
</desc>
</func>
<func>
+ <name name="convert_time_unit" arity="3"/>
+ <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Converts the <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value of time unit
+ <c><anno>FromUnit</anno></c> to the corresponding
+ <c><anno>ConvertedTime</anno></c> value of time unit
+ <c><anno>ToUnit</anno></c>. The result is rounded
+ using the floor function.</p>
+
+ <warning><p>You may lose accuracy and precision when converting
+ between time units. In order to minimize such loss, collect all
+ data at <c>native</c> time unit and do the conversion on the end
+ result.</p></warning>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
<name name="crc32" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Compute crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksum</fsummary>
<desc>
@@ -1252,10 +1339,11 @@ true
<fsummary>Check if a function is exported and loaded</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns <c>true</c> if the module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> is loaded
- and contains an exported function <c><anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c>;
- otherwise <c>false</c>.</p>
- <p>Returns <c>false</c> for any BIF (functions implemented in C
- rather than in Erlang).</p>
+ and contains an exported function <c><anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c>,
+ or if there is a BIF (a built-in function implemented in C)
+ with the given name; otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p>
+ <note><p>This function used to return false for built-in
+ functions before the 18.0 release.</p></note>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
@@ -1376,6 +1464,19 @@ true
</desc>
</func>
<func>
+ <name name="get_keys" arity="0"/>
+ <fsummary>Return a list of all keys from the process dictionary</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns a list of keys all keys present in the process dictionary.</p>
+ <pre>
+> <input>put(dog, {animal,1}),</input>
+<input>put(cow, {animal,2}),</input>
+<input>put(lamb, {animal,3}),</input>
+<input>get_keys().</input>
+[dog,cow,lamb]</pre>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
<name name="get_keys" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Return a list of keys from the process dictionary</fsummary>
<desc>
@@ -2191,14 +2292,15 @@ os_prompt% </pre>
</func>
<func>
<name name="make_ref" arity="0"/>
- <fsummary>Return an almost unique reference</fsummary>
+ <fsummary>Return a unique reference</fsummary>
<desc>
- <p>Returns an almost unique reference.</p>
- <p>The returned reference will re-occur after approximately 2^82
- calls; therefore it is unique enough for practical purposes.</p>
- <pre>
-> <input>make_ref().</input>
-#Ref&lt;0.0.0.135></pre>
+ <p>Return a <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_references">unique
+ reference</seealso>. The reference is unique among
+ connected nodes.</p>
+ <warning><p>Known issue: When a node is restarted multiple
+ times with the same node name, references created
+ on a newer node can be mistaken for a reference
+ created on an older node with the same node name.</p></warning>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
@@ -2499,97 +2601,178 @@ os_prompt% </pre>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
- <name name="monitor" arity="2"/>
+ <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="1"/>
+ <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="2"/>
+ <type name="registered_name"/>
+ <type name="registered_process_identifier"/>
+ <type name="monitor_process_identifier"/>
<fsummary>Start monitoring</fsummary>
<desc>
- <p>The calling process starts monitoring <c><anno>Item</anno></c> which is
- an object of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c>.</p>
- <p>Currently only processes can be monitored, i.e. the only
- allowed <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is <c>process</c>, but other types may be
- allowed in the future.</p>
- <p><c><anno>Item</anno></c> can be:</p>
- <taglist>
- <tag><c>pid()</c></tag>
- <item>
- <p>The pid of the process to monitor.</p>
- </item>
- <tag><c>{RegName, Node}</c></tag>
- <item>
- <p>A tuple consisting of a registered name of a process and
- a node name. The process residing on the node <c>Node</c>
- with the registered name <c>RegName</c> will be monitored.</p>
- </item>
- <tag><c>RegName</c></tag>
- <item>
- <p>The process locally registered as <c>RegName</c> will be
- monitored.</p>
- </item>
- </taglist>
- <note>
- <p>When a process is monitored by registered name, the process
- that has the registered name at the time when
- <c>monitor/2</c> is called will be monitored.
