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-rw-r--r--erts/doc/src/absform.xml598
-rw-r--r--erts/doc/src/erl.xml5
-rw-r--r--erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml113
-rw-r--r--erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml112
-rw-r--r--erts/doc/src/erlang.xml268
5 files changed, 807 insertions, 289 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml
index 1c0c3e1319..ccdecf44ec 100644
--- a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml
+++ b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
- <year>2001</year><year>2015</year>
+ <year>2001</year><year>2016</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
@@ -68,31 +68,29 @@
<item>If D is a module declaration consisting of the forms
<c>F_1</c>, ..., <c>F_k</c>, then
Rep(D) = <c>[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]</c>.</item>
- <item>If F is an attribute <c>-module(Mod)</c>, then
- Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}</c>.</item>
<item>If F is an attribute <c>-behavior(Behavior)</c>, then
Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behavior,Behavior}</c>.</item>
<item>If F is an attribute <c>-behaviour(Behaviour)</c>, then
Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behaviour,Behaviour}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If F is an attribute <c>-compile(Options)</c>, then
+ Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}</c>.</item>
<item>If F is an attribute <c>-export([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then
Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If F is an attribute <c>-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then
- Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}</c>.</item>
<item>If F is an attribute <c>-export_type([Type_1/A_1, ..., Type_k/A_k])</c>, then
Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export_type,[{Type_1,A_1}, ..., {Type_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If F is an attribute <c>-compile(Options)</c>, then
- Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If F is an attribute <c>-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then
+ Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If F is an attribute <c>-module(Mod)</c>, then
+ Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If F is an attribute <c>-optional_callbacks([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then
+ Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,optional_callbacks,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item>
<item>If F is an attribute <c>-file(File,Line)</c>, then
Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,file,{File,Line}}</c>.</item>
- <item>If F is a record declaration
- <c>-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})</c>, then Rep(F) =
- <c>{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>.
- For Rep(V), see below.</item>
- <item>If F is a type declaration
- <c>-Type Name(V_1, ..., V_k) :: T</c>, where
- <c>Type</c> is either the atom <c>type</c> or the atom <c>opaque</c>,
- each <c>V_i</c> is a variable, and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(F) =
- <c>{attribute,LINE,Type,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>.
+ <item>If F is a function declaration
+ <c>Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k</c>,
+ where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause with a
+ pattern sequence of the same length <c>Arity</c>, then
+ Rep(F) = <c>{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>.
</item>
<item>If F is a function specification
<c>-Spec Name Ft_1; ...; Ft_k</c>,
@@ -109,15 +107,20 @@
<c>Arity</c>, then Rep(F) =
<c>{attribute,Line,spec,{{Mod,Name,Arity},[Rep(Ft_1), ..., Rep(Ft_k)]}}</c>.
</item>
+ <item>If F is a record declaration
+ <c>-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})</c>,
+ where each <c>V_i</c> is a record field, then Rep(F) =
+ <c>{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>.
+ For Rep(V), see below.</item>
+ <item>If F is a type declaration
+ <c>-Type Name(V_1, ..., V_k) :: T</c>, where
+ <c>Type</c> is either the atom <c>type</c> or the atom <c>opaque</c>,
+ each <c>V_i</c> is a variable, and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(F) =
+ <c>{attribute,LINE,Type,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>.
+ </item>
<item>If F is a wild attribute <c>-A(T)</c>, then
Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,A,T}</c>.
<br></br></item>
- <item>If F is a function declaration
- <c>Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k</c>,
- where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause with a
- pattern sequence of the same length <c>Arity</c>, then
- Rep(F) = <c>{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>.
