diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'erts/doc/src')
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/absform.xml | 1017 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml | 22 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/epmd.xml | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl.xml | 131 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_dist_protocol.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml | 186 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_ext_dist.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml | 125 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml | 77 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erlang.xml | 632 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erts_alloc.xml | 89 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/escript.xml | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/init.xml | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/notes.xml | 399 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml | 4 |
16 files changed, 1913 insertions, 792 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml index df2553ced3..13756ddfdc 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml @@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2001</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2001</year><year>2016</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at - + http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. - + </legalnotice> <title>The Abstract Format</title> @@ -35,24 +35,24 @@ <p></p> <p>This document describes the standard representation of parse trees for Erlang programs as Erlang terms. This representation is known as the <em>abstract format</em>. - Functions dealing with such parse trees are <c><![CDATA[compile:forms/[1,2]]]></c> + Functions dealing with such parse trees are <c>compile:forms/[1,2]</c> and functions in the modules - <c><![CDATA[epp]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_eval]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_lint]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_pp]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_parse]]></c>, + <c>epp</c>, + <c>erl_eval</c>, + <c>erl_lint</c>, + <c>erl_pp</c>, + <c>erl_parse</c>, and - <c><![CDATA[io]]></c>. + <c>io</c>. They are also used as input and output for parse transforms (see the module - <c><![CDATA[compile]]></c>).</p> - <p>We use the function <c><![CDATA[Rep]]></c> to denote the mapping from an Erlang source - construct <c><![CDATA[C]]></c> to its abstract format representation <c><![CDATA[R]]></c>, and write - <c><![CDATA[R = Rep(C)]]></c>. + <c>compile</c>).</p> + <p>We use the function <c>Rep</c> to denote the mapping from an Erlang source + construct <c>C</c> to its abstract format representation <c>R</c>, and write + <c>R = Rep(C)</c>. </p> - <p>The word <c><![CDATA[LINE]]></c> below represents an integer, and denotes the + <p>The word <c>LINE</c> below represents an integer, and denotes the number of the line in the source file where the construction occurred. - Several instances of <c><![CDATA[LINE]]></c> in the same construction may denote + Several instances of <c>LINE</c> in the same construction may denote different lines.</p> <p>Since operators are not terms in their own right, when operators are mentioned below, the representation of an operator should be taken to @@ -61,233 +61,114 @@ </p> <section> - <title>Module declarations and forms</title> + <title>Module Declarations and Forms</title> <p>A module declaration consists of a sequence of forms that are either function declarations or attributes.</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item>If D is a module declaration consisting of the forms - <c><![CDATA[F_1]]></c>, ..., <c><![CDATA[F_k]]></c>, then - Rep(D) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-module(Mod)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-behavior(Behavior)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,behavior,Behavior}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-behaviour(Behaviour)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,behaviour,Behaviour}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-export([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,export,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-compile(Options)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-file(File,Line)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,file,{File,Line}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is a record declaration <c><![CDATA[-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}]]></c>. For Rep(V), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type attribute (i.e. <c><![CDATA[opaque]]></c> or - <c><![CDATA[type]]></c>) - <c><![CDATA[-Attr Name(A_1, ..., A_k) :: T]]></c> where each - <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a variable, then Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,Attr,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(T), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type spec (i.e. <c><![CDATA[callback]]></c> or - <c><![CDATA[spec]]></c>) - <c><![CDATA[-Attr F Tc_1; ...; Tc_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a fun type clause with an - argument sequence of the same length <c><![CDATA[Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{Attr,LINE,{{F,Arity},[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(Tc_i), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type spec (i.e. <c><![CDATA[callback]]></c> or - <c><![CDATA[spec]]></c>) - <c><![CDATA[-Attr Mod:F Tc_1; ...; Tc_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a fun type clause with an - argument sequence of the same length <c><![CDATA[Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{Attr,LINE,{{Mod,F,Arity},[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(Tc_i), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a wild attribute <c><![CDATA[-A(T)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,A,T}]]></c>. + <c>F_1</c>, ..., <c>F_k</c>, then + Rep(D) = <c>[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-behavior(Behavior)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behavior,Behavior}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-behaviour(Behaviour)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behaviour,Behaviour}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-compile(Options)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-export([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-export_type([Type_1/A_1, ..., Type_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export_type,[{Type_1,A_1}, ..., {Type_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-module(Mod)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-optional_callbacks([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,optional_callbacks,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-file(File,Line)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,file,{File,Line}}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is a function declaration + <c>Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k</c>, + where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause with a + pattern sequence of the same length <c>Arity</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a function specification + <c>-Spec Name Ft_1; ...; Ft_k</c>, + where <c>Spec</c> is either the atom <c>spec</c> or the atom + <c>callback</c>, and each <c>Ft_i</c> is a possibly constrained + function type with an argument sequence of the same length + <c>Arity</c>, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,Line,Spec,{{Name,Arity},[Rep(Ft_1), ..., Rep(Ft_k)]}}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a function specification + <c>-spec Mod:Name Ft_1; ...; Ft_k</c>, + where each <c>Ft_i</c> is a possibly constrained + function type with an argument sequence of the same length + <c>Arity</c>, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,Line,spec,{{Mod,Name,Arity},[Rep(Ft_1), ..., Rep(Ft_k)]}}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a record declaration + <c>-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})</c>, + where each <c>V_i</c> is a record field, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + For Rep(V), see below.</item> + <item>If F is a type declaration + <c>-Type Name(V_1, ..., V_k) :: T</c>, where + <c>Type</c> is either the atom <c>type</c> or the atom <c>opaque</c>, + each <c>V_i</c> is a variable, and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,LINE,Type,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a wild attribute <c>-A(T)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,A,T}</c>. <br></br></item> - <item>If F is a function declaration <c><![CDATA[Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Fc_i]]></c> is a function clause with a - pattern sequence of the same length <c><![CDATA[Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}]]></c>.</item> </list> <section> - <title>Type clauses</title> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If T is a fun type clause - <c><![CDATA[(A_1, ..., A_n) -> Ret]]></c>, where each - <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[Ret]]></c> are types, then - Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_n)]},Rep(Ret)]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a bounded fun type clause <c><![CDATA[Tc when Tg]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Tc]]></c> is an unbounded fun type clause and - <c><![CDATA[Tg]]></c> is a type guard sequence, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Tc),Rep(Tg)]}]]></c>.</item> - </list> - </section> - - <section> - <title>Type guards</title> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If G is a constraint <c><![CDATA[F(A_1, ..., A_k)]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[F]]></c> is an atom and each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a - type, then Rep(G) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,constraint,[Rep(F),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If G is a type definition <c><![CDATA[Name :: Type]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is a variable and - <c><![CDATA[Type]]></c> is a type, then Rep(G) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,constraint,[{atom,LINE,is_subtype},[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]]}]]></c>.</item> - </list> - </section> - - <section> - <title>Types</title> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If T is a type definition <c><![CDATA[Name :: Type]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is a variable and - <c><![CDATA[Type]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type union <c><![CDATA[A_1 | ... | A_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,union,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type range <c><![CDATA[L .. R]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[L]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[R]]></c> are types, then - Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,range,[Rep(L), Rep(R)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a binary operation <c><![CDATA[L Op R]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is an arithmetic or bitwise binary operator - and <c><![CDATA[L]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[R]]></c> are types, then - Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(L),Rep(R)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is <c><![CDATA[Op A]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is an - arithmetic or bitwise unary operator and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is a - type, then Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a fun type <c><![CDATA[fun()]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,'fun',[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a variable <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom - with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is an atomic literal L and L is not a string literal, then - Rep(T) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If T is a tuple or map type <c><![CDATA[F()]]></c> (i.e. - <c><![CDATA[tuple]]></c> or <c><![CDATA[map]]></c>), then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,F,any}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type <c><![CDATA[F(A_1, ..., A_k)]]></c>, where each - <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{user_type,LINE,F,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a remote type <c><![CDATA[M:F(A_1, ..., A_k)]]></c>, where - each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type and <c><![CDATA[M]]></c> and - <c><![CDATA[F]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(F),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is the nil type <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,nil,[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a list type <c><![CDATA[[A]]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,list,[Rep(A)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a non-empty list type <c><![CDATA[[A, ...]]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,nonempty_list,[Rep(A)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a map type <c><![CDATA[#{P_1, ..., P_k}]]></c>, where each - <c><![CDATA[P_i]]></c> is a map pair type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,map,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a map pair type <c><![CDATA[K => V]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[K]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[V]]></c> are types, - then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a tuple type <c><![CDATA[{A_1, ..., A_k}]]></c>, where - each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a record type <c><![CDATA[#Name{}]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is an atom, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a record type <c><![CDATA[#Name{F_1, ..., F_k}]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is an atom, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name),[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a record field type <c><![CDATA[Name :: Type]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is an atom, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a record field type <c><![CDATA[<<>>]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[{integer,LINE,0},{integer,LINE,0}]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a binary type <c><![CDATA[<< _ : B >>]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(B),{integer,LINE,0}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a binary type <c><![CDATA[<< _ : _ * U >>]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[U]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[{integer,LINE,0},Rep(U)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a binary type <c><![CDATA[<< _ : B , _ : _ * U >>]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[U]]></c> is a type, then - Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(B),Rep(U)]}]]></c>.</item> - - <item>If T is a fun type <c><![CDATA[fun((...) -> Ret)]]></c>, then - Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[]},Rep(Ret)]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a fun type <c><![CDATA[fun(Tc)]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[Tc]]></c> is an unbounded fun type clause, - then Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(Tc)]]></c>.</item> - </list> - </section> - - <section> - <title>Record fields</title> + <title>Record Fields</title> <p>Each field in a record declaration may have an optional - explicit default initializer expression</p> + explicit default initializer expression, as well as an + optional type.</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A]]></c>, then - Rep(V) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A = E]]></c>, then - Rep(V) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A :: T]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is - an atom and <c><![CDATA[T]]></c> is a type and it does not contain - <c><![CDATA[undefined]]></c> syntactically, then Rep(V) = - <c><![CDATA[{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(undefined | T)}]]></c>. - Note that if <![CDATA[T]]> is an annotated type, it will be wrapped in - parentheses.</item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A :: T]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is - an atom and <c><![CDATA[T]]></c> is a type, then Rep(V) = - <c><![CDATA[{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(T)}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A = E :: T]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> - is an atom, <c><![CDATA[E]]></c> is an expression and - <c><![CDATA[T]]></c> is a type, then Rep(V) = - <c><![CDATA[{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)},Rep(T)}]]></c>. - </item> + <item>If V is <c>A</c>, then + Rep(V) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If V is <c>A = E</c>, + where <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(V) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> + <item>If V is <c>A :: T</c>, where <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(V) = + <c>{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(T)}</c>. + </item> + <item>If V is <c>A = E :: T</c>, where + <c>E</c> is an expression and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(V) = + <c>{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)},Rep(T)}</c>. + </item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Representation of parse errors and end of file</title> + <title>Representation of Parse Errors and End-of-file</title> <p>In addition to the representations of forms, the list that represents - a module declaration (as returned by functions in <c><![CDATA[erl_parse]]></c> and - <c><![CDATA[epp]]></c>) may contain tuples <c><![CDATA[{error,E}]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[{warning,W}]]></c>, denoting - syntactically incorrect forms and warnings, and <c><![CDATA[{eof,LINE}]]></c>, denoting an end - of stream encountered before a complete form had been parsed.</p> + a module declaration (as returned by functions in <c>erl_parse</c> and + <c>epp</c>) may contain tuples <c>{error,E}</c> and + <c>{warning,W}</c>, denoting syntactically incorrect forms and + warnings, and <c>{eof,LINE}</c>, denoting an end-of-stream + encountered before a complete form had been parsed.</p> </section> </section> <section> - <title>Atomic literals</title> + <title>Atomic Literals</title> <p>There are five kinds of atomic literals, which are represented in the same way in patterns, expressions and guards:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{integer,LINE,L}]]></c>.</item> + <item>If L is an atom literal, then + Rep(L) = <c>{atom,LINE,L}</c>.</item> <item>If L is a float literal, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{float,LINE,L}]]></c>.</item> + Rep(L) = <c>{float,LINE,L}</c>.</item> + <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then + Rep(L) = <c>{integer,LINE,L}</c>.</item> <item>If L is a string literal consisting of the characters - <c><![CDATA[C_1]]></c>, ..., <c><![CDATA[C_k]]></c>, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{string,LINE,[C_1, ..., C_k]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If L is an atom literal, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{atom,LINE,L}]]></c>.</item> + <c>C_1</c>, ..., <c>C_k</c>, then + Rep(L) = <c>{string,LINE,[C_1, ..., C_k]}</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that negative integer and float literals do not occur as such; they are parsed as an application of the unary negation operator.</p> @@ -295,47 +176,59 @@ <section> <title>Patterns</title> - <p>If <c><![CDATA[Ps]]></c> is a sequence of patterns <c><![CDATA[P_1, ..., P_k]]></c>, then - Rep(Ps) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]]]></c>. Such sequences occur as the + <p>If Ps is a sequence of patterns <c>P_1, ..., P_k</c>, then + Rep(Ps) = <c>[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]</c>. Such sequences occur as the list of arguments to a function or fun.</p> <p>Individual patterns are represented as follows:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If P is an atomic literal L, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If P is a compound pattern <c><![CDATA[P_1 = P_2]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{match,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a variable pattern <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, - where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a universal pattern <c><![CDATA[_]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,'_'}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c><![CDATA[{P_1, ..., P_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a nil pattern <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{nil,LINE}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a cons pattern <c><![CDATA[[P_h | P_t]]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{cons,LINE,Rep(P_h),Rep(P_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a binary pattern <c><![CDATA[<<P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>>]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}]]></c>. + <item>If P is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If P is a bit string pattern + <c><<P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, where each + <c>Size_i</c> is an expression that can be evaluated to an integer + and each <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then + Rep(P) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see below. - An omitted <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c> is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>. An omitted <c><![CDATA[TSL]]></c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[P_1 Op P_2]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a binary operator (this - is either an occurrence of <c><![CDATA[++]]></c> applied to a literal string or character + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a compound pattern <c>P_1 = P_2</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a cons pattern <c>[P_h | P_t]</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(P_h),Rep(P_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a map pattern <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>P_i_1 := P_i_2</c>, then Rep(P) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + below.