+ <p>Send a monitor request of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c> to the
+ entity identified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. The caller of
+ <c>monitor/2</c> will later be notified by a monitor message on the
+ following format if the monitored state is changed:</p>
+ <code type="none">{Tag, <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, <anno>Type</anno>, Object, Info}</code>
+ <note><p>The monitor request is an asynchronous signal. That is, it
+ takes time before the signal reach its destination.</p></note>
+ <p>Currently valid <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><marker id="monitor_process"/><c>process</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Monitor the existence of the process identified by
+ <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. Currently valid
+ <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s in combination with the
+ <c>process <anno>Type</anno></c>:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>pid()</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>The process identifier of the process to monitor.</p>
+ </item>
+ <tag><c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>A tuple consisting of a registered name of a process and
+ a node name. The process residing on the node <c>Node</c>
+ with the registered name <c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c> will
+ be monitored.</p>
+ </item>
+ <tag><c>RegisteredName</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>The process locally registered as <c>RegisteredName</c>
+ will become monitored.</p>
+ </item>
+ </taglist>
+ <note><p>When a process is monitored by registered name, the
+ process that has the registered name at the time when the
+ monitor request reach its destination will be monitored.
The monitor will not be effected, if the registered name is
- unregistered.</p>
- </note>
- <p>A <c>'DOWN'</c> message will be sent to the monitoring
- process if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> dies, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> does not exist,
- or if the connection is lost to the node which <c><anno>Item</anno></c>
- resides on. A <c>'DOWN'</c> message has the following pattern:</p>
- <code type="none">
-{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}</code>
- <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c> and <c>Type</c> are the same as
- described above, and:</p>
- <taglist>
- <tag><c>Object</c></tag>
- <item>
- <p>A reference to the monitored object:</p>
- <list type="bulleted">
- <item>the pid of the monitored process, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was
- specified as a pid.</item>
- <item><c>{RegName, Node}</c>, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as
- <c>{RegName, Node}</c>.</item>
- <item><c>{RegName, Node}</c>, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as
- <c>RegName</c>. <c>Node</c> will in this case be the
- name of the local node (<c>node()</c>).</item>
- </list>
- </item>
- <tag><c>Info</c></tag>
- <item>
- <p>Either the exit reason of the process, <c>noproc</c>
- (non-existing process), or <c>noconnection</c> (no
- connection to <c><anno>Node</anno></c>).</p>
- </item>
- </taglist>
- <note>
- <p>If/when <c>monitor/2</c> is extended (e.g. to
- handle other item types than <c>process</c>), other
- possible values for <c>Object</c>, and <c>Info</c> in the
- <c>'DOWN'</c> message will be introduced.</p>
- </note>
- <p>The monitoring is turned off either when the <c>'DOWN'</c>
- message is sent, or when
- <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso>
- is called.</p>
- <p>If an attempt is made to monitor a process on an older node
- (where remote process monitoring is not implemented or one
- where remote process monitoring by registered name is not
- implemented), the call fails with <c>badarg</c>.</p>
- <p>Making several calls to <c>monitor/2</c> for the same
- <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is not an error; it results in as many, completely
- independent, monitorings.</p>
+ unregistered, or unregistered and later registered on another
+ process.</p></note>
+ <p>The monitor is triggered either when the monitored process
+ terminates, is non existing, or if the connection to it is
+ lost. In the case the connection to it is lost, we do not know
+ if it still exist or not. After this type of monitor has been
+ triggered, the monitor is automatically removed.</p>
+ <p>When the monitor is triggered a <c>'DOWN'</c> message will
+ be sent to the monitoring process. A <c>'DOWN'</c> message has
+ the following pattern:</p>
+ <code type="none">{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}</code>
+ <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c> and <c>Type</c> are the same as
+ described above, and:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>Object</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>equals:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c><anno>Item</anno></c></tag>
+ <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified by a
+ pid.</item>
+ <tag><c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c></tag>
+ <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as
+ <c>RegisteredName</c>, or <c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c>
+ where <c>Node</c> corresponds to the node that the
+ monitored process resides on.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
+ <tag><c>Info</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Either the exit reason of the process, <c>noproc</c>
+ (non-existing process), or <c>noconnection</c> (no
+ connection to the node where the monitored process
+ resides).</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>The monitoring is turned off either when the <c>'DOWN'</c>
+ message is sent, or when
+ <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso>
+ is called.</p>
+ <p>If an attempt is made to monitor a process on an older node
+ (where remote process monitoring is not implemented or one
+ where remote process monitoring by registered name is not
+ implemented), the call fails with <c>badarg</c>.</p>
+ <note>
+ <p>The format of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message changed in the 5.2
+ version of the emulator (OTP release R9B) for monitor
+ <em>by registered name</em>. The <c>Object</c> element of
+ the <c>'DOWN'</c> message could in earlier versions
+ sometimes be the pid of the monitored process and sometimes
+ be the registered name. Now the <c>Object</c> element is
+ always a tuple consisting of the registered name and
+ the node name. Processes on new nodes (emulator version 5.2
+ or greater) will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on
+ the new format even if they are monitoring processes on old
+ nodes. Processes on old nodes will always get <c>'DOWN'</c>
+ messages on the old format.</p>
+ </note>
+ </item>
+ <tag><marker id="monitor_time_offset"/><c>time_offset</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Monitor changes in
+ <seealso marker="#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso>
+ between
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso> and
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang
+ system time</seealso>. There is only one valid
+ <c><anno>Item</anno></c> in combination with the
+ <c>time_offset <anno>Type</anno></c>, namely the atom
+ <c>clock_service</c>. Note that the atom <c>clock_service</c> is
+ <em>not</em> the registered name of a process. In this specific
+ case it serves as an identifier of the runtime system internal
+ clock service at current runtime system instance.</p>
+
+ <p>The monitor is triggered when the time offset is changed.
