diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'erts/doc/src')
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/absform.xml | 603 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml | 17 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl.xml | 15 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml | 53 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erlang.xml | 313 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/init.xml | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml | 2 |
8 files changed, 703 insertions, 347 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml index 186c9a1143..ccdecf44ec 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2001</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2001</year><year>2016</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -68,31 +68,29 @@ <item>If D is a module declaration consisting of the forms <c>F_1</c>, ..., <c>F_k</c>, then Rep(D) = <c>[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]</c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c>-module(Mod)</c>, then - Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}</c>.</item> <item>If F is an attribute <c>-behavior(Behavior)</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behavior,Behavior}</c>.</item> <item>If F is an attribute <c>-behaviour(Behaviour)</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behaviour,Behaviour}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-compile(Options)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}</c>.</item> <item>If F is an attribute <c>-export([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c>-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then - Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}</c>.</item> <item>If F is an attribute <c>-export_type([Type_1/A_1, ..., Type_k/A_k])</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export_type,[{Type_1,A_1}, ..., {Type_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c>-compile(Options)</c>, then - Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-module(Mod)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-optional_callbacks([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,optional_callbacks,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> <item>If F is an attribute <c>-file(File,Line)</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,file,{File,Line}}</c>.</item> - <item>If F is a record declaration - <c>-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})</c>, then Rep(F) = - <c>{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. - For Rep(V), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type declaration - <c>-Type Name(V_1, ..., V_k) :: T</c>, where - <c>Type</c> is either the atom <c>type</c> or the atom <c>opaque</c>, - each <c>V_i</c> is a variable, and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = - <c>{attribute,LINE,Type,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + <item>If F is a function declaration + <c>Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k</c>, + where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause with a + pattern sequence of the same length <c>Arity</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. </item> <item>If F is a function specification <c>-Spec Name Ft_1; ...; Ft_k</c>, @@ -109,15 +107,20 @@ <c>Arity</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,Line,spec,{{Mod,Name,Arity},[Rep(Ft_1), ..., Rep(Ft_k)]}}</c>. </item> + <item>If F is a record declaration + <c>-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})</c>, + where each <c>V_i</c> is a record field, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + For Rep(V), see below.</item> + <item>If F is a type declaration + <c>-Type Name(V_1, ..., V_k) :: T</c>, where + <c>Type</c> is either the atom <c>type</c> or the atom <c>opaque</c>, + each <c>V_i</c> is a variable, and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,LINE,Type,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + </item> <item>If F is a wild attribute <c>-A(T)</c>, then Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,A,T}</c>. <br></br></item> - <item>If F is a function declaration - <c>Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k</c>, - where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause with a - pattern sequence of the same length <c>Arity</c>, then - Rep(F) = <c>{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. - </item> </list> <section> @@ -131,11 +134,6 @@ <item>If V is <c>A = E</c>, where <c>E</c> is an expression, then Rep(V) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> - <item>If V is <c>A :: T</c>, where <c>T</c> is a - type and it does not contain - <c>undefined</c> syntactically, then Rep(V) = - <c>{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(undefined | T)}</c>. - </item> <item>If V is <c>A :: T</c>, where <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(V) = <c>{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(T)}</c>. </item> @@ -162,15 +160,15 @@ <p>There are five kinds of atomic literals, which are represented in the same way in patterns, expressions and guards:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then - Rep(L) = <c>{integer,LINE,L}</c>.</item> + <item>If L is an atom literal, then + Rep(L) = <c>{atom,LINE,L}</c>.</item> <item>If L is a float literal, then Rep(L) = <c>{float,LINE,L}</c>.</item> + <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then + Rep(L) = <c>{integer,LINE,L}</c>.</item> <item>If L is a string literal consisting of the characters <c>C_1</c>, ..., <c>C_k</c>, then Rep(L) = <c>{string,LINE,[C_1, ..., C_k]}</c>.</item> - <item>If L is an atom literal, then - Rep(L) = <c>{atom,LINE,L}</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that negative integer and float literals do not occur as such; they are parsed as an application of the unary negation operator.</p> @@ -178,47 +176,59 @@ <section> <title>Patterns</title> - <p>If <c>Ps</c> is a sequence of patterns <c>P_1, ..., P_k</c>, then + <p>If Ps is a sequence of patterns <c>P_1, ..., P_k</c>, then Rep(Ps) = <c>[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]</c>. Such sequences occur as the list of arguments to a function or fun.</p> <p>Individual patterns are represented as follows:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If P is an atomic literal L, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If P is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If P is a binary pattern + <c><<P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, where each + <c>Size_i</c> is an expression that can be evaluated to an integer + and each <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then + Rep(P) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. + For Rep(TSL), see below. + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> <item>If P is a compound pattern <c>P_1 = P_2</c>, then Rep(P) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then - Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, - where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c>V</c>.</item> - <item>If P is a universal pattern <c>_</c>, then - Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,'_'}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c>{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, then - Rep(P) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is a nil pattern <c>[]</c>, then - Rep(P) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> <item>If P is a cons pattern <c>[P_h | P_t]</c>, then Rep(P) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(P_h),Rep(P_t)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is a binary pattern <c><<P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. - For Rep(TSL), see below. - An omitted <c>Size</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. An omitted <c>TSL</c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c>P_1 Op P_2</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this - is either an occurrence of <c>++</c> applied to a literal string or character + <item>If P is a map pattern <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>P_i_1 := P_i_2</c>, then Rep(P) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + below.