</item> + <item>If P is a nil pattern <c>[]</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>P_1 Op P_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is either an occurrence + of <c>++</c> applied to a literal string or character list, or an occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile time), - then Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[Op P_0]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a unary operator (this is an - occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile - time), then Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a record pattern <c><![CDATA[#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}]]></c>, - then Rep(P) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[( P_0 )]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(P_0)]]></c>, - i.e., patterns cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>Op P_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile + time), then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a parenthesized pattern <c>( P_0 )</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>Rep(P_0)</c>, + that is, parenthesized patterns cannot be distinguished from their + bodies.</item> + <item>If P is a record field index pattern <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(P) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a record pattern + <c>#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(P) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c>{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a universal pattern <c>_</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,'_'}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, + where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as + <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that every pattern has the same source form as some expression, and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p> @@ -343,180 +236,187 @@ <section> <title>Expressions</title> - <p>A body B is a sequence of expressions <c><![CDATA[E_1, ..., E_k]]></c>, and - Rep(B) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]]]></c>.</p> + <p>A body B is a nonempty sequence of expressions <c>E_1, ..., E_k</c>, + and Rep(B) = <c>[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]</c>.</p> <p>An expression E is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If P is an atomic literal <c><![CDATA[L]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[P = E_0]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a variable <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same - characters as <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c><![CDATA[{E_1, ..., E_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{nil,LINE}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c><![CDATA[[E_h | E_t]]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a binary constructor <c><![CDATA[<<V_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., V_k:Size_k/TSL_k>>]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}]]></c>. + <item>If E is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(E) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If E is a bit string comprehension + <c><<E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k>></c>, + where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then + Rep(E) = <c>{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(Q), see below.</item> + <item>If E is a bit string constructor + <c><<E_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., E_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, + where each <c>Size_i</c> is an expression and each + <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then Rep(E) = + <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see below. - An omitted <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c> is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>. An omitted <c><![CDATA[TSL]]></c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_1 Op E_2]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a binary operator, - then Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[Op E_0]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a unary operator, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[#{W_1, ..., W_k}]]></c> where each - <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{map,LINE,[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For Rep(W), see - below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0#{W_1, ..., W_k}]]></c> where - <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For - Rep(W), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[catch E_0]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'catch',LINE,Rep(E_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a list comprehension <c><![CDATA[[E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k]]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For Rep(W), see + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a block expression <c>begin B end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(E) = <c>{block,LINE,Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a case expression <c>case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, + where <c>E_0</c> is an expression and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a + case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a catch expression <c>catch E_0</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{'catch',LINE,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c>[E_h | E_t]</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Name/Arity</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression + <c>fun Module:Name/Arity</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}</c>. + (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}</c>.)</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end</c>, + where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression + <c>fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end</c>, + where <c>Name</c> is a variable and each + <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If E is a function call <c>E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a function call <c>E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, + then Rep(E) = + <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If E is an if expression <c>if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end</c>, + where each <c>Ic_i</c> is an if clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'if',LINE,[Rep(Ic_1), ..., Rep(Ic_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a list comprehension <c>[E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k]</c>, + where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then Rep(E) = + <c>{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. For Rep(Q), see below.</item> - <item>If E is a binary comprehension <c><![CDATA[<<E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k>>]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For Rep(W), see + <item>If E is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c> + or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[begin B end]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{block,LINE,Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Ic_i]]></c> is an if clause then + <item>If E is a map update <c>E_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c> + or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see below.</item> + <item>If E is a match operator expression <c>P = E_0</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, then + Rep(E) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is nil, <c>[]</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is an operator expression <c>E_1 Op E_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match + operator <c>=</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is an operator expression <c>Op E_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then + Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a parenthesized expression <c>( E_0 )</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>Rep(E_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized + expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If E is a receive expression <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, + where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a receive expression + <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end</c>, + where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, + <c>E_0</c> is an expression and <c>B_t</c> is a body, then Rep(E) = + <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record creation + <c>#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record field access <c>E_0#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(E) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(E) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record update + <c>E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom, then Rep(E) = + <c>{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c>{E_1, ..., E_k}</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body and each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'if',LINE,[Rep(Ic_1), ..., Rep(Ic_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[E_0]]></c> is an expression and each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a - case clause then + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body, + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause and + each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies and + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies and + each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies, + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, and + each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body and each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, - each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause and - each <c><![CDATA[Tc_j]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are bodies then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are a bodies and - each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are bodies and - each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are a bodies, - each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause and - each <c><![CDATA[Tc_j]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause, - <c><![CDATA[E_0]]></c> is an expression and <c><![CDATA[B_t]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Name / Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Module:Name/Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}]]></c>. - (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}]]></c>.)</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end]]></c> - where each <c><![CDATA[Fc_i]]></c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is a variable and each - <c><![CDATA[Fc_i]]></c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[query [E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k] end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'query',LINE,{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(W), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0.Field]]></c>, a Mnesia record access - inside a query, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[( E_0 )]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(E_0)]]></c>, - i.e., parenthesized expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same + characters as <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <section> - <title>Generators and filters</title> - <p>When W is a generator or a filter (in the body of a list or binary comprehension), then:</p> + <title>Qualifiers</title> + <p>A qualifier Q is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If W is a generator <c><![CDATA[P <- E]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[E]]></c> - is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If W is a generator <c><![CDATA[P <= E]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[E]]></c> - is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If W is a filter <c><![CDATA[E]]></c>, which is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(E)]]></c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a filter <c>E</c>, where <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>Rep(E)</c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a generator <c>P <- E</c>, where <c>P</c> is + a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a bit string generator + <c>P <= E</c>, where <c>P</c> is + a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Binary element type specifiers</title> - <p>A type specifier list TSL for a binary element is a sequence of type - specifiers <c><![CDATA[TS_1 - ... - TS_k]]></c>. - Rep(TSL) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(TS_1), ..., Rep(TS_k)]]]></c>.</p> - <p>When TS is a type specifier for a binary element, then:</p> + <title>Bit String Element Type Specifiers</title> + <p>A type specifier list TSL for a bit string element is a sequence + of type specifiers <c>TS_1 - ... - TS_k</c>, and + Rep(TSL) = <c>[Rep(TS_1), ..., Rep(TS_k)]</c>.</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If TS is an atom <c><![CDATA[A]]></c>, Rep(TS) = <c><![CDATA[A]]></c>.</item> - <item>If TS is a couple <c><![CDATA[A:Value]]></c> where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom and <c><![CDATA[Value]]></c> - is an integer, Rep(TS) = <c><![CDATA[{A, Value}]]></c>.</item> + <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom, + then Rep(TS) = <c>A</c>.</item> + <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A:Value</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom and <c>Value</c> is an integer, + then Rep(TS) = <c>{A,Value}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Map assoc and exact fields</title> - <p>When W is an assoc or exact field (in the body of a map), then:</p> + <title>Associations</title> + <p>An association A is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If W is an assoc field <c><![CDATA[K => V]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[K]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[V]]></c> are both expressions, - then Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}]]></c>. + <item>If A is an association <c>K => V</c>, + then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. </item> - <item>If W is an exact field <c><![CDATA[K := V]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[K]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[V]]></c> are both expressions, - then Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}]]></c>. + <item>If A is an association <c>K := V</c>, + then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. </item> </list> </section> @@ -524,112 +424,245 @@ <section> <title>Clauses</title> - <p>There are function clauses, if clauses, case clauses + <p>There are function clauses, if clauses, case clauses and catch clauses.</p> - <p>A clause <c><![CDATA[C]]></c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> + <p>A clause <c>C</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If C is a function clause <c><![CDATA[( Ps ) -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Ps]]></c> is a pattern sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a function clause <c><![CDATA[( Ps ) when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Ps]]></c> is a pattern sequence, - <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is an if clause <c><![CDATA[Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a case clause <c><![CDATA[P -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a case clause <c><![CDATA[P when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern, - <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[P -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[X : P -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[X]]></c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, - <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[P when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern, <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence - and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[X : P when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[X]]></c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, - <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern, <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence - and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> + <item>If C is a case clause <c>P -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a case clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, + <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P -> B</c>, + where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, + <c>P</c> is a pattern, and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence, + and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, + <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence, + and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) -> B</c>, + where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence, + <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is an if clause <c>Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> <title>Guards</title> - <p>A guard sequence Gs is a sequence of guards <c><![CDATA[G_1; ...; G_k]]></c>, and - Rep(Gs) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(G_1), ..., Rep(G_k)]]]></c>. If the guard sequence is - empty, Rep(Gs) = <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>.</p> - <p>A guard G is a nonempty sequence of guard tests <c><![CDATA[Gt_1, ..., Gt_k]]></c>, and - Rep(G) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]]]></c>.</p> - <p>A guard test <c><![CDATA[Gt]]></c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> + <p>A guard sequence Gs is a sequence of guards <c>G_1; ...; G_k</c>, and + Rep(Gs) = <c>[Rep(G_1), ..., Rep(G_k)]</c>. If the guard sequence is + empty, Rep(Gs) = <c>[]</c>.</p> + <p>A guard G is a nonempty sequence of guard tests + <c>Gt_1, ..., Gt_k</c>, and Rep(G) = + <c>[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]</c>.</p> + <p>A guard test <c>Gt</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If Gt is an atomic literal L, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, - where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c><![CDATA[{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{nil,LINE}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c><![CDATA[[Gt_h | Gt_t]]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a binary constructor <c><![CDATA[<<Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>>]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}]]></c>. + <item>If Gt is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If Gt is a bit string constructor + <c><<Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, + where each <c>Size_i</c> is a guard test and each + <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see above. - An omitted <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c> is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>. An omitted <c><![CDATA[TSL]]></c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[Gt_1 Op Gt_2]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> - is a binary operator, then Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[Op Gt_0]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a unary operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[Gt_0#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A_m]]></c> is - the atom <c><![CDATA[erlang]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom or an operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[{A_m,A}(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A_m]]></c> is - the atom <c><![CDATA[erlang]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom or an operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,Rep({A_m,A}),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[( Gt_0 )]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(Gt_0)]]></c>, - i.e., parenthesized guard tests cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c>[Gt_h | Gt_t]</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, + where <c>A_m</c> is the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is + an atom or an operator, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c> + or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + above.</item> + <item>If Gt is a map update <c>Gt_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c> + or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{map,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see above.</item> + <item>If Gt is nil, <c>[]</c>, + then Rep(Gt) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Gt_1 Op Gt_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match + operator <c>=</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Op Gt_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a parenthesized guard test <c>( Gt_0 )</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>Rep(Gt_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized + guard tests cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record creation + <c>#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record field access <c>Gt_0#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c>{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where A is an atom with + a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that every guard test has the same source form as some expression, and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p> </section> <section> - <title>The abstract format after preprocessing</title> - <p>The compilation option <c><![CDATA[debug_info]]></c> can be given to the - compiler to have the abstract code stored in - the <c><![CDATA[abstract_code]]></c> chunk in the BEAM file + <title>Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If T is an annotated type <c>A :: T_0</c>, + where <c>A</c> is a variable, then Rep(T) = + <c>{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(A),Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is an atom or integer literal L, then Rep(T) = Rep(L). + </item> + <item>If T is a bit string type <c><<_:M,_:_*N>></c>, + where <c>M</c> and <c>N</c> are singleton integer types, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(M),Rep(N)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is the empty list type <c>[]</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,Line,nil,[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun()</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun((...) -> T_0)</c>, then + Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,any},Rep(T_0)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun(Ft)</c>, where + <c>Ft</c> is a function type, + then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(Ft)</c>. For Rep(Ft), see below.