- </item>
</list>
<section>
@@ -157,15 +160,15 @@
<p>There are five kinds of atomic literals, which are represented in the
same way in patterns, expressions and guards:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then
- Rep(L) = <c>{integer,LINE,L}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If L is an atom literal, then
+ Rep(L) = <c>{atom,LINE,L}</c>.</item>
<item>If L is a float literal, then
Rep(L) = <c>{float,LINE,L}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then
+ Rep(L) = <c>{integer,LINE,L}</c>.</item>
<item>If L is a string literal consisting of the characters
<c>C_1</c>, ..., <c>C_k</c>, then
Rep(L) = <c>{string,LINE,[C_1, ..., C_k]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If L is an atom literal, then
- Rep(L) = <c>{atom,LINE,L}</c>.</item>
</list>
<p>Note that negative integer and float literals do not occur as such; they are
parsed as an application of the unary negation operator.</p>
@@ -173,47 +176,59 @@
<section>
<title>Patterns</title>
- <p>If <c>Ps</c> is a sequence of patterns <c>P_1, ..., P_k</c>, then
+ <p>If Ps is a sequence of patterns <c>P_1, ..., P_k</c>, then
Rep(Ps) = <c>[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]</c>. Such sequences occur as the
list of arguments to a function or fun.</p>
<p>Individual patterns are represented as follows:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If P is an atomic literal L, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item>
+ <item>If P is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item>
+ <item>If P is a binary pattern
+ <c>&lt;&lt;P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, where each
+ <c>Size_i</c> is an expression that can be evaluated to an integer
+ and each <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then
+ Rep(P) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>.
+ For Rep(TSL), see below.
+ An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.
+ An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item>
<item>If P is a compound pattern <c>P_1 = P_2</c>, then
Rep(P) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then
- Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>,
- where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as
- <c>V</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is a universal pattern <c>_</c>, then
- Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,'_'}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c>{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, then
- Rep(P) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is a nil pattern <c>[]</c>, then
- Rep(P) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item>
<item>If P is a cons pattern <c>[P_h | P_t]</c>, then
Rep(P) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(P_h),Rep(P_t)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is a binary pattern <c>&lt;&lt;P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>.
- For Rep(TSL), see below.
- An omitted <c>Size</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. An omitted <c>TSL</c>
- (type specifier list) is represented by <c>default</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is <c>P_1 Op P_2</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this
- is either an occurrence of <c>++</c> applied to a literal string or character
+ <item>If P is a map pattern <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each
+ <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>P_i_1 := P_i_2</c>, then Rep(P) =
+ <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see
+ below.</item>
+ <item>If P is a nil pattern <c>[]</c>, then
+ Rep(P) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>P_1 Op P_2</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is either an occurrence
+ of <c>++</c> applied to a literal string or character
list, or an occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number
at compile time),
then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is <c>Op P_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator (this is an
- occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile
+ <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>Op P_0</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator (this is an occurrence of
+ an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile
time), then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_0)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is a record pattern <c>#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}</c>,
- then Rep(P) =
- <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is <c>#Name.Field</c>, then
- Rep(P) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If P is <c>( P_0 )</c>, then
+ <item>If P is a parenthesized pattern <c>( P_0 )</c>, then
Rep(P) = <c>Rep(P_0)</c>,
- that is, patterns cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item>
+ that is, parenthesized patterns cannot be distinguished from their
+ bodies.</item>
+ <item>If P is a record field index pattern <c>#Name.Field</c>,
+ where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then
+ Rep(P) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If P is a record pattern
+ <c>#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(P) =
+ <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c>{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, then
+ Rep(P) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If P is a universal pattern <c>_</c>, then
+ Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,'_'}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If P is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then
+ Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>,
+ where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as
+ <c>V</c>.</item>
</list>
<p>Note that every pattern has the same source form as some expression, and is
represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p>
@@ -221,167 +236,185 @@
<section>
<title>Expressions</title>
- <p>A body B is a sequence of expressions <c>E_1, ..., E_k</c>, and
- Rep(B) = <c>[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]</c>.</p>
+ <p>A body B is a nonempty sequence of expressions <c>E_1, ..., E_k</c>,
+ and Rep(B) = <c>[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]</c>.</p>
<p>An expression E is one of the following alternatives:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If P is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item>
- <item>If E is <c>P = E_0</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is a variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>,
- where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same
- characters as <c>V</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c>{E_1, ..., E_k}</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>[]</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c>[E_h | E_t]</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is a binary constructor <c>&lt;&lt;V_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., V_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>.
