diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'erts/doc/src')
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/Makefile | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/crash_dump.xml | 88 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl.xml | 58 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml | 81 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erlang.xml | 878 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/match_spec.xml | 57 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/notes.xml | 167 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml | 961 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/zlib.xml | 53 |
9 files changed, 1964 insertions, 381 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/Makefile b/erts/doc/src/Makefile index e8b856c3ff..a83aa9b875 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/Makefile +++ b/erts/doc/src/Makefile @@ -177,6 +177,8 @@ release_docs_spec: docs $(INSTALL_DIR) "$(RELSYSDIR)/doc/html" $(INSTALL_DATA) $(HTMLDIR)/* \ "$(RELSYSDIR)/doc/html" + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(ERL_TOP)/erts/example/time_compat.erl \ + "$(RELSYSDIR)/doc/html" $(INSTALL_DATA) $(INFO_FILE) "$(RELSYSDIR)" $(INSTALL_DIR) "$(RELEASE_PATH)/man/man3" $(INSTALL_DATA) $(MAN3DIR)/* "$(RELEASE_PATH)/man/man3" diff --git a/erts/doc/src/crash_dump.xml b/erts/doc/src/crash_dump.xml index 2b5fc877c3..8291bf38b7 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/crash_dump.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/crash_dump.xml @@ -55,10 +55,12 @@ emulator or the operating system can be reconfigured to avoid the crash, which is why interpreting the crash dump correctly is important.</p> + <p>On systems that support OS signals, it is also possible to stop + the runtime system and generate a crash dump by sending the SIGUSR1.</p> <p>The erlang crash dump is a readable text file, but it might not be very easy to read. Using the Crashdump Viewer tool in the <c><![CDATA[observer]]></c> application will simplify the task. This is an - HTML based tool for browsing Erlang crash dumps.</p> + wx-widget based tool for browsing Erlang crash dumps.</p> <section> <marker id="general_info"></marker> @@ -66,8 +68,9 @@ <p>The first part of the dump shows the creation time for the dump, a slogan indicating the reason for the dump, the system version, of the node from which the dump originates, the compile time of - the emulator running the originating node and the number of - atoms in the atom table. + the emulator running the originating node, the number of + atoms in the atom table and the runtime system thread that caused + the crash dump to happen. </p> <section> @@ -170,6 +173,60 @@ </section> <section> + <marker id="scheduler"></marker> + <title>Scheduler information</title> + <p>Under the tag <em>=scheduler</em> information about the current state + and statistics of the schedulers in the runtime system is displayed. + On OSs that do allow instant suspension of other threads, the data within + this section will reflect what the runtime system looks like at the moment + when the crash happens.</p> + <p>The following fields can exist for a process:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><em>=scheduler:id</em></tag> + <item>Header, states the scheduler identifier.</item> + <tag><em>Scheduler Sleep Info Flags</em></tag> + <item>If empty the scheduler was doing some work. + If not empty the scheduler is either in some state of sleep, + or suspended. This entry is only present in a SMP enabled emulator</item> + <tag><em>Scheduler Sleep Info Aux Work</em></tag> + <item>If not empty, a scheduler internal auxiliary work is scheduled + to be done.</item> + <tag><em>Current Port</em></tag> + <item>The port identifier of the port that is currently being + executed by the scheduler.</item> + <tag><em>Current Process</em></tag> + <item>The process identifier of the process that is currently being + executed by the scheduler. If there is such a process this entry is + followed by the <em>State</em>,<em>Internal State</em>, + <em>Program Counter</em>, <em>CP</em> of that same process. See + <seealso marker="#processes">Process Information</seealso> for a + description what the different entries mean. Keep in mind that + this is a snapshot of what the entries are exactly when the crash + dump is starting to be generated. Therefore they will most likely + be different (and more telling) then the entries for the same + processes found in the <em>=proc</em> section. If there is no currently + running process, only the <em>Current Process</em> entry will be printed. + </item> + <tag><em>Current Process Limited Stack Trace</em></tag> + <item>This entry only shows up if there is a current process. It is very + similar to <seealso marker="#proc_data"><em>=proc_stack</em></seealso>, + except that only the function frames are printed (i.e. the stack variables + are omited). It is also limited to only print the top and bottom part + of the stack. If the stack is small (less that 512 slots) then the + entire stack will be printed. If not, an entry stating + <code>skipping ## slots</code> will be printed where ## is + replaced by the number of slots that has been skipped.</item> + <tag><em>Run Queue</em></tag> + <item>Displays statistics about how many processes and ports + of different priorities are scheduled on this scheduler.</item> + <tag><em>** crashed **</em></tag> + <item>This entry is normally not printed. It signifies that getting + the rest of the information about this scheduler failed for some reason. + </item> + </taglist> + </section> + + <section> <marker id="memory"></marker> <title>Memory information</title> <p>Under the tag <em>=memory</em> you will find information similar @@ -314,6 +371,9 @@ <item>The number of live argument registers. The argument registers, if any are live, will follow. These may contain the arguments of the function if they are not yet moved to the stack.</item> + <item><em>Internal State</em></item> + <item>A more detailed internal represantation of the state of + this process.</item> </taglist> <p>See also the section about <seealso marker="#proc_data">process data</seealso>.</p> </section> @@ -339,18 +399,38 @@ <tag><em>Name</em></tag> <item>The name of the table, regardless of whether it is a <c><![CDATA[named_table]]></c> or not.</item> - <tag><em>Buckets</em></tag> + <tag><em>Hash table, Buckets</em></tag> <item>This occurs if the table is a hash table, i.e. if it is not an <c><![CDATA[ordered_set]]></c>.</item> + <tag><em>Hash table, Chain Length</em></tag> + <item>Only applicable for hash tables. Contains statistics about the + hash table, such as the max, min and avg chain length. Having a max much + larger than the avg, and a std dev much larger that + the expected std dev is a sign that the hashing of the terms is + behaving badly for some reason.</item> <tag><em>Ordered set (AVL tree), Elements</em></tag> <item>This occurs only if the table is an <c><![CDATA[ordered_set]]></c>. (The number of elements is the same as the number of objects in the table.)</item> + <tag><em>Fixed</em></tag> + <item>If the table is fixed using ets:safe_fixtable or some internal + mechanism.</item> <tag><em>Objects</em></tag> <item>The number of objects in the table</item> <tag><em>Words</em></tag> <item>The number of words (usually 4 bytes/word) allocated to data in the table.</item> + <tag><em>Type</em></tag> + <item>The type of the table, i.e. <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, + <c>dublicate_bag</c> or <c>ordered_set</c>.</item> + <tag><em>Compressed</em></tag> + <item>If this table was compressed.</item> + <tag><em>Protection</em></tag> + <item>The protection of this table.</item> + <tag><em>Write Concurrency</em></tag> + <item>If write_concurrency was enabled for this table.</item> + <tag><em>Read Concurrency</em></tag> + <item>If read_concurrency was enabled for this table.</item> </taglist> </section> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml index d11f6b0c6d..ea94a4e82b 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml @@ -495,24 +495,35 @@ <c><![CDATA[werl]]></c>, not <c><![CDATA[erl]]></c> (<c><![CDATA[oldshell]]></c>). Note also that <c><![CDATA[Ctrl-Break]]></c> is used instead of <c><![CDATA[Ctrl-C]]></c> on Windows.</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="+c"><c><![CDATA[+c]]></c></marker></tag> - <item> - <p>Disable compensation for sudden changes of system time.</p> - <p>Normally, <c><![CDATA[erlang:now/0]]></c> will not immediately reflect - sudden changes in the system time, in order to keep timers - (including <c><![CDATA[receive-after]]></c>) working. Instead, the time - maintained by <c><![CDATA[erlang:now/0]]></c> is slowly adjusted towards - the new system time. (Slowly means in one percent adjustments; - if the time is off by one minute, the time will be adjusted - in 100 minutes.)</p> - <p>When the <c><![CDATA[+c]]></c> option is given, this slow adjustment - will not take place. Instead <c><![CDATA[erlang:now/0]]></c> will always - reflect the current system time. Note that timers are based - on <c><![CDATA[erlang:now/0]]></c>. If the system time jumps, timers - then time out at the wrong time.</p> - <p><em>NOTE</em>: You can check whether the adjustment is enabled or - disabled by calling - <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_tolerant_timeofday">erlang:system_info(tolerant_timeofday)</seealso>.</p> + <tag><marker id="+c"><c><![CDATA[+c true | false]]></c></marker></tag> + <item> + <p>Enable or disable + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Correction">time correction</seealso>:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>true</c></tag> + <item><p>Enable time correction. This is the default if + time correction is supported on the specific platform.</p></item> + + <tag><c>false</c></tag> + <item><p>Disable time correction.</p></item> + </taglist> + <p>For backwards compatibility, the boolean value can be omitted. + This is interpreted as <c>+c false</c>. + </p> + </item> + <tag><marker id="+C_"><c><![CDATA[+C no_time_warp | single_time_warp | multi_time_warp]]></c></marker></tag> + <item> + <p>Set + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp mode</seealso>: + </p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>no_time_warp</c></tag> + <item><p><seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">No Time Warp Mode</seealso> (the default)</p></item> + <tag><c>single_time_warp</c></tag> + <item><p><seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">Single Time Warp Mode</seealso></p></item> + <tag><c>multi_time_warp</c></tag> + <item><p><seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">Multi Time Warp Mode</seealso></p></item> + </taglist> </item> <tag><c><![CDATA[+d]]></c></tag> <item> @@ -588,6 +599,11 @@ <p>Sets the default binary virtual heap size of processes to the size <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c>.</p> </item> + <tag><c><![CDATA[+hpds Size]]></c></tag> + <item> + <p>Sets the initial process dictionary size of processes to the size + <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c>.</p> + </item> <tag><c><![CDATA[+K true | false]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Enables or disables the kernel poll functionality if @@ -1145,9 +1161,9 @@ <tag><marker id="+secio"><c>+secio true|false</c></marker></tag> <item> <p>Enable or disable eager check I/O scheduling. The default - is currently <c>false</c>, but will most likely be changed - to <c>true</c> in OTP 18. The behaviour before this flag - was introduced corresponds to <c>+secio false</c>.</p> + is currently <c>true</c>. The default was changed from <c>false</c> + to <c>true</c> as of erts version 7.0. The behaviour before this + flag was introduced corresponds to <c>+secio false</c>.</p> <p>The flag effects when schedulers will check for I/O operations possible to execute, and when such I/O operations will execute. As the name of the parameter implies, diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml index 3de94be9ff..4bad8b253c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml @@ -66,34 +66,6 @@ </list> </warning> - <p>The NIF concept is officially supported from R14B. NIF source code - written for earlier experimental versions might need adaption to run on R14B - or later versions:</p> - <list> - <item>No incompatible changes between <em>R14B</em> and R14A.</item> - <item>Incompatible changes between <em>R14A</em> and R13B04: - <list> - <item>Environment argument removed for <c>enif_alloc</c>, - <c>enif_realloc</c>, <c>enif_free</c>, <c>enif_alloc_binary</c>, - <c>enif_realloc_binary</c>, <c>enif_release_binary</c>, - <c>enif_alloc_resource</c>, <c>enif_release_resource</c>, - <c>enif_is_identical</c> and <c>enif_compare</c>.</item> - <item>Character encoding argument added to <c>enif_get_atom</c> - and <c>enif_make_existing_atom</c>.</item> - <item>Module argument added to <c>enif_open_resource_type</c> - while changing name spaces of resource types from global to module local.</item> - </list> - </item> - <item>Incompatible changes between <em>R13B04</em> and R13B03: - <list> - <item>The function prototypes of the NIFs have changed to expect <c>argc</c> and <c>argv</c> - arguments. The arity of a NIF is by that no longer limited to 3.</item> - <item><c>enif_get_data</c> renamed as <c>enif_priv_data</c>.</item> - <item><c>enif_make_string</c> got a third argument for character encoding.</item> - </list> - </item> - </list> - <p>A minimal example of a NIF library can look like this:</p> <p/> <code type="none"> @@ -806,6 +778,12 @@ typedef enum { and return true, or return false if <c>term</c> is not an unsigned integer or is outside the bounds of type <c>unsigned long</c>.</p></desc> </func> + <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_has_pending_exception(ErlNifEnv* env)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Check if an exception has been raised.</fsummary> + <desc><p>Return true if a pending exception is associated + with the environment <c>env</c>. The only possible exception is currently + <c>badarg</c> (see <seealso marker="#enif_make_badarg">enif_make_badarg</seealso>).</p></desc> + </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_inspect_binary(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM bin_term, ErlNifBinary* bin)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Inspect the content of a binary</fsummary> <desc><p>Initialize the structure pointed to by <c>bin</c> with @@ -898,23 +876,37 @@ typedef enum { <func><name><ret>ERL_NIF_TERM</ret><nametext>enif_make_atom(ErlNifEnv* env, const char* name)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Create an atom term</fsummary> <desc><p>Create an atom term from the null-terminated C-string <c>name</c> - with iso-latin-1 encoding.</p></desc> + with iso-latin-1 encoding. If the length of <c>name</c> exceeds the maximum length + allowed for an atom (255 characters), <c>enif_make_atom</c> invokes + <seealso marker="#enif_make_badarg">enif_make_badarg</seealso>. + </p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>ERL_NIF_TERM</ret><nametext>enif_make_atom_len(ErlNifEnv* env, const char* name, size_t len)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Create an atom term</fsummary> <desc><p>Create an atom term from the string <c>name</c> with length <c>len</c>. - Null-characters are treated as any other characters.</p></desc> + Null-characters are treated as any other characters. If <c>len</c> is greater than the maximum length + allowed for an atom (255 characters), <c>enif_make_atom</c> invokes + <seealso marker="#enif_make_badarg">enif_make_badarg</seealso>. + </p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>ERL_NIF_TERM</ret><nametext>enif_make_badarg(ErlNifEnv* env)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Make a badarg exception.