</item> + <item>If P is a nil pattern <c>[]</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>P_1 Op P_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is either an occurrence + of <c>++</c> applied to a literal string or character list, or an occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile time), then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c>Op P_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator (this is an - occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile + <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>Op P_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile time), then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_0)}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is a record pattern <c>#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}</c>, - then Rep(P) = - <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c>#Name.Field</c>, then - Rep(P) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c>( P_0 )</c>, then + <item>If P is a parenthesized pattern <c>( P_0 )</c>, then Rep(P) = <c>Rep(P_0)</c>, - that is, patterns cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + that is, parenthesized patterns cannot be distinguished from their + bodies.</item> + <item>If P is a record field index pattern <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(P) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a record pattern + <c>#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(P) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c>{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a universal pattern <c>_</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,'_'}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, + where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as + <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that every pattern has the same source form as some expression, and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p> @@ -226,167 +236,185 @@ <section> <title>Expressions</title> - <p>A body B is a sequence of expressions <c>E_1, ..., E_k</c>, and - Rep(B) = <c>[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]</c>.</p> + <p>A body B is a nonempty sequence of expressions <c>E_1, ..., E_k</c>, + and Rep(B) = <c>[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]</c>.</p> <p>An expression E is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If P is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If E is <c>P = E_0</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is a variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, - where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same - characters as <c>V</c>.</item> - <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c>{E_1, ..., E_k}</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>[]</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c>[E_h | E_t]</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is a binary constructor <c><<V_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., V_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, then Rep(E) = - <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. + <item>If E is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(E) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If E is a binary comprehension + <c><<E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k>></c>, + where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then + Rep(E) = <c>{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(Q), see below.</item> + <item>If E is a binary constructor <c><<E_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., E_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, + where each <c>Size_i</c> is an expression and each + <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then Rep(E) = + <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see below. - An omitted <c>Size</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. An omitted <c>TSL</c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>E_1 Op E_2</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator, - then Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>Op E_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then - Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, - then Rep(E) = - <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c>{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>#Name.Field</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>E_0#Name.Field</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>#{W_1, ..., W_k}</c> where each - <c>W_i</c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) = - <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>. For Rep(W), see - below.</item> - <item>If E is <c>E_0#{W_1, ..., W_k}</c> where - <c>W_i</c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) = - <c>{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>. - For Rep(W), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c>catch E_0</c>, then + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a block expression <c>begin B end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(E) = <c>{block,LINE,Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a case expression <c>case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, + where <c>E_0</c> is an expression and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a + case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a catch expression <c>catch E_0</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{'catch',LINE,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then + <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c>[E_h | E_t]</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Name/Arity</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression + <c>fun Module:Name/Arity</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}</c>. + (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}</c>.)</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end</c>, + where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression + <c>fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end</c>, + where <c>Name</c> is a variable and each + <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If E is a function call <c>E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then Rep(E) = - <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>. + <item>If E is a function call <c>E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, + then Rep(E) = + <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>. </item> - <item>If E is a list comprehension <c>[E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k]</c>, - where each <c>W_i</c> is a generator or a filter, then Rep(E) = - <c>{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>. For Rep(W), see - below.</item> - <item>If E is a binary comprehension - <c><<E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k>></c>, - where each <c>W_i</c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c>{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>. - For Rep(W), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c>begin B end</c>, where <c>B</c> is a body, then - Rep(E) = <c>{block,LINE,Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end</c>, + <item>If E is an if expression <c>if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end</c>, where each <c>Ic_i</c> is an if clause then Rep(E) = <c>{'if',LINE,[Rep(Ic_1), ..., Rep(Ic_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, - where <c>E_0</c> is an expression and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a - case clause then Rep(E) = - <c>{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end</c>, + <item>If E is a list comprehension <c>[E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k]</c>, + where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then Rep(E) = + <c>{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. For Rep(Q), see + below.</item> + <item>If E is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c> + or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + below.</item> + <item>If E is a map update <c>E_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c> + or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see below.