+ This either if the time offset value is changed, or if the
+ offset is changed from preliminary to final during
+ <seealso marker="#system_flag_time_offset">finalization
+ of the time offset</seealso> when the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single
+ time warp mode</seealso> is used. When a change from preliminary
+ to final time offset is made, the monitor will be triggered once
+ regardless of whether the time offset value was changed due to
+ the finalization or not.</p>
+
+ <p>If the runtime system is in
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi
+ time warp mode</seealso>, the time offset will be changed when
+ the runtime system detects that the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS system
+ time</seealso> has changed. The runtime system will, however,
+ not detect this immediately when it happens. A task checking
+ the time offset is scheduled to execute at least once a minute,
+ so under normal operation this should be detected within a
+ minute, but during heavy load it might take longer time.</p>
+
+ <p>The monitor will <em>not</em> be automatically removed
+ after it has been triggered. That is, repeated changes of
+ the time offset will trigger the monitor repeatedly.</p>
+
+ <p>When the monitor is triggered a <c>'CHANGE'</c> message will
+ be sent to the monitoring process. A <c>'CHANGE'</c> message has
+ the following pattern:</p>
+ <code type="none">{'CHANGE', MonitorRef, Type, Item, NewTimeOffset}</code>
+ <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c>, <c><anno>Type</anno></c>, and
+ <c><anno>Item</anno></c> are the same as described above, and
+ <c>NewTimeOffset</c> is the new time offset.</p>
+
+ <p>When the <c>'CHANGE'</c> message has been received you are
+ guaranteed not to retrieve the old time offset when calling
+ <seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso>.
+ Note that you may observe the change of the time offset
+ when calling <c>erlang:time_offset()</c> before you
+ get the <c>'CHANGE'</c> message.</p>
+
+ </item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>Making several calls to <c>monitor/2</c> for the same
+ <c><anno>Item</anno></c> and/or <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is not
+ an error; it results in many, completely independent,
+ monitorings.</p>
+ <p>The monitor functionality is expected to be extended. That is,
+ other <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s and <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s
+ are expected to be supported in the future.</p>
<note>
- <p>The format of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message changed in the 5.2
- version of the emulator (OTP release R9B) for monitor <em>by registered name</em>. The <c>Object</c> element of
- the <c>'DOWN'</c> message could in earlier versions
- sometimes be the pid of the monitored process and sometimes
- be the registered name. Now the <c>Object</c> element is
- always a tuple consisting of the registered name and
- the node name. Processes on new nodes (emulator version 5.2
- or greater) will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on
- the new format even if they are monitoring processes on old
- nodes. Processes on old nodes will always get <c>'DOWN'</c>
- messages on the old format.</p>
+ <p>If/when <c>monitor/2</c> is extended, other
+ possible values for <c>Tag</c>, <c>Object</c>, and
+ <c>Info</c> in the monitor message will be introduced.</p>
</note>
</desc>
</func>
@@ -2640,6 +2823,51 @@ os_prompt% </pre>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
+ <name name="monotonic_time" arity="0"/>
+ <fsummary>Current Erlang monotonic time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns the current
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso> in <c>native</c>
+ <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>. This
+ is a monotonically increasing time since some unspecified point in
+ time.</p>
+
+ <note><p>This is a
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Monotonically_Increasing">monotonically increasing</seealso> time, but <em>not</em> a
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Strictly_Monotonically_Increasing">strictly monotonically increasing</seealso>
+ time. That is, consecutive calls to
+ <c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c> may produce the same result.</p>
+
+ <p>Different runtime system instances will use different
+ unspecified points in time as base for their Erlang monotonic clocks.