</fsummary> - <desc><p>Make a badarg exception to be returned from a NIF, and set - an associated exception reason in <c>env</c>. If - <c>enif_make_badarg</c> is called, the term it returns <em>must</em> - be returned from the function that called it. No other return value - is allowed. Also, the term returned from <c>enif_make_badarg</c> may - be passed only to - <seealso marker="#enif_is_exception">enif_is_exception</seealso> and - not to any other NIF API function.</p></desc> + <desc><p>Make a badarg exception to be returned from a NIF, and associate + it with the environment <c>env</c>. Once a NIF or any function + it calls invokes <c>enif_make_badarg</c>, the runtime ensures that a + <c>badarg</c> exception is raised when the NIF returns, even if the NIF + attempts to return a non-exception term instead. + The return value from <c>enif_make_badarg</c> may only be used as + return value from the NIF that invoked it (direct or indirectly) + or be passed to + <seealso marker="#enif_is_exception">enif_is_exception</seealso>, but + not to any other NIF API function.</p> + <p>See also: <seealso marker="#enif_has_pending_exception">enif_has_pending_exception</seealso>. + </p> + <note><p>In earlier versions (older than erts-7.0, OTP 18) the return value + from <c>enif_make_badarg</c> had to be returned from the NIF. This + requirement is now lifted as the return value from the NIF is ignored + if <c>enif_make_badarg</c> has been invoked.</p></note></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>ERL_NIF_TERM</ret><nametext>enif_make_binary(ErlNifEnv* env, ErlNifBinary* bin)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Make a binary term.</fsummary> @@ -931,7 +923,10 @@ typedef enum { </func> <func><name><ret>ERL_NIF_TERM</ret><nametext>enif_make_double(ErlNifEnv* env, double d)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Create a floating-point term</fsummary> - <desc><p>Create a floating-point term from a <c>double</c>.</p></desc> + <desc><p>Create a floating-point term from a <c>double</c>. If the <c>double</c> argument is + not finite or is NaN, <c>enif_make_double</c> invokes + <seealso marker="#enif_make_badarg">enif_make_badarg</seealso>. + </p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_make_existing_atom(ErlNifEnv* env, const char* name, ERL_NIF_TERM* atom, ErlNifCharEncoding encode)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Create an existing atom term</fsummary> @@ -939,7 +934,9 @@ typedef enum { the null-terminated C-string <c>name</c> with encoding <seealso marker="#ErlNifCharEncoding">encode</seealso>. If the atom already exists store the term in <c>*atom</c> and return true, otherwise - return false.</p></desc> + return false. If the length of <c>name</c> exceeds the maximum length + allowed for an atom (255 characters), <c>enif_make_existing_atom</c> + returns false.</p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_make_existing_atom_len(ErlNifEnv* env, const char* name, size_t len, ERL_NIF_TERM* atom, ErlNifCharEncoding encoding)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Create an existing atom term</fsummary> @@ -947,7 +944,9 @@ typedef enum { string <c>name</c> with length <c>len</c> and encoding <seealso marker="#ErlNifCharEncoding">encode</seealso>. Null-characters are treated as any other characters. If the atom already exists store the term - in <c>*atom</c> and return true, otherwise return false.</p></desc> + in <c>*atom</c> and return true, otherwise return false. If <c>len</c> is greater + than the maximum length allowed for an atom (255 characters), + <c>enif_make_existing_atom_len</c> returns false.</p></desc> </func> <func><name><ret>ERL_NIF_TERM</ret><nametext>enif_make_int(ErlNifEnv* env, int i)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Create an integer term</fsummary> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml index cba2c07959..ba5f80a9c1 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml @@ -58,7 +58,78 @@ </datatype> <datatype> <name name="timestamp"></name> - <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#now/0">now/0</seealso>.</p> + <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#timestamp/0">erlang:timestamp/0</seealso>.</p> + </desc> + </datatype> + <marker id="type_time_unit"/> + <datatype> + <name name="time_unit"></name> + <desc><p>Currently supported time unit representations:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>PartsPerSecond :: integer() >= 1</c></tag> + <item><p>Time unit expressed in parts per second. That is, + the time unit equals <c>1/PartsPerSecond</c> second.</p></item> + + <tag><c>seconds</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit + represented by the integer <c>1</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>milli_seconds</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit + represented by the integer <c>1000</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>micro_seconds</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit + represented by the integer <c>1000000</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>nano_seconds</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the time unit + represented by the integer <c>1000000000</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>native</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the native time unit + used by the Erlang runtime system.</p> + + <p>The <c>native</c> time unit is determined at + runtime system start, and will remain the same until + the runtime system terminates. If a runtime system + is stopped and then started again (even on the same + machine), the <c>native</c> time unit of the new + runtime system instance may differ from the + <c>native</c> time unit of the old runtime system + instance.</p> + + <p>One can get an approximation of the <c>native</c> + time unit by calling <c>erlang:convert_time_unit(1, + seconds, native)</c>. The result equals the number + of whole <c>native</c> time units per second. In case + the number of <c>native</c> time units per second does + not add up to a whole number, the result will be + rounded downwards.</p> + + <note> + <p>The value of the <c>native</c> time unit gives + you more or less no information at all about the + quality of time values. It sets a limit for + the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso> + as well as for the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso> + of time values, + but it gives absolutely no information at all about the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso> + of time values. The resolution of the <c>native</c> time + unit and the resolution of time values may differ + significantly.</p> + </note> + </item> + + </taglist> + + <p>The <c>time_unit/0</c> type may be extended. Use + <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit/3</c></seealso> + in order to convert time values between time units.</p> + </desc> </datatype> </datatypes> @@ -585,6 +656,22 @@ </desc> </func> <func> + <name name="convert_time_unit" arity="3"/> + <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Converts the <c><anno>Time</anno></c> value of time unit + <c><anno>FromUnit</anno></c> to the corresponding + <c><anno>ConvertedTime</anno></c> value of time unit + <c><anno>ToUnit</anno></c>. The result is rounded + using the floor function.</p> + + <warning><p>You may lose accuracy and precision when converting + between time units. In order to minimize such loss, collect all + data at <c>native</c> time unit and do the conversion on the end + result.</p></warning> + </desc> + </func> + <func> <name name="crc32" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Compute crc32 (IEEE 802.3) checksum</fsummary> <desc> @@ -1252,10 +1339,11 @@ true <fsummary>Check if a function is exported and loaded</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the module <c><anno>Module</anno></c> is loaded - and contains an exported function <c><anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c>; - otherwise <c>false</c>.</p> - <p>Returns <c>false</c> for any BIF (functions implemented in C - rather than in Erlang).</p> + and contains an exported function <c><anno>Function</anno>/<anno>Arity</anno></c>, + or if there is a BIF (a built-in function implemented in C) + with the given name; otherwise returns <c>false</c>.</p> + <note><p>This function used to return false for built-in + functions before the 18.0 release.</p></note> </desc> </func> <func> @@ -1356,7 +1444,7 @@ true <name name="get" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Return a value from the process dictionary</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c>associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in + <p>Returns the value <c><anno>Val</anno></c> associated with <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in the process dictionary, or <c>undefined</c> if <c><anno>Key</anno></c> does not exist.</p> <pre> @@ -1376,6 +1464,19 @@ true </desc> </func> <func> + <name name="get_keys" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Return a list of all keys from the process dictionary</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns a list of keys all keys present in the process dictionary.</p> + <pre> +> <input>put(dog, {animal,1}),</input> +<input>put(cow, {animal,2}),</input> +<input>put(lamb, {animal,3}),</input> +<input>get_keys().</input> +[dog,cow,lamb]</pre> + </desc> + </func> + <func> <name name="get_keys" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Return a list of keys from the process dictionary</fsummary> <desc> @@ -2191,14 +2292,15 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> <name name="make_ref" arity="0"/> - <fsummary>Return an almost unique reference</fsummary> + <fsummary>Return a unique reference</fsummary> <desc> - <p>Returns an almost unique reference.</p> - <p>The returned reference will re-occur after approximately 2^82 - calls; therefore it is unique enough for practical purposes.</p> - <pre> -> <input>make_ref().</input> -#Ref<0.0.0.135></pre> + <p>Return a <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_references">unique + reference</seealso>. The reference is unique among + connected nodes.</p> + <warning><p>Known issue: When a node is restarted multiple + times with the same node name, references created + on a newer node can be mistaken for a reference + created on an older node with the same node name.</p></warning> </desc> </func> <func> @@ -2499,97 +2601,178 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </desc> </func> <func> - <name name="monitor" arity="2"/> + <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="1"/> + <name name="monitor" arity="2" clause_i="2"/> + <type name="registered_name"/> + <type name="registered_process_identifier"/> + <type name="monitor_process_identifier"/> <fsummary>Start monitoring</fsummary> <desc> - <p>The calling process starts monitoring <c><anno>Item</anno></c> which is - an object of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c>.</p> - <p>Currently only processes can be monitored, i.e. the only - allowed <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is <c>process</c>, but other types may be - allowed in the future.</p> - <p><c><anno>Item</anno></c> can be:</p> - <taglist> - <tag><c>pid()</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The pid of the process to monitor.</p> - </item> - <tag><c>{RegName, Node}</c></tag> - <item> - <p>A tuple consisting of a registered name of a process and - a node name. The process residing on the node <c>Node</c> - with the registered name <c>RegName</c> will be monitored.</p> - </item> - <tag><c>RegName</c></tag> - <item> - <p>The process locally registered as <c>RegName</c> will be - monitored.</p> - </item> - </taglist> - <note> - <p>When a process is monitored by registered name, the process - that has the registered name at the time when - <c>monitor/2</c> is called will be monitored. + <p>Send a monitor request of type <c><anno>Type</anno></c> to the + entity identified by <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. The caller of + <c>monitor/2</c> will later be notified by a monitor message on the + following format if the monitored state is changed:</p> + <code type="none">{Tag, <anno>MonitorRef</anno>, <anno>Type</anno>, Object, Info}</code> + <note><p>The monitor request is an asynchronous signal. That is, it + takes time before the signal reach its destination.</p></note> + <p>Currently valid <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><marker id="monitor_process"/><c>process</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Monitor the existence of the process identified by + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>. Currently valid + <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s in combination with the + <c>process <anno>Type</anno></c>:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>pid()</c></tag> + <item> + <p>The process identifier of the process to monitor.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c></tag> + <item> + <p>A tuple consisting of a registered name of a process and + a node name. The process residing on the node <c>Node</c> + with the registered name <c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c> will + be monitored.</p> + </item> + <tag><c>RegisteredName</c></tag> + <item> + <p>The process locally registered as <c>RegisteredName</c> + will become monitored.</p> + </item> + </taglist> + <note><p>When a process is monitored by registered name, the + process that has the registered name at the time when the + monitor request reach its destination will be monitored. The monitor will not be effected, if the registered name is - unregistered.</p> - </note> - <p>A <c>'DOWN'</c> message will be sent to the monitoring - process if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> dies, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> does not exist, - or if the connection is lost to the node which <c><anno>Item</anno></c> - resides on. A <c>'DOWN'</c> message has the following pattern:</p> - <code type="none"> -{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}</code> - <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c> and <c>Type</c> are the same as - described above, and:</p> - <taglist> - <tag><c>Object</c></tag> - <item> - <p>A reference to the monitored object:</p> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>the pid of the monitored process, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was - specified as a pid.</item> - <item><c>{RegName, Node}</c>, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as - <c>{RegName, Node}</c>.</item> - <item><c>{RegName, Node}</c>, if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as - <c>RegName</c>. <c>Node</c> will in this case be the - name of the local node (<c>node()</c>).</item> - </list> - </item> - <tag><c>Info</c></tag> - <item> - <p>Either the exit reason of the process, <c>noproc</c> - (non-existing process), or <c>noconnection</c> (no - connection to <c><anno>Node</anno></c>).</p> - </item> - </taglist> - <note> - <p>If/when <c>monitor/2</c> is extended (e.g. to - handle other item types than <c>process</c>), other - possible values for <c>Object</c>, and <c>Info</c> in the - <c>'DOWN'</c> message will be introduced.</p> - </note> - <p>The monitoring is turned off either when the <c>'DOWN'</c> - message is sent, or when - <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso> - is called.