</item> + <item>If E is a match operator expression <c>P = E_0</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, then + Rep(E) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is nil, <c>[]</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is an operator expression <c>E_1 Op E_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match + operator <c>=</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is an operator expression <c>Op E_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then + Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a parenthesized expression <c>( E_0 )</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>Rep(E_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized + expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If E is a receive expression <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, + where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a receive expression + <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end</c>, + where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, + <c>E_0</c> is an expression and <c>B_t</c> is a body, then Rep(E) = + <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record creation + <c>#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record field access <c>E_0#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(E) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(E) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record update + <c>E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom, then Rep(E) = + <c>{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c>{E_1, ..., E_k}</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end</c>, where <c>B</c> is a body and each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],[]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end</c>, + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end</c>, where <c>B</c> is a body, each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause and each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],[]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>try B after A end</c>, + <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B after A end</c>, where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies then Rep(E) = <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end</c>, + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end</c>, where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end</c>, + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end</c>, where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies and each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end</c>, + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end</c>, where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies, - each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause and + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, and each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, - where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = - <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end</c>, - where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, - <c>E_0</c> is an expression and <c>B_t</c> is a body, then Rep(E) = - <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>fun Name / Arity</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>fun Module:Name/Arity</c>, then Rep(E) = - <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}</c>. - (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) = - <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}</c>.)</item> - <item>If E is <c>fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end</c> - where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = - <c>{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}</c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c>fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end</c> - where <c>Name</c> is a variable and each - <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = - <c>{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. - </item> - <item>If E is <c>( E_0 )</c>, then - Rep(E) = <c>Rep(E_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized - expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If E is a variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same + characters as <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <section> - <title>Generators and Filters</title> - <p>When W is a generator or a filter (in the body of a list or - binary comprehension), then:</p> + <title>Qualifiers</title> + <p>A qualifier Q is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If W is a generator <c>P <- E</c>, where <c>P</c> is + <item>If Q is a filter <c>E</c>, where <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>Rep(E)</c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a generator <c>P <- E</c>, where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c>{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> - <item>If W is a generator <c>P <= E</c>, where <c>P</c> is + Rep(Q) = <c>{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a generator <c>P <= E</c>, where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c>{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> - <item>If W is a filter <c>E</c>, which is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c>Rep(E)</c>.</item> + Rep(Q) = <c>{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> <title>Binary Element Type Specifiers</title> <p>A type specifier list TSL for a binary element is a sequence of type - specifiers <c>TS_1 - ... - TS_k</c>. + specifiers <c>TS_1 - ... - TS_k</c>, and Rep(TSL) = <c>[Rep(TS_1), ..., Rep(TS_k)]</c>.</p> - <p>When TS is a type specifier for a binary element, then:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If TS is an atom <c>A</c>, then Rep(TS) = <c>A</c>.</item> - <item>If TS is a couple <c>A:Value</c> where <c>A</c> is an atom - and <c>Value</c> is an integer, then Rep(TS) = - <c>{A,Value}</c>.</item> + <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom, + then Rep(TS) = <c>A</c>.</item> + <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A:Value</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom and <c>Value</c> is an integer, + then Rep(TS) = <c>{A,Value}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Map Assoc and Exact Fields</title> - <p>When W is an assoc or exact field (in the body of a map), then:</p> + <title>Associations</title> + <p>An association A is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If W is an assoc field <c>K => V</c>, where - <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are both expressions, - then Rep(W) = <c>{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. + <item>If A is an association <c>K => V</c>, + then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. </item> - <item>If W is an exact field <c>K := V</c>, where - <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are both expressions, - then Rep(W) = <c>{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. + <item>If A is an association <c>K := V</c>, + then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. </item> </list> </section> @@ -398,39 +426,39 @@ and catch clauses.