+ <item>If E is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(E) = Rep(L).</item>
+ <item>If E is a binary comprehension
+ <c>&lt;&lt;E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k>></c>,
+ where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>.
+ For Rep(Q), see below.</item>
+ <item>If E is a binary constructor <c>&lt;&lt;E_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., E_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>,
+ where each <c>Size_i</c> is an expression and each
+ <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>.
For Rep(TSL), see below.
- An omitted <c>Size</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. An omitted <c>TSL</c>
- (type specifier list) is represented by <c>default</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>E_1 Op E_2</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator,
- then Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>Op E_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>,
- then Rep(E) =
- <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, then
- Rep(E) =
- <c>{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>#Name.Field</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>E_0#Name.Field</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>#{W_1, ..., W_k}</c> where each
- <c>W_i</c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>. For Rep(W), see
- below.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>E_0#{W_1, ..., W_k}</c> where
- <c>W_i</c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>.
- For Rep(W), see below.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>catch E_0</c>, then
+ An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.
+ An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a block expression <c>begin B end</c>,
+ where <c>B</c> is a body, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{block,LINE,Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a case expression <c>case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>,
+ where <c>E_0</c> is an expression and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a
+ case clause then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a catch expression <c>catch E_0</c>, then
Rep(E) = <c>{'catch',LINE,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then
+ <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c>[E_h | E_t]</c>, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Name/Arity</c>, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a fun expression
+ <c>fun Module:Name/Arity</c>, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}</c>.
+ (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) =
+ <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}</c>.)</item>
+ <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end</c>,
+ where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a fun expression
+ <c>fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end</c>,
+ where <c>Name</c> is a variable and each
+ <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>.
+ </item>
+ <item>If E is a function call <c>E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then
Rep(E) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.
+ <item>If E is a function call <c>E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>,
+ then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.
</item>
- <item>If E is a list comprehension <c>[E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k]</c>,
- where each <c>W_i</c> is a generator or a filter, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>. For Rep(W), see
- below.</item>
- <item>If E is a binary comprehension
- <c>&lt;&lt;E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k>></c>,
- where each <c>W_i</c> is a generator or a filter, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}</c>.
- For Rep(W), see below.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>begin B end</c>, where <c>B</c> is a body, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{block,LINE,Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end</c>,
+ <item>If E is an if expression <c>if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end</c>,
where each <c>Ic_i</c> is an if clause then Rep(E) =
<c>{'if',LINE,[Rep(Ic_1), ..., Rep(Ic_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>,
- where <c>E_0</c> is an expression and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a
- case clause then Rep(E) =
- <c>{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end</c>,
+ <item>If E is a list comprehension <c>[E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k]</c>,
+ where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. For Rep(Q), see
+ below.</item>
+ <item>If E is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c>
+ or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see
+ below.</item>
+ <item>If E is a map update <c>E_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c>
+ or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.
+ For Rep(A), see below.</item>
+ <item>If E is a match operator expression <c>P = E_0</c>,
+ where <c>P</c> is a pattern, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is nil, <c>[]</c>, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is an operator expression <c>E_1 Op E_2</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match
+ operator <c>=</c>, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is an operator expression <c>Op E_0</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a parenthesized expression <c>( E_0 )</c>, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>Rep(E_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized
+ expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item>
+ <item>If E is a receive expression <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>,
+ where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a receive expression
+ <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end</c>,
+ where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause,
+ <c>E_0</c> is an expression and <c>B_t</c> is a body, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a record creation
+ <c>#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a record field access <c>E_0#Name.Field</c>,
+ where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>,
+ where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a record update
+ <c>E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom, then Rep(E) =
+ <c>{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c>{E_1, ..., E_k}</c>, then
+ Rep(E) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end</c>,
where <c>B</c> is a body and each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then
Rep(E) =
<c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],[]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end</c>,
+ <item>If E is a try expression
+ <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end</c>,
where <c>B</c> is a body,
each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause and
each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) =
<c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],[]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>try B after A end</c>,
+ <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B after A end</c>,
where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies then Rep(E) =
<c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end</c>,
+ <item>If E is a try expression
+ <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end</c>,
where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies and
each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) =
<c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end</c>,
+ <item>If E is a try expression
+ <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end</c>,
where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies and
each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) =
<c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end</c>,
+ <item>If E is a try expression
+ <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end</c>,
where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies,
- each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause and
+ each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, and
each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then
Rep(E) =
<c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>,
- where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) =
- <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end</c>,
- where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause,
- <c>E_0</c> is an expression and <c>B_t</c> is a body, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>fun Name / Arity</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>fun Module:Name/Arity</c>, then Rep(E) =
- <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}</c>.