</item> + <item>If T is an integer range type <c>L .. H</c>, + where <c>L</c> and <c>H</c> are singleton integer types, then + Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,range,[Rep(L),Rep(H)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a map type <c>map()</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,map,any}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a map type <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association type, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,map,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see below.</item> + <item>If T is an operator type <c>T_1 Op T_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile + time), then + Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_1),Rep(T_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is an operator type <c>Op T_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a + unary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile time), + then Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is <c>( T_0 )</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(T_0)</c>, + that is, parenthesized types cannot be distinguished from their + bodies.</item> + <item>If T is a predefined (or built-in) type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, + then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a record type <c>#Name{F_1, ..., F_k}</c>, + where each <c>F_i</c> is a record field type, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name),Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(F), see below.</item> + <item>If T is a remote type <c>M:N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(N),[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If T is a tuple type <c>tuple()</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,tuple,any}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a tuple type <c>{T_1, ..., T_k}</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a type union <c>T_1 | ... | T_k</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,union,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a type variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname + consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>. A type variable + is any variable except underscore (<c>_</c>).</item> + <item>If T is a user-defined type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, + then Rep(T) = + <c>{user_type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + + <section> + <title>Function Types</title> + <p>A function type Ft is one of the following alternatives:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If Ft is a constrained function type <c>Ft_1 when Fc</c>, + where <c>Ft_1</c> is a function type and + <c>Fc</c> is a function constraint, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Ft_1),Rep(Fc)]}</c>. + For Rep(Fc), see below.</item> + <item>If Ft is a function type <c>(T_1, ..., T_n) -> T_0</c>, + where each <c>T_i</c> is a type, then + Rep(Ft) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(T_1), + ..., Rep(T_n)]},Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Function Constraints</title> + <p>A function constraint Fc is a nonempty sequence of constraints + <c>C_1, ..., C_k</c>, and + Rep(Fc) = <c>[Rep(C_1), ..., Rep(C_k)]</c>.</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If C is a constraint <c>is_subtype(V, T)</c> or <c>V :: T</c>, + where <c>V</c> is a type variable and <c>T</c> is a type, then + Rep(C) = <c>{type,LINE,constraint,[{atom,LINE,is_subtype},[Rep(V),Rep(T)]]}</c>. + </item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Association Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If A is an association type <c>K => V</c>, where + <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are types, then Rep(A) = + <c>{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Record Field Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If F is a record field type <c>Name :: Type</c>, + where <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = + <c>{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + </section> + + <section> + <title>The Abstract Format After Preprocessing</title> + <p>The compilation option <c>debug_info</c> can be given to the + compiler to have the abstract code stored in + the <c>abstract_code</c> chunk in the BEAM file (for debugging purposes).</p> - <p>In OTP R9C and later, the <c><![CDATA[abstract_code]]></c> chunk will + <p>In OTP R9C and later, the <c>abstract_code</c> chunk will contain</p> - <p><c><![CDATA[{raw_abstract_v1,AbstractCode}]]></c></p> - <p>where <c><![CDATA[AbstractCode]]></c> is the abstract code as described + <p><c>{raw_abstract_v1,AbstractCode}</c></p> + <p>where <c>AbstractCode</c> is the abstract code as described in this document.</p> <p>In releases of OTP prior to R9C, the abstract code after some more processing was stored in the BEAM file. The first element of the - tuple would be either <c><![CDATA[abstract_v1]]></c> (R7B) or <c><![CDATA[abstract_v2]]></c> + tuple would be either <c>abstract_v1</c> (R7B) or <c>abstract_v2</c> (R8B).</p> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml b/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml index 30772c68fe..ae7f264d0c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <cref> <header> <copyright> - <year>2001</year><year>2013</year> + <year>2001</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ <section> <title>DATA TYPES</title> <taglist> - <tag><b>ErlDrvEntry</b></tag> + <tag><em>ErlDrvEntry</em></tag> <item> <p/> <code type="none"> @@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ typedef struct erl_drv_entry { </item> <tag><marker id="ready_input"/>void (*ready_input)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event)</tag> + <item/> <tag><marker id="ready_output"/>void (*ready_output)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event)</tag> <item> <p>This is called when a driver event (given in the @@ -246,14 +247,10 @@ typedef struct erl_drv_entry { something that the <c>WaitForMultipleObjects</c> API function understands). (Some trickery in the emulator allows more than the built-in limit of 64 <c>Events</c> to be used.)</p> - <p>On Enea OSE the <c>event</c> is one or more signals that can - be retrieved using <seealso marker="ose:ose_erl_driver#erl_drv_ose_get_signal">erl_drv_ose_get_signal</seealso>.</p> <p>To use this with threads and asynchronous routines, create a - pipe on unix, an Event on Windows or a unique signal number on - Enea OSE. When the routine + pipe on unix and an Event on Windows. When the routine completes, write to the pipe (use <c>SetEvent</c> on - Windows or send a message to the emulator process on Enea OSE), - this will make the emulator call + Windows), this will make the emulator call <c>ready_input</c> or <c>ready_output</c>.</p> <p>Spurious events may happen. That is, calls to <c>ready_input</c> or <c>ready_output</c> even though no real events are signaled. In @@ -440,7 +437,14 @@ typedef struct erl_drv_entry { <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits">erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits()</seealso> function. </item> - </taglist> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_INIT_ACK</c></tag> + <item>When this flag is given the linked-in driver has to manually + acknowledge that the port has been successfully started using + <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_init_ack">erl_drv_init_ack()</seealso>. + This allows the implementor to make the erlang:open_port exit with + badarg after some initial asynchronous initialization has been done. + </item> + </taglist> </item> <tag>void *handle2</tag> <item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/epmd.xml b/erts/doc/src/epmd.xml index 28fcc8f7af..7f61804bea 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/epmd.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/epmd.xml @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ <comsummary> <p>Erlang Port Mapper Daemon</p> <taglist> - <tag><c><![CDATA[epmd [-d|-debug] [DbgExtra...] [-port No] [-daemon] [-relaxed_command_check]]]></c></tag> + <tag><c><![CDATA[epmd [-d|-debug] [DbgExtra...] [-address Addresses] [-port No] [-daemon] [-relaxed_command_check]]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Starts the port mapper daemon</p> </item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml index b0322b7d43..096af096dc 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <comref> <header> <copyright> - <year>1996</year><year>2013</year> + <year>1996</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ see <seealso marker="kernel:app">app(4)</seealso> and <seealso marker="kernel:application">application(3)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="args_file"><c><![CDATA[-args_file FileName]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="args_file"/><c><![CDATA[-args_file FileName]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Command line arguments are read from the file <c><![CDATA[FileName]]></c>. The arguments read from the file replace the @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ <seealso marker="kernel:app">app(4)</seealso> and <seealso marker="kernel:application">application(3)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="connect_all"><c><![CDATA[-connect_all false]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="connect_all"/><c><![CDATA[-connect_all false]]></c></tag> <item> <p>If this flag is present, <c><![CDATA[global]]></c> will not maintain a fully connected network of distributed Erlang nodes, and then @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ <p>Makes <c><![CDATA[init]]></c> write some debug information while interpreting the boot script.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="instr"><c><![CDATA[-instr]]></c>(emulator flag)</marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="instr"/><c><![CDATA[-instr]]></c>(emulator flag)</tag> <item> <p>Selects an instrumented Erlang runtime system (virtual machine) to run, instead of the ordinary one. When running an @@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ path, similar to <c><![CDATA[code:add_pathsa/1]]></c>. See <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>. As an alternative to <c>-pa</c>, if several directories are - to be prepended to the code and the directories have a + to be prepended to the code path and the directories have a common parent directory, that parent directory could be specified in the <c>ERL_LIBS</c> environment variable. See <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p> @@ -382,6 +382,33 @@ similar to <c><![CDATA[code:add_pathsz/1]]></c>. See <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p> </item> + <tag><c><![CDATA[-path Dir1 Dir2 ...]]></c></tag> + <item> + <p>Replaces the path specified in the boot script. See + <seealso marker="sasl:script">script(4)</seealso>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c><![CDATA[-proto_dist Proto]]></c></tag> + <item> + <p>Specify a protocol for Erlang distribution.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>inet_tcp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>TCP over IPv4 (the default)</p> + </item> + <tag><c>inet_tls</c></tag> + <item> + <p>distribution over TLS/SSL</p> + </item> + <tag><c>inet6_tcp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>TCP over IPv6</p> + </item> + </taglist> + <p>For example, to start up IPv6 distributed nodes:</p> +<pre> +% <input>erl -name [email protected] -proto_dist inet6_tcp</input> +</pre> + </item> <tag><c><![CDATA[-remsh Node]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Starts Erlang with a remote shell connected to <c><![CDATA[Node]]></c>.</p> @@ -436,7 +463,7 @@ flag and those running with the <c><![CDATA[-name]]></c> flag, as node names must be unique in distributed Erlang systems.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="smp"><c><![CDATA[-smp [enable|auto|disable]]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="smp"/><c><![CDATA[-smp [enable|auto|disable]]]></c></tag> <item> <p><c>-smp enable</c> and <c>-smp</c> starts the Erlang runtime system with SMP support enabled. This may fail if no runtime @@ -462,7 +489,7 @@ <p><c><![CDATA[erl]]></c> invokes the code for the Erlang emulator (virtual machine), which supports the following flags:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="async_thread_stack_size"><c><![CDATA[+a size]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="async_thread_stack_size"/><c><![CDATA[+a size]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Suggested stack size, in kilowords, for threads in the async-thread pool. Valid range is 16-8192 kilowords. The @@ -477,7 +504,7 @@ suggestion, and it might even be ignored on some platforms.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="async_thread_pool_size"><c><![CDATA[+A size]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="async_thread_pool_size"/><c><![CDATA[+A size]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the number of threads in async thread pool, valid range is 0-1024. If thread support is available, the default is 10.</p> @@ -496,7 +523,7 @@ <c><![CDATA[werl]]></c>, not <c><![CDATA[erl]]></c> (<c><![CDATA[oldshell]]></c>). Note also that <c><![CDATA[Ctrl-Break]]></c> is used instead of <c><![CDATA[Ctrl-C]]></c> on Windows.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+c"><c><![CDATA[+c true | false]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+c"/><c><![CDATA[+c true | false]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Enable or disable <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Correction">time correction</seealso>:</p> @@ -512,7 +539,7 @@ This is interpreted as <c>+c false</c>. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+C_"><c><![CDATA[+C no_time_warp | single_time_warp | multi_time_warp]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+C_"/><c><![CDATA[+C no_time_warp | single_time_warp | multi_time_warp]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Set <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp mode</seealso>: @@ -540,7 +567,7 @@ produce a crash dump. On Unix systems, sending an emulator process a SIGUSR1 signal will also force a crash dump.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+e"><c><![CDATA[+e Number]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+e"/><c><![CDATA[+e Number]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Set max number of ETS tables.</p> </item> @@ -625,7 +652,7 @@ information about the file names and line numbers. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="erts_alloc"><c><![CDATA[+MFlag Value]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="erts_alloc"/><c><![CDATA[+MFlag Value]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Memory allocator specific flags, see <seealso marker="erts_alloc">erts_alloc(3)</seealso> for @@ -664,10 +691,10 @@ debugging.</item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="+pc"/><marker id="printable_character_range"><c><![CDATA[+pc Range]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+pc"/><marker id="printable_character_range"/><c><![CDATA[+pc Range]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the range of characters that the system will consider printable in heuristic detection of strings. This typically affects the shell, debugger and io:format functions (when ~tp is used in the format string).</p> - <p>Currently two values for the <c>Range</c> are supported: + <p>Currently two values for the <c>Range</c> are supported:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>latin1</c></tag> <item>The default. Only characters in the ISO-latin-1 range can be considered printable, which means @@ -682,11 +709,10 @@ example your font does not cover all Unicode characters.</item> </taglist> - </p> <p>Se also <seealso marker="stdlib:io#printable_range/0"> io:printable_range/0</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+P"/><marker id="max_processes"><c><![CDATA[+P Number|legacy]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+P"/><marker id="max_processes"/><c><![CDATA[+P Number|legacy]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the maximum number of simultaneously existing processes for this system if a <c>Number</c> is passed as value. Valid range for @@ -706,7 +732,7 @@ circumstances be extremely expensive. The legacy algoritm is deprecated, and the <c>legacy</c> option is scheduled for removal in OTP-R18.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+Q"/><marker id="max_ports"><c><![CDATA[+Q Number|legacy]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+Q"/><marker id="max_ports"/><c><![CDATA[+Q Number|legacy]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the maximum number of simultaneously existing ports for this system if a Number is passed as value. Valid range for <c>Number</c> @@ -737,7 +763,7 @@ circumstances be extremely expensive. The legacy algoritm is deprecated, and the <c>legacy</c> option is scheduled for removal in OTP-R18.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="compat_rel"><c><![CDATA[+R ReleaseNumber]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="compat_rel"/><c><![CDATA[+R ReleaseNumber]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the compatibility mode.</p> <p>The distribution mechanism is not backwards compatible by @@ -757,7 +783,7 @@ <item> <p>Force ets memory block to be moved on realloc.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+rg"><c><![CDATA[+rg ReaderGroupsLimit]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+rg"/><c><![CDATA[+rg ReaderGroupsLimit]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Limits the amount of reader groups used by read/write locks optimized for read operations in the Erlang runtime system. By @@ -775,7 +801,7 @@ schedulers to logical processors</seealso>, since the reader groups are distributed better between schedulers.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+S"><c><![CDATA[+S Schedulers:SchedulerOnline]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+S"/><c><![CDATA[+S Schedulers:SchedulerOnline]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the number of scheduler threads to create and scheduler threads to set online when SMP support has been enabled. The maximum for @@ -800,7 +826,7 @@ SMP support enabled (see the <seealso marker="#smp">-smp</seealso> flag).</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+SP"><c><![CDATA[+SP SchedulersPercentage:SchedulersOnlinePercentage]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+SP"/><c><![CDATA[+SP SchedulersPercentage:SchedulersOnlinePercentage]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Similar to <seealso marker="#+S">+S</seealso> but uses percentages to set the number of scheduler threads to create, based on logical processors configured, @@ -821,7 +847,7 @@ SMP support enabled (see the <seealso marker="#smp">-smp</seealso> flag).</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+SDcpu"><c><![CDATA[+SDcpu DirtyCPUSchedulers:DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+SDcpu"/><c><![CDATA[+SDcpu DirtyCPUSchedulers:DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads to create and dirty CPU scheduler threads to set online when threading support has been @@ -845,7 +871,7 @@ enabled (it's disabled by default). </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+SDPcpu"><c><![CDATA[+SDPcpu DirtyCPUSchedulersPercentage:DirtyCPUSchedulersOnlinePercentage]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+SDPcpu"/><c><![CDATA[+SDPcpu DirtyCPUSchedulersPercentage:DirtyCPUSchedulersOnlinePercentage]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Similar to <seealso marker="#+SDcpu">+SDcpu</seealso> but uses percentages to set the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads to create and number of dirty CPU scheduler threads @@ -868,7 +894,7 @@ enabled (it's disabled by default). </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+SDio"><c><![CDATA[+SDio IOSchedulers]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+SDio"/><c><![CDATA[+SDio IOSchedulers]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Sets the number of dirty I/O scheduler threads to create when threading support has been enabled. The valid range is 0-1024. By default, the number @@ -886,7 +912,7 @@ <item> <p>Scheduling specific flags.</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="+sbt"><c>+sbt BindType</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+sbt"/><c>+sbt BindType</c></tag> <item> <p>Set scheduler bind type.</p> <p>Schedulers can also be bound using the @@ -1010,7 +1036,7 @@ <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_scheduler_bindings">erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)</seealso>. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+sbwt"><c>+sbwt none|very_short|short|medium|long|very_long</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+sbwt"/><c>+sbwt none|very_short|short|medium|long|very_long</c></tag> <item> <p>Set scheduler busy wait threshold. Default is <c>medium</c>. The threshold determines how long schedulers should busy @@ -1020,7 +1046,7 @@ without prior notice. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+scl"><c>+scl true|false</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+scl"/><c>+scl true|false</c></tag> <item> <p>Enable or disable scheduler compaction of load. By default scheduler compaction of load is enabled. When enabled, load @@ -1037,7 +1063,7 @@ between schedulers. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+sct"><c>+sct CpuTopology</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+sct"/><c>+sct CpuTopology</c></tag> <item> <list type="bulleted"> <item><c><![CDATA[<Id> = integer(); when 0 =< <Id> =< 65535]]></c></item> @@ -1159,7 +1185,7 @@ <p>For more information, see <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_cpu_topology">erlang:system_info(cpu_topology)</seealso>.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+secio"><c>+secio true|false</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+secio"/><c>+secio true|false</c></tag> <item> <p>Enable or disable eager check I/O scheduling. The default is currently <c>true</c>. The default was changed from <c>false</c> @@ -1176,7 +1202,7 @@ <p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_eager_check_io"><c>erlang:system_info(eager_check_io)</c></seealso> returns the value of this parameter used when starting the VM.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+sfwi"><c>+sfwi Interval</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+sfwi"/><c>+sfwi Interval</c></tag> <item> <p>Set scheduler forced wakeup interval. All run queues will be scanned each <c>Interval</c> milliseconds. While there are @@ -1185,12 +1211,12 @@ disables this feature, which also is the default. </p> <p>This feature has been introduced as a temporary workaround - for lengthy executing native code, and native code that do not + for long-executing native code, and native code that does not bump reductions properly in OTP. When these bugs have be fixed the <c>+sfwi</c> flag will be removed. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+stbt"><c>+stbt BindType</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+stbt"/><c>+stbt BindType</c></tag> <item> <p>Try to set scheduler bind type. The same as the <seealso marker="#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> flag with the exception of @@ -1198,7 +1224,7 @@ documentation of the <seealso marker="#+sbt">+sbt</seealso> flag. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+sub"><c>+sub true|false</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+sub"/><c>+sub true|false</c></tag> <item> <p>Enable or disable <seealso marker="erts:erlang#statistics_scheduler_wall_time">scheduler @@ -1211,7 +1237,7 @@ balance scheduler utilization between schedulers. That is, strive for equal scheduler utilization on all schedulers. <br/> <c>+sub true</c> is only supported on - systems where the runtime system detects and use a monotonically + systems where the runtime system detects and uses a monotonically increasing high resolution clock. On other systems, the runtime system will fail to start. <br/> <c>+sub true</c> implies @@ -1221,7 +1247,7 @@ utilization. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+swct"><c>+swct very_eager|eager|medium|lazy|very_lazy</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+swct"/><c>+swct very_eager|eager|medium|lazy|very_lazy</c></tag> <item> <p> Set scheduler wake cleanup threshold. Default is <c>medium</c>. @@ -1235,7 +1261,7 @@ <p><em>NOTE:</em> This flag may be removed or changed at any time without prior notice. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+sws"><c>+sws default|legacy</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+sws"/><c>+sws default|legacy</c></tag> <item> <p> Set scheduler wakeup strategy. Default strategy changed in erts-5.10/OTP-R16A. This strategy was previously known as <c>proposal</c> in OTP-R15. The <c>legacy</c> strategy was used as default from R13 up to and including R15. @@ -1243,7 +1269,7 @@ <p><em>NOTE:</em> This flag may be removed or changed at any time without prior notice. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+swt"><c>+swt very_low|low|medium|high|very_high</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+swt"/><c>+swt very_low|low|medium|high|very_high</c></tag> <item> <p>Set scheduler wakeup threshold. Default is <c>medium</c>. The threshold determines when to wake up sleeping schedulers @@ -1257,7 +1283,7 @@ without prior notice. </p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+spp"><c>+spp Bool</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+spp"/><c>+spp Bool</c></tag> <item> <p>Set default scheduler hint for port parallelism. If set to <c>true</c>, the VM will schedule port tasks when doing so will @@ -1273,7 +1299,7 @@ option to <seealso marker="erlang#open_port/2">open_port/2</seealso></p>. </item> - <tag><marker id="sched_thread_stack_size"><c><![CDATA[+sss size]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="sched_thread_stack_size"/><c><![CDATA[+sss size]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Suggested stack size, in kilowords, for scheduler threads. Valid range is 4-8192 kilowords. The default stack size @@ -1281,11 +1307,11 @@ </item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="+t"><c><![CDATA[+t size]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+t"/><c><![CDATA[+t size]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Set the maximum number of atoms the VM can handle. Default is 1048576.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+T"><c><![CDATA[+T Level]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+T"/><c><![CDATA[+T Level]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Enables modified timing and sets the modified timing level. Currently valid range is 0-9. The timing of the runtime system @@ -1335,11 +1361,26 @@ <seealso marker="kernel:error_logger#warning_map/0">error_logger(3)</seealso> for further information.</p> </item> + <tag><c><![CDATA[+xFlag Value]]></c></tag> + <item> + <p>Default process flag settings.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><marker id="+xmqd"><c>+xmqd off_heap|on_heap|mixed</c></marker></tag> + <item><p> + Sets the default value for the process flag + <c>message_queue_data</c>. If <c>+xmqd</c> is not + passed, <c>mixed</c> will be the default. For more information, + see the documentation of + <seealso marker="erlang#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>. + </p></item> + </taglist> + </item> <tag><c><![CDATA[+zFlag Value]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Miscellaneous flags.</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="+zdbbl"><c>+zdbbl size</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+zdbbl"/><c>+zdbbl size</c></tag> <item> <p>Set the distribution buffer busy limit (<seealso marker="erlang#system_info_dist_buf_busy_limit">dist_buf_busy_limit</seealso>) @@ -1352,7 +1393,7 @@ give lower latency and higher throughput at the expense of higher memory usage.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+zdntgc"><c>+zdntgc time</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+zdntgc"/><c>+zdntgc time</c></tag> <item> <p>Set the delayed node table garbage collection time (<seealso marker="erlang#system_info_delayed_node_table_gc">delayed_node_table_gc</seealso>) @@ -1426,7 +1467,7 @@ </item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="ERL_AFLAGS"><c><![CDATA[ERL_AFLAGS]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="ERL_AFLAGS"/><c><![CDATA[ERL_AFLAGS]]></c></tag> <item> <p>The content of this environment variable will be added to the beginning of the command line for <c><![CDATA[erl]]></c>.</p> @@ -1436,7 +1477,7 @@ the <c><![CDATA[-extra]]></c> section, i.e. the end of the command line following after an <c><![CDATA[-extra]]></c> flag.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="ERL_ZFLAGS"><c><![CDATA[ERL_ZFLAGS]]></c></marker> and <marker id="ERL_FLAGS"><c><![CDATA[ERL_FLAGS]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="ERL_ZFLAGS"/><c><![CDATA[ERL_ZFLAGS]]></c> and <marker id="ERL_FLAGS"/><c><![CDATA[ERL_FLAGS]]></c></tag> <item> <p>The content of these environment variables will be added to the end of the command line for <c><![CDATA[erl]]></c>.</p> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_dist_protocol.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_dist_protocol.xml index e1a58856f3..b435d5c9b4 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_dist_protocol.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_dist_protocol.xml @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ <header> <copyright> <year>2007</year> - <year>2013</year> + <year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB, All Rights Reserved</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -549,10 +549,10 @@ If Result > 0, the packet only consists of [119, Result]. --> </section> - <marker id="distribution_handshake"/> <section> <title>Distribution Handshake</title> <p> + <marker id="distribution_handshake"/> This section describes the distribution handshake protocol introduced in the OTP-R6 release of Erlang/OTP. This description was previously located in diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml index 1f7fe0f961..241d4131d5 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <cref> <header> <copyright> - <year>2001</year><year>2014</year> + <year>2001</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ asynchronous function calls, using a thread pool provided by Erlang. There is also a select call, that can be used for asynchronous drivers.</item> - <tag><marker id="multi_threading">Multi-threading</marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="multi_threading"/>Multi-threading</tag> <item> <p>A POSIX thread like API for multi-threading is provided. The Erlang driver thread API only provide a subset of the functionality @@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ <item><p>A driver can add and later remove drivers.</p></item> <tag>Monitoring processes</tag> <item><p>A driver can monitor a process that does not own a port.</p></item> - <tag><marker id="version_management">Version management</marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="version_management"/>Version management</tag> <item> <p>Version management is enabled for drivers that have set the <seealso marker="driver_entry#extended_marker">extended_marker</seealso> @@ -347,6 +347,16 @@ the driver does not handle sizes that overflow an <c>int</c> all will work as before.</p> </item> + <tag><marker id="time_measurement"/>Time Measurement</tag> + <item><p>Support for time measurement in drivers: + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#erl_drv_monotonic_time"><c>erl_drv_monotonic_time()</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#erl_drv_time_offset"><c>erl_drv_time_offset()</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#erl_drv_convert_time_unit"><c>erl_drv_convert_time_unit()</c></seealso></item> + </list></p> + </item> </taglist> </section> @@ -384,12 +394,12 @@ <item> <p> Rewrite driver callback - <c><seealso marker="driver_entry#control">control</seealso></c> + <seealso marker="driver_entry#control"><c>control</c></seealso> to use return type <c>ErlDrvSSizeT</c> instead of <c>int</c>. </p> <p> Rewrite driver callback - <c><seealso marker="driver_entry#call">call</seealso></c> + <seealso marker="driver_entry#call"><c>call</c></seealso> to use return type <c>ErlDrvSSizeT</c> instead of <c>int</c>. </p> <note> @@ -407,19 +417,19 @@ <item> <p> Driver callback - <c><seealso marker="driver_entry#output">output</seealso></c> + <seealso marker="driver_entry#output"><c>output</c></seealso> now gets <c>ErlDrvSizeT</c> as 3rd argument instead of previously <c>int</c>. </p> <p> Driver callback - <c><seealso marker="driver_entry#control">control</seealso></c> + <seealso marker="driver_entry#control"><c>control</c></seealso> now gets <c>ErlDrvSizeT</c> as 4th and 6th arguments instead of previously <c>int</c>. </p> <p> Driver callback - <c><seealso marker="driver_entry#call">call</seealso></c> + <seealso marker="driver_entry#call"><c>call</c></seealso> now gets <c>ErlDrvSizeT</c> as 4th and 6th arguments instead of previously <c>int</c>. </p> @@ -860,6 +870,24 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec { <seealso marker="#erl_drv_tsd_get">erl_drv_tsd_get()</seealso>. </p> </item> + <tag><marker id="ErlDrvTime"/>ErlDrvTime</tag> + <item> + <p>A signed 64-bit integer type for representation of time.</p> + </item> + <tag><marker id="ErlDrvTimeUnit"/>ErlDrvTimeUnit</tag> + <item> + <p>An enumeration of time units supported by the driver API:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_SEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Seconds</p></item> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_MSEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Milliseconds</p></item> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_USEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Microseconds</p></item> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_NSEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Nanoseconds</p></item> + </taglist> + </item> </taglist> </section> @@ -1023,6 +1051,11 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec { <fsummary>Read a system timestamp</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="driver_get_now"></marker> + <warning><p><em>This function is deprecated! Do not use it!</em> + Use <seealso marker="#erl_drv_monotonic_time"><c>erl_drv_monotonic_time()</c></seealso> + (perhaps in combination with + <seealso marker="#erl_drv_time_offset"><c>erl_drv_time_offset()</c></seealso>) + instead.</p></warning> <p>This function reads a timestamp into the memory pointed to by the parameter <c>now</c>. See the description of <seealso marker="#ErlDrvNowData">ErlDrvNowData</seealso> for specification of its fields. </p> @@ -1044,9 +1077,7 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec { <c>select</c>/<c>poll</c> can use). On windows, the Win32 API function <c>WaitForMultipleObjects</c> is used. This places other restrictions on the event object. - Refer to the Win32 SDK documentation. - On Enea OSE, the receive function is used. See the <seealso - marker="ose:ose_erl_driver"></seealso> for more details.</p> + Refer to the Win32 SDK documentation.</p> <p>The <c>on</c> parameter should be <c>1</c> for setting events and <c>0</c> for clearing them.</p> <p>The <c>mode</c> argument is a bitwise-or combination of @@ -1058,7 +1089,7 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec { <seealso marker="driver_entry#ready_output">ready_output</seealso>. </p> <note> - <p>Some OS (Windows and Enea OSE) do not differentiate between read and write events. + <p>Some OS (Windows) do not differentiate between read and write events. The call-back for a fired event then only depends on the value of <c>mode</c>.</p> </note> <p><c>ERL_DRV_USE</c> specifies if we are using the event object or if we want to close it. @@ -2133,6 +2164,53 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </func> <func> + <name><ret>void</ret><nametext>erl_drv_init_ack(ErlDrvPort port, ErlDrvData res)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Acknowledge the start of the port</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_init_ack"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>The port handle of the port (driver instance) creating + doing the acknowledgment. + </item> + <tag><c>res</c></tag> + <item>The result of the port initialization. This can be the same values + as the return value of <seealso marker="driver_entry#start">start</seealso>, + i.e any of the error codes or the ErlDrvData that is to be used for this + port. + </item> + </taglist> + <p> + When this function is called the initiating erlang:open_port call is + returned as if the <seealso marker="driver_entry#start">start</seealso> + function had just been called. It can only be used when the + <seealso marker="driver_entry#driver_flags">ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_INIT_ACK</seealso> + flag has been set on the linked-in driver. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>void</ret><nametext>erl_drv_set_os_pid(ErlDrvPort port, ErlDrvSInt pid)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Set the os_pid for the port</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_set_os_pid"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>The port handle of the port (driver instance) to set the pid on. + </item> + <tag><c>pid</c></tag> + <item>The pid to set.</item> + </taglist> + <p> + Set the os_pid seen when doing erlang:port_info/2 on this port. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_thread_create(char *name, ErlDrvTid *tid, void * (*func)(void *), @@ -2811,7 +2889,7 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </func> <func> - <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_putenv(char *key, char *value)</nametext></name> + <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_putenv(const char *key, char *value)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Set the value of an environment variable</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="erl_drv_putenv"></marker> @@ -2840,7 +2918,7 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </desc> </func> <func> - <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_getenv(char *key, char *value, size_t *value_size)</nametext></name> + <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_getenv(const char *key, char *value, size_t *value_size)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Get the value of an environment variable</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="erl_drv_getenv"></marker> @@ -2997,6 +3075,86 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </desc> </func> + <func> + <name><ret>ErlDrvTime</ret><nametext>erl_drv_monotonic_time(ErlDrvTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Get Erlang Monotonic Time</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_monotonic_time"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of returned value.</item> + </taglist> + <p> + Returns + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso>. Note that it is not uncommon with + negative values. + </p> + <p>Returns <c>ERL_DRV_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid + time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a + scheduler thread.</p> + <p>See also:</p> + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>ErlDrvTime</ret><nametext>erl_drv_time_offset(ErlDrvTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Get current Time Offset</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_time_offset"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of returned value.</item> + </taglist> + <p>Returns the current time offset between + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso> + and + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> + converted into the <c>time_unit</c> passed as argument.</p> + <p>Returns <c>ERL_DRV_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid + time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a + scheduler thread.</p> + <p>See also:</p> + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>ErlDrvTime</ret><nametext>erl_drv_convert_time_unit(ErlDrvTime val, ErlDrvTimeUnit from, ErlDrvTimeUnit to)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_convert_time_unit"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>val</c></tag> + <item>Value to convert time unit for.</item> + <tag><c>from</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of <c>val</c>.</item> + <tag><c>to</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of returned value.</item> + </taglist> + <p>Converts the <c>val</c> value of time unit <c>from</c> to + the corresponding value of time unit <c>to</c>. The result is + rounded using the floor function.</p> + <p>Returns <c>ERL_DRV_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid + time unit argument.</p> + <p>See also:</p> + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> + </funcs> <section> <title>SEE ALSO</title> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_ext_dist.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_ext_dist.xml index caf1e812c4..2ac974f497 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_ext_dist.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_ext_dist.xml @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ <header> <copyright> <year>2007</year> - <year>2014</year> + <year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB, All Rights Reserved</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ </note> </section> - <marker id="distribution_header"/> <section> <title>Distribution header</title> <p> + <marker id="distribution_header"/> As of erts version 5.7.2 the old atom cache protocol was dropped and a new one was introduced. This atom cache protocol introduced the distribution header. Nodes with erts versions diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml index 23c3d5fcee..be0e406b9c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <cref> <header> <copyright> - <year>2001</year><year>2013</year> + <year>2001</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -317,6 +317,17 @@ ok libraries might however fail if deprecated features are used. </p></item> + <tag><marker id="time_measurement"/>Time Measurement</tag> + <item><p>Support for time measurement in NIF libraries: + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#enif_monotonic_time"><c>enif_monotonic_time()</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#enif_time_offset"><c>enif_time_offset()</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#enif_convert_time_unit"><c>enif_convert_time_unit()</c></seealso></item> + </list></p> + </item> + <tag>Long-running NIFs</tag> <item><p><marker id="dirty_nifs"/>Native functions <seealso marker="#lengthy_work"> @@ -560,6 +571,25 @@ typedef enum { <item><p>A native signed 64-bit integer type.</p></item> <tag><marker id="ErlNifUInt64"/>ErlNifUInt64</tag> <item><p>A native unsigned 64-bit integer type.</p></item> + + <tag><marker id="ErlNifTime"/>ErlNifTime</tag> + <item> + <p>A signed 64-bit integer type for representation of time.</p> + </item> + <tag><marker id="ErlNifTimeUnit"/>ErlNifTimeUnit</tag> + <item> + <p>An enumeration of time units supported by the NIF API:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>ERL_NIF_SEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Seconds</p></item> + <tag><c>ERL_NIF_MSEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Milliseconds</p></item> + <tag><c>ERL_NIF_USEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Microseconds</p></item> + <tag><c>ERL_NIF_NSEC</c></tag> + <item><p>Nanoseconds</p></item> + </taglist> + </item> </taglist> </section> @@ -723,7 +753,7 @@ typedef enum { <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_get_list_length(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term, unsigned* len)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Get the length of list <c>term</c></fsummary> <desc><p>Set <c>*len</c> to the length of list <c>term</c> and return true, - or return false if <c>term</c> is not a list.