+ That is, it is <em>pointless</em> comparing monotonic times from
+ different runtime system instances. Different runtime system instances
+ may also place this unspecified point in time different relative
+ runtime system start. It may be placed in the future (time at start
+ will be a negative value), the past (time at start will be a
+ positive value), or the runtime system start (time at start will
+ be zero). The monotonic time as of runtime system start can be
+ retrieved by calling
+ <seealso marker="#system_info_start_time"><c>erlang:system_info(start_time)</c></seealso>.</p></note>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="monotonic_time" arity="1"/>
+ <fsummary>Current Erlang monotonic time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns the current
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso> converted
+ into the <c><anno>Unit</anno></c> passed as argument.</p>
+
+ <p>Same as calling
+ <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit</c></seealso><c>(</c><seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time()</c></seealso><c>,
+ native, <anno>Unit</anno>)</c>
+ however optimized for commonly used <c><anno>Unit</anno></c>s.</p>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
<name name="nif_error" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary>
<desc>
@@ -2734,6 +2962,13 @@ os_prompt% </pre>
<type name="timestamp"/>
<fsummary>Elapsed time since 00:00 GMT</fsummary>
<desc>
+ <warning><p><em>This function is deprecated! Do not use it!</em>
+ See the users guide chapter
+ <seealso marker="time_correction">Time and Time Correction</seealso>
+ for more information. Specifically the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Dos_and_Donts">Dos and Dont's</seealso>
+ section for information on what to use instead of <c>erlang:now/0</c>.
+ </p></warning>
<p>Returns the tuple <c>{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}</c> which is
the elapsed time since 00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970 (zero hour)
on the assumption that the underlying OS supports this.
@@ -2746,10 +2981,6 @@ os_prompt% </pre>
<p>It can only be used to check the local time of day if
the time-zone info of the underlying operating system is
properly configured.</p>
- <p>If you do not need the return value to be unique and
- monotonically increasing, use
- <seealso marker="kernel:os#timestamp/0">os:timestamp/0</seealso>
- instead to avoid some overhead.</p>
</desc>
</func>
<func>
@@ -5496,6 +5727,35 @@ ok
<p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p>
</desc>
</func>
+ <marker id="system_flag_time_offset"/>
+ <func>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="12"/>
+ <fsummary>Finalize the Time Offset</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Finalizes the <seealso marker="#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso>
+ when the <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single
+ time warp mode</seealso> is being used. If another time warp mode than
+ the "single time warp mode" is used, the time offset state will be left
+ unchanged.</p>
+ <p>Returns the old state identifier. That is, if:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><p><c>preliminary</c> is returned, finalization was
+ performed and the time offset is now final.</p></item>
+
+ <item><p><c>final</c> is returned, the time offset was
+ already in the final state. This either due to another
+ <c>erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize)</c> call, or
+ due to the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no
+ time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item>
+
+ <item><p><c>volatile</c> is returned, the time offset
+ cannot be finalized due to the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi
+ time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
<func>
<name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="1"/>
<name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="2"/>
@@ -5776,6 +6036,17 @@ ok
<name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="53"/>
<name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="54"/>
<name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="55"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="56"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="57"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="58"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="59"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="60"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="61"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="62"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="63"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="64"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="65"/>
+ <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="66"/>
<fsummary>Information about the system</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns various information about the current system
@@ -6163,6 +6434,123 @@ ok
documentation of versions in the system principles
guide</seealso>.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><marker id="system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>os_monotonic_time_source</c></marker></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of
+ <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_Monotonic_Time">OS
+ monotonic time</seealso> that is used by the runtime system.</p>
+ <p>In case <c>[]</c> is returned, no OS monotonic time is
+ available. The list contains two-tuples with <c>Key</c>s
+ as first element, and <c>Value</c>s as second element. The
+ order if these tuples is undefined. Currently the following
+ tuples may be part of the list, but more tuples may be
+ introduced in the future:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>{function, Function}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>Function</c> is the name of the funcion