- (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) =
- <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}</c>.)</item>
- <item>If E is <c>fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end</c>
- where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) =
- <c>{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}</c>.</item>
- <item>If E is <c>fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end</c>
- where <c>Name</c> is a variable and each
- <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) =
- <c>{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>.
- </item>
- <item>If E is <c>( E_0 )</c>, then
- Rep(E) = <c>Rep(E_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized
- expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item>
+ <item>If E is a variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>,
+ where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same
+ characters as <c>V</c>.</item>
</list>
<section>
- <title>Generators and Filters</title>
- <p>When W is a generator or a filter (in the body of a list or
- binary comprehension), then:</p>
+ <title>Qualifiers</title>
+ <p>A qualifier Q is one of the following alternatives:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If W is a generator <c>P &lt;- E</c>, where <c>P</c> is
+ <item>If Q is a filter <c>E</c>, where <c>E</c> is an expression, then
+ Rep(Q) = <c>Rep(E)</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Q is a generator <c>P &lt;- E</c>, where <c>P</c> is
a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then
- Rep(W) = <c>{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If W is a generator <c>P &lt;= E</c>, where <c>P</c> is
+ Rep(Q) = <c>{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Q is a generator <c>P &lt;= E</c>, where <c>P</c> is
a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then
- Rep(W) = <c>{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If W is a filter <c>E</c>, which is an expression, then
- Rep(W) = <c>Rep(E)</c>.</item>
+ Rep(Q) = <c>{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item>
</list>
</section>
<section>
<title>Binary Element Type Specifiers</title>
<p>A type specifier list TSL for a binary element is a sequence of type
- specifiers <c>TS_1 - ... - TS_k</c>.
+ specifiers <c>TS_1 - ... - TS_k</c>, and
Rep(TSL) = <c>[Rep(TS_1), ..., Rep(TS_k)]</c>.</p>
- <p>When TS is a type specifier for a binary element, then:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If TS is an atom <c>A</c>, then Rep(TS) = <c>A</c>.</item>
- <item>If TS is a couple <c>A:Value</c> where <c>A</c> is an atom
- and <c>Value</c> is an integer, then Rep(TS) =
- <c>{A,Value}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom,
+ then Rep(TS) = <c>A</c>.</item>
+ <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A:Value</c>,
+ where <c>A</c> is an atom and <c>Value</c> is an integer,
+ then Rep(TS) = <c>{A,Value}</c>.</item>
</list>
</section>
<section>
- <title>Map Assoc and Exact Fields</title>
- <p>When W is an assoc or exact field (in the body of a map), then:</p>
+ <title>Associations</title>
+ <p>An association A is one of the following alternatives:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If W is an assoc field <c>K => V</c>, where
- <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are both expressions,
- then Rep(W) = <c>{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>.
+ <item>If A is an association <c>K => V</c>,
+ then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>.
</item>
- <item>If W is an exact field <c>K := V</c>, where
- <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are both expressions,
- then Rep(W) = <c>{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>.
+ <item>If A is an association <c>K := V</c>,
+ then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>.