</p></desc> + or return false if <c>term</c> is not a proper list.</p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_get_long(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term, long int* ip)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Read an long integer term</fsummary> @@ -791,6 +821,10 @@ typedef enum { and return true, or return false if <c>term</c> is not an unsigned integer or is outside the bounds of type <c>unsigned long</c>.</p></desc> </func> + <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_getenv(const char* key, char* value, size_t *value_size)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Get the value of an environment variable</fsummary> + <desc><p>Same as <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_getenv">erl_drv_getenv</seealso>.</p></desc> + </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_has_pending_exception(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM* reason)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Check if an exception has been raised</fsummary> <desc><p>Return true if a pending exception is associated @@ -833,9 +867,10 @@ typedef enum { <fsummary>Determine if a term is an empty list</fsummary> <desc><p>Return true if <c>term</c> is an empty list.</p></desc> </func> - <marker id="enif_is_exception"/><func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_is_exception(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)</nametext></name> + <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_is_exception(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Determine if a term is an exception</fsummary> - <desc><p>Return true if <c>term</c> is an exception.</p></desc> + <desc><marker id="enif_is_exception"/> + <p>Return true if <c>term</c> is an exception.</p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_is_map(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Determine if a term is a map</fsummary> @@ -1481,6 +1516,88 @@ enif_map_iterator_destroy(env, &iter); <desc><p>Same as <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_tsd_set">erl_drv_tsd_set</seealso>. </p></desc> </func> + + + <func> + <name><ret>ErlNifTime</ret><nametext>enif_monotonic_time(ErlNifTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Get Erlang Monotonic Time</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="enif_monotonic_time"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of returned value.</item> + </taglist> + <p> + Returns + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso>. Note that it is not uncommon with + negative values. + </p> + <p>Returns <c>ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid + time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a + scheduler thread.</p> + <p>See also:</p> + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>ErlNifTime</ret><nametext>enif_time_offset(ErlNifTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Get current Time Offset</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="enif_time_offset"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of returned value.</item> + </taglist> + <p>Returns the current time offset between + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso> + and + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> + converted into the <c>time_unit</c> passed as argument.</p> + <p>Returns <c>ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid + time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a + scheduler thread.</p> + <p>See also:</p> + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>ErlNifTime</ret><nametext>enif_convert_time_unit(ErlNifTime val, ErlNifTimeUnit from, ErlNifTimeUnit to)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="enif_convert_time_unit"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>val</c></tag> + <item>Value to convert time unit for.</item> + <tag><c>from</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of <c>val</c>.</item> + <tag><c>to</c></tag> + <item>Time unit of returned value.</item> + </taglist> + <p>Converts the <c>val</c> value of time unit <c>from</c> to + the corresponding value of time unit <c>to</c>. The result is + rounded using the floor function.</p> + <p>Returns <c>ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid + time unit argument.</p> + <p>See also:</p> + <list> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> + </funcs> <section> <title>SEE ALSO</title> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml index d05f0d9aea..8f66e07ae1 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml @@ -36,17 +36,11 @@ the system. The start script is also fetched with this low level loader.</p> <p><c>erl_prim_loader</c> knows about the environment and how to - fetch modules. The loader could, for example, fetch files using - the file system (with absolute file names as input), or a - database (where the binary format of a module is stored).</p> + fetch modules.</p> <p>The <c>-loader Loader</c> command line flag can be used to choose the method used by the <c>erl_prim_loader</c>. Two <c>Loader</c> methods are supported by the Erlang runtime system: - <c>efile</c> and <c>inet</c>. If another loader is required, then - it has to be implemented by the user. The <c>Loader</c> provided - by the user must fulfill the protocol defined below, and it is - started with the <c>erl_prim_loader</c> by evaluating - <c>open_port({spawn,Loader},[binary])</c>.</p> + <c>efile</c> and <c>inet</c>.</p> <warning><p>The support for loading of code from archive files is experimental. The sole purpose of releasing it before it is ready @@ -56,39 +50,9 @@ <c>-loader_debug</c> are also experimental</p></warning> </description> - <datatypes> - <datatype> - <name name="host"/> - </datatype> - </datatypes> <funcs> <func> - <name name="start" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Start the Erlang low level loader</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Starts the Erlang low level loader. This function is called - by the <c>init</c> process (and module). The <c>init</c> - process reads the command line flags <c>-id <anno>Id</anno></c>, - <c>-loader <anno>Loader</anno></c>, and <c>-hosts <anno>Hosts</anno></c>. These are - the arguments supplied to the <c>start/3</c> function.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is not given, the default loader is - <c>efile</c> which tells the system to read from the file - system.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is <c>inet</c>, the <c>-id <anno>Id</anno></c>, - <c>-hosts <anno>Hosts</anno></c>, and <c>-setcookie Cookie</c> flags must - also be supplied. <c><anno>Hosts</anno></c> identifies hosts which this - node can contact in order to load modules. One Erlang - runtime system with a <c>erl_boot_server</c> process must be - started on each of hosts given in <c><anno>Hosts</anno></c> in order to - answer the requests. See <seealso - marker="kernel:erl_boot_server">erl_boot_server(3)</seealso>.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is something else, the given port program - is started. The port program is supposed to follow - the protocol specified below.</p> - </desc> - </func> - <func> <name name="get_file" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Get a file</fsummary> <desc> @@ -96,8 +60,6 @@ <c><anno>Filename</anno></c> is either an absolute file name or just the name of the file, for example <c>"lists.beam"</c>. If an internal path is set to the loader, this path is used to find the file. - If a user supplied loader is used, the path can be stripped - off if it is obsolete, and the loader does not use a path. <c><anno>FullName</anno></c> is the complete name of the fetched file. <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> is the contents of the file as a binary.</p> @@ -175,22 +137,6 @@ </funcs> <section> - <title>Protocol</title> - <p>The following protocol must be followed if a user provided - loader port program is used. The <c>Loader</c> port program is - started with the command - <c>open_port({spawn,Loader},[binary])</c>. The protocol is as - follows:</p> - <pre> -Function Send Receive -------------------------------------------------------------- -get_file [102 | FileName] [121 | BinaryFile] (on success) - [122] (failure) - -stop eof terminate</pre> - </section> - - <section> <title>Command Line Flags</title> <p>The <c>erl_prim_loader</c> module interprets the following command line flags:</p> @@ -199,10 +145,8 @@ stop eof terminate</pre> <item> <p>Specifies the name of the loader used by <c>erl_prim_loader</c>. <c>Loader</c> can be <c>efile</c> - (use the local file system), or <c>inet</c> (load using - the <c>boot_server</c> on another Erlang node). If - <c>Loader</c> is user defined, the defined <c>Loader</c> port - program is started.</p> + (use the local file system) or <c>inet</c> (load using + the <c>boot_server</c> on another Erlang node).</p> <p>If the <c>-loader</c> flag is omitted, it defaults to <c>efile</c>.</p> </item> @@ -216,17 +160,12 @@ stop eof terminate</pre> <p>Specifies which other Erlang nodes the <c>inet</c> loader can use. This flag is mandatory if the <c>-loader inet</c> flag is present. On each host, there must be on Erlang node - with the <c>erl_boot_server</c> which handles the load - requests. <c>Hosts</c> is a list of IP addresses (hostnames + with the <seealso + marker="kernel:erl_boot_server">erl_boot_server(3)</seealso> + which handles the load requests. + <c>Hosts</c> is a list of IP addresses (hostnames are not acceptable).</p> </item> - <tag><c>-id Id</c></tag> - <item> - <p>Specifies the identity of the Erlang runtime system. If - the system runs as a distributed node, <c>Id</c> must be - identical to the name supplied with the <c>-sname</c> or - <c>-name</c> distribution flags.</p> - </item> <tag><c>-setcookie Cookie</c></tag> <item> <p>Specifies the cookie of the Erlang runtime system. This flag diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml index 70d000f763..350a8506f5 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <erlref> <header> <copyright> - <year>1996</year><year>2013</year> + <year>1996</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -59,14 +59,20 @@ </datatype> <datatype> + <name name="message_queue_data"></name> + <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>erlang:process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </desc> + </datatype> + + <datatype> <name name="timestamp"></name> <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#timestamp/0">erlang:timestamp/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> </datatype> - <marker id="type_time_unit"/> <datatype> <name name="time_unit"></name> - <desc><p>Supported time unit representations:</p> + <desc><p><marker id="type_time_unit"/> + Supported time unit representations:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>PartsPerSecond :: integer() >= 1</c></tag> <item><p>Time unit expressed in parts per second. That is, @@ -125,6 +131,17 @@ </note> </item> + <tag><c>perf_counter</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the performance counter + time unit used by the Erlang runtime system.</p> + + <p>The <c>perf_counter</c> time unit behaves much in the same way + as the <c>native</c> time unit. That is it might differ inbetween + run-time restarts. You get values of this type by calling + <seealso marker="kernel:os#perf_counter/0"><c>os:perf_counter()</c></seealso> + </p> + </item> + </taglist> <p>The <c>time_unit/0</c> type may be extended. Use @@ -439,7 +456,7 @@ <func> <name name="binary_to_list" arity="3"/> <fsummary>Converts part of a binary to a list.</fsummary> - <type_desc variable="Start">1..byte_size(<anno>Binary</anno>)</type_desc> + <type_desc variable="Start">1..byte_size(<c><anno>Binary</anno></c>)</type_desc> <desc> <p>As <c>binary_to_list/1</c>, but returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes from position <c><anno>Start</anno></c> to @@ -997,19 +1014,19 @@ the call, though. It is therefore usually advisable to remove such a <c>'DOWN'</c> message from the message queue after monitoring has been stopped. - <seealso marker="#demonitor/2">demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [flush])</seealso> + <seealso marker="#demonitor/2"><c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [flush])</c></seealso> can be used instead of <c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</c> if this cleanup is wanted.</p> <note> - <p>Before OTP R11B (<c>ERTS</c> 5.5), <c>demonitor/1</c> - behaved asynchronous, that is, the monitor was active - until the "demonitor signal" reached the monitored entity. - This had an undesirable effect, as you could never know when - you were guaranteed <em>not</em> to receive a <c>DOWN</c> - message because of the monitor.</p> - <p>The current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: - asynchronously send a "demonitor signal" to the monitored - entity and ignore any future results of the monitor.</p> + <p>Prior to OTP release R11B (ERTS version 5.5) <c>demonitor/1</c> + behaved completely asynchronously, i.e., the monitor was active + until the "demonitor signal" reached the monitored entity. This + had one undesirable effect. You could never know when + you were guaranteed <em>not</em> to receive a <c>DOWN</c> message + due to the monitor.</p> + <p>Current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: + asynchronously send a "demonitor signal" to the monitored entity + and ignore any future results of the monitor. </p> </note> <p>Failure: It is an error if <c><anno>MonitorRef</anno></c> refers to a monitoring started by another process. Not all such cases are @@ -1026,7 +1043,7 @@ <p>The returned value is <c>true</c> unless <c>info</c> is part of <c><anno>OptionList</anno></c>.</p> <p><c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>, [])</c> is equivalent to - <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</seealso>.</p> + <seealso marker="#demonitor/1"><c>demonitor(<anno>MonitorRef</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> <p>The available <c><anno>Option</anno></c>s are as follows:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>flush</c></tag> @@ -1105,7 +1122,7 @@ <fsummary>Prints a term on standard output.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Prints a text representation of <c><anno>Term</anno></c> on the - standard output. On OSE, the term is printed to the ramlog.</p> + standard output.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for debugging only.</p> </warning> @@ -1114,8 +1131,8 @@ <func> <name name="element" arity="2"/> - <type_desc variable="N">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple</anno>)</type_desc> <fsummary>Returns the Nth element of a tuple.</fsummary> + <type_desc variable="N">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple</anno>)</type_desc> <desc> <p>Returns the <c><anno>N</anno></c>th element (numbering from 1) of <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>, for example:</p> @@ -1794,7 +1811,8 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </item> </taglist> <note><p>On many platforms, the OS supports only status - codes 0-255.</p></note> + codes 0-255. A too large status code will be truncated by clearing + the high bits.</p></note> <p>For integer <c><anno>Status</anno></c>, the Erlang runtime system closes all ports and allows async threads to finish their operations before exiting. To exit without such flushing, use @@ -2855,10 +2873,10 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <func> <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> + <fsummary>Starts monitoring.</fsummary> <type name="registered_name"/> <type name="registered_process_identifier"/> <type name="monitor_process_identifier"/> - <fsummary>Starts monitoring.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Send a monitor request of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c> to the entity identified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. The caller of @@ -3581,8 +3599,8 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <func> <name name="phash" arity="2"/> - <type_desc variable="Range">Range = 1..2^32, Hash = 1..Range</type_desc> <fsummary>Portable hash function.</fsummary> + <type_desc variable="Range">Range = 1..2^32, Hash = 1..Range</type_desc> <desc> <p>Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine architecture and @@ -3600,9 +3618,9 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <func> <name name="phash2" arity="1"/> <name name="phash2" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Portable hash function.</fsummary> <type_desc variable="Range">1..2^32</type_desc> <type_desc variable="Hash">0..Range-1</type_desc> - <fsummary>Portable hash function.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine architecture and @@ -4280,9 +4298,59 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> - + <marker id="process_flag_message_queue_data"/> <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> + <fsummary>Set process flag <c>message_queue_data</c> for the calling process</fsummary> + <type name="message_queue_data"/> + <desc> + <p>This flag determines how messages in the message queue + are stored. When the flag is:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>off_heap</c></tag> + <item><p> + <em>All</em> messages in the message queue will be stored + outside of the process heap. This implies that <em>no</em> + messages in the message queue will be part of a garbage + collection of the process. + </p></item> + <tag><c>on_heap</c></tag> + <item><p> + All messages in the message queue will eventually be + placed on heap. They may however temporarily be stored + off heap. This is how messages always have been stored + up until ERTS version 8.0. + </p></item> + <tag><c>mixed</c></tag> + <item><p> + Messages may be placed either on the heap or outside + of the heap. + </p></item> + </taglist> + <p> + The default <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag is determined + by the <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso> + <c>erl</c> command line argument. + </p> + <p> + If the process potentially may get a hugh amount of messages, + you are recommended to set the flag to <c>off_heap</c>. This + since a garbage collection with lots of messages placed on + the heap may become extremly expensive and the process may + consume large amounts of memory. Performance of the + actual message passing is however generally better when not + using the <c>off_heap</c> flag. + </p> + <p> + When changing this flag messages will be moved. This work + has been initiated but not completed when this function + call returns. + </p> + <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>priority</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> <desc> @@ -4356,7 +4424,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> - <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> + <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>save_calls</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>N</anno></c> must be an integer in the interval 0..10000. @@ -4387,7 +4455,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> - <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>sensitive</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets or clears flag <c>sensitive</c> for the current process. @@ -4441,6 +4509,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> <type name="stack_item"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <desc> <p>Returns a list containing <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with miscellaneous information about the process identified by @@ -4493,6 +4562,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="stack_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <desc> <p>Returns information about the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, as specified by @@ -4584,6 +4654,17 @@ os_prompt% </pre> The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without prior notice.</p> </item> + <tag><c>{garbage_collection_info, <anno>GCInfo</anno>}</c></tag> + <item> + <p><c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> is a list containing miscellaneous + detailed information about garbage collection for this process. + The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without + prior notice. + See <seealso marker="#gc_start">gc_start</seealso> in + <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso> for details about + what each item means. + </p> + </item> <tag><c>{group_leader, <anno>GroupLeader</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c> is group leader for the I/O of @@ -4661,6 +4742,15 @@ os_prompt% </pre> monitor by name, the list item is <c>{process, {<anno>RegName</anno>, <anno>Node</anno>}}</c>.</p> </item> + <tag><c>{message_queue_data, <anno>MQD</anno>}</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Returns the current state of the <c>message_queue_data</c> + process flag. <c><anno>MQD</anno></c> is either <c>off_heap</c>, + <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. For more information, see the + documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </item> <tag><c>{priority, <anno>Level</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>Level</anno></c> is the current priority level for @@ -4803,6 +4893,12 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and is not to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> + <note> + <p>As from <c>ERTS</c> 8.0 (OTP 19), any lingering processes + that still execute the old code will be killed by this function. + In earlier versions, such incorrect use could cause much + more fatal failures, like emulator crash.</p> + </note> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there is no old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> </desc> @@ -5240,8 +5336,8 @@ true</pre> <func> <name name="setelement" arity="3"/> - <type_desc variable="Index">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple1</anno></type_desc> <fsummary>Sets the Nth element of a tuple.