</p> <p>A clause <c>C</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) -> B</c> - where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) when Gs -> B</c> - where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence, - <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is an if clause <c>Gs -> B</c> - where <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a case clause <c>P -> B</c> + <item>If C is a case clause <c>P -> B</c>, where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a case clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c> + <item>If C is a case clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>, where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P -> B</c> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P -> B</c>, where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P -> B</c> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P -> B</c>, where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, - <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then + <c>P</c> is a pattern, and <c>B</c> is a body, then Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c> - where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence, and <c>B</c> is a body, then Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P when Gs -> B</c> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P when Gs -> B</c>, where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, - <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence + <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence, and <c>B</c> is a body, then Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) -> B</c>, + where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence, + <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is an if clause <c>Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> </list> </section> @@ -444,46 +472,61 @@ <c>[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]</c>.</p> <p>A guard test <c>Gt</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If Gt is an atomic literal L, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where A is an atom with - a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c>{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}</c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>[]</c>, then Rep(Gt) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c>[Gt_h | Gt_t]</c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item> <item>If Gt is a binary constructor - <c><<Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, then + <c><<Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, + where each <c>Size_i</c> is a guard test and each + <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then Rep(Gt) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see above. - An omitted <c>Size</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. - An omitted <c>TSL</c> (type specifier list) is represented - by <c>default</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>Gt_1 Op Gt_2</c>, where <c>Op</c> - is a binary operator, then Rep(Gt) = - <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>Op Gt_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c>[Gt_h | Gt_t]</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, + where <c>A_m</c> is the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is + an atom or an operator, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c> + or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + above.</item> + <item>If Gt is a map update <c>Gt_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c> + or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{map,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see above.</item> + <item>If Gt is nil, <c>[]</c>, + then Rep(Gt) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Gt_1 Op Gt_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match + operator <c>=</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Op Gt_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_0)}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}</c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>#Name.Field</c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>Gt_0#Name.Field</c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, where <c>A_m</c> is - the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is an atom or an operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c>{A_m,A}(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, where <c>A_m</c> is - the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is an atom or an operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep({A_m,A}),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>. - </item> - <item>If Gt is <c>( Gt_0 )</c>, then + <item>If Gt is a parenthesized guard test <c>( Gt_0 )</c>, then Rep(Gt) = <c>Rep(Gt_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized guard tests cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record creation + <c>#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record field access <c>Gt_0#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c>{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where A is an atom with + a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that every guard test has the same source form as some expression, and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p> @@ -492,21 +535,11 @@ <section> <title>Types</title> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If T is an annotated type <c>Anno :: Type</c>, - where <c>Anno</c> is a variable and - <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(Anno),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is an annotated type <c>A :: T_0</c>, + where <c>A</c> is a variable, then Rep(T) = + <c>{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(A),Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item> <item>If T is an atom or integer literal L, then Rep(T) = Rep(L). </item> - <item>If T is <c>L Op R</c>, - where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator and <c>L</c> and <c>R</c> - are types (this is an occurrence of an expression that can be - evaluated to an integer at compile time), then - Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(L),Rep(R)}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is <c>Op A</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a - unary operator and <c>A</c> is a type (this is an occurrence of - an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile time), - then Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(A)}</c>.</item> <item>If T is a bitstring type <c><<_:M,_:_*N>></c>, where <c>M</c> and <c>N</c> are singleton integer types, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(M),Rep(N)]}</c>.</item> @@ -514,69 +547,71 @@ <c>{type,Line,nil,[]}</c>.</item> <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun()</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[]}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun((...) -> B)</c>, - where <c>B</c> is a type, then - Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,any},Rep(B)]}</c>. + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun((...) -> T_0)</c>, then + Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,any},Rep(T_0)]}</c>. </item> <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun(Ft)</c>, where <c>Ft</c> is a function type, - then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(Ft)</c>.</item> + then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(Ft)</c>. For Rep(Ft), see below.</item> <item>If T is an integer range type <c>L .. H</c>, where <c>L</c> and <c>H</c> are singleton integer types, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,range,[Rep(L),Rep(H)]}</c>.</item> <item>If T is a map type <c>map()</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,map,any}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a map type <c>#{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, where each - <c>P_i</c> is a map pair type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{type,LINE,map,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a map pair type <c>K => V</c>, where - <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are types, then Rep(T) = - <c>{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a predefined (or built-in) type <c>N(A_1, ..., A_k)</c>, - where each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{type,LINE,N,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a map type <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association type, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,map,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see below.</item> + <item>If T is an operator type <c>T_1 Op T_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile + time), then + Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_1),Rep(T_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is an operator type <c>Op T_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a + unary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile time), + then Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is <c>( T_0 )</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(T_0)</c>, + that is, parenthesized types cannot be distinguished from their + bodies.