</item>
</list>
</section>
@@ -393,39 +426,39 @@
and catch clauses.</p>
<p>A clause <c>C</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) -> B</c>
- where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
- Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) when Gs -> B</c>
- where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence,
- <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
- Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is an if clause <c>Gs -> B</c>
- where <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
- Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a case clause <c>P -> B</c>
+ <item>If C is a case clause <c>P -> B</c>,
where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then
Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a case clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>
+ <item>If C is a case clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>,
where <c>P</c> is a pattern,
<c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P -> B</c>
+ <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P -> B</c>,
where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then
Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P -> B</c>
+ <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P -> B</c>,
where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern,
- <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then
+ <c>P</c> is a pattern, and <c>B</c> is a body, then
Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>
- where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence
+ <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>,
+ where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence,
and <c>B</c> is a body, then
Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P when Gs -> B</c>
+ <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P when Gs -> B</c>,
where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern,
- <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence
+ <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence,
and <c>B</c> is a body, then
Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) -> B</c>,
+ where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
+ Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) when Gs -> B</c>,
+ where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence,
+ <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
+ Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If C is an if clause <c>Gs -> B</c>,
+ where <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then
+ Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item>
</list>
</section>
@@ -439,46 +472,61 @@
<c>[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]</c>.</p>
<p>A guard test <c>Gt</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If Gt is an atomic literal L, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item>
- <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where A is an atom with
- a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c>{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}</c>, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>[]</c>, then Rep(Gt) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c>[Gt_h | Gt_t]</c>, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item>
<item>If Gt is a binary constructor
- <c>&lt;&lt;Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, then
+ <c>&lt;&lt;Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>,
+ where each <c>Size_i</c> is a guard test and each
+ <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then
Rep(Gt) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>.
For Rep(TSL), see above.
- An omitted <c>Size</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.
- An omitted <c>TSL</c> (type specifier list) is represented
- by <c>default</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>Gt_1 Op Gt_2</c>, where <c>Op</c>
- is a binary operator, then Rep(Gt) =
- <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>Op Gt_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then
+ An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.
+ An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c>[Gt_h | Gt_t]</c>, then
+ Rep(Gt) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>,
+ where <c>A</c> is an atom, then Rep(Gt) =
+ <c>{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>,
+ where <c>A_m</c> is the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is
+ an atom or an operator, then Rep(Gt) =
+ <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c>
+ or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) =
+ <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see
+ above.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a map update <c>Gt_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each
+ <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c>
+ or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) =
+ <c>{map,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.
+ For Rep(A), see above.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is nil, <c>[]</c>,
+ then Rep(Gt) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Gt_1 Op Gt_2</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match
+ operator <c>=</c>, then
+ Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Op Gt_0</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then
Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_0)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}</c>, then
- Rep(E) =
- <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>#Name.Field</c>, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>Gt_0#Name.Field</c>, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, where <c>A_m</c> is
- the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is an atom or an operator, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>{A_m,A}(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, where <c>A_m</c> is
- the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is an atom or an operator, then
- Rep(Gt) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep({A_m,A}),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.
- </item>
- <item>If Gt is <c>( Gt_0 )</c>, then
+ <item>If Gt is a parenthesized guard test <c>( Gt_0 )</c>, then
Rep(Gt) = <c>Rep(Gt_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized
guard tests cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a record creation
+ <c>#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}</c>,
+ where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(Gt) =
+ <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a record field access <c>Gt_0#Name.Field</c>,
+ where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then
+ Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>,
+ where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then
+ Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c>{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}</c>, then
+ Rep(Gt) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then
+ Rep(Gt) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where A is an atom with
+ a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>.</item>
</list>
<p>Note that every guard test has the same source form as some expression,
and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p>
@@ -487,21 +535,11 @@
<section>
<title>Types</title>
<list type="bulleted">
- <item>If T is an annotated type <c>Anno :: Type</c>,
- where <c>Anno</c> is a variable and
- <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(Anno),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If T is an annotated type <c>A :: T_0</c>,
+ where <c>A</c> is a variable, then Rep(T) =
+ <c>{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(A),Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item>
<item>If T is an atom or integer literal L, then Rep(T) = Rep(L).