</fsummary> + <type_desc variable="Index">1..tuple_size(<anno>Tuple1</anno></type_desc> <desc> <p>Returns a tuple that is a copy of argument <c><anno>Tuple1</anno></c> @@ -5429,6 +5525,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="2"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> @@ -5444,6 +5542,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="3"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the @@ -5458,6 +5558,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="4"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Works as <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>, except that an @@ -5559,6 +5661,18 @@ true</pre> fine-tuning an application and to measure the execution time with various <c><anno>VSize</anno></c> values.</p> </item> + <tag><c>{message_queue_data, <anno>MQD</anno>}</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Sets the state of the <c>message_queue_data</c> process + flag. <c><anno>MQD</anno></c> should be either <c>off_heap</c>, + <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. The default + <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag is determined by the + <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso> <c>erl</c> + command line argument. For more information, see the + documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + <anno>MQD</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> + </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> @@ -5567,6 +5681,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="5"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application @@ -5582,8 +5698,8 @@ true</pre> <func> <name name="split_binary" arity="2"/> - <type_desc variable="Pos">0..byte_size(Bin)</type_desc> <fsummary>Splits a binary into two.</fsummary> + <type_desc variable="Pos">0..byte_size(Bin)</type_desc> <desc> <p>Returns a tuple containing the binaries that are the result of splitting <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> into two parts at @@ -5684,8 +5800,31 @@ true</pre> <anno>Dest</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> + <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_active_tasks"></marker> + <p> + Returns a list where each element represents the amount + of active processes and ports on each run queue and its + associated scheduler. That is, the number of processes and + ports that are ready to run, or are currently running. The + element location in the list corresponds to the scheduler + and its run queue. The first element corresponds to scheduler + number 1 and so on. The information is <em>not</em> gathered + atomically. That is, the result is not necessarily a + consistent snapshot of the state, but instead quite + efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> <fsummary>Information about context switches.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the total number of context switches since the @@ -5694,7 +5833,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="3"/> <fsummary>Information about exact reductions.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_exact_reductions"></marker> @@ -5708,7 +5847,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="3"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="4"/> <fsummary>Information about garbage collection.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about garbage collection, for example:</p> @@ -5720,7 +5859,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="4"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="5"/> <fsummary>Information about I/O.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c><anno>Input</anno></c>, @@ -5731,7 +5870,147 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="5"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> + <fsummary>Information about microstate accounting.</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="statistics_microstate_accounting"></marker> + <p> + Microstate accounting can be used to measure how much time the Erlang + runtime system spends doing various tasks. It is designed to be as + lightweight as possible, but there will be some overhead when this + is enabled. Microstate accounting is meant to be a profiling tool + to help figure out performance bottlenecks. + To <c>start</c>/<c>stop</c>/<c>reset</c> microstate_accounting you use + the system_flag + <seealso marker="#system_flag_microstate_accounting"> + <c>microstate_accounting</c></seealso>. + </p> + <p> + <c>erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)</c> returns a list of maps + representing some of the OS threads within ERTS. Each map contains + <c>type</c> and <c>id</c> fields that can be used to identify what + thread it is, and also a counters field that contains data about how + much time has been spent in the various states.</p> + <pre> +> <input>erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting).</input> +[#{counters => #{aux => 1899182914, + check_io => 2605863602, + emulator => 45731880463, + gc => 1512206910, + other => 5421338456, + port => 221631, + sleep => 5150294100}, + id => 1, + type => scheduler}|...] + </pre> + <p>The time unit is the same as returned by + <seealso marker="kernel:os#perf_counter/0"> + <c>os:perf_counter/0</c></seealso>. + So to convert it to milliseconds you could do something like this:</p> + <pre> +lists:map( + fun(#{ counters := Cnt } = M) -> + MsCnt = maps:map(fun(_K, PerfCount) -> + erlang:convert_time_unit(PerfCount, perf_counter, 1000) + end, Cnt), + M#{ counters := MsCnt } + end, erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)). + </pre> + <p> + It is important to note that these values are not guaranteed to be + the exact time spent in each state. This is because of various + optimisation done in order to keep the overhead as small as possible. + </p> + + <p>Currently the following <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_Type</anno></c> are available:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>scheduler</c></tag> + <item>The main execution threads that do most of the work.</item> + <tag><c>async</c></tag><item>Async threads are used by various + linked-in drivers (mainly the file drivers) do offload non-cpu + intensive work.</item> + <tag><c>aux</c></tag><item>Takes care of any work that is not + specifically assigned to a scheduler.</item> + </taglist> + <p>Currently the following <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_State</anno></c>s are available. + All states are exclusive, meaning that a thread cannot be in two states + at once. So if you add the numbers of all counters in a thread + you will get the total run-time for that thread.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>aux</c></tag> + <item>Time spent handling auxiliary jobs.</item> + <tag><c>check_io</c></tag> + <item>Time spent checking for new I/O events.</item> + <tag><c>emulator</c></tag> + <item>Time spent executing erlang processes.</item> + <tag><c>gc</c></tag> + <item>Time spent doing garbage collection. When extra states are + enabled this is the time spent doing non-fullsweep garbage + collections.</item> + <tag><c>other</c></tag> + <item>Time spent doing unaccounted things.</item> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>Time spent executing ports.</item> + <tag><c>sleep</c></tag> + <item>Time spent sleeping.</item> + </taglist> + <p>It is possible to add more fine grained <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_State</anno></c>s + through configure. + (e.g. <c>./configure --with-microstate-accounting=extra</c>). + Enabling these states will cause a performance degradation when + microstate accounting is turned off and increase the overhead when + it is turned on.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>alloc</c></tag> + <item>Time spent managing memory. Without extra states this time is + spread out over all other states.</item> + <tag><c>bif</c></tag> + <item>Time spent in bifs. Without extra states this time is part of + the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>busy_wait</c></tag> + <item>Time spent busy waiting. This is also the state where a + scheduler no longer reports that it is active when using + <seealso marker="#statistics_scheduler_wall_time"> + <c>erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)</c></seealso>. + So if you add all other states but this and sleep and then divide that + by all time in the thread you should get something very similar to the + scheduler_wall_time fraction. Without extra states this time is part + of the <c>other</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>ets</c></tag> + <item>Time spent executing ETS bifs. Without extra states this time is + part of the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>gc_full</c></tag> + <item>Time spent doing fullsweep garbage collection. Without extra + states this time is part of the <c>gc</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>nif</c></tag> + <item>Time spent in nifs. Without extra states this time is part of + the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>send</c></tag> + <item>Time spent sending messages (processes only). Without extra + states this time is part of the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>timers</c></tag> + <item>Time spent managing timers. Without extra states this time is + part of the <c>other</c> state.</item> + </taglist> + <p>There is a utility module called + <seealso marker="runtime_tools:msacc"><c>msacc</c></seealso> in + runtime_tools that can be used to more easily analyse these + statistics.</p> + + <p> + Returns <c>undefined</c> if the system flag + <seealso marker="#system_flag_microstate_accounting"> + <c>microstate_accounting</c></seealso> + is turned off. + </p> + <p>The list of thread information is unsorted and may appear in + different order between calls.</p> + <note><p>The threads and states are subject to change without any + prior notice.</p></note> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> <fsummary>Information about reductions.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_reductions"></marker> @@ -5749,16 +6028,43 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> - <fsummary>Information about the run-queue.</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns the total length of run-queues, that is, the number - of processes that are ready to run on all available run-queues.</p> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queues.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total length of the run-queues. That is, the number + of processes and ports that are ready to run on all available + run-queues. The information is gathered atomically. That + is, the result is a consistent snapshot of the state, but + this operation is much more expensive compared to + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + This especially when a large amount of schedulers is used. + </p> </desc> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue_lengths"></marker> + <p> + Returns a list where each element represents the amount + of processes and ports ready to run for each run queue. The + element location in the list corresponds to the run queue + of a scheduler. The first element corresponds to the run + queue of scheduler number 1 and so on. The information is + <em>not</em> gathered atomically. That is, the result is + not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but + instead quite efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/> <fsummary>Information about runtime.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.</p> @@ -5773,7 +6079,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/> <fsummary>Information about each schedulers work time.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> @@ -5844,7 +6150,44 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/> + <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_total_active_tasks"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total amount of active processes and ports in + the system. That is, the number of processes and ports that + are ready to run, or are currently running. The information + is <em>not</em> gathered atomically. That is, the result + is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but + instead quite efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total length of the run-queues. That is, the number + of processes and ports that are ready to run on all available + run-queues. The information is <em>not</em> gathered atomically. + That is, the result is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of + the state, but much more efficiently gathered compared to + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue"><c>statistics(run_queue)</c></seealso>. + See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="14"/> <fsummary>Information about wall clock.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about wall clock. <c>wall_clock</c> can @@ -6078,6 +6421,17 @@ ok <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> + <fsummary>Set system flag microstate_accounting</fsummary> + <desc><p><marker id="system_flag_microstate_accounting"></marker> + Turns on/off microstate accounting measurements. By passing reset it is possible to reset + all counters to 0.</p> + <p>For more information see, + <seealso marker="#statistics_microstate_accounting">erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)</seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_heap_size</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The size @@ -6092,7 +6446,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for @@ -6109,45 +6463,57 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>multi_scheduling</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_multi_scheduling"></marker> If multi-scheduling is enabled, more than one scheduler thread is used by the emulator. Multi-scheduling can be - blocked. When multi-scheduling is blocked, only - one scheduler thread schedules Erlang processes.</p> + blocked in two different ways. Either all schedulers but + one is blocked, or all <em>normal</em> schedulers but + one is blocked. When only normal schedulers are blocked + dirty schedulers are free to continue to schedule + processes.</p> <p>If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= block</c>, multi-scheduling is - blocked. If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= unblock</c> and no one + blocked. That is, one and only one scheduler thread will + execute. If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= unblock</c> and no one else blocks multi-scheduling, and this process has blocked only once, multi-scheduling is unblocked.</p> - <p>One process can block multi-scheduling multiple times. - If a process has blocked multiple times, it must - unblock exactly as many times as it has blocked before it - has released its multi-scheduling block. If a process that - has blocked multi-scheduling exits, it releases its - blocking of multi-scheduling.</p> + <p>If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= block_normal</c>, normal + multi-scheduling is blocked. That is, only one normal scheduler + thread will execute, but multiple dirty schedulers may execute. + If <c><anno>BlockState</anno> =:= unblock_normal</c> and no one + else blocks normal multi-scheduling, and this process has + blocked only once, normal multi-scheduling is unblocked.</p> + <p>One process can block multi-scheduling as well as normal + multi-scheduling multiple times. If a process has blocked + multiple times, it must unblock exactly as many times as it + has blocked before it has released its multi-scheduling + block. If a process that has blocked multi-scheduling or normal + multi scheduling exits, it automatically releases its blocking + of multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling.</p> <p>The return values are <c>disabled</c>, <c>blocked</c>, - or <c>enabled</c>. The returned value describes the - state just after the call to + <c>blocked_normal</c>, or <c>enabled</c>. The returned value + describes the state just after the call to <c>erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, <anno>BlockState</anno>)</c> has been made. For information about the return values, see <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>.</p> - <note><p>Blocking of multi-scheduling is normally not needed. - If you feel that you need to block multi-scheduling, - consider it a few more times again. Blocking multi-scheduling - is only to be used as a last resort, as it is most likely - a <em>very inefficient</em> way to solve the problem.</p> + <note><p>Blocking of multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling + is normally not needed. If you feel that you need to use these + features, consider it a few more times again. Blocking + multi-scheduling is only to be used as a last resort, as it is + most likely a <em>very inefficient</em> way to solve the problem.</p> </note> <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_normal_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_bind_type</c>.</fsummary> <type name="scheduler_bind_type"/> <desc> @@ -6265,7 +6631,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_wall_time</c>.</fsummary> <desc><p><marker id="system_flag_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> Turns on or off scheduler wall time measurements.</p> @@ -6275,7 +6641,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>schedulers_online</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_schedulers_online"></marker> @@ -6300,7 +6666,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="12"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>trace_control_word</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the value of the node trace control word to @@ -6475,7 +6841,7 @@ ok <p>Returns various size information for the specified allocator. The information returned is a subset of the information returned by - <seealso marker="#system_info_allocator_tuple">erlang:system_info({allocator, <anno>Alloc</anno>})</seealso>. + <seealso marker="#system_info_allocator_tuple"><c>erlang:system_info({allocator, <anno>Alloc</anno>})</c></seealso>. </p> </item> </taglist> @@ -6639,6 +7005,7 @@ ok <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="65"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="66"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="67"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="68"/> <fsummary>Information about the system.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns various information about the current system @@ -6855,7 +7222,7 @@ ok The return value will always be <c>false</c>, as the <c>elib_malloc</c> allocator has been removed.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_eager_check_io"><c>eager_check_io</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_eager_check_io"/><c>eager_check_io</c></tag> <item> <p> Returns the value of the <c>erl</c> command line flag @@ -6974,6 +7341,16 @@ ok where <c><anno>MinHeapSize</anno></c> is the current system-wide minimum heap size for spawned processes.</p> </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_message_queue_data"><c>message_queue_data</c></marker></tag> + <item> + <p>Returns the default value of the <c>message_queue_data</c> + process flag which is either <c>off_heap</c>, <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. + This default is set by the <c>erl</c> command line argument + <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso>. For more information on the + <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag, see documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </item> <tag><c>min_bin_vheap_size</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns <c>{min_bin_vheap_size, @@ -6993,7 +7370,8 @@ ok <tag><c>multi_scheduling</c></tag> <item> <marker id="system_info_multi_scheduling"></marker> - <p>Returns <c>disabled</c>, <c>blocked</c>, or <c>enabled</c>:</p> + <p>Returns <c>disabled</c>, <c>blocked</c>, <c>blocked_normal</c>, + or <c>enabled</c>:</p> <taglist> <tag><c>disabled</c></tag> <item> @@ -7004,14 +7382,22 @@ ok <tag><c>blocked</c></tag> <item> <p>The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, - but all scheduler threads except one are blocked, - that is, only one scheduler thread schedules + but all scheduler threads except one are blocked. + That is, only one scheduler thread schedules Erlang processes and executes Erlang code.</p> </item> + <tag><c>blocked_normal</c></tag> + <item> + <p>The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, + but all normal scheduler threads except one are + blocked. Note that dirty schedulers are not + blocked, and may schedule Erlang processes and + execute native code.</p> + </item> <tag><c>enabled</c></tag> <item> <p>The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, - and no scheduler threads are blocked, that is, + and no scheduler threads are blocked. That is, all available scheduler threads schedule Erlang processes and execute Erlang code.</p> </item> @@ -7019,6 +7405,7 @@ ok <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_normal_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </item> @@ -7035,6 +7422,8 @@ ok <p>See also <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_normal_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, + and <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> </item> @@ -7044,7 +7433,25 @@ ok used by the runtime system. It is on the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".</p> </item> - <tag><c>otp_release</c></tag> + <tag><c>normal_multi_scheduling_blockers</c></tag> + <item> + <marker id="system_info_normal_multi_scheduling_blockers"></marker> + <p>Returns a list of <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>s when + normal multi-scheduling is blocked (i.e. all normal schedulers + but one is blocked), otherwise the empty list is returned. + The <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>s in the list represent all the + processes currently blocking normal multi-scheduling. + A <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> occurs only once in the list, even if + the corresponding process has blocked multiple times.</p> + <p>See also + <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>, + + and + <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso>.</p> + </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_otp_release"><c>otp_release</c></marker></tag> <item> <marker id="system_info_otp_release"></marker> <p>Returns a string containing the OTP release number of the @@ -7058,7 +7465,7 @@ ok of versions in <seealso marker="doc/system_principles:versions"> System principles</seealso> in System Documentation.