</item> + <item>If T is a predefined (or built-in) type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, + then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> <item>If T is a record type <c>#Name{F_1, ..., F_k}</c>, where each <c>F_i</c> is a record field type, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name),Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]}</c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a record field type <c>Name :: Type</c>, - where <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a remote type <c>M:N(A_1, ..., A_k)</c>, where - each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(N),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]]}</c>. + For Rep(F), see below.</item> + <item>If T is a remote type <c>M:N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(N),[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]]}</c>. </item> <item>If T is a tuple type <c>tuple()</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,tuple,any}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a tuple type <c>{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where - each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type union <c>T_1 | ... | T_k</c>, - where each <c>T_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = + <item>If T is a tuple type <c>{T_1, ..., T_k}</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a type union <c>T_1 | ... | T_k</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,union,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> <item>If T is a type variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>. A type variable is any variable except underscore (<c>_</c>).</item> - <item>If T is a user-defined type <c>N(A_1, ..., A_k)</c>, - where each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c>{user_type,LINE,N,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If T is <c>( T_0 )</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(T_0)</c>, - that is, parenthesized types cannot be distinguished from their - bodies.</item> + <item>If T is a user-defined type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, + then Rep(T) = + <c>{user_type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> </list> <section> <title>Function Types</title> + <p>A function type Ft is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item>If Ft is a constrained function type <c>Ft_1 when Fc</c>, where <c>Ft_1</c> is a function type and <c>Fc</c> is a function constraint, then Rep(T) = - <c>{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Ft_1),Rep(Fc)]}</c>.</item> - <item>If Ft is a function type <c>(A_1, ..., A_n) -> B</c>, - where each <c>A_i</c> and <c>B</c> are types, then - Rep(Ft) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(A_1), - ..., Rep(A_n)]},Rep(B)]}</c>.</item> + <c>{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Ft_1),Rep(Fc)]}</c>. + For Rep(Fc), see below.</item> + <item>If Ft is a function type <c>(T_1, ..., T_n) -> T_0</c>, + where each <c>T_i</c> is a type, then + Rep(Ft) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(T_1), + ..., Rep(T_n)]},Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item> </list> </section> @@ -592,6 +627,24 @@ </item> </list> </section> + + <section> + <title>Association Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If A is an association type <c>K => V</c>, where + <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are types, then Rep(A) = + <c>{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Record Field Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If F is a record field type <c>Name :: Type</c>, + where <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = + <c>{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> </section> <section> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml b/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml index bad20d6343..ae7f264d0c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml @@ -247,14 +247,10 @@ typedef struct erl_drv_entry { something that the <c>WaitForMultipleObjects</c> API function understands). (Some trickery in the emulator allows more than the built-in limit of 64 <c>Events</c> to be used.)</p> - <p>On Enea OSE the <c>event</c> is one or more signals that can - be retrieved using <seealso marker="ose:ose_erl_driver#erl_drv_ose_get_signal">erl_drv_ose_get_signal</seealso>.</p> <p>To use this with threads and asynchronous routines, create a - pipe on unix, an Event on Windows or a unique signal number on - Enea OSE. When the routine + pipe on unix and an Event on Windows. When the routine completes, write to the pipe (use <c>SetEvent</c> on - Windows or send a message to the emulator process on Enea OSE), - this will make the emulator call + Windows), this will make the emulator call <c>ready_input</c> or <c>ready_output</c>.</p> <p>Spurious events may happen. That is, calls to <c>ready_input</c> or <c>ready_output</c> even though no real events are signaled. In @@ -441,7 +437,14 @@ typedef struct erl_drv_entry { <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits">erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits()</seealso> function. </item> - </taglist> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_INIT_ACK</c></tag> + <item>When this flag is given the linked-in driver has to manually + acknowledge that the port has been successfully started using + <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_init_ack">erl_drv_init_ack()</seealso>. + This allows the implementor to make the erlang:open_port exit with + badarg after some initial asynchronous initialization has been done. + </item> + </taglist> </item> <tag>void *handle2</tag> <item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml index e8621fecc3..1c4a0056a7 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml @@ -1339,6 +1339,21 @@ <seealso marker="kernel:error_logger#warning_map/0">error_logger(3)</seealso> for further information.</p> </item> + <tag><c><![CDATA[+xFlag Value]]></c></tag> + <item> + <p>Default process flag settings.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><marker id="+xmqd"><c>+xmqd off_heap|on_heap|mixed</c></marker></tag> + <item><p> + Sets the default value for the process flag + <c>message_queue_data</c>. If <c>+xmqd</c> is not + passed, <c>mixed</c> will be the default. For more information, + see the documentation of + <seealso marker="erlang#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>. + </p></item> + </taglist> + </item> <tag><c><![CDATA[+zFlag Value]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Miscellaneous flags.</p> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml index 34dc8af238..241d4131d5 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml @@ -1077,9 +1077,7 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec { <c>select</c>/<c>poll</c> can use). On windows, the Win32 API function <c>WaitForMultipleObjects</c> is used. This places other restrictions on the event object. - Refer to the Win32 SDK documentation. - On Enea OSE, the receive function is used. See the <seealso - marker="ose:ose_erl_driver"></seealso> for more details.</p> + Refer to the Win32 SDK documentation.</p> <p>The <c>on</c> parameter should be <c>1</c> for setting events and <c>0</c> for clearing them.</p> <p>The <c>mode</c> argument is a bitwise-or combination of @@ -1091,7 +1089,7 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec { <seealso marker="driver_entry#ready_output">ready_output</seealso>. </p> <note> - <p>Some OS (Windows and Enea OSE) do not differentiate between read and write events. + <p>Some OS (Windows) do not differentiate between read and write events. The call-back for a fired event then only depends on the value of <c>mode</c>.