</p> - <p>If an attempt is made to monitor a process on an older node - (where remote process monitoring is not implemented or one - where remote process monitoring by registered name is not - implemented), the call fails with <c>badarg</c>.</p> - <p>Making several calls to <c>monitor/2</c> for the same - <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is not an error; it results in as many, completely - independent, monitorings.</p> + unregistered, or unregistered and later registered on another + process.</p></note> + <p>The monitor is triggered either when the monitored process + terminates, is non existing, or if the connection to it is + lost. In the case the connection to it is lost, we do not know + if it still exist or not. After this type of monitor has been + triggered, the monitor is automatically removed.</p> + <p>When the monitor is triggered a <c>'DOWN'</c> message will + be sent to the monitoring process. A <c>'DOWN'</c> message has + the following pattern:</p> + <code type="none">{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}</code> + <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c> and <c>Type</c> are the same as + described above, and:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>Object</c></tag> + <item> + <p>equals:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c><anno>Item</anno></c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified by a + pid.</item> + <tag><c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c></tag> + <item>If <c><anno>Item</anno></c> was specified as + <c>RegisteredName</c>, or <c>{RegisteredName, Node}</c> + where <c>Node</c> corresponds to the node that the + monitored process resides on.</item> + </taglist> + </item> + <tag><c>Info</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Either the exit reason of the process, <c>noproc</c> + (non-existing process), or <c>noconnection</c> (no + connection to the node where the monitored process + resides).</p></item> + </taglist> + <p>The monitoring is turned off either when the <c>'DOWN'</c> + message is sent, or when + <seealso marker="#demonitor/1">demonitor/1</seealso> + is called.</p> + <p>If an attempt is made to monitor a process on an older node + (where remote process monitoring is not implemented or one + where remote process monitoring by registered name is not + implemented), the call fails with <c>badarg</c>.</p> + <note> + <p>The format of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message changed in the 5.2 + version of the emulator (OTP release R9B) for monitor + <em>by registered name</em>. The <c>Object</c> element of + the <c>'DOWN'</c> message could in earlier versions + sometimes be the pid of the monitored process and sometimes + be the registered name. Now the <c>Object</c> element is + always a tuple consisting of the registered name and + the node name. Processes on new nodes (emulator version 5.2 + or greater) will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on + the new format even if they are monitoring processes on old + nodes. Processes on old nodes will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> + messages on the old format.</p> + </note> + </item> + <tag><marker id="monitor_time_offset"/><c>time_offset</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Monitor changes in + <seealso marker="#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso> + between + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> and + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang + system time</seealso>. There is only one valid + <c><anno>Item</anno></c> in combination with the + <c>time_offset <anno>Type</anno></c>, namely the atom + <c>clock_service</c>. Note that the atom <c>clock_service</c> is + <em>not</em> the registered name of a process. In this specific + case it serves as an identifier of the runtime system internal + clock service at current runtime system instance.</p> + + <p>The monitor is triggered when the time offset is changed. + This either if the time offset value is changed, or if the + offset is changed from preliminary to final during + <seealso marker="#system_flag_time_offset">finalization + of the time offset</seealso> when the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single + time warp mode</seealso> is used. When a change from preliminary + to final time offset is made, the monitor will be triggered once + regardless of whether the time offset value was changed due to + the finalization or not.</p> + + <p>If the runtime system is in + <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi + time warp mode</seealso>, the time offset will be changed when + the runtime system detects that the + <seealso marker="time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS system + time</seealso> has changed. The runtime system will, however, + not detect this immediately when it happens. A task checking + the time offset is scheduled to execute at least once a minute, + so under normal operation this should be detected within a + minute, but during heavy load it might take longer time.</p> + + <p>The monitor will <em>not</em> be automatically removed + after it has been triggered. That is, repeated changes of + the time offset will trigger the monitor repeatedly.</p> + + <p>When the monitor is triggered a <c>'CHANGE'</c> message will + be sent to the monitoring process. A <c>'CHANGE'</c> message has + the following pattern:</p> + <code type="none">{'CHANGE', MonitorRef, Type, Item, NewTimeOffset}</code> + <p>where <c>MonitorRef</c>, <c><anno>Type</anno></c>, and + <c><anno>Item</anno></c> are the same as described above, and + <c>NewTimeOffset</c> is the new time offset.</p> + + <p>When the <c>'CHANGE'</c> message has been received you are + guaranteed not to retrieve the old time offset when calling + <seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso>. + Note that you may observe the change of the time offset + when calling <c>erlang:time_offset()</c> before you + get the <c>'CHANGE'</c> message.</p> + + </item> + </taglist> + <p>Making several calls to <c>monitor/2</c> for the same + <c><anno>Item</anno></c> and/or <c><anno>Type</anno></c> is not + an error; it results in many, completely independent, + monitorings.</p> + <p>The monitor functionality is expected to be extended. That is, + other <c><anno>Type</anno></c>s and <c><anno>Item</anno></c>s + are expected to be supported in the future.</p> <note> - <p>The format of the <c>'DOWN'</c> message changed in the 5.2 - version of the emulator (OTP release R9B) for monitor <em>by registered name</em>. The <c>Object</c> element of - the <c>'DOWN'</c> message could in earlier versions - sometimes be the pid of the monitored process and sometimes - be the registered name. Now the <c>Object</c> element is - always a tuple consisting of the registered name and - the node name. Processes on new nodes (emulator version 5.2 - or greater) will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> messages on - the new format even if they are monitoring processes on old - nodes. Processes on old nodes will always get <c>'DOWN'</c> - messages on the old format.</p> + <p>If/when <c>monitor/2</c> is extended, other + possible values for <c>Tag</c>, <c>Object</c>, and + <c>Info</c> in the monitor message will be introduced.</p> </note> </desc> </func> @@ -2640,6 +2823,51 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </desc> </func> <func> + <name name="monotonic_time" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Current Erlang monotonic time</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns the current + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> in <c>native</c> + <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>. This + is a monotonically increasing time since some unspecified point in + time.</p> + + <note><p>This is a + <seealso marker="time_correction#Monotonically_Increasing">monotonically increasing</seealso> time, but <em>not</em> a + <seealso marker="time_correction#Strictly_Monotonically_Increasing">strictly monotonically increasing</seealso> + time. That is, consecutive calls to + <c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c> may produce the same result.</p> + + <p>Different runtime system instances will use different + unspecified points in time as base for their Erlang monotonic clocks. + That is, it is <em>pointless</em> comparing monotonic times from + different runtime system instances. Different runtime system instances + may also place this unspecified point in time different relative + runtime system start. It may be placed in the future (time at start + will be a negative value), the past (time at start will be a + positive value), or the runtime system start (time at start will + be zero). The monotonic time as of runtime system start can be + retrieved by calling + <seealso marker="#system_info_start_time"><c>erlang:system_info(start_time)</c></seealso>.</p></note> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="monotonic_time" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Current Erlang monotonic time</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns the current + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang + monotonic time</seealso> converted + into the <c><anno>Unit</anno></c> passed as argument.</p> + + <p>Same as calling + <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit</c></seealso><c>(</c><seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time()</c></seealso><c>, + native, <anno>Unit</anno>)</c> + however optimized for commonly used <c><anno>Unit</anno></c>s.</p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> <name name="nif_error" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Stop execution with a given reason</fsummary> <desc> @@ -2734,6 +2962,13 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="timestamp"/> <fsummary>Elapsed time since 00:00 GMT</fsummary> <desc> + <warning><p><em>This function is deprecated! Do not use it!</em> + See the users guide chapter + <seealso marker="time_correction">Time and Time Correction</seealso> + for more information. Specifically the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Dos_and_Donts">Dos and Dont's</seealso> + section for information on what to use instead of <c>erlang:now/0</c>. + </p></warning> <p>Returns the tuple <c>{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}</c> which is the elapsed time since 00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970 (zero hour) on the assumption that the underlying OS supports this. @@ -2746,10 +2981,6 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <p>It can only be used to check the local time of day if the time-zone info of the underlying operating system is properly configured.</p> - <p>If you do not need the return value to be unique and - monotonically increasing, use - <seealso marker="kernel:os#timestamp/0">os:timestamp/0</seealso> - instead to avoid some overhead.</p> </desc> </func> <func> @@ -5496,6 +5727,35 @@ ok <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> + <marker id="system_flag_time_offset"/> + <func> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="12"/> + <fsummary>Finalize the Time Offset</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Finalizes the <seealso marker="#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso> + when the <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single + time warp mode</seealso> is being used. If another time warp mode than + the "single time warp mode" is used, the time offset state will be left + unchanged.</p> + <p>Returns the old state identifier. That is, if:</p> + <list> + <item><p><c>preliminary</c> is returned, finalization was + performed and the time offset is now final.</p></item> + + <item><p><c>final</c> is returned, the time offset was + already in the final state. This either due to another + <c>erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize)</c> call, or + due to the + <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no + time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item> + + <item><p><c>volatile</c> is returned, the time offset + cannot be finalized due to the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi + time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item> + </list> + </desc> + </func> <func> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> @@ -5776,6 +6036,17 @@ ok <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="53"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="54"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="55"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="56"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="57"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="58"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="59"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="60"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="61"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="62"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="63"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="64"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="65"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="66"/> <fsummary>Information about the system</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns various information about the current system @@ -6163,6 +6434,123 @@ ok documentation of versions in the system principles guide</seealso>.</p> </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>os_monotonic_time_source</c></marker></tag> + <item> + <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of + <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_Monotonic_Time">OS + monotonic time</seealso> that is used by the runtime system.</p> + <p>In case <c>[]</c> is returned, no OS monotonic time is + available. The list contains two-tuples with <c>Key</c>s + as first element, and <c>Value</c>s as second element. The + order if these tuples is undefined. Currently the following + tuples may be part of the list, but more tuples may be + introduced in the future:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>{function, Function}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>Function</c> is the name of the funcion + used. This tuple always exist if OS monotonic time is + available to the runtime system.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{clock_id, ClockId}</c></tag> + <item><p>This tuple only exist if <c>Function</c> + can be used with different clocks. <c>ClockId</c> + corresponds to the clock identifer used when calling + <c>Function</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{resolution, OsMonotonicTimeResolution}</c></tag> + <item><p>Highest possible + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso> + of current OS monotonic time source as parts per + second. If no resolution information can be retreived + from the OS, <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c> will be + set to the resolution of the time unit of + <c>Function</c>s return value. That is, the actual + resolution may be lower than + <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c>. Also note that + the resolution does not say anything about the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>, + and that the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso> + might not align with the resolution. You do, + however, know that the precision won't be + better than + <c>OsMonotonicTimeResolution</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{extended, Extended}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>Extended</c> equals <c>yes</c> if + the range of time values has been extended; + otherwise, <c>Extended</c> equals <c>no</c>. The + range needs to be extended if <c>Function</c> + returns values that wrap fast. This typically + is the case when the return value is a 32-bit + value.