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>os_monotonic_time_source</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"/><c>os_monotonic_time_source</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_Monotonic_Time">OS @@ -7121,7 +7528,7 @@ ok <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>os_system_time_source</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_os_system_time_source"/><c>os_system_time_source</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS @@ -7285,6 +7692,7 @@ ok <seealso marker="#system_info_scheduler_id">erlang:system_info(scheduler_id)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_flag_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState)</seealso>, <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling)</seealso>, + <seealso marker="#system_info_normal_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso> and <seealso marker="#system_info_multi_scheduling_blockers">erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers)</seealso>.</p> </item> @@ -7298,7 +7706,6 @@ ok <seealso marker="#system_info_schedulers">erlang:system_info(schedulers)</seealso> and <seealso marker="#system_flag_schedulers_online">erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline)</seealso>.</p> - <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="49"/> </item> <tag><c>smp_support</c></tag> <item> @@ -7486,7 +7893,7 @@ ok system performance monitoring settings are cleared.</p> <p>Calling the function with <c>{<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>}</c> as argument is the same as calling - <seealso marker="#system_monitor/2">erlang:system_monitor(<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>)</seealso>.</p> + <seealso marker="#system_monitor/2"><c>erlang:system_monitor(<anno>MonitorPid</anno>, <anno>Options</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> <p>Returns the previous system monitor settings just like <seealso marker="#system_monitor/0">erlang:system_monitor/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> @@ -7653,6 +8060,14 @@ ok <c>inactive</c>, and later <c>active</c> when the port callback returns.</p> </item> + <tag><c>monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Timestamps in profile messages will use + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso>. The time-stamp (Ts) has the same + format and value as produced by + <c>erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds)</c>.</p> + </item> <tag><c>runnable_procs</c></tag> <item> <p>If a process is put into or removed from the run queue, a @@ -7673,6 +8088,25 @@ ok <c>{profile, scheduler, Id, State, NoScheds, Ts}</c>, is sent to <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>.</p> </item> + <tag><c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Timestamps in profile messages will consisting of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> and a monotonically increasing + integer. The time-stamp (Ts) has the same format and value + as produced by <c>{erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds), + erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}</c>.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Timestamps in profile messages will include a + time-stamp (Ts) that has the same form as returned by + <c>erlang:now()</c>. This is also the default if no + timestamp flag is given. If <c>cpu_timestamp</c> has + been enabled via <c>erlang:trace/3</c>, this will also + effect the timestamp produced in profiling messages + when <c>timestamp</c> flag is enabled.</p> + </item> </taglist> <note><p><c>erlang:system_profile</c> is considered experimental and its behavior can change in a future release.</p> @@ -7857,8 +8291,8 @@ ok </func> <func> <name name="timestamp" arity="0"/> - <type name="timestamp"/> <fsummary>Current Erlang System time</fsummary> + <type name="timestamp"/> <desc> <p>Returns current <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> @@ -7878,9 +8312,9 @@ timestamp() -> Secs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000000 - MegaSecs*1000000, MicroSecs = ErlangSystemTime rem 1000000, {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}.</code> - <p>The BIF uses a native implementation which does - not build garbage on the heap and with slightly better - performance.</p> + <p>It, however, uses a native implementation which does + not build garbage on the heap and with slightly better + performance.</p> <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of @@ -8032,7 +8466,10 @@ timestamp() -> <tag><c>cpu_timestamp</c></tag> <item> <p>A global trace flag for the Erlang node that makes all - trace time-stamps to be in CPU time, not wall clock time. + trace time-stamps using the <c>timestamp</c> flag to be + in CPU time, not wall clock time. That is, <c>cpu_timestamp</c> + will not be used if <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>, or + <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> is enabled. Only allowed with <c>PidSpec==all</c>. If the host machine OS does not support high-resolution CPU time measurements, <c>trace/3</c> exits with @@ -8040,6 +8477,26 @@ timestamp() -> not synchronize this value across cores, so be prepared that time might seem to go backwards when using this option.</p> </item> + <tag><c>monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Includes an + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> time-stamp in all trace messages. The + time-stamp (Ts) has the same format and value as produced by + <c>erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds)</c>. This flag overrides + the <c>cpu_timestamp</c> flag.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Includes an timestamp consisting of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> and a monotonically increasing + integer in all trace messages. The time-stamp (Ts) has the + same format and value as produced by + <c>{erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds), + erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}</c>. This flag overrides + the <c>cpu_timestamp</c> flag.</p> + </item> <tag><c>arity</c></tag> <item> <p>Used with the <c>call</c> trace flag. @@ -8086,9 +8543,16 @@ timestamp() -> in the following list. <c>Pid</c> is the process identifier of the traced process in which the traced event has occurred. The third tuple element is the message tag.</p> - <p>If flag <c>timestamp</c> is given, the first tuple - element is <c>trace_ts</c> instead, and the time-stamp - is added last in the message tuple.</p> + <p>If flag <c>timestamp</c>, <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c>, or + <c>monotonic_timestamp</c> is given, the first tuple + element is <c>trace_ts</c> instead, and the time-stamp + is added as an extra element last in the message tuple. If + multiple timestamp flags are passed, <c>timestamp</c> has + precedence over <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> which + in turn has precedence over <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>. All + timestamp flags are remembered, so if two are passed + and the one with highest precedence later is disabled + the other one will become active.</p> <marker id="trace_3_trace_messages"></marker> <taglist> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, 'receive', Msg}</c></tag> @@ -8183,14 +8647,14 @@ timestamp() -> <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled to run. The process runs in function <c>{M, F, Arity}</c>. On some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, - then the last element <c>Arity</c> is <c>0</c>.</p> + then the last element is <c>0</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, out, {M, F, Arity} | 0}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled out. The process was running in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last - element <c>Arity</c> is <c>0</c>.</p> + element is <c>0</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, gc_start, Info}</c></tag> <item> @@ -8228,7 +8692,7 @@ timestamp() -> <tag><c>bin_old_vheap_size</c></tag> <item>The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process old heap.</item> - <tag><c>bin_vheap_block_size</c></tag> + <tag><c>bin_old_vheap_block_size</c></tag> <item>The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual old heap in the process before doing a garbage collection.</item> </taglist> @@ -8813,8 +9277,8 @@ timestamp() -> true end</code> <note> - <p>Before OTP R11B (<c>ERTS</c> 5.5) <c>unlink/1</c> - behaved asynchronous, that is, the link was active + <p>Prior to OTP release R11B (ERTS version 5.5) <c>unlink/1</c> + behaved completely asynchronously, i.e., the link was active until the "unlink signal" reached the linked entity. This had an undesirable effect, as you could never know when you were guaranteed <em>not</em> to be effected by the link.</p> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erts_alloc.xml b/erts/doc/src/erts_alloc.xml index 376cae4a95..0965f9b49c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erts_alloc.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erts_alloc.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <cref> <header> <copyright> - <year>2002</year><year>2014</year> + <year>2002</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ <item>Allocator used for ETS data.</item> <tag><c>driver_alloc</c></tag> <item>Allocator used for driver data.</item> + <tag><c>literal_alloc</c></tag> + <item>Allocator used for constant terms in Erlang code.</item> <tag><c>sl_alloc</c></tag> <item>Allocator used for memory blocks that are expected to be short-lived.</item> @@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ instead of creating new segments. This in order to reduce the number of system calls made.</item> </taglist> - <p><c>sys_alloc</c> is always enabled and + <p><c>sys_alloc</c> and <c>literal_alloc</c> are always enabled and cannot be disabled. <c>mseg_alloc</c> is always enabled if it is available and an allocator that uses it is enabled. All other allocators can be <seealso marker="#M_e">enabled or disabled</seealso>. @@ -246,6 +248,7 @@ the currently present allocators:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item><c>B: binary_alloc</c></item> + <item><c>I: literal_alloc</c></item> <item><c>D: std_alloc</c></item> <item><c>E: ets_alloc</c></item> <item><c>F: fix_alloc</c></item> @@ -260,19 +263,19 @@ <p>The following flags are available for configuration of <c>mseg_alloc</c>:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="MMamcbf"><c><![CDATA[+MMamcbf <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMamcbf"/><c><![CDATA[+MMamcbf <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Absolute max cache bad fit (in kilobytes). A segment in the memory segment cache is not reused if its size exceeds the requested size with more than the value of this parameter. Default value is 4096. </item> - <tag><marker id="MMrmcbf"><c><![CDATA[+MMrmcbf <ratio>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMrmcbf"/><c><![CDATA[+MMrmcbf <ratio>]]></c></tag> <item> Relative max cache bad fit (in percent). A segment in the memory segment cache is not reused if its size exceeds the requested size with more than relative max cache bad fit percent of the requested size. Default value is 20.</item> - <tag><marker id="MMsco"><c><![CDATA[+MMsco true|false]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMsco"/><c><![CDATA[+MMsco true|false]]></c></tag> <item> Set <seealso marker="#MMscs">super carrier</seealso> only flag. This flag defaults to <c>true</c>. When a super carrier is used and this @@ -292,7 +295,7 @@ disabled on halfword heap systems. This flag will be ignored on halfword heap systems. </item> - <tag><marker id="MMscrfsd"><c><![CDATA[+MMscrfsd <amount>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMscrfsd"/><c><![CDATA[+MMscrfsd <amount>]]></c></tag> <item> Set <seealso marker="#MMscs">super carrier</seealso> reserved free segment descriptors. This parameter defaults to <c>65536</c>. @@ -305,7 +308,7 @@ <c>erts_mmap</c> tuple part of the result from calling <seealso marker="erts:erlang#system_info_allocator_tuple">erlang:system_info({allocator, mseg_alloc})</seealso>. </item> - <tag><marker id="MMscrpm"><c><![CDATA[+MMscrpm true|false]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMscrpm"/><c><![CDATA[+MMscrpm true|false]]></c></tag> <item> Set <seealso marker="#MMscs">super carrier</seealso> reserve physical memory flag. This flag defaults to <c>true</c>. When this flag is @@ -328,7 +331,7 @@ disabled on halfword heap systems. This flag will be ignored on halfword heap systems. </item> - <tag><marker id="MMscs"><c><![CDATA[+MMscs <size in MB>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMscs"/><c><![CDATA[+MMscs <size in MB>]]></c></tag> <item> Set super carrier size (in MB). The super carrier size defaults to zero; i.e, the super carrier is by default disabled. The super @@ -343,7 +346,7 @@ disabled on halfword heap systems. This flag will be ignored on halfword heap systems. </item> - <tag><marker id="MMmcs"><c><![CDATA[+MMmcs <amount>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MMmcs"/><c><![CDATA[+MMmcs <amount>]]></c></tag> <item> Max cached segments. The maximum number of memory segments stored in the memory segment cache. Valid range is @@ -352,15 +355,15 @@ <p>The following flags are available for configuration of <c>sys_alloc</c>:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="MYe"><c>+MYe true</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MYe"/><c>+MYe true</c></tag> <item> Enable <c>sys_alloc</c>. Note: <c>sys_alloc</c> cannot be disabled.</item> - <tag><marker id="MYm"><c>+MYm libc</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MYm"/><c>+MYm libc</c></tag> <item> <c>malloc</c> library to use. Currently only <c>libc</c> is available. <c>libc</c> enables the standard <c>libc</c> malloc implementation. By default <c>libc</c> is used.</item> - <tag><marker id="MYtt"><c><![CDATA[+MYtt <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MYtt"/><c><![CDATA[+MYtt <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Trim threshold size (in kilobytes). This is the maximum amount of free memory at the top of the heap (allocated by @@ -372,7 +375,7 @@ trim threshold is 128. <em>Note:</em> This flag will only have any effect when the emulator has been linked with the GNU C library, and uses its <c>malloc</c> implementation.</item> - <tag><marker id="MYtp"><c><![CDATA[+MYtp <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="MYtp"/><c><![CDATA[+MYtp <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Top pad size (in kilobytes). This is the amount of extra memory that will be allocated by <c>malloc</c> when @@ -390,7 +393,7 @@ subsystem identifier, only the specific allocator identified will be effected:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="M_acul"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>acul <utilization>|de]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_acul"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>acul <utilization>|de]]></c></tag> <item> Abandon carrier utilization limit. A valid <c><![CDATA[<utilization>]]></c> is an integer in the range @@ -422,7 +425,7 @@ allocators based on the <c>alloc_util</c> framework with the exception of <c>temp_alloc</c> (which would be pointless). </item> - <tag><marker id="M_as"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>as bf|aobf|aoff|aoffcbf|aoffcaobf|gf|af]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_as"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>as bf|aobf|aoff|aoffcbf|aoffcaobf|gf|af]]></c></tag> <item> Allocation strategy. Valid strategies are <c>bf</c> (best fit), <c>aobf</c> (address order best fit), <c>aoff</c> (address order first fit), @@ -430,7 +433,7 @@ <c>aoffcaobf</c> (address order first fit carrier address order best fit), <c>gf</c> (good fit), and <c>af</c> (a fit). See <seealso marker="#strategy">the description of allocation strategies</seealso> in "the <c>alloc_util</c> framework" section.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_asbcst"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>asbcst <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_asbcst"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>asbcst <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Absolute singleblock carrier shrink threshold (in kilobytes). When a block located in an @@ -438,23 +441,23 @@ will be left unchanged if the amount of unused memory is less than this threshold; otherwise, the carrier will be shrunk. See also <seealso marker="#M_rsbcst">rsbcst</seealso>.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_e"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>e true|false]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_e"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>e true|false]]></c></tag> <item> Enable allocator <c><![CDATA[<S>]]></c>.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_lmbcs"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>lmbcs <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_lmbcs"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>lmbcs <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Largest (<c>mseg_alloc</c>) multiblock carrier size (in kilobytes). See <seealso marker="#mseg_mbc_sizes">the description on how sizes for mseg_alloc multiblock carriers are decided</seealso> in "the <c>alloc_util</c> framework" section. On 32-bit Unix style OS this limit can not be set higher than 128 megabyte.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_mbcgs"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mbcgs <ratio>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_mbcgs"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mbcgs <ratio>]]></c></tag> <item> (<c>mseg_alloc</c>) multiblock carrier growth stages. See <seealso marker="#mseg_mbc_sizes">the description on how sizes for mseg_alloc multiblock carriers are decided</seealso> in "the <c>alloc_util</c> framework" section.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_mbsd"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mbsd <depth>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_mbsd"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mbsd <depth>]]></c></tag> <item> Max block search depth. This flag has effect only if the good fit strategy has been selected for allocator @@ -464,40 +467,40 @@ search depth sets a limit on the maximum number of blocks to inspect in a free list during a search for suitable block satisfying the request.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_mmbcs"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mmbcs <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_mmbcs"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mmbcs <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Main multiblock carrier size. Sets the size of the main multiblock carrier for allocator <c><![CDATA[<S>]]></c>. The main multiblock carrier is allocated via <c><![CDATA[sys_alloc]]></c> and is never deallocated.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_mmmbc"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mmmbc <amount>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_mmmbc"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mmmbc <amount>]]></c></tag> <item> Max <c>mseg_alloc</c> multiblock carriers. Maximum number of multiblock carriers allocated via <c>mseg_alloc</c> by allocator <c><![CDATA[<S>]]></c>. When this limit has been reached, new multiblock carriers will be allocated via <c>sys_alloc</c>.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_mmsbc"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mmsbc <amount>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_mmsbc"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>mmsbc <amount>]]></c></tag> <item> Max <c>mseg_alloc</c> singleblock carriers. Maximum number of singleblock carriers allocated via <c>mseg_alloc</c> by allocator <c><![CDATA[<S>]]></c>. When this limit has been reached, new singleblock carriers will be allocated via <c>sys_alloc</c>.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_ramv"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>ramv <bool>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_ramv"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>ramv <bool>]]></c></tag> <item> Realloc always moves. When enabled, reallocate operations will more or less be translated into an allocate, copy, free sequence. This often reduce memory fragmentation, but costs performance. </item> - <tag><marker id="M_rmbcmt"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>rmbcmt <ratio>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_rmbcmt"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>rmbcmt <ratio>]]></c></tag> <item> Relative multiblock carrier move threshold (in percent). When a block located in a multiblock carrier is shrunk, the block will be moved if the ratio of the size of the returned memory compared to the previous size is more than this threshold; otherwise, the block will be shrunk at current location.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_rsbcmt"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>rsbcmt <ratio>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_rsbcmt"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>rsbcmt <ratio>]]></c></tag> <item> Relative singleblock carrier move threshold (in percent). When a block located in a singleblock carrier is shrunk to @@ -506,7 +509,7 @@ the block will be left unchanged in the singleblock carrier if the ratio of unused memory is less than this threshold; otherwise, it will be moved into a multiblock carrier. </item> - <tag><marker id="M_rsbcst"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>rsbcst <ratio>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_rsbcst"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>rsbcst <ratio>]]></c></tag> <item> Relative singleblock carrier shrink threshold (in percent). When a block located in an <c>mseg_alloc</c> @@ -514,20 +517,20 @@ unchanged if the ratio of unused memory is less than this threshold; otherwise, the carrier will be shrunk. See also <seealso marker="#M_asbcst">asbcst</seealso>.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_sbct"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>sbct <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_sbct"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>sbct <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Singleblock carrier threshold. Blocks larger than this threshold will be placed in singleblock carriers. Blocks smaller than this threshold will be placed in multiblock carriers. On 32-bit Unix style OS this threshold can not be set higher than 8 megabytes.