+ used. This tuple always exist if OS monotonic time is
+ available to the runtime system.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{clock_id, ClockId}</c></tag>
+ <item><p>This tuple only exist if <c>Function</c>
+ can be used with different clocks. <c>ClockId</c>
+ corresponds to the clock identifer used when calling
+ <c>Function</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{resolution, OsMonotonicTimeResolution}</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Highest possible
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso>
+ of current OS monotonic time source as parts per
+ second. If no resolution information can be retreived
+ from the OS, <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c> will be
+ set to the resolution of the time unit of
+ <c>Function</c>s return value. That is, the actual
+ resolution may be lower than
+ <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c>. Also note that
+ the resolution does not say anything about the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>,
+ and that the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso>
+ might not align with the resolution. You do,
+ however, know that the precision won't be
+ better than
+ <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{extended, Extended}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>Extended</c> equals <c>yes</c> if
+ the range of time values has been extended;
+ otherwise, <c>Extended</c> equals <c>no</c>. The
+ range needs to be extended if <c>Function</c>
+ returns values that wrap fast. This typically
+ is the case when the return value is a 32-bit
+ value.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{parallel, Parallel}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>Parallel</c> equals <c>yes</c> if
+ <c>Function</c> is called in parallel from multiple
+ threads. If it is not called in parallel, because
+ calls needs to be serialized, <c>Parallel</c> equals
+ <c>no</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{time, OsMonotonicTime}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>OsMonotonicTime</c> equals current OS
+ monotonic time in <c>native</c>
+ <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
+ <tag><marker id="system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>os_system_time_source</c></marker></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of
+ <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS
+ system time</seealso> that is used by the runtime system.</p>
+ <p>The list contains two-tuples with <c>Key</c>s
+ as first element, and <c>Value</c>s as second element. The
+ order if these tuples is undefined. Currently the following
+ tuples may be part of the list, but more tuples may be
+ introduced in the future:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>{function, Function}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>Function</c> is the name of the funcion
+ used.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{clock_id, ClockId}</c></tag>
+ <item><p>This tuple only exist if <c>Function</c>
+ can be used with different clocks. <c>ClockId</c>
+ corresponds to the clock identifer used when calling
+ <c>Function</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{resolution, OsSystemTimeResolution}</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Highest possible
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso>
+ of current OS system time source as parts per
+ second. If no resolution information can be retreived
+ from the OS, <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c> will be
+ set to the resolution of the time unit of
+ <c>Function</c>s return value. That is, the actual
+ resolution may be lower than
+ <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c>. Also note that
+ the resolution does not say anything about the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>,
+ and that the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso>
+ might not align with the resolution. You do,
+ however, know that the precision won't be
+ better than
+ <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{parallel, Parallel}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>Parallel</c> equals <c>yes</c> if
+ <c>Function</c> is called in parallel from multiple
+ threads. If it is not called in parallel, because
+ calls needs to be serialized, <c>Parallel</c> equals
+ <c>no</c>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>{time, OsSystemTime}</c></tag>
+ <item><p><c>OsSystemTime</c> equals current OS
+ system time in <c>native</c>
+ <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
<tag><marker id="system_info_port_parallelism"><c>port_parallelism</c></marker></tag>
<item><p>Returns the default port parallelism scheduling hint used.
For more information see the
@@ -6288,6 +6676,11 @@ ok
<p>Returns <c>true</c> if the emulator has been compiled
with smp support; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><marker id="system_info_start_time"/><c>start_time</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The <seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0">Erlang monotonic
+ time</seealso> in <c>native</c>
+ <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso> at the
+ time when current Erlang runtime system instance started.</p></item>
<tag><c>system_version</c></tag>
<item>
<p>Returns a string containing version number and
@@ -6311,12 +6704,64 @@ ok
(<seealso marker="erts:erl_driver#driver_async">driver_async()</seealso>)
as an integer.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><marker id="system_info_time_correction"/><c>time_correction</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Returns a boolean value indicating whether
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Correction">time correction</seealso>
+ is enabled or not.