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{parallel, Parallel}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>Parallel</c> equals <c>yes</c> if + <c>Function</c> is called in parallel from multiple + threads. If it is not called in parallel, because + calls needs to be serialized, <c>Parallel</c> equals + <c>no</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{time, OsMonotonicTime}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>OsMonotonicTime</c> equals current OS + monotonic time in <c>native</c> + <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item> + </taglist> + </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>os_system_time_source</c></marker></tag> + <item> + <p>Returns a list containing information about the source of + <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS + system time</seealso> that is used by the runtime system.</p> + <p>The list contains two-tuples with <c>Key</c>s + as first element, and <c>Value</c>s as second element. The + order if these tuples is undefined. Currently the following + tuples may be part of the list, but more tuples may be + introduced in the future:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>{function, Function}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>Function</c> is the name of the funcion + used.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{clock_id, ClockId}</c></tag> + <item><p>This tuple only exist if <c>Function</c> + can be used with different clocks. <c>ClockId</c> + corresponds to the clock identifer used when calling + <c>Function</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{resolution, OsSystemTimeResolution}</c></tag> + <item><p>Highest possible + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso> + of current OS system time source as parts per + second. If no resolution information can be retreived + from the OS, <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c> will be + set to the resolution of the time unit of + <c>Function</c>s return value. That is, the actual + resolution may be lower than + <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c>. Also note that + the resolution does not say anything about the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>, + and that the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Precision">precision</seealso> + might not align with the resolution. You do, + however, know that the precision won't be + better than + <c>OsSystemTimeResolution</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{parallel, Parallel}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>Parallel</c> equals <c>yes</c> if + <c>Function</c> is called in parallel from multiple + threads. If it is not called in parallel, because + calls needs to be serialized, <c>Parallel</c> equals + <c>no</c>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>{time, OsSystemTime}</c></tag> + <item><p><c>OsSystemTime</c> equals current OS + system time in <c>native</c> + <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p></item> + </taglist> + </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_port_parallelism"><c>port_parallelism</c></marker></tag> <item><p>Returns the default port parallelism scheduling hint used. For more information see the @@ -6288,6 +6676,11 @@ ok <p>Returns <c>true</c> if the emulator has been compiled with smp support; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</p> </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_start_time"/><c>start_time</c></tag> + <item><p>The <seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0">Erlang monotonic + time</seealso> in <c>native</c> + <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso> at the + time when current Erlang runtime system instance started.</p></item> <tag><c>system_version</c></tag> <item> <p>Returns a string containing version number and @@ -6311,12 +6704,64 @@ ok (<seealso marker="erts:erl_driver#driver_async">driver_async()</seealso>) as an integer.</p> </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_time_correction"/><c>time_correction</c></tag> + <item><p>Returns a boolean value indicating whether + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Correction">time correction</seealso> + is enabled or not. + </p></item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_time_offset"/><c>time_offset</c></tag> + <item><p>Returns the state of the time offset:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>preliminary</c></tag> + <item><p>The time offset is preliminary, and will be changed + at a later time when being finalized. The preliminary time offset + is used during the preliminary phase of the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single + time warp mode</seealso>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>final</c></tag> + <item><p>The time offset is final. This + either due to the use of the + <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no + time warp mode</seealso>, or due to the time offset having + been finalized when using the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single + time warp mode</seealso>.</p></item> + + <tag><c>volatile</c></tag> + <item><p>The time offset is volatile. That is, it may + change at any time. This due to the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi + time warp mode</seealso> being used.</p></item> + </taglist> + </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_time_warp_mode"/><c>time_warp_mode</c></tag> + <item><p>Returns a value identifying the + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp + mode</seealso> being used:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>no_time_warp</c></tag> + <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no + time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item> + + <tag><c>single_time_warp</c></tag> + <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#Single_Time_Warp_Mode">single + time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item> + + <tag><c>multi_time_warp</c></tag> + <item><p>The <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi + time warp mode</seealso> is being used.</p></item> + </taglist> + </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_tolerant_timeofday"><c>tolerant_timeofday</c></marker></tag> <item> - <p>Returns whether compensation for sudden changes of system - time is <c>enabled</c> or <c>disabled</c>.</p> - <p>See also <seealso marker="erts:erl#+c">+c</seealso> - command line flag.</p> + <p>Returns whether a pre erts-7.0 backwards compatible compensation + for sudden changes of system time is <c>enabled</c> or <c>disabled</c>. + Such compensation is <c>enabled</c> when the + <seealso marker="#system_info_time_offset">time offset</seealso> is + <c>final</c>, and + <seealso marker="#system_info_time_correction">time correction</seealso> + is enabled.</p> </item> <tag><c>trace_control_word</c></tag> <item> @@ -6595,7 +7040,44 @@ ok </note> </desc> </func> + <func> + <name name="system_time" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Current Erlang system time</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns current + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> + in <c>native</c> + <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>.</p> + + <p>Calling <c>erlang:system_time()</c> is equivalent to: + <seealso marker="#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time()</c></seealso><c> + + + </c><seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso>.</p> + + <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time + in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> in the + ERTS User's Guide.</p></note> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="system_time" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Current Erlang system time</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns current + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> + converted into the <c><anno>Unit</anno></c> passed as argument.</p> + + <p>Calling <c>erlang:system_time(<anno>Unit</anno>)</c> is equivalent to: + <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit</c></seealso><c>(</c><seealso marker="#system_time/0"><c>erlang:system_time()</c></seealso><c>, + native, <anno>Unit</anno>)</c>.</p> + <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time + in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> in the + ERTS User's Guide.</p></note> + </desc> + </func> <func> <name name="term_to_binary" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Encode a term to an Erlang external term format binary</fsummary> @@ -6672,6 +7154,88 @@ ok </desc> </func> <func> + <name name="time_offset" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Current time offset</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns the current time offset between + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso> + and + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> in + <c>native</c> <seealso marker="#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>. + Current time offset added to an Erlang monotonic time gives + corresponding Erlang system time.</p> + + <p>The time offset may or may not change during operation depending + on the <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time + warp mode</seealso> used.</p> + + <note> + <p>A change in time offset may be observed at slightly + different points in time by different processes.</p> + + <p>If the runtime system is in + <seealso marker="time_correction#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi + time warp mode</seealso>, the time offset will be changed when + the runtime system detects that the + <seealso marker="time_correction#OS_System_Time">OS system + time</seealso> has changed. The runtime system will, however, + not detect this immediately when it happens. A task checking + the time offset is scheduled to execute at least once a minute, + so under normal operation this should be detected within a + minute, but during heavy load it might take longer time.</p> + </note> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="time_offset" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Current time offset</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns the current time offset between + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso> + and + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> + converted into the <c><anno>Unit</anno></c> passed as argument.</p> + + <p>Same as calling + <seealso marker="#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit</c></seealso><c>(</c><seealso marker="#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso><c>, native, <anno>Unit</anno>)</c> + however optimized for commonly used <c><anno>Unit</anno></c>s.</p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="timestamp" arity="0"/> + <type name="timestamp"/> + <fsummary>Current Erlang System time</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Returns current + <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso> + on the format <c>{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}</c>. This format is + the same that <seealso marker="kernel:os#timestamp/0"><c>os:timestamp/0</c></seealso> + and the now deprecated <seealso marker="#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso> + uses. The reason for the existence of <c>erlang:timestamp()</c> is + purely to simplify usage for existing code that assumes this timestamp + format. Current Erlang system time can more efficiently be retrieved in + the time unit of your choice using + <seealso marker="#system_time/1"><c>erlang:system_time/1</c></seealso>.</p> + + <p>The <c>erlang:timestamp()</c> BIF is equivalent to:</p><code type="none"> +timestamp() -> + ErlangSystemTime = erlang:system_time(micro_seconds), + MegaSecs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000000000000, + Secs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000000 - MegaSecs*1000000, + MicroSecs = ErlangSystemTime rem 1000000, + {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}.</code> + <p>It however use a native implementation which does + not build garbage on the heap and with slightly better + performance.</p> + + <note><p>This time is <em>not</em> a monotonically increasing time + in the general case. For more information, see the documentation of + <seealso marker="time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> in the + ERTS User's Guide.</p></note> + </desc> + + </func> + <func> <name name="tl" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Tail of a list</fsummary> <desc> @@ -6815,7 +7379,9 @@ ok only allowed with <c>PidSpec==all</c>. If the host machine operating system does not support high resolution CPU time measurements, <c>trace/3</c> exits with - <c>badarg</c>.</p> + <c>badarg</c>. Note that most operating systems do + not synchronize this value across cores, so be prepared + that time might seem to go backwards when using this option.</p> </item> <tag><c>arity</c></tag> <item> @@ -7436,6 +8002,100 @@ ok </desc> </func> <func> + <name name="unique_integer" arity="0"/> + <fsummary>Get a unique integer value</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Generates and returns an + <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_integers">integer + unique on current runtime system instance</seealso>. The same as calling + <seealso marker="#unique_integer/1"><c>erlang:unique_integer([])</c></seealso>.</p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="unique_integer" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Get a unique integer value</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Generates and returns an + <seealso marker="doc/efficiency_guide:advanced#unique_integers">integer + unique on current runtime system + instance</seealso>. The integer is unique in the + sense that this BIF, using the same set of + modifiers, will not return the same integer more + than once on the current runtime system instance. + Each integer value can of course be constructed + by other means.</p> + + <p>By default, i.e. when <c>[]</c> is passed as + <c><anno>ModifierList</anno></c>, both negative and + positive integers will be returned. This is order + to be able to utilize the range of integers that do + not need to be heap allocated as much as possible. + By default the returned integers are also only + guaranteed to be unique, i.e., any integer returned + may be either smaller, or larger than previously + returned integers.</p> + + <p>Currently valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s:</p> + <taglist> + + <tag>positive</tag> + <item><p>Return only positive integers.</p> + <p>Note that by passing the <c>positive</c> modifier + you will get heap allocated integers (big-nums) + quicker.</p> + </item> + + <tag>monotonic</tag> + <item><p>Return + <seealso marker="time_correction#Strictly_Monotonically_Increasing">strictly + monotonically increasing</seealso> integers + corresponding to creation time. That is, the integer + returned will always be larger than previously + returned integers on the current runtime system + instance.</p> + <p>These values can be used when ordering events + on the runtime system instance. That is, if both + <c>X = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c> and + <c>Y = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c> are + executed by different processes (or the same + process) on the same runtime system instance and + <c>X < Y</c> we know that <c>X</c> was created + before <c>Y</c>.