</p> </note> <p><c>ERL_DRV_USE</c> specifies if we are using the event object or if we want to close it. @@ -2166,6 +2164,53 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </func> <func> + <name><ret>void</ret><nametext>erl_drv_init_ack(ErlDrvPort port, ErlDrvData res)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Acknowledge the start of the port</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_init_ack"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>The port handle of the port (driver instance) creating + doing the acknowledgment. + </item> + <tag><c>res</c></tag> + <item>The result of the port initialization. This can be the same values + as the return value of <seealso marker="driver_entry#start">start</seealso>, + i.e any of the error codes or the ErlDrvData that is to be used for this + port. + </item> + </taglist> + <p> + When this function is called the initiating erlang:open_port call is + returned as if the <seealso marker="driver_entry#start">start</seealso> + function had just been called. It can only be used when the + <seealso marker="driver_entry#driver_flags">ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_INIT_ACK</seealso> + flag has been set on the linked-in driver. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>void</ret><nametext>erl_drv_set_os_pid(ErlDrvPort port, ErlDrvSInt pid)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Set the os_pid for the port</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_set_os_pid"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>The port handle of the port (driver instance) to set the pid on. + </item> + <tag><c>pid</c></tag> + <item>The pid to set.</item> + </taglist> + <p> + Set the os_pid seen when doing erlang:port_info/2 on this port. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_thread_create(char *name, ErlDrvTid *tid, void * (*func)(void *), diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml index db4f132609..8f66e07ae1 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml @@ -50,36 +50,9 @@ <c>-loader_debug</c> are also experimental</p></warning> </description> - <datatypes> - <datatype> - <name name="host"/> - </datatype> - </datatypes> <funcs> <func> - <name name="start" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Start the Erlang low level loader</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Starts the Erlang low level loader. This function is called - by the <c>init</c> process (and module). The <c>init</c> - process reads the command line flags <c>-id <anno>Id</anno></c>, - <c>-loader <anno>Loader</anno></c>, and <c>-hosts <anno>Hosts</anno></c>. These are - the arguments supplied to the <c>start/3</c> function.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is not given, the default loader is - <c>efile</c> which tells the system to read from the file - system.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is <c>inet</c>, the <c>-id <anno>Id</anno></c>, - <c>-hosts <anno>Hosts</anno></c>, and <c>-setcookie Cookie</c> flags must - also be supplied. <c><anno>Hosts</anno></c> identifies hosts which this - node can contact in order to load modules. One Erlang - runtime system with a <c>erl_boot_server</c> process must be - started on each of hosts given in <c><anno>Hosts</anno></c> in order to - answer the requests. See <seealso - marker="kernel:erl_boot_server">erl_boot_server(3)</seealso>.</p> - </desc> - </func> - <func> <name name="get_file" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Get a file</fsummary> <desc> @@ -87,8 +60,6 @@ <c><anno>Filename</anno></c> is either an absolute file name or just the name of the file, for example <c>"lists.beam"</c>. If an internal path is set to the loader, this path is used to find the file. - If a user supplied loader is used, the path can be stripped - off if it is obsolete, and the loader does not use a path. <c><anno>FullName</anno></c> is the complete name of the fetched file. <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> is the contents of the file as a binary.</p> @@ -189,17 +160,12 @@ <p>Specifies which other Erlang nodes the <c>inet</c> loader can use. This flag is mandatory if the <c>-loader inet</c> flag is present. On each host, there must be on Erlang node - with the <c>erl_boot_server</c> which handles the load - requests. <c>Hosts</c> is a list of IP addresses (hostnames + with the <seealso + marker="kernel:erl_boot_server">erl_boot_server(3)</seealso> + which handles the load requests. + <c>Hosts</c> is a list of IP addresses (hostnames are not acceptable).</p> </item> - <tag><c>-id Id</c></tag> - <item> - <p>Specifies the identity of the Erlang runtime system. If - the system runs as a distributed node, <c>Id</c> must be - identical to the name supplied with the <c>-sname</c> or - <c>-name</c> distribution flags.</p> - </item> <tag><c>-setcookie Cookie</c></tag> <item> <p>Specifies the cookie of the Erlang runtime system. This flag diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml index e4d5e6e77a..803da382ed 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml @@ -59,6 +59,12 @@ </datatype> <datatype> + <name name="message_queue_data"></name> + <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>erlang:process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </desc> + </datatype> + + <datatype> <name name="timestamp"></name> <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#timestamp/0">erlang:timestamp/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> @@ -125,6 +131,17 @@ </note> </item> + <tag><c>perf_counter</c></tag> + <item><p>Symbolic representation of the performance counter + time unit used by the Erlang runtime system.</p> + + <p>The <c>perf_counter</c> time unit behaves much in the same way + as the <c>native</c> time unit. That is it might differ inbetween + run-time restarts. You get values of this type by calling + <seealso marker="kernel:os#perf_counter/0"><c>os:perf_counter()</c></seealso> + </p> + </item> + </taglist> <p>The <c>time_unit/0</c> type may be extended. Use @@ -1105,7 +1122,7 @@ <fsummary>Prints a term on standard output.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Prints a text representation of <c><anno>Term</anno></c> on the - standard output. On OSE, the term is printed to the ramlog.</p> + standard output.</p> <warning> <p>This BIF is intended for debugging only.</p> </warning> @@ -4280,9 +4297,59 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> - + <marker id="process_flag_message_queue_data"/> <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> + <fsummary>Set process flag <c>message_queue_data</c> for the calling process</fsummary> + <type name="message_queue_data"/> + <desc> + <p>This flag determines how messages in the message queue + are stored. When the flag is:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>off_heap</c></tag> + <item><p> + <em>All</em> messages in the message queue will be stored + outside of the process heap. This implies that <em>no</em> + messages in the message queue will be part of a garbage + collection of the process. + </p></item> + <tag><c>on_heap</c></tag> + <item><p> + All messages in the message queue will eventually be + placed on heap. They may however temporarily be stored + off heap. This is how messages always have been stored + up until ERTS version 8.0. + </p></item> + <tag><c>mixed</c></tag> + <item><p> + Messages may be placed either on the heap or outside + of the heap. + </p></item> + </taglist> + <p> + The default <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag is determined + by the <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso> + <c>erl</c> command line argument. + </p> + <p> + If the process potentially may get a hugh amount of messages, + you are recommended to set the flag to <c>off_heap</c>. This + since a garbage collection with lots of messages placed on + the heap may become extremly expensive and the process may + consume large amounts of memory. Performance of the + actual message passing is however generally better when not + using the <c>off_heap</c> flag. + </p> + <p> + When changing this flag messages will be moved. This work + has been initiated but not completed when this function + call returns. + </p> + <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>priority</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> <desc> @@ -4356,7 +4423,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> - <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> + <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>save_calls</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> <p><c><anno>N</anno></c> must be an integer in the interval 0..10000. @@ -4387,7 +4454,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> </func> <func> - <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> <fsummary>Sets process flag <c>sensitive</c> for the calling process.