</item>
- <item>If T is <c>L Op R</c>,
- where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator and <c>L</c> and <c>R</c>
- are types (this is an occurrence of an expression that can be
- evaluated to an integer at compile time), then
- Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(L),Rep(R)}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is <c>Op A</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a
- unary operator and <c>A</c> is a type (this is an occurrence of
- an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile time),
- then Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(A)}</c>.</item>
<item>If T is a bitstring type <c>&lt;&lt;_:M,_:_*N>></c>,
where <c>M</c> and <c>N</c> are singleton integer types, then Rep(T) =
<c>{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(M),Rep(N)]}</c>.</item>
@@ -509,69 +547,71 @@
<c>{type,Line,nil,[]}</c>.</item>
<item>If T is a fun type <c>fun()</c>, then Rep(T) =
<c>{type,LINE,'fun',[]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun((...) -> B)</c>,
- where <c>B</c> is a type, then
- Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,any},Rep(B)]}</c>.
+ <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun((...) -> T_0)</c>, then
+ Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,any},Rep(T_0)]}</c>.
</item>
<item>If T is a fun type <c>fun(Ft)</c>, where
<c>Ft</c> is a function type,
- then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(Ft)</c>.</item>
+ then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(Ft)</c>. For Rep(Ft), see below.</item>
<item>If T is an integer range type <c>L .. H</c>,
where <c>L</c> and <c>H</c> are singleton integer types, then
Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,range,[Rep(L),Rep(H)]}</c>.</item>
<item>If T is a map type <c>map()</c>, then Rep(T) =
<c>{type,LINE,map,any}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a map type <c>#{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, where each
- <c>P_i</c> is a map pair type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{type,LINE,map,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a map pair type <c>K => V</c>, where
- <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are types, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a predefined (or built-in) type <c>N(A_1, ..., A_k)</c>,
- where each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{type,LINE,N,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If T is a map type <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each
+ <c>A_i</c> is an association type, then Rep(T) =
+ <c>{type,LINE,map,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.
+ For Rep(A), see below.</item>
+ <item>If T is an operator type <c>T_1 Op T_2</c>,
+ where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is an occurrence of
+ an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile
+ time), then
+ Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_1),Rep(T_2)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If T is an operator type <c>Op T_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a
+ unary operator (this is an occurrence of
+ an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile time),
+ then Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_0)}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If T is <c>( T_0 )</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(T_0)</c>,
+ that is, parenthesized types cannot be distinguished from their
+ bodies.</item>
+ <item>If T is a predefined (or built-in) type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>,
+ then Rep(T) =
+ <c>{type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item>
<item>If T is a record type <c>#Name{F_1, ..., F_k}</c>,
where each <c>F_i</c> is a record field type, then Rep(T) =
<c>{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name),Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]}</c>.
- </item>
- <item>If T is a record field type <c>Name :: Type</c>,
- where <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a remote type <c>M:N(A_1, ..., A_k)</c>, where
- each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(N),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]]}</c>.
+ For Rep(F), see below.</item>
+ <item>If T is a remote type <c>M:N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, then Rep(T) =
+ <c>{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(N),[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]]}</c>.
</item>
<item>If T is a tuple type <c>tuple()</c>, then Rep(T) =
<c>{type,LINE,tuple,any}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a tuple type <c>{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where
- each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is a type union <c>T_1 | ... | T_k</c>,
- where each <c>T_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
+ <item>If T is a tuple type <c>{T_1, ..., T_k}</c>, then Rep(T) =
+ <c>{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item>
+ <item>If T is a type union <c>T_1 | ... | T_k</c>, then Rep(T) =
<c>{type,LINE,union,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item>
<item>If T is a type variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(T) =
<c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname
consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>. A type variable
is any variable except underscore (<c>_</c>).</item>
- <item>If T is a user-defined type <c>N(A_1, ..., A_k)</c>,
- where each <c>A_i</c> is a type, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{user_type,LINE,N,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If T is <c>( T_0 )</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(T_0)</c>,
- that is, parenthesized types cannot be distinguished from their
- bodies.</item>
+ <item>If T is a user-defined type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>,
+ then Rep(T) =
+ <c>{user_type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item>
</list>
<section>
<title>Function Types</title>
+ <p>A function type Ft is one of the following alternatives:</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>If Ft is a constrained function type <c>Ft_1 when Fc</c>,
where <c>Ft_1</c> is a function type and
<c>Fc</c> is a function constraint, then Rep(T) =
- <c>{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Ft_1),Rep(Fc)]}</c>.</item>
- <item>If Ft is a function type <c>(A_1, ..., A_n) -> B</c>,
- where each <c>A_i</c> and <c>B</c> are types, then
- Rep(Ft) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(A_1),
- ..., Rep(A_n)]},Rep(B)]}</c>.</item>
+ <c>{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Ft_1),Rep(Fc)]}</c>.