</p> + <warning><p>Strictly monotonically increasing values + are inherently quite expensive to generate and scales + poorly. This since the values needs to be + synchronized. That is, do not pass the <c>monotonic</c> + modifier unless you really need strictly monotonically + increasing values.</p></warning> + </item> + + </taglist> + + <p>All currently valid <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s + can be combined. Repeated (valid) + <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s in the <c>ModifierList</c> + are ignored.</p> + + <note><p>Note that the set of integers returned by + <c>unique_integer/1</c> using diffrent sets of + <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c>s <em>will overlap</em>. + For example, by calling <c>unique_integer([monotonic])</c>, + and <c>unique_integer([positive, monotonic])</c> + repeatedly, you will eventually see some integers being + returned by both calls.</p></note> + + <p>Failures:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>if <c><anno>ModifierList</anno></c> is not a + proper list.</item> + <tag><c>badarg</c></tag> + <item>if <c><anno>Modifier</anno></c> is not a + valid modifier.</item> + </taglist> + </desc> + </func> + <func> <name name="unlink" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Remove a link, if there is one, to another process or port</fsummary> <desc> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/match_spec.xml b/erts/doc/src/match_spec.xml index 334b47d34c..b4cc8e9f78 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/match_spec.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/match_spec.xml @@ -76,22 +76,26 @@ { GuardFunction, ConditionExpression, ... } </item> <item>BoolFunction ::= <c><![CDATA[is_atom]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_float]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_integer]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_list]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_number]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_pid]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_port]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_reference]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_tuple]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_binary]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_function]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_record]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_seq_trace]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA['and']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['or']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['not']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['xor']]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[andalso]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[orelse]]></c></item> + <c><![CDATA[is_float]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_integer]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_list]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_number]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_pid]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_port]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_reference]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_tuple]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_map]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_binary]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_function]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_record]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_seq_trace]]></c> | <c><![CDATA['and']]></c> | + <c><![CDATA['or']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['not']]></c> | + <c><![CDATA['xor']]></c> | <c><![CDATA[andalso]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[orelse]]></c></item> <item>ConditionExpression ::= ExprMatchVariable | { GuardFunction } | { GuardFunction, ConditionExpression, ... } | TermConstruct </item> <item>ExprMatchVariable ::= MatchVariable (bound in the MatchHead) | <c><![CDATA['$_']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['$$']]></c></item> - <item>TermConstruct = {{}} | {{ ConditionExpression, ... }} | - <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c> | [ConditionExpression, ...] | NonCompositeTerm | Constant - </item> - <item>NonCompositeTerm ::= term() (not list or tuple) - </item> + <item>TermConstruct = {{}} | {{ ConditionExpression, ... }} | + <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c> | [ConditionExpression, ...] | + <c><![CDATA[#{}]]></c> | #{term() => ConditionExpression, ...} | + NonCompositeTerm | Constant</item> + <item>NonCompositeTerm ::= term() (not list or tuple or map)</item> <item>Constant ::= {<c><![CDATA[const]]></c>, term()} </item> <item>GuardFunction ::= BoolFunction | <c><![CDATA[abs]]></c> | @@ -134,22 +138,26 @@ { GuardFunction, ConditionExpression, ... } </item> <item>BoolFunction ::= <c><![CDATA[is_atom]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_float]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_integer]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_list]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_number]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_pid]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_port]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_reference]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_tuple]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_binary]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[is_function]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_record]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_seq_trace]]></c> | - <c><![CDATA['and']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['or']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['not']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['xor']]></c> | - <c><![CDATA[andalso]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[orelse]]></c></item> + <c><![CDATA[is_float]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_integer]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_list]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_number]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_pid]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_port]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_reference]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_tuple]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_map]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_binary]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_function]]></c> | <c><![CDATA[is_record]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[is_seq_trace]]></c> | <c><![CDATA['and']]></c> | + <c><![CDATA['or']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['not']]></c> | + <c><![CDATA['xor']]></c> | <c><![CDATA[andalso]]></c> | + <c><![CDATA[orelse]]></c></item> <item>ConditionExpression ::= ExprMatchVariable | { GuardFunction } | { GuardFunction, ConditionExpression, ... } | TermConstruct </item> <item>ExprMatchVariable ::= MatchVariable (bound in the MatchHead) | <c><![CDATA['$_']]></c> | <c><![CDATA['$$']]></c></item> <item>TermConstruct = {{}} | {{ ConditionExpression, ... }} | - <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c> | [ConditionExpression, ...] | NonCompositeTerm | Constant - </item> - <item>NonCompositeTerm ::= term() (not list or tuple) - </item> + <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c> | [ConditionExpression, ...] | #{} | + #{term() => ConditionExpression, ...} | NonCompositeTerm | + Constant</item> + <item>NonCompositeTerm ::= term() (not list or tuple or map)</item> <item>Constant ::= {<c><![CDATA[const]]></c>, term()} </item> <item>GuardFunction ::= BoolFunction | <c><![CDATA[abs]]></c> | @@ -172,9 +180,10 @@ <title>Functions allowed in all types of match specifications</title> <p>The different functions allowed in <c><![CDATA[match_spec]]></c> work like this: </p> - <p><em>is_atom, is_float, is_integer, is_list, is_number, is_pid, is_port, is_reference, is_tuple, is_binary, is_function: </em> Like the corresponding guard tests in - Erlang, return <c><![CDATA[true]]></c> or <c><![CDATA[false]]></c>. - </p> + <p><em>is_atom, is_float, is_integer, is_list, is_number, is_pid, is_port, + is_reference, is_tuple, is_map, is_binary, is_function:</em> Like the + corresponding guard tests in Erlang, return <c><![CDATA[true]]></c> or + <c><![CDATA[false]]></c>.</p> <p><em>is_record: </em>Takes an additional parameter, which SHALL be the result of <c><![CDATA[record_info(size, <record_type>)]]></c>, like in <c><![CDATA[{is_record, '$1', rectype, record_info(size, rectype)}]]></c>. diff --git a/erts/doc/src/notes.xml b/erts/doc/src/notes.xml index c896ee0cae..35e6e55e72 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/notes.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/notes.xml @@ -30,6 +30,173 @@ </header> <p>This document describes the changes made to the ERTS application.</p> +<section><title>Erts 6.4.1</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + The VTS mode in Common Test has been modified to use a + private version of the Webtool application (ct_webtool).</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12704 Aux Id: OTP-10922 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 6.4</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Fix missing quotation in the <c>LM_FIND_EMU_CC</c> + <c>autoconf</c> macro which could cause build failures.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12388</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix erroneous printout of monitors in crashdump file.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12537</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + The runtime system without SMP support could crash in the + BIF <c>port_control/3</c> if the port that was being + accessed died during the call to the BIF.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12544 Aux Id: Seq12777 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Avoid corrupt oversized integer to be created from binary + matching. Instead throw system_limit exception which is + the correct behavior. A peculiar symptom of this bug was + that bitwise operations (band, bor, bxor) on such + oversized integers could return the empty list []. + Credit: Mikael Pettersson, Nico Kruber</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12556</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + A race condition when calling <c>port_info/1</c> could + cause a memory fault has been fixed.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12587</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix comparison of exact terms. An overflow that could + cause faulty comparisons has been fixed. Comparison of + exact terms is exclusively used within Maps.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12623</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix bug in <c>list_to_integer/1</c> for very long lists + that could cause VM crash.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12624</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + + + <section><title>Improvements and New Features</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Introduced a runtime system internal 64-bit API for + atomic memory operations.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12351</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Add command line argument option for the initial size of + process dictionaries.</p> + <p> + Use '+hpds <size>' to set initial process + dictionary size for spawned processes.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12535 Aux Id: seq12809 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix documentation on $char for Unicode</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12545</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 6.3.1</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Fix getifaddrs realloc pointer error</p> + <p> + When a buffer was exhausted and subsequently reallocated, + we could get an unsafe pointer pointing to faulty memory.</p> + <p> + For this to occur we would need to have a large number of + interfaces and a reallocation of memory to a lower + addresses.</p> + <p> + The symptom would be garbage returned from + erlang:port_control(Port, 25, []) + (prim_inet:getifaddrs(Port) resulting in a badarg) or a + segmentation fault.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12445</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Don't close all file descriptors twice in child_setup</p> + <p> + The commit c2b4eab25c907f453a394d382c04cd04e6c06b49 + introduced an error in which child_setup erroneously + tried to close all file descriptors twice.</p> + <p> + Use closefrom() if available when closing all file + descriptors.</p> + <p> + The function closefrom() was only used in the vfork() + case before but is now also used in the fork() case if + available.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12446</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + During a crashdump all file descriptors are closed to + ensure the closing of the epmd port and to reserve a file + descriptor for the crashdump file.</p> + <p> + If a driver (third party library) cannot handle closing + of sockets this could result in a segmentation fault in + which case a crashdump would not be produced. This is now + fixed by only closing inets sockets via an emergency + close callback to the driver and thus closing the epmd + socket.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-12447</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + <section><title>Erts 6.3</title> <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml b/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml index 7f7c28fc30..8af98acc19 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/time_correction.xml @@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ </legalnotice> - <title>Time and time correction in Erlang</title> - <prepared>Patrik Nyblom</prepared> + <title>Time and Time Correction in Erlang</title> + <prepared></prepared> <responsible></responsible> <docno></docno> <approved></approved> @@ -31,6 +31,209 @@ <rev>PA1</rev> <file>time_correction.xml</file> </header> + + <section> + <title>New Extended Time Functionality</title> + <note><p>As of OTP 18 (ERTS version 7.0) the time functionality of + Erlang has been extended. This both includes a + <seealso marker="#The_New_Time_API">new API</seealso> + for time, as well as + <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp + modes</seealso> which alters the behavior of the system when + system time changes.</p> + <p>The <seealso marker="#No_Time_Warp_Mode">default + time warp mode</seealso> has the same behavior as before, and the + old API will still work, so you are not required to change + anything unless you want to. However, <em>you are strongly + encouraged to use the new API</em> instead of the old API based + on <seealso marker="erlang#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso>. + <c>erlang:now/0</c> has been deprecated since it is and forever + will be a scalability bottleneck. By using the new API you will + automatically get scalability and performance improvements. This + will also enable you to use the + <seealso marker="#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi time warp mode</seealso> + which improves accuracy, and precision of time measurements.