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets or clears flag <c>sensitive</c> for the current process. @@ -4441,6 +4508,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> <type name="stack_item"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <desc> <p>Returns a list containing <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with miscellaneous information about the process identified by @@ -4493,6 +4561,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="stack_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <desc> <p>Returns information about the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, as specified by @@ -4584,6 +4653,17 @@ os_prompt% </pre> The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without prior notice.</p> </item> + <tag><c>{garbage_collection_info, <anno>GCInfo</anno>}</c></tag> + <item> + <p><c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> is a list containing miscellaneous + detailed information about garbage collection for this process. + The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without + prior notice. + See <seealso marker="#gc_start">gc_start</seealso> in + <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso> for details about + what each item means. + </p> + </item> <tag><c>{group_leader, <anno>GroupLeader</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c> is group leader for the I/O of @@ -4661,6 +4741,15 @@ os_prompt% </pre> monitor by name, the list item is <c>{process, {<anno>RegName</anno>, <anno>Node</anno>}}</c>.</p> </item> + <tag><c>{message_queue_data, <anno>MQD</anno>}</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Returns the current state of the <c>message_queue_data</c> + process flag. <c><anno>MQD</anno></c> is either <c>off_heap</c>, + <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. For more information, see the + documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </item> <tag><c>{priority, <anno>Level</anno>}</c></tag> <item> <p><c><anno>Level</anno></c> is the current priority level for @@ -4803,6 +4892,12 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and is not to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> + <note> + <p>As from <c>ERTS</c> 8.0 (OTP 19), any lingering processes + that still execute the old code will be killed by this function. + In earlier versions, such incorrect use could cause much + more fatal failures, like emulator crash.</p> + </note> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there is no old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> </desc> @@ -5429,6 +5524,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="2"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> @@ -5444,6 +5541,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="3"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of <c><anno>Fun</anno></c> to the @@ -5458,6 +5557,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="4"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Works as <seealso marker="#spawn/3">spawn/3</seealso>, except that an @@ -5559,6 +5660,18 @@ true</pre> fine-tuning an application and to measure the execution time with various <c><anno>VSize</anno></c> values.</p> </item> + <tag><c>{message_queue_data, <anno>MQD</anno>}</c></tag> + <item> + <p>Sets the state of the <c>message_queue_data</c> process + flag. <c><anno>MQD</anno></c> should be either <c>off_heap</c>, + <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. The default + <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag is determined by the + <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso> <c>erl</c> + command line argument. For more information, see the + documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + <anno>MQD</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> + </item> </taglist> </desc> </func> @@ -5567,6 +5680,8 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="5"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> + <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application @@ -5755,6 +5870,146 @@ true</pre> <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> + <fsummary>Information about microstate accounting.</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="statistics_microstate_accounting"></marker> + <p> + Microstate accounting can be used to measure how much time the Erlang + runtime system spends doing various tasks. It is designed to be as + lightweight as possible, but there will be some overhead when this + is enabled. Microstate accounting is meant to be a profiling tool + to help figure out performance bottlenecks. + To <c>start</c>/<c>stop</c>/<c>reset</c> microstate_accounting you use + the system_flag + <seealso marker="#system_flag_microstate_accounting"> + <c>microstate_accounting</c></seealso>. + </p> + <p> + <c>erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)</c> returns a list of maps + representing some of the OS threads within ERTS. Each map contains + <c>type</c> and <c>id</c> fields that can be used to identify what + thread it is, and also a counters field that contains data about how + much time has been spent in the various states.</p> + <pre> +> <input>erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting).</input> +[#{counters => #{aux => 1899182914, + check_io => 2605863602, + emulator => 45731880463, + gc => 1512206910, + other => 5421338456, + port => 221631, + sleep => 5150294100}, + id => 1, + type => scheduler}|...] + </pre> + <p>The time unit is the same as returned by + <seealso marker="kernel:os#perf_counter/0"> + <c>os:perf_counter/0</c></seealso>. + So to convert it to milliseconds you could do something like this:</p> + <pre> +lists:map( + fun(#{ counters := Cnt } = M) -> + MsCnt = maps:map(fun(_K, PerfCount) -> + erlang:convert_time_unit(PerfCount, perf_counter, 1000) + end, Cnt), + M#{ counters := MsCnt } + end, erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)). + </pre> + <p> + It is important to note that these values are not guaranteed to be + the exact time spent in each state. This is because of various + optimisation done in order to keep the overhead as small as possible. + </p> + + <p>Currently the following <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_Type</anno></c> are available:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>scheduler</c></tag> + <item>The main execution threads that do most of the work.</item> + <tag><c>async</c></tag><item>Async threads are used by various + linked-in drivers (mainly the file drivers) do offload non-cpu + intensive work.</item> + <tag><c>aux</c></tag><item>Takes care of any work that is not + specifically assigned to a scheduler.</item> + </taglist> + <p>Currently the following <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_State</anno></c>s are available. + All states are exclusive, meaning that a thread cannot be in two states + at once. So if you add the numbers of all counters in a thread + you will get the total run-time for that thread.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>aux</c></tag> + <item>Time spent handling auxiliary jobs.</item> + <tag><c>check_io</c></tag> + <item>Time spent checking for new I/O events.</item> + <tag><c>emulator</c></tag> + <item>Time spent executing erlang processes.</item> + <tag><c>gc</c></tag> + <item>Time spent doing garbage collection. When extra states are + enabled this is the time spent doing non-fullsweep garbage + collections.</item> + <tag><c>other</c></tag> + <item>Time spent doing unaccounted things.</item> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>Time spent executing ports.</item> + <tag><c>sleep</c></tag> + <item>Time spent sleeping.</item> + </taglist> + <p>It is possible to add more fine grained <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_State</anno></c>s + through configure. + (e.g. <c>./configure --with-microstate-accounting=extra</c>). + Enabling these states will cause a performance degradation when + microstate accounting is turned off and increase the overhead when + it is turned on.