+ </p></item>
+ <tag><marker id="system_info_time_offset"/><c>time_offset</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Returns the state of the time offset:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>preliminary</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The time offset is preliminary, and will be changed
+ at a later time when being finalized. The preliminary time offset
+ is used during the preliminary phase of the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single
+ time warp mode</seealso>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>final</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The time offset is final. This
+ either due to the use of the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no
+ time warp mode</seealso>, or due to the time offset having
+ been finalized when using the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single
+ time warp mode</seealso>.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>volatile</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The time offset is volatile. That is, it may
+ change at any time. This due to the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi
+ time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
+ <tag><marker id="system_info_time_warp_mode"/><c>time_warp_mode</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Returns a value identifying the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp
+ mode</seealso> being used:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>no_time_warp</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no
+ time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>single_time_warp</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single
+ time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><c>multi_time_warp</c></tag>
+ <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi
+ time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
<tag><marker id="system_info_tolerant_timeofday"><c>tolerant_timeofday</c></marker></tag>
<item>
- <p>Returns whether compensation for sudden changes of system
- time is <c>enabled</c> or <c>disabled</c>.</p>
- <p>See also <seealso marker="erts:erl#+c">+c</seealso>
- command line flag.</p>
+ <p>Returns whether a pre erts-7.0 backwards compatible compensation
+ for sudden changes of system time is <c>enabled</c> or <c>disabled</c>.
+ Such compensation is <c>enabled</c> when the
+ <seealso marker="#system_info_time_offset">time offset</seealso> is
+ <c>final</c>, and
+ <seealso marker="#system_info_time_correction">time correction</seealso>
+ is enabled.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>trace_control_word</c></tag>
<item>
@@ -6595,7 +7040,44 @@ ok
</note>
</desc>
</func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="system_time" arity="0"/>
+ <fsummary>Current Erlang system time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns current
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>
+ in <c>native</c>
+ <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p>
+
+ <p>Calling <c>erlang:system_time()</c> is equivalent to:
+ <seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time()</c></seealso><c>
+ +
+ </c><seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso>.</p>
+
+ <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time
+ in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> in the
+ ERTS User's Guide.</p></note>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="system_time" arity="1"/>
+ <fsummary>Current Erlang system time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns current
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>
+ converted into the <c><anno>Unit</anno></c> passed as argument.</p>
+
+ <p>Calling <c>erlang:system_time(<anno>Unit</anno>)</c> is equivalent to:
+ <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit</c></seealso><c>(</c><seealso marker="#system_time/0"><c>erlang:system_time()</c></seealso><c>,
+ native, <anno>Unit</anno>)</c>.</p>
+ <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time
+ in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> in the
+ ERTS User's Guide.</p></note>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
<func>
<name name="term_to_binary" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Encode a term to an Erlang external term format binary</fsummary>
@@ -6672,6 +7154,88 @@ ok
</desc>
</func>
<func>
+ <name name="time_offset" arity="0"/>
+ <fsummary>Current time offset</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns the current time offset between
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso>
+ and
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> in
+ <c>native</c> <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.
+ Current time offset added to an Erlang monotonic time gives
+ corresponding Erlang system time.</p>
+
+ <p>The time offset may or may not change during operation depending
+ on the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time
+ warp mode</seealso> used.</p>
+
+ <note>
+ <p>A change in time offset may be observed at slightly
+ different points in time by different processes.</p>
+
+ <p>If the runtime system is in
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi
+ time warp mode</seealso>, the time offset will be changed when
+ the runtime system detects that the
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS system
+ time</seealso> has changed. The runtime system will, however,
+ not detect this immediately when it happens. A task checking
+ the time offset is scheduled to execute at least once a minute,
+ so under normal operation this should be detected within a
+ minute, but during heavy load it might take longer time.</p>
+ </note>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="time_offset" arity="1"/>
+ <fsummary>Current time offset</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns the current time offset between
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso>
+ and
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>
+ converted into the <c><anno>Unit</anno></c> passed as argument.</p>
+
+ <p>Same as calling