</p></note> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Some Terminology</title> + <p>In order to make it easier to understand this document we first + define some terminology. This is a mixture of our own terminology + (Erlang/OS system time, Erlang/OS monotonic time, time warp) + and globally accepted terminology.</p> + + <marker id="Monotonically_Increasing"/> + <section> + <title>Monotonically Increasing</title> + <p>In a monotonically increasing sequence of values, all values + that have a predecessor are either larger than, or equal to its + predecessor.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Strictly_Monotonically_Increasing"/> + <section> + <title>Strictly Monotonically Increasing</title> + <p>In a strictly monotonically increasing sequence of values, + all values that have a predecessor are larger than its + predecessor.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="UT1"/> + <section> + <title>UT1</title> + <p>Universal Time. Based on the rotation of the earth. Conceptually + mean solar time at 0° longitude.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="UTC"/> + <section> + <title>UTC</title> + <p>Coordinated Universal Time. UTC almost align with + <seealso marker="#UT1">UT1</seealso>, however, UTC uses the + SI definition of a second which is not exactly of the same length + as the second used by UT1. This means that UTC slowly drifts from + UT1. In order to keep UTC relatively in sync with UT1, leap seconds + are inserted, and potentially also deleted. That is, an UTC day may + be 86400, 86401, or 86399 seconds long.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="POSIX_Time"/> + <section> + <title>POSIX Time</title> + <p>Time since + <url href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/xrat/V4_xbd_chap03.html#tag_21_03_00_17">Epoch</url>. + Epoch is defined to be 00:00:00 <seealso marker="#UTC">UTC</seealso>, + January 1, 1970. + <url href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009604499/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_14">A day in POSIX time</url> + is defined to be exactly 86400 seconds long. Strangely enough + Epoch is defined to be a time in UTC, and UTC have another + definition of how long a day is. Quoting the Open Group + <url href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/xrat/V4_xbd_chap04.html#tag_21_04_15">"POSIX time is therefore not necessarily UTC, despite its appearance"</url>. The effect of this is that when an UTC leap second is + inserted, POSIX time either stops for a second, or repeats the + last second. If an UTC leap second would be deleted (has never + happened yet), POSIX time would make a one second leap forward.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Time_Resolution"/> + <section> + <title>Time Resolution</title> + <p>The shortest time interval that can be distinguished when + reading time values.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Time_Precision"/> + <section> + <title>Time Precision</title> + <p>The shortest time interval that can be be distinguished + repeatedly and reliably when reading time values. Precision + is limited by the + <seealso marker="#Time_Resolution">resolution</seealso>, but + resolution and precision might differ significantly.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Time_Accuracy"/> + <section> + <title>Time Accuracy</title> + <p>The correctness of time values.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Time_Warp"/> + <section> + <title>Time Warp</title> + <p>A time warp is a leap forwards or backwards in time. That + is, the difference of time values taken before and after the + time warp will not correspond to the actual elapsed time.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="OS_System_Time"/> + <section> + <title>OS System Time</title> + <p>The operating systems view of + <seealso marker="#POSIX_Time">POSIX time</seealso>. It can be + retrieved by calling + <seealso marker="kernel:os#system_time/0"><c>os:system_time()</c></seealso>. + This may or may not be an accurate view of POSIX time. This time + may typically be adjusted both backwards and forwards without + limitation. That is, <seealso marker="#Time_Warp">time warps</seealso> + may be observed. You can get information about the Erlang runtime + system's source of OS system time by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_system_time_source)</c></seealso>.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="OS_Monotonic_Time"/> + <section> + <title>OS Monotonic Time</title> + <p>A monotonically increasing time provided by the operating + system. This time does not leap and have a relatively steady + frequency although not completely correct. However, it is not + uncommon that the OS monotonic time stops if the system is + suspended. This time typically increase since some + unspecified point in time that is not connected to + <seealso marker="#OS_System_Time">OS system time</seealso>. Note + that this type of time is not necessarily provided by all + operating systems. You can get information about the Erlang + runtime system's source of OS monotonic time by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_monotonic_time_source)</c></seealso>.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Erlang_System_Time"/> + <section> + <title>Erlang System Time</title> + <p>The Erlang runtime systems view of + <seealso marker="#POSIX_Time">POSIX time</seealso>. It can be + retrieved by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#system_time/0"><c>erlang:system_time()</c></seealso>. + This time may or may not be an accurate view of POSIX time, and may + or may not align with <seealso marker="#OS_System_Time">OS system + time</seealso>. The runtime system works towards aligning the two + system times. Depending on <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Modes">time + warp mode</seealso> used, this may be achieved by letting the Erlang + system time perform a <seealso marker="#Time_Warp">time + warp</seealso>.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Erlang_Monotonic_Time"/> + <section> + <title>Erlang Monotonic Time</title> + <p>A monotonically increasing time provided by the + Erlang runtime system. The Erlang monotonic time increase since + some unspecified point in time. It can be retrieved by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time()</c></seealso>. + The + <seealso marker="#Time_Accuracy">accuracy</seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#Time_Precision">precision</seealso> of Erlang + monotonic time heavily depends on the accuracy and precision of + <seealso marker="#OS_Monotonic_Time">OS monotonic time</seealso>, + the accuracy and precision of + <seealso marker="#OS_System_Time">OS system time</seealso> as well + as on the + <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp mode</seealso> + used. On a system that is lacking OS monotonic time, the Erlang + monotonic time can only guarantee monotonicity and can more or less + not give any other guarantees. The frequency adjustments made to + the Erlang monotonic time depends on the time warp mode + used.</p> + + <p>Internally in the runtime system the Erlang monotonic + time is the "time engine" that is used for more or less + everything that has anything to do with time. All timers + regardless of it is a <c>receive ... after</c> timer, BIF timer, + or a timer in the <c>timer</c> module are triggered + relative Erlang monotonic time. Even + <seealso marker="#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system + time</seealso> is based on Erlang monotonic time. + By adding current Erlang monotonic time with current time + offset you get current Erlang system time. Current time + offset can be retrieved by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset/0</c></seealso>. + </p> + </section> + + </section> + + <section> + <title>Introduction</title> + <p>Time is vital to an Erlang program and, more importantly, <em>correct</em> time is vital to an Erlang program. As Erlang is a language with soft real time properties and we have the possibility to express @@ -83,192 +286,592 @@ microsecond resolution or much less, but generally it has a drift that is not to be ignored.</p> - <p>So we have this monotonic ticking and we have the wall clock - time. Two unreliable times that together can give us an estimate of - an actual wall clock time that does not jump around and that - monotonically moves forward. If the tick counter has a high - resolution, this is fairly easy to do, if the counter has a low - resolution, it's more expensive, but still doable down to - frequencies of 50-60 Hz (of the tick counter).</p> - - <p>So the corrected time is the nearest approximation of an atomic - clock that is available on the computer. We want it to have the - following properties:</p> - <taglist> - <tag>Monotonic</tag> - <item>The clock should not move backwards</item> - <tag>Intervals should be near the truth</tag> - <item>We want the actual time (as measured by an atomic clock or - an astronomer) that passes between two time stamps, T1 and T2, to be as - near to T2 - T1 as possible.</item> - <tag>Tight coupling to the wall clock</tag> - <item>We want a timer that is to be fired when the wall clock - reaches a time in the future, to fire as near to that point in - time as possible</item> - </taglist> - <p>To meet all the criteria, we have to utilize both times in such a - way that Erlangs "corrected time" moves slightly slower or slightly - faster than the wall clock to get in sync with it. The word - "slightly" means a maximum of 1% difference to the wall clock time, - meaning that a sudden change in the wall clock of one minute, takes - 100 minutes to fix, by letting all "corrected time" move 1% slower - or faster.</p> - - <p>Needless to say, correcting for a faulty handling of daylight - saving time may be disturbing to a user comparing wall clock - time to for example calendar:now_to_local_time(erlang:now()). But - calendar:now_to_local_time/1 is not supposed to be used for presenting wall - clock time to the user.</p> - - <p>Time correction is not perfect, but it saves you from the havoc - of clocks jumping around, which would make timers in your program - fire far to late or far to early and could bring your whole system - to it's knees (or worse) just because someone detected a small error - in the wall clock time of the server where your program runs. So - while it might be confusing, it is still a really good feature of - Erlang and you should not throw it away using time functions which - may give you higher benchmark results, not unless you really know - what you're doing.</p> + </section> + <marker id="Time_Correction"/> <section> - <title>What does time correction mean in my system?</title> - <p>Time correction means that Erlang estimates a time from current - and previous settings of the wall clock, and it uses a fairly - exact tick counter to detect when the wall clock time has jumped - for some reason, slowly adjusting to the new value.</p> - - <p>In practice, this means that the difference between two calls - to time corrected functions, like erlang:now(), might differ up to - one percent from the corresponding calls to non time corrected - functions (like os:timestamp()). Furthermore, if comparing - calendar:local_time/0 to calendar:now_to_local_time(erlang:now()), - you might temporarily see a difference, depending on how well kept your - system is.</p> - - <p>It is important to understand that it is (to the program) - always unknown if it is the wall clock time that moves in the - wrong pace or the Erlang corrected time. The only way to determine - that, is to have an external source of universally correct time. If - some such source is available, the wall clock time can be kept - nearly perfect at all times, and no significant difference will be - detected between erlang:now/0's pace and the wall clock's.</p> - - <p>Still, the time correction will mean that your system keeps - it's real time characteristics very well, even when the wall clock - is unreliable.</p> + <title>Time Correction</title> + <p>If time correction is enabled, the Erlang runtime system + will make use of both + <seealso marker="#OS_System_Time">OS system time</seealso> + and <seealso marker="#OS_Monotonic_Time">OS monotonic time</seealso>, + in order to make adjustments of the frequency of the Erlang + monotonic clock. Time correction will ensure that + <seealso marker="#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso> + will not warp, and that the frequency is relatively accurate. + The type of adjustments made to the frequency depends on the + time warp mode used. This will be discussed in more details in + the <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Modes">time warp modes</seealso> + section below.</p> + + <p>By default time correction will be enabled if support for + it on the specific platform exist. Support for it includes + both an OS monotonic time provided by the OS, and an + implementation in the Erlang runtime system utilizing the + OS monotonic time. You can check if your system has support + for OS monotonic time by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_monotonic_time_source)</c></seealso>, + and you can check if time correction is enabled on your + system by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_time_correction"><c>erlang:system_info(time_correction)</c></seealso>.</p> + + <p>Time correction is enabled or disabled by passing the + <seealso marker="erl#+c"><c>+c [true|false]</c></seealso> + command line argument to <c>erl</c>.</p> + + <p>If time correction is disabled, Erlang monotonic time + may warp forwards, it may stop and even freeze for extended + periods of time, and there are no guarantees that the frequency + of the Erlang monotonic clock is accurate or stable.</p> + + <p><em>You typically never want to disable time correction</em>. + Previously there was a performance penalty associated with time + correction, but nowadays it is most often the other way around. + By disabling time correction you are likely to get bad scalability, + bad performance, and bad time measurements.</p> </section> + + + <marker id="Time_Warp_Safe_Code"/> <section> - <title>Where does Erlang use corrected time?</title> - <p>For all functionality where real time characteristics are - desirable, time correction is used. This basically means:</p> - <taglist> - <tag>erlang:now/0</tag> - <item>The infamous erlang:now/0 function uses time correction so - that differences between two "now-timestamps" will correspond to - other timeouts in the system. erlang:now/0 also holds other - properties, discussed later.</item> - <tag>receive ... after</tag> - <item>Timeouts on receive uses time correction to determine a - stable timeout interval.</item> - <tag>The timer module</tag> - <item>As the timer module uses other built in functions which - deliver corrected time, the timer module itself works with - corrected time.</item> - <tag>erlang:start_timer/3 and erlang:send_after/3</tag> - <item>The timer BIF's work with corrected time, so that they - will not fire prematurely or too late due to changes in the wall - clock time.</item> - </taglist> - - <p>All other functionality in the system where erlang:now/0 or any - other time corrected functionality is used, will of course - automatically benefit from it, as long as it's not "optimized" to - use some other time stamp function (like os:timestamp/0).