</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>alloc</c></tag> + <item>Time spent managing memory. Without extra states this time is + spread out over all other states.</item> + <tag><c>bif</c></tag> + <item>Time spent in bifs. Without extra states this time is part of + the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>busy_wait</c></tag> + <item>Time spent busy waiting. This is also the state where a + scheduler no longer reports that it is active when using + <seealso marker="#statistics_scheduler_wall_time"> + <c>erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)</c></seealso>. + So if you add all other states but this and sleep and then divide that + by all time in the thread you should get something very similar to the + scheduler_wall_time fraction. Without extra states this time is part + of the <c>other</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>ets</c></tag> + <item>Time spent executing ETS bifs. Without extra states this time is + part of the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>gc_full</c></tag> + <item>Time spent doing fullsweep garbage collection. Without extra + states this time is part of the <c>gc</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>nif</c></tag> + <item>Time spent in nifs. Without extra states this time is part of + the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>send</c></tag> + <item>Time spent sending messages (processes only). Without extra + states this time is part of the <c>emulator</c> state.</item> + <tag><c>timers</c></tag> + <item>Time spent managing timers. Without extra states this time is + part of the <c>other</c> state.</item> + </taglist> + <p>There is a utility module called + <seealso marker="runtime_tools:msacc"><c>msacc</c></seealso> in + runtime_tools that can be used to more easily analyse these + statistics.</p> + + <p> + Returns <c>undefined</c> if the system flag + <seealso marker="#system_flag_microstate_accounting"> + <c>microstate_accounting</c></seealso> + is turned off. + </p> + <p>The list of thread information is unsorted and may appear in + different order between calls.</p> + <note><p>The threads and states are subject to change without any + prior notice.</p></note> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> <fsummary>Information about reductions.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_reductions"></marker> @@ -5772,7 +6027,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> <fsummary>Information about the run-queues.</fsummary> <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue"></marker> <p> @@ -5788,7 +6043,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue_lengths"></marker> <p> @@ -5808,7 +6063,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/> <fsummary>Information about runtime.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.</p> @@ -5823,7 +6078,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/> <fsummary>Information about each schedulers work time.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> @@ -5894,7 +6149,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/> <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> <desc><marker id="statistics_total_active_tasks"></marker> <p> @@ -5912,7 +6167,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/> <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> <desc><marker id="statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"></marker> <p> @@ -5931,7 +6186,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="14"/> <fsummary>Information about wall clock.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about wall clock. <c>wall_clock</c> can @@ -6165,6 +6420,17 @@ ok <func> <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> + <fsummary>Set system flag microstate_accounting</fsummary> + <desc><p><marker id="system_flag_microstate_accounting"></marker> + Turns on/off microstate accounting measurements. By passing reset it is possible to reset + all counters to 0.</p> + <p>For more information see, + <seealso marker="#statistics_microstate_accounting">erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)</seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + <func> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_heap_size</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The size @@ -6179,7 +6445,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for @@ -6196,7 +6462,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>multi_scheduling</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_multi_scheduling"></marker> @@ -6234,7 +6500,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_bind_type</c>.</fsummary> <type name="scheduler_bind_type"/> <desc> @@ -6352,7 +6618,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_wall_time</c>.</fsummary> <desc><p><marker id="system_flag_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> Turns on or off scheduler wall time measurements.</p> @@ -6362,7 +6628,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>schedulers_online</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p><marker id="system_flag_schedulers_online"></marker> @@ -6387,7 +6653,7 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/> + <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="12"/> <fsummary>Sets system flag <c>trace_control_word</c>.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Sets the value of the node trace control word to @@ -6726,6 +6992,7 @@ ok <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="65"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="66"/> <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="67"/> + <name name="system_info" arity="1" clause_i="68"/> <fsummary>Information about the system.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns various information about the current system @@ -7131,7 +7398,17 @@ ok used by the runtime system. It is on the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".</p> </item> - <tag><c>otp_release</c></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_message_queue_data"><c>message_queue_data</c></marker></tag> + <item> + <p>Returns the default value of the <c>message_queue_data</c> + process flag which is either <c>off_heap</c>, <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. + This default is set by the <c>erl</c> command line argument + <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso>. For more information on the + <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag, see documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </item> + <tag><marker id="system_info_otp_release"><c>otp_release</c></marker></tag> <item> <marker id="system_info_otp_release"></marker> <p>Returns a string containing the OTP release number of the diff --git a/erts/doc/src/init.xml b/erts/doc/src/init.xml index fe26df61f7..2a33096d04 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/init.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/init.xml @@ -247,10 +247,7 @@ <c>Expr</c> during system initialization. If any of these steps fail (syntax error, parse error or exception during evaluation), Erlang stops with an error message. Here is an - example that seeds the random number generator:</p> - <pre> -% <input>erl -eval '{X,Y,Z} = now(), random:seed(X,Y,Z).'</input></pre> - <p>This example uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p> + example that uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p> <pre> % <input>erl -noshell -eval 'R = 16#1F+16#A0, io:format("~.16B~n", [R])' \\</input> <input>-s erlang halt</input> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml index 0a5b2c6136..faec3c68c1 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/run_erl.xml @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ first argument to run_erl on the command line.</item> <tag>pipe_dir</tag> <item>This is where to put the named pipe, usually - <c><![CDATA[/tmp/]]></c> on Unix or <c><![CDATA[/pipe/]]></c> on OSE. It shall be suffixed by a <c><![CDATA[/]]></c> (slash), + <c><![CDATA[/tmp/]]></c>. It shall be suffixed by a <c><![CDATA[/]]></c> (slash), i.e. not <c><![CDATA[/tmp/epipies]]></c>, but <c><![CDATA[/tmp/epipes/]]></c>. </item> <tag>log_dir</tag> <item>This is where the log files are written. There will be one |