+ <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit</c></seealso><c>(</c><seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso><c>, native, <anno>Unit</anno>)</c>
+ however optimized for commonly used <c><anno>Unit</anno></c>s.</p>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="timestamp" arity="0"/>
+ <type name="timestamp"/>
+ <fsummary>Current Erlang System time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Returns current
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>
+ on the format <c>{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}</c>. This format is
+ the same that <seealso marker="kernel:os#timestamp/0"><c>os:timestamp/0</c></seealso>
+ and the now deprecated <seealso marker="#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso>
+ uses. The reason for the existence of <c>erlang:timestamp()</c> is
+ purely to simplify usage for existing code that assumes this timestamp
+ format. Current Erlang system time can more efficiently be retrieved in
+ the time unit of your choice using
+ <seealso marker="#system_time/1"><c>erlang:system_time/1</c></seealso>.</p>
+
+ <p>The <c>erlang:timestamp()</c> BIF is equivalent to:</p><code type="none">
+timestamp() ->
+ ErlangSystemTime = erlang:system_time(micro_seconds),
+ MegaSecs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000000000000,
+ Secs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000000 - MegaSecs*1000000,
+ MicroSecs = ErlangSystemTime rem 1000000,
+ {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}.</code>
+ <p>It however use a native implementation which does
+ not build garbage on the heap and with slightly better
+ performance.</p>
+
+ <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time
+ in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> in the
+ ERTS User's Guide.</p></note>
+ </desc>
+
+ </func>
+ <func>
<name name="tl" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Tail of a list</fsummary>
<desc>
@@ -6815,7 +7379,9 @@ ok
only allowed with <c>PidSpec==all</c>. If the host
machine operating system does not support high resolution
CPU time measurements, <c>trace/3</c> exits with
- <c>badarg</c>.</p>
+ <c>badarg</c>. Note that most operating systems do
+ not synchronize this value across cores, so be prepared
+ that time might seem to go backwards when using this option.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>arity</c></tag>
<item>
@@ -7436,6 +8002,100 @@ ok
</desc>
</func>
<func>
+ <name name="unique_integer" arity="0"/>
+ <fsummary>Get a unique integer value</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Generates and returns an
+ <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_integers">integer
+ unique on current runtime system instance</seealso>. The same as calling
+ <seealso marker="#unique_integer/1"><c>erlang:unique_integer([])</c></seealso>.</p>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="unique_integer" arity="1"/>
+ <fsummary>Get a unique integer value</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <p>Generates and returns an
+ <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_integers">integer
+ unique on current runtime system
+ instance</seealso>. The integer is unique in the
+ sense that this BIF, using the same set of
+ modifiers, will not return the same integer more
+ than once on the current runtime system instance.
+ Each integer value can of course be constructed
+ by other means.</p>
+
+ <p>By default, i.e. when <c>[]</c> is passed as
+ <c><anno>ModifierList</anno></c>, both negative and
+ positive integers will be returned. This is order
+ to be able to utilize the range of integers that do
+ not need to be heap allocated as much as possible.
+ By default the returned integers are also only
+ guaranteed to be unique, i.e., any integer returned
+ may be either smaller, or larger than previously
+ returned integers.</p>
+
+ <p>Currently valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s:</p>
+ <taglist>
+
+ <tag>positive</tag>
+ <item><p>Return only positive integers.</p>
+ <p>Note that by passing the <c>positive</c> modifier
+ you will get heap allocated integers (big-nums)
+ quicker.</p>
+ </item>
+
+ <tag>monotonic</tag>
+ <item><p>Return
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Strictly_Monotonically_Increasing">strictly
+ monotonically increasing</seealso> integers
+ corresponding to creation time. That is, the integer
+ returned will always be larger than previously
+ returned integers on the current runtime system
+ instance.</p>
+ <p>These values can be used when ordering events
+ on the runtime system instance. That is, if both
+ <c>X = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c> and
+ <c>Y = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c> are
+ executed by different processes (or the same
+ process) on the same runtime system instance and
+ <c>X &lt; Y</c> we know that <c>X</c> was created
+ before <c>Y</c>.</p>
+ <warning><p>Strictly monotonically increasing values
+ are inherently quite expensive to generate and scales
+ poorly. This since the values needs to be
+ synchronized. That is, do not pass the <c>monotonic</c>
+ modifier unless you really need strictly monotonically
+ increasing values.</p></warning>
+ </item>
+
+ </taglist>
+
+ <p>All currently valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s
+ can be combined. Repeated (valid)
+ <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s in the <c>ModifierList</c>
+ are ignored.</p>
+
+ <note><p>Note that the set of integers returned by
+ <c>unique_integer/1</c> using diffrent sets of
+ <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s <em>will overlap</em>.
+ For example, by calling <c>unique_integer([monotonic])</c>,
+ and <c>unique_integer([positive, monotonic])</c>
+ repeatedly, you will eventually see some integers being
+ returned by both calls.</p></note>
+
+ <p>Failures:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>badarg</c></tag>
+ <item>if <c><anno>ModifierList</anno></c> is not a
+ proper list.</item>
+ <tag><c>badarg</c></tag>
+ <item>if <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c> is not a
+ valid modifier.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
<name name="unlink" arity="1"/>
<fsummary>Remove a link, if there is one, to another process or port</fsummary>
<desc>