</p> - - <p>Modules like calendar and functions like erlang:localtime/0 use - the wall clock time as it is currently set on the system. They - will not use corrected time. However, if you use a now-value and - convert it to local time, you will get a corrected local time - value, which may or may not be what you want. Typically older code - tend to use erlang:now/0 as a wall clock time, which is usually - correct (at least when testing), but might surprise you when - compared to other times in the system.</p> + <title>Time Warp Safe Code</title> + <p>Time warp safe code is code that is able to handle + a <seealso marker="#Time_Warp">time warp</seealso> of + <seealso marker="#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>. + </p> + + <p><seealso marker="erlang#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso> + behaves very bad when Erlang system time warps. When Erlang + system time do a time warp backwards, the values returned + from <c>erlang:now/0</c> will freeze (if you disregard the + micro second increments made due to the actual call) until + OS system time reach the point of the last value returned by + <c>erlang:now/0</c>. This freeze might continue for very + long periods of time. It might take years, decades, + and even longer than this until the freeze stops.</p> + + <p>All uses of <c>erlang:now/0</c> are not necessarily + time warp unsafe. If you do not use it to get time, it + will be time warp safe. However <em>all uses of + <c>erlang:now/0</c> are suboptimal</em> from a performance + and scalability perspective. So you really want to replace + the usage of it with other functionality. For examples + of how to replace the usage of <c>erlang:now/0</c>, + see the <seealso marker="#Dos_and_Donts">Dos and Donts</seealso> + section.</p> </section> + + <marker id="Time_Warp_Modes"/> <section> - <title>What is erlang:now/0 really?</title> - <p>erlang:now/0 is a function designed to serve multiple purposes - (or a multi-headed beast if you're a VM designer). It is expected - to hold the following properties:</p> - <taglist> - <tag>Monotonic</tag> - <item>erlang:now() never jumps backwards - it always moves - forward</item> - <tag>Interval correct</tag> - <item>The interval between two erlang:now() calls is expected to - correspond to the correct time in real life (as defined by an - atomic clock, or better)</item> - <tag>Absolute correctness</tag> - <item>The erlang:now/0 value should be possible to convert to an - absolute and correct date-time, corresponding to the real world - date and time (the wall clock)</item> - <tag>System correspondence</tag> - <item>The erlang:now/0 value converted to a date-time is - expected to correspond to times given by other programs on the - system (or by functions like os:timestamp/0)</item> - <tag>Unique</tag> - <item>No two calls to erlang:now on one Erlang node should - return the same value</item> - </taglist> - <p>All these requirements are possible to uphold at the same - time if (and only if):</p> - <taglist> - <tag>The wall clock time of the system is perfect</tag> - <item>The system (Operating System) time needs to be perfectly - in sync with the actual time as defined by an atomic clock or - a better time source. A good installation using NTP, and that is - up to date before Erlang starts, will have properties that for - most users and programs will be near indistinguishable from the - perfect time. Note that any larger corrections to the time done - by hand, or after Erlang has started, will partly (or - temporarily) invalidate some of the properties, as the time is - no longer perfect.</item> - <tag>Less than one call per microsecond to erlang:now/0 is - done</tag> - <item>This means that at <em>any</em> microsecond interval in - time, there can be no more than one call to erlang:now/0 in the - system. However, for the system not to loose it's properties - completely, it's enough that it on average is no more than one - call per microsecond (in one Erlang node).</item> - </taglist> - <p>The uniqueness property of erlang:now/0 is the most limiting - property. It means that erlang:now() maintains a global state and - that there is a hard-to-check property of the system that needs to - be maintained. For most applications this is still not a problem, - but a future system might very well manage to violate the - frequency limit on the calls globally. The uniqueness property is - also quite useless, as there are globally unique references that - provide a much better unique value to programs. However the - property will need to be maintained unless a really subtle - backward compatibility issue is to be introduced.</p> + <title>Time Warp Modes</title> + + <p>Current <seealso marker="#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system + time</seealso> is determined by adding current + <seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/0">Erlang monotonic time</seealso> + with current + <seealso marker="erlang#time_offset/0">time offset</seealso>. The + time offset is managed differently depending on which time + warp mode you use. The time warp mode is set by passing the + <seealso marker="erl#+C_"><c>+C + [no_time_warp|single_time_warp|multi_time_warp]</c></seealso> + command line argument to <c>erl</c>.</p> + + <marker id="No_Time_Warp_Mode"/> + <section> + <title>No Time Warp Mode</title> + <p>The time offset is determined at runtime system start + and will after this not change. This is the default behavior. + Not because it is the best mode (which it isn't). It is + default <em>only</em> because this is how the runtime system + always has behaved up until ERTS version 7.0, and you have to + ensure that your Erlang code that may execute during a time + warp is <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">time warp + safe</seealso> before you can enable other modes.</p> + + <p>Since the time offset is not allowed to change, time + correction needs to adjust the frequency of the Erlang + monotonic clock in order to smoothly align Erlang system + time with OS system time. A big downside of this approach + is that we on purpose will use a faulty frequency on the + Erlang monotonic clock if adjustments are needed. This + error may be as big as 1%. This error will show up in all + time measurements in the runtime system.</p> + + <p>If time correction is not enabled, the Erlang monotonic + time will freeze when the OS system time leap backwards. + The freeze of the monotonic time will continue until + OS system time catch up. The freeze may continue for + a very long time. When OS system time leaps forwards, + Erlang monotonic time will also leap forward.</p> + </section> + + <marker id="Single_Time_Warp_Mode"/> + <section> + <title>Single Time Warp Mode</title> + <p>This mode is more or less a backwards compatibility mode + as of its introduction.</p> + <p>On an embedded system it is not uncommon that the system + has no power supply at all, not even a battery, when it is + shut off. The system clock on such a system will typically + be way off when the system boots. If the + <seealso marker="#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no time warp mode</seealso> + is used, and the Erlang runtime system is started before + the OS system time has been corrected, the Erlang system + time may be wrong for a very long time, even centuries or + more.</p> + <p>If you for some reason need to use Erlang code that + is not + <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">time warp safe</seealso>, + and you need to start the Erlang runtime system before the OS + system time has been corrected, you may want to use the single + time warp mode. Note that there are limitations to when you can + execute time warp unsafe code using this mode. If it is possible + to only utilize time warp safe code, it is <em>much</em> better + to use the <seealso marker="#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi time + warp mode</seealso> instead. + </p> + + <p>Using the single time warp mode, the time offset is + handled in two phases:</p> + + <taglist> + <tag>Preliminary Phase</tag> + <item> + <p>The preliminary phase starts when the runtime + system starts. A preliminary time offset based on + current OS system time is determined. This offset will + from now on be fixed during the whole preliminary phase.</p> + + <p>If time correction is enabled, adjustments to the + Erlang monotonic clock will be made to keep its + frequency as correct as possible, but <em>no</em> + adjustments will be made trying to align Erlang system + time and OS system time. That is, during the preliminary + Erlang system time and OS system time might diverge + from each other, and no attempt to prevent this will + be made.</p> + + <p>If time correction is disabled, changes in OS system + time will effect the monotonic clock the same way as + when the <seealso marker="#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no time warp + mode</seealso> is used.</p> + </item> + + <tag>Final Phase</tag> + <item> + + <p>The final phase begin when the user finalize the time + offset by calling + <seealso marker="erlang#system_flag_time_offset"><c>erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize)</c></seealso>. + The finalization can only be performed once. + </p> + + <p>During finalization, the time offset is adjusted and + fixated so that current Erlang system time align with + current OS system time. Since the time offset may + change during the finalization, the Erlang system time + may do a time warp at this point. The time offset will + from now on be fixed until the runtime system terminates. + If time correction has been enabled, the time + correction will from now on also make adjustments + in order to align Erlang system time with OS system + time. When the system is in the final phase it behaves + exactly as in the <seealso marker="#No_Time_Warp_Mode">no + time warp mode</seealso>.</p> + + </item> + </taglist> + + <p>In order for this to work properly there are two + requirements that the user needs to ensure are + satisfied:</p> + + <taglist> + <tag>Forward Time Warp</tag> + <item><p>The time warp made when finalizing the time offset + can only be done forwards without encountering problems. + This implies that the user has to ensure that the OS + system time is set to a time earlier or equal to actual + POSIX time before starting the Erlang runtime system. If + you are not completely sure the OS system time is correct, + set it to a time that is guaranteed to be earlier than + actual POSIX time before starting the Erlang runtime + system just to be safe.</p></item> + + <tag>Finalize Correct OS System Time</tag> + <item><p>The OS system time needs to be correct when the + the user finalizes the time offset.</p></item> + </taglist> + + <p>If these requirements are not fulfilled, the system + may behave very bad. + </p> + + <p>Assuming that the requirements above are fulfilled, + time correction is enabled, and that the OS system time + is adjusted using some time adjustment protocol like NTP + or similar, only small adjustments of the Erlang monotonic + time should be needed in order to keep system times + aligned after finilization. As long as the system is not + suspended, the largest adjustments needed should be for + inserted (or deleted) leap seconds.</p> + + <warning><p>In order to be able to use this mode you have + to ensure that all Erlang code that will execute in + both phases are + <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">time warp + safe</seealso>.</p> + <p>Code that only execute in the final phase does not have + to be able to cope with the time warp.</p></warning> + + </section> + + <marker id="Multi_Time_Warp_Mode"/> + <section> + <title>Multi Time Warp Mode</title> + + <p><em>Multi time warp mode in combination with time + correction is the preferred configuration</em>. This since, + on almost all platforms, the Erlang runtime system will have + better performance, will scale better, will behave better, + and since the accuracy, and precision of time measurements + will be better. Only Erlang runtime systems executing on + ancient platforms will benefit from another configuration.</p> + + <p>The time offset may change at any time without limitations. + That is, Erlang system time may perform time warps both + forwards and backwards at <em>any</em> time. Since we align + the Erlang system time with the OS system time by changing + the time offset, we can enable a time correction that tries + to adjust the frequency of the Erlang monotonic clock to be as + correct as possible. This will make time measurements using + the Erlang monotonic time more accurate and precise.</p> + + <p>If time correction is disabled, Erlang monotonic time + will leap forward if OS system time leaps forward. If the + OS system time leaps backwards, Erlang monotonic time will + stop briefly but it does not freeze for extended periods + of time. This since the time offset is changed in order to + align Erlang system time with OS system time.</p> + + <warning><p>In order to be able to use this mode you have + to ensure that all Erlang code that will execute on the + runtime system is + <seealso marker="#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">time warp + safe</seealso>.</p></warning> + </section> </section> + + <marker id="The_New_Time_API"/> <section> - <title>Should I use erlang:now/0 or os:timestamp/0</title> - <p>The simple answer is to use erlang:now/0 for everything where - you want to keep real time characteristics, but use os:timestamp - for things like logs, user communication and debugging (typically - timer:ts uses os:timestamp, as it is a test tool, not a real world - application API). The benefit of using os:timestamp/0 is that it's - faster and does not involve any global state (unless the operating - system has one). The downside is that it will be vulnerable to wall - clock time changes.</p> + <title>The New Time API</title> + + <p>The old time API is based on + <seealso marker="erlang#now/0"><c>erlang:now/0</c></seealso>. + The major issue with <c>erlang:now/0</c> is that it was + intended to be used for so many unrelated things. This + tied these unrelated operations together and unnecessarily + caused performance, scalability as well as accuracy, and + precision issues for operations that do not need to have + such issues. The new API spreads different functionality + over multiple functions in order to improve on this.</p> + + <p>In order to be backwards compatible <c>erlang:now/0</c> will + remain as is, but <em>you are strongly discouraged from using + it</em>. A lot of uses of <c>erlang:now/0</c> will also + prevent you from using the new + <seealso marker="#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi time warp + mode</seealso> which is an important part of this + new time functionality improvement.</p> + + <p>Some of the new BIFs on some systems, perhaps surprisingly, + return negative integer values on a newly started run time + system. This is not a bug, but a memory usage optimization.