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_smbcs"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>smbcs <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_smbcs"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>smbcs <size>]]></c></tag> <item> Smallest (<c>mseg_alloc</c>) multiblock carrier size (in kilobytes). See <seealso marker="#mseg_mbc_sizes">the description on how sizes for mseg_alloc multiblock carriers are decided</seealso> in "the <c>alloc_util</c> framework" section.</item> - <tag><marker id="M_t"><c><![CDATA[+M<S>t true|false]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="M_t"/><c><![CDATA[+M<S>t true|false]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Multiple, thread specific instances of the allocator. This option will only have any effect on the runtime system @@ -544,40 +547,50 @@ <c>alloc_util</c>, i.e. all allocators based on <c>alloc_util</c> will be effected:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="Muycs"><c><![CDATA[+Muycs <size>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Muycs"/><c><![CDATA[+Muycs <size>]]></c></tag> <item> <c>sys_alloc</c> carrier size. Carriers allocated via <c>sys_alloc</c> will be allocated in sizes which are multiples of the <c>sys_alloc</c> carrier size. This is not true for main multiblock carriers and carriers allocated during a memory shortage, though.</item> - <tag><marker id="Mummc"><c><![CDATA[+Mummc <amount>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Mummc"/><c><![CDATA[+Mummc <amount>]]></c></tag> <item> Max <c>mseg_alloc</c> carriers. Maximum number of carriers placed in separate memory segments. When this limit has been reached, new carriers will be placed in memory retrieved from <c>sys_alloc</c>.</item> - <tag><marker id="Musac"><c><![CDATA[+Musac <bool>]]></c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Musac"/><c><![CDATA[+Musac <bool>]]></c></tag> <item> Allow <c>sys_alloc</c> carriers. By default <c>true</c>. If set to <c>false</c>, <c>sys_alloc</c> carriers will never be created by allocators using the <c>alloc_util</c> framework.</item> </taglist> + <p>The following flag is special for <c>literal_alloc</c>:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><marker id="MIscs"/><c><![CDATA[+MIscs <size in MB>]]></c></tag> + <item> + <c>literal_alloc</c> super carrier size (in MB). The amount of + <em>virtual</em> address space reserved for literal terms in + Erlang code on 64-bit architectures. The default is 1024 (1GB) + and is usually sufficient. The flag is ignored on 32-bit + architectures.</item> + </taglist> <p>Instrumentation flags:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="Mim"><c>+Mim true|false</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Mim"/><c>+Mim true|false</c></tag> <item> A map over current allocations is kept by the emulator. The allocation map can be retrieved via the <c>instrument</c> module. <c>+Mim true</c> implies <c>+Mis true</c>. <c>+Mim true</c> is the same as <seealso marker="erl#instr">-instr</seealso>.</item> - <tag><marker id="Mis"><c>+Mis true|false</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Mis"/><c>+Mis true|false</c></tag> <item> Status over allocated memory is kept by the emulator. The allocation status can be retrieved via the <c>instrument</c> module.</item> - <tag><marker id="Mit"><c>+Mit X</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Mit"/><c>+Mit X</c></tag> <item> Reserved for future use. Do <em>not</em> use this flag.</item> </taglist> @@ -587,7 +600,7 @@ </note> <p>Other flags:</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="Mea"><c>+Mea min|max|r9c|r10b|r11b|config</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Mea"/><c>+Mea min|max|r9c|r10b|r11b|config</c></tag> <item> <taglist> <tag><c>min</c></tag> @@ -617,7 +630,7 @@ </item> </taglist> </item> - <tag><marker id="Mlpm"><c>+Mlpm all|no</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="Mlpm"/><c>+Mlpm all|no</c></tag> <item>Lock physical memory. The default value is <c>no</c>, i.e., no physical memory will be locked. If set to <c>all</c>, all memory mappings made by the runtime system, will be locked into diff --git a/erts/doc/src/escript.xml b/erts/doc/src/escript.xml index 46110333f9..f12f76890c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/escript.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/escript.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <comref> <header> <copyright> - <year>2007</year><year>2014</year> + <year>2007</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ $ <input>escript factorial 5</input> </pre> <note><p> The encoding specified by the above mentioned comment applies to the script itself. The encoding of the - I/O-server, however, has to be set explicitly like this: -<code>io:setopts([{encoding, unicode}])</code></p> + I/O-server, however, has to be set explicitly like this:</p> +<code>io:setopts([{encoding, unicode}])</code> <p>The default encoding of the I/O-server for <c>standard_io</c> is <c>latin1</c> since the script runs in a non-interactive terminal diff --git a/erts/doc/src/init.xml b/erts/doc/src/init.xml index fe26df61f7..2a33096d04 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/init.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/init.xml @@ -247,10 +247,7 @@ <c>Expr</c> during system initialization. If any of these steps fail (syntax error, parse error or exception during evaluation), Erlang stops with an error message. Here is an - example that seeds the random number generator:</p> - <pre> -% <input>erl -eval '{X,Y,Z} = now(), random:seed(X,Y,Z).'</input></pre> - <p>This example uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p> + example that uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p> <pre> % <input>erl -noshell -eval 'R = 16#1F+16#A0, io:format("~.16B~n", [R])' \\</input> <input>-s erlang halt</input> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/notes.xml b/erts/doc/src/notes.xml index 3f6d5b1d89..acd816a81c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/notes.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/notes.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2004</year><year>2013</year> + <year>2004</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -31,8 +31,320 @@ </header> <p>This document describes the changes made to the ERTS application.</p> -<section><title>Erts 7.1</title> +<section><title>Erts 7.3</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + The '-path' flag to 'erl' has been documented. This flag + replaces the path specified in the boot script. It has + always existed, but was earlier only documented in SASL + (script).</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13060</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + The <c>call_time</c> tracing functionality internally + used a time based on OS system time in order to measure + call time which could cause erroneous results if OS + system time was changed during tracing.</p> + <p> + This functionality now use Erlang monotonic time in order + to measure time. Besides fixing the erroneous results due + to OS system time being used, the results are often also + better since Erlang monotonic time often has better + accuracy and precision.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13216</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix behaviour of -delay_write command line switch of + epmd, which is used for debugging - in some cases epmd + was sleeping twice the requested amount of time.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13220</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix race between timeout and exit signal that could cause + a process to ignore the exit signal and continue + execution. Bug exist since OTP 18.0.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13245</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix bug in <c>erlang:halt/1,2</c> for large exit status + values, causing either <c>badarg</c> (on 32-bit) or exit + with a crash dump and/or core dump (on 64-bit). Make + <c>erlang:halt/1,2</c> tolerate any non negative integer + as exit status and truncate high order bits if the OS + does not support it.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13251 Aux Id: ERL-49 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + <seealso + marker="kernel:gen_tcp#accept/2"><c>gen_tcp:accept/2</c></seealso> + was not <seealso + marker="erts:time_correction#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">time + warp safe</seealso>. This since it used the same time as + returned by <seealso + marker="erts:erlang#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso> + when calculating timeout. This has now been fixed.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13254 Aux Id: OTP-11997, OTP-13222 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix faulty error handling when writing to a compressed + file.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13270</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix sendfile usage for large files on FreeBSD</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13271</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix bug that could cause + <c>process_info(P,current_location)</c> to crash emulator + for hipe compiled modules.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13282 Aux Id: ERL-79 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Out of memory errors have been changed to cause an exit + instead of abort.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13292</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + When calling <c>garbage_collect/[1,2]</c> or + <c>check_process_code/[2,3]</c> from a process with a + higher priority than the priority of the process operated + on, the run queues could end up in an inconsistent state. + This bug has now been fixed.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13298 Aux Id: OTP-11388 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + A workaround for an issue with older gcc versions (less + than 5) and inline assembly on 32-bit x86 caused an + emulator crash when it had been compiled with a newer gcc + version. An improved <c>configure</c> test, run when + building OTP, now detects whether the workaround should + be used or not.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13326 Aux Id: ERL-80 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + + + <section><title>Improvements and New Features</title> + <list> + <item> + <p>Introduced new statistics functionality in order to + more efficiently retrieve information about run able and + active processes and ports. For more information see:</p> + <list> <item><seealso + marker="erlang#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso + marker="erlang#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso + marker="erlang#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso></item> + <item><seealso + marker="erlang#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso></item> + </list> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13201</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Time warp safety improvements.</p> + <p> + Introduced the options <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>, and + <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> to the trace, + sequential trace, and system profile functionality. This + since the already existing <c>timestamp</c> option is not + time warp safe.</p> + <p> + Introduced the option <c>safe_fixed_monotonic_time</c> to + <c>ets:info/2</c> and <c>dets:info/2</c>. This since the + already existing <c>safe_fixed</c> option is not time + warp safe.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13222 Aux Id: OTP-11997 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix a register race where down nodes goes undetected in + epmd</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13301</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Improved the gcc inline assembly implementing double word + atomic compare and exchange on x86/x86_64 so that it also + can be used when compiling with clang.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13336</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + An optimization preventing a long wait for a scheduler + thread looking up information about a process executing + on another scheduler thread had unintentionally been lost + in erts-5.10 (OTP R16A). This optimization has now been + reintroduced.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13365 Aux Id: OTP-9892 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 7.2.1</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Revert "Fix erroneous splitting of emulator path"</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13202</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix HiPE enabled emulator for FreeBSD.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13204 Aux Id: pr926 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 7.2</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Small documentation fixes</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13017</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix memory corruption bug caused by disabling + distribution and then re-enable distribution with a node + name that has previously been used by a remote node.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13076 Aux Id: seq12959 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Renamed variables with name bool as Visual Studio 2015 + now treats this is a keyword.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13079</p> + </item> + <item> + <p><c>erl_prim_loader</c> has not supported custom + loaders for several releases. In the documentation for + <c>erl_prim_loader</c>, all references to custom loaders + have now been removed.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13102</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fixed compilation of erts together with libc versions + that do not define __uint32_t.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13105</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + erl -make now returns non-zero exit codes on failure</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13107</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix crash on init:restart in embedded mode caused by + on_load handler process not being relaunched leading to + load failure for modules such as crypto and asn1rt_nif + that need it to be present for correct NIF loading.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13115</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix maps decode in erlang:binary_to_term/1</p> + <p>Decoding a term with a large (HAMT) map in an small + (FLAT) map could cause a critical error if the external + format was not produced by beam.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13125</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix very rare bug in GC when big maps with a lot of hash + collisions from a remote node are waiting in inner + message queue.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13146</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fixed a bug that could cause a crash dump to become + almost empty.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13150</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + + + <section><title>Improvements and New Features</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> Updated the xmllint target to just check the xml + files with real documentation content.<br/> Corrected + some errors and added some missing target in the DTD's. + </p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13026</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Add function enif_getenv to read OS environment variables + in a portable way from NIFs.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13147</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 7.1</title> <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> <list> <item> @@ -708,19 +1020,20 @@ </item> <item> <p> - Use persistent hashmaps for large Maps <p>Maps will use a + Use persistent hashmaps for large Maps</p> + <p>Maps will use a persistent hashmap implementation when the number of pairs in a Map becomes sufficiently large. The change will occur when a Map reaches 33 pairs in size but this - limit might change in the future.</p></p> - <p>The most significant impact for the user by this + limit might change in the future.</p> + <p>The most significant impact for the user by this change is speed, and to a lesser degree memory consumption and introspection of Maps. Memory consumption size is probalistic but lesser than <c>gb_trees</c> or <c>dict</c> for instance. Any other impacts will be transparent for the user except for the following changes.</p> - <p>Semantics of Maps have changed in two incompatible + <p>Semantics of Maps have changed in two incompatible ways compared to the experimental implementation in OTP 17:</p> <list> <item>Hashing of maps is done different by <c>erlang:phash2/1,2</c>, <c>erlang:phash/1</c> and @@ -980,6 +1293,42 @@ </section> +<section><title>Erts 6.4.1.5</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Fixed a bug that could cause a crash dump to become + almost empty.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13150</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 6.4.1.4</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + The 'raw' socket option could not be used multiple times + in one call to any e.g gen_tcp function because only one + of the occurrences were used. This bug has been fixed, + and also a small bug concerning propagating error codes + from within inet:setopts/2.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-11482 Aux Id: seq12872 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + + <section><title>Erts 6.4.1</title> <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> @@ -1368,7 +1717,7 @@ <p> Improved support for atomic memory operations provided by the <url - href="https://github.com/ivmai/libatomic_ops/"><c>libatomic_ops</c></url> + href="https://github.com/ivmai/libatomic_ops/">libatomic_ops</url> library. Most importantly support for use of native double word atomics when implemented by <c>libatomic_ops</c> (for example, implemented for ARM).</p> @@ -2335,22 +2684,28 @@ <p> EEP43: New data type - Maps</p> <p> - With Maps you may for instance: <taglist> <item><c>M0 = - #{ a => 1, b => 2}, % create - associations</c></item> <item><c>M1 = M0#{ a := 10 }, % - update values</c></item> <item><c>M2 = M1#{ "hi" => - "hello"}, % add new associations</c></item> <item><c>#{ - "hi" := V1, a := V2, b := V3} = M2. % match keys with - values</c></item> </taglist></p> + With Maps you may for instance:</p> + <taglist> + <tag/> <item><c>M0 = #{ a => 1, b => 2}, % create + associations</c></item> + <tag/><item><c>M1 = M0#{ a := 10 }, % update values</c></item> + <tag/><item><c>M2 = M1#{ "hi" => + "hello"}, % add new associations</c></item> + <tag/><item><c>#{ "hi" := V1, a := V2, b := V3} = M2. + % match keys with values</c></item> + </taglist> <p> For information on how to use Maps please see Map Expressions in the <seealso marker="doc/reference_manual:expressions#map_expressions"> Reference Manual</seealso>.</p> <p> The current implementation is without the following - features: <taglist> <item>No variable keys</item> - <item>No single value access</item> <item>No map - comprehensions</item> </taglist></p> + features:</p> + <taglist> + <tag/><item>No variable keys</item> + <tag/><item>No single value access</item> + <tag/><item>No map comprehensions</item> + </taglist> <p> Note that Maps is <em>experimental</em> during OTP 17.0.</p> <p> @@ -4510,8 +4865,7 @@ <p> Fix erl_prim_loader errors in handling of primary archive. The following errors have been corrected:</p> - <p> - <list> <item> If primary archive was named "xxx", then a + <list> <item> If primary archive was named "xxx", then a file in the same directory named "xxxyyy" would be interpreted as a file named "yyy" inside the archive. </item> <item> erl_prim_loader did not correctly create @@ -4526,7 +4880,8 @@ erl_prim_loader:list_dir/1 would sometimes return an empty string inside the file list. This was a virtual element representing the top directory of the archive. - This has been removed. </item> </list></p> + This has been removed. </item> + </list> <p> Thanks to Tuncer Ayaz and Shunichi Shinohara for reporting and co-authoring corrections.</p> @@ -6969,12 +7324,12 @@ Own Id: OTP-8726 Aux Id: seq11617 </p> </item> <item> - <p>Fix libm linking with --as-needed flag + <p>Fix libm linking with --as-needed flag</p> <p> When building with "--as-needed" linker flags on Linux the build will fail. This has now been fixed.</p> <p> - (Thanks to Christian Faulhammer)</p></p> + (Thanks to Christian Faulhammer)</p> <p> Own Id: OTP-8728</p> </item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml index 0a5b2c6136..faec3c68c1 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ first argument to run_erl on the command line.</item> <tag>pipe_dir</tag> <item>This is where to put the named pipe, usually - <c><![CDATA[/tmp/]]></c> on Unix or <c><![CDATA[/pipe/]]></c> on OSE. It shall be suffixed by a <c><![CDATA[/]]></c> (slash), + <c><![CDATA[/tmp/]]></c>. It shall be suffixed by a <c><![CDATA[/]]></c> (slash), i.e. not <c><![CDATA[/tmp/epipies]]></c>, but <c><![CDATA[/tmp/epipes/]]></c>. </item> <tag>log_dir</tag> <item>This is where the log files are written. There will be one diff --git a/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml b/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml index 4de3739a36..236fe679cb 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>1999</year><year>2014</year> + <year>1999</year><year>2015</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -897,6 +897,6 @@ EventTag = {Time, UMI}</code> and using these wrappers instead of using the API directly, the problem is solved. These wrappers can, for example, be implemented as in - <url href="time_compat.erl"><c>$ERL_TOP/erts/example/time_compat.erl</c></url>.</p> + <url href="time_compat.erl">$ERL_TOP/erts/example/time_compat.erl</url>.</p> </section> </chapter> |