</p> + + <p>The new API consists of a number of new BIFs:</p> + <list> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit/3</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/1"><c>erlang:monotonic_time/1</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_time/0"><c>erlang:system_time/0</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_time/1"><c>erlang:system_time/1</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset/0</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#time_offset/1"><c>erlang:time_offset/1</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#timestamp/0"><c>erlang:timestamp/0</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/0"><c>erlang:unique_integer/0</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/1"><c>erlang:unique_integer/1</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="kernel:os#system_time/0"><c>os:system_time/0</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="kernel:os#system_time/1"><c>os:system_time/1</c></seealso></p></item> + </list> + <p>and a number of extensions of existing BIFs:</p> + <list> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#monitor/2"><c>erlang:monitor(time_offset, clock_service)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_flag_time_offset"><c>erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_monotonic_time_source)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_system_time_source)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_time_offset"><c>erlang:system_info(time_offset)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_time_warp_mode"><c>erlang:system_info(time_warp_mode)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_time_correction"><c>erlang:system_info(time_correction)</c></seealso></p></item> + <item><p><seealso marker="erlang#system_info_start_time"><c>erlang:system_info(start_time)</c></seealso></p></item> + </list> + + <marker id="The_New_Erlang_Monotonic_Time"/> + <section> + <title>The New Erlang Monotonic Time</title> + <p>The Erlang monotonic time as such is new as of ERTS + version 7.0. It has been introduced in order to be able + to detach time measurements such as elapsed time from + calender time. It is very common that one is interested + in measuring elapsed time or specifying a time relative + to another point in time without having any need to know + what the involved times are in UTC or any other + globally defined time scale. By introducing a time scale + that has a local definition of where it starts, it is + possible to manage time that do not concern calender + time on that time scale. Erlang monotonic time use + such a time scale with a locally defined start.</p> + + <p>The introduction of Erlang monotonic time gives us + the possibility to adjust the two Erlang times (Erlang + monotonic time and Erlang system time) separately. By + doing this, accuracy of elapsed time does not have to + suffer just because the system time happened to be + wrong at some point in time. Separate adjustments + of the two times are only performed in the time warp + modes, and only fully separated in the + <seealso marker="#Multi_Time_Warp_Mode">multi + time warp mode</seealso>. All other modes than the + multi time warp mode are there for backwards + compatibility reasons, and when using these the + accuracy of Erlang monotonic time suffer since + the adjustments of Erlang monotonic time in these + modes are more or less tied to the Erlang system + time.</p> + + <p>The adjustment of system time could have been made + smother than using a time warp approach, but we think + that would be a bad choice. Since we are able to + express and measure time that aren't connected to + calender time by the use of Erlang monotonic time, it + is better to expose the change in Erlang system time + immediately. This since it makes it possible for the + Erlang applications executing on the system to react + on the change in system time as soon as possible. This + is also more or less exactly how most OSes handle this + (OS monotonic time and OS system time). By adjusting + system time smoothly we would just hide the fact that + system time changed and make it harder for the Erlang + applications to react to the change in a sensible way.</p> + + <p>In order to be able to react to a change in Erlang + system time you have to be able to detect that it + happened. The change in Erlang system time occurs when + current time offset is changed. We have therefore + introduced the possibility to monitor the time offset + using + <seealso marker="erlang#monitor/2"><c>erlang:monitor(time_offset, clock_service)</c></seealso>. A process monitoring the time + offset will be sent a message on the following format + when the time offset is changed:</p> + <code type="none">{'CHANGE', MonitorReference, time_offset, clock_service, NewTimeOffset}</code> + </section> + + <marker id="Unique_Values"/> + <section> + <title>Unique Values</title> + <p>Besides reporting time <c>erlang:now/0</c> also + produce unique and strictly monotonically increasing + values. In order to detach this functionality from + time measurements we have introduced + <seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/1"><c>erlang:unique_integer()</c></seealso>. + </p> + </section> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts"/> + <section> + <title>Dos and Don'ts</title> + <p>Previously <c>erlang:now/0</c> was the only option for doing + quite a lot of things. We will look at a few different things + <c>erlang:now/0</c> could be used for, and how you want to do + this using the new API:</p> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts_Retrieve_Erlang_System_Time"/> + <section> + <title>Retrieve Erlang System Time</title> + <dont> + <p> + use <c>erlang:now/0</c> in order to retrieve current Erlang + system time. + </p> + </dont> + <do> + <p> + use + <seealso marker="erlang#system_time/1"><c>erlang:system_time/1</c></seealso> + in order to retrieve current Erlang system time on the + <seealso marker="erlang#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso> + of your choice.</p> + <p>If you want the same format as returned by <c>erlang:now/0</c>, use + <seealso marker="erlang#timestamp/0"><c>erlang:timestamp/0</c></seealso>. + </p> + </do> + </section> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts_Measure_Elapsed_Time"/> + <section> + <title>Measure Elapsed Time</title> + <dont> + <p> + take timestamps with <c>erlang:now/0</c> and calculate + the difference in time with + <seealso marker="stdlib:timer#now_diff/2"><c>timer:now_diff/2</c></seealso>. + </p> + </dont> + <do> + <p> + take timestamps with + <seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c></seealso> + and calculate the time difference using ordinary subtraction. + The result will be in <c>native</c> + <seealso marker="erlang#type_time_unit">time unit</seealso>. + If you want to convert the + result to another time unit you can do this using + <seealso marker="erlang#convert_time_unit/3"><c>erlang:convert_time_unit/3</c></seealso>. + </p> + <p>Another easier way of doing this is to use + <seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/1"><c>erlang:monotonic_time/1</c></seealso> + with desired time unit. However, you may lose accuracy, + and precision this way. + </p> + </do> + </section> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts_Determine_Order_of_Events"/> + <section> + <title>Determine Order of Events</title> + <dont> + <p> + determine the order of events by saving a timestamp + with <c>erlang:now/0</c> when the event happens. + </p> + </dont> + <do> + <p> + determine the order of events by saving the integer + returned by + <seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/1"><c>erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])</c></seealso> + when the event happens. These integers will be strictly + monotonically ordered on current runtime system instance + corresponding to creation time. + </p> + </do> + </section> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts_Determine_Order_of_Events_With_Time_of_the_Event"/> + <section> + <title>Determine Order of Events With Time of the Event</title> + <dont> + <p> + determine the order of events by saving a timestamp + with <c>erlang:now/0</c> when the event happens. + </p> + </dont> + <do> + <p> + determine the order of events by saving a tuple + containing + <seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/0">monotonic time</seealso> + and a <seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/1">strictly + monotonically increasing integer</seealso> like this:</p> + <code type="none"> +Time = erlang:monotonic_time(), +UMI = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic]), +EventTag = {Time, UMI}</code> + <p>These tuples will be strictly monotonically ordered + on the current runtime system instance according to + creation time. Note that it is important that the + monotonic time is in the first element (the most + significant element when comparing 2-tuples). Using + the monotonic time in the tuples, you can calculate time + between events.</p> + <p>If you are interested in the Erlang system time at the + time when the event occurred you can also save the time + offset before or after saving the events using + <seealso marker="erlang#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset/0</c></seealso>. + Erlang monotonic time added with the time + offset corresponds to Erlang system time.</p> + <p>If you are executing in a mode where time offset + may change and you want to be able to get the actual + Erlang system time when the event occurred you can + save the time offset as a third element in the tuple + (the least significant element when comparing 3-tuples).</p> + </do> + </section> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts_Create_a_Unique_Name"/> + <section> + <title>Create a Unique Name</title> + <dont> + <p> + use the values returned from <c>erlang:now/0</c> + in order to create a name unique on the current + runtime system instance. + </p> + </dont> + <do> + <p> + use the value returned from + <seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/0"><c>erlang:unique_integer/0</c></seealso> + in order to create a name unique on the current runtime system + instance. If you only want positive integers, you can use + <seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/1"><c>erlang:unique_integer([positive])</c></seealso>. + </p> + </do> + </section> + + <marker id="Dos_and_Donts_Seed_Random_Number_Generation_With_a_Unique_Value"/> + <section> + <title>Seed Random Number Generation With a Unique Value</title> + <dont> + <p> + seed random number generation using <c>erlang:now()</c>. + </p> + </dont> + <do> + <p> + seed random number generation using a combination of + <seealso marker="erlang#monotonic_time/0"><c>erlang:monotonic_time()</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="erlang#time_offset/0"><c>erlang:time_offset()</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="erlang#unique_integer/0"><c>erlang:unique_integer()</c></seealso>, and other functionality. + </p> + </do> + </section> + + <p>To sum this section up: <em>Don't use <c>erlang:now/0</c>!</em></p> + </section> </section> + + <marker id="Supporting_Both_New_and_Old_OTP_Releases"/> <section> - <title>Turning off time correction</title> - <p>If, for some reason, time correction causes trouble and you are - absolutely confident that the wall clock on the system is nearly - perfect, you can turn off time correction completely by giving the - <c>+c</c> option to <c>erl</c>. The probability for this being a - good idea, is very low.</p> + <title>Supporting Both New and Old OTP Releases</title> + <p>Your code may be required to be able to run on a variety + of OTP installations of different OTP releases. If so, you + can not just use the new API out of the box, since it will + not be available on old pre OTP 18 releases. The solution + is <em>not</em> to avoid using the new API, since your + code then won't be able to benefit from the scalability + and accuracy improvements made. Instead you want to use the + new API when available, and fall back on <c>erlang:now/0</c> + when it is not available. Fortunately almost all of the new + API can easily be implemented using existing primitives + (except for + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_start_time"><c>erlang:system_info(start_time)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_monotonic_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_monotonic_time_source)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="erlang#system_info_os_system_time_source"><c>erlang:system_info(os_system_time_source)</c></seealso>). + By wrapping the API with functions that fall back on + <c>erlang:now/0</c> when the new API is not available, + and using these wrappers instead of using the API directly + the problem is solved. These wrappers can for example + be implemented as in + <url href="time_compat.erl"><c>$ERL_TOP/erts/example/time_compat.erl</c></url>.</p> </section> </chapter> - diff --git a/erts/doc/src/zlib.xml b/erts/doc/src/zlib.xml index da8ccdecdf..1f10ddef6d 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/zlib.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/zlib.xml @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ list_to_binary([Compressed|Last])</pre> <datatype> <name name="zwindowbits"/> <desc> - <p>Normally in the range <c>-15..-9 | 9..15</c>.</p> + <p>Normally in the range <c>-15..-8 | 8..15</c>.</p> </desc> </datatype> </datatypes> @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ list_to_binary([Compressed|Last])</pre> currently the only supported method is <c>deflated</c>.</p> <p>The <c><anno>WindowBits</anno></c> parameter is the base two logarithm of the window size (the size of the history buffer). It - should be in the range 9 through 15. Larger values + should be in the range 8 through 15. Larger values of this parameter result in better compression at the expense of memory usage. The default value is 15 if <c>deflateInit/2</c>. A negative <c><anno>WindowBits</anno></c> @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ list_to_binary([B1,B2])</pre> <p>Initialize decompression session on zlib stream.</p> <p>The <c><anno>WindowBits</anno></c> parameter is the base two logarithm of the maximum window size (the size of the history buffer). - It should be in the range 9 through 15. + It should be in the range 8 through 15. The default value is 15 if <c>inflateInit/1</c> is used. If a compressed stream with a larger window size is given as input, inflate() will throw the <c>data_error</c> @@ -312,6 +312,53 @@ list_to_binary([B1,B2])</pre> </desc> </func> <func> + <name name="inflateChunk" arity="2"/> + <fsummary>Decompress data with limited output size</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Like <c>inflate/2</c>, but decompress no more data than + will fit in the buffer configured via <c>setBufSize/2</c>. + Is is useful when decompressing a stream with a high compression + ratio such that a small amount of compressed input may expand up to + 1000 times. + It returns <c>{more, Decompressed}</c>, when there is more output + available, and <c>inflateChunk/1</c> should be used to read it. + It may introduce some output latency (reading + input without producing any output).</p> + <p>If a preset dictionary is needed at this point (see + <c>inflateSetDictionary</c> below), <c>inflateChunk/2</c> throws a + <c>{need_dictionary,Adler}</c> exception where <c>Adler</c> is + the adler32 checksum of the dictionary chosen by the + compressor.</p> + + <pre> +walk(Compressed, Handler) -> + Z = zlib:open(), + zlib:inflateInit(Z), + % Limit single uncompressed chunk size to 512kb + zlib:setBufSize(Z, 512 * 1024), + loop(Z, Handler, zlib:inflateChunk(Z, Compressed)), + zlib:inflateEnd(Z), + zlib:close(Z). + +loop(Z, Handler, {more, Uncompressed}) -> + Handler(Uncompressed), + loop(Z, Handler, zlib:inflateChunk(Z)); +loop(Z, Handler, Uncompressed) -> + Handler(Uncompressed). + </pre> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="inflateChunk" arity="1"/> + <fsummary>Read next uncompressed chunk</fsummary> + <desc> + <p>Read next chunk of uncompressed data, initialized by + <c>inflateChunk/2</c>.</p> + <p>This function should be repeatedly called, while it returns + <c>{more, Decompressed}</c>.</p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> <name name="inflateSetDictionary" arity="2"/> <fsummary>Initialize the decompression dictionary</fsummary> <desc> |