+ For Rep(Fc), see below.</item>
+ <item>If Ft is a function type <c>(T_1, ..., T_n) -> T_0</c>,
+ where each <c>T_i</c> is a type, then
+ Rep(Ft) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(T_1),
+ ..., Rep(T_n)]},Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item>
</list>
</section>
@@ -587,6 +627,24 @@
</item>
</list>
</section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Association Types</title>
+ <list type="bulleted">
+ <item>If A is an association type <c>K => V</c>, where
+ <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are types, then Rep(A) =
+ <c>{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}</c>.</item>
+ </list>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Record Field Types</title>
+ <list type="bulleted">
+ <item>If F is a record field type <c>Name :: Type</c>,
+ where <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(F) =
+ <c>{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item>
+ </list>
+ </section>
</section>
<section>
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml
index b6fa4c254c..1c4a0056a7 100644
--- a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml
+++ b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml
@@ -382,6 +382,11 @@
similar to <c><![CDATA[code:add_pathsz/1]]></c>. See
<seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><c><![CDATA[-path Dir1 Dir2 ...]]></c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Replaces the path specified in the boot script. See
+ <seealso marker="sasl:script">script(4)</seealso>.</p>
+ </item>
<tag><c><![CDATA[-remsh Node]]></c></tag>
<item>
<p>Starts Erlang with a remote shell connected to <c><![CDATA[Node]]></c>.</p>
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml
index cade732c56..241d4131d5 100644
--- a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml
+++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml
@@ -347,6 +347,16 @@
the driver does not handle sizes that overflow an <c>int</c>
all will work as before.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><marker id="time_measurement"/>Time Measurement</tag>
+ <item><p>Support for time measurement in drivers:
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#erl_drv_monotonic_time"><c>erl_drv_monotonic_time()</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#erl_drv_time_offset"><c>erl_drv_time_offset()</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#erl_drv_convert_time_unit"><c>erl_drv_convert_time_unit()</c></seealso></item>
+ </list></p>
+ </item>
</taglist>
</section>
@@ -860,6 +870,24 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec {
<seealso marker="#erl_drv_tsd_get">erl_drv_tsd_get()</seealso>.
</p>
</item>
+ <tag><marker id="ErlDrvTime"/>ErlDrvTime</tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>A signed 64-bit integer type for representation of time.</p>
+ </item>
+ <tag><marker id="ErlDrvTimeUnit"/>ErlDrvTimeUnit</tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>An enumeration of time units supported by the driver API:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>ERL_DRV_SEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Seconds</p></item>
+ <tag><c>ERL_DRV_MSEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Milliseconds</p></item>
+ <tag><c>ERL_DRV_USEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Microseconds</p></item>
+ <tag><c>ERL_DRV_NSEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Nanoseconds</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
</taglist>
</section>
@@ -1023,6 +1051,11 @@ typedef struct ErlIOVec {
<fsummary>Read a system timestamp</fsummary>
<desc>
<marker id="driver_get_now"></marker>
+ <warning><p><em>This function is deprecated! Do not use it!</em>
+ Use <seealso marker="#erl_drv_monotonic_time"><c>erl_drv_monotonic_time()</c></seealso>
+ (perhaps in combination with
+ <seealso marker="#erl_drv_time_offset"><c>erl_drv_time_offset()</c></seealso>)
+ instead.</p></warning>
<p>This function reads a timestamp into the memory pointed to by
the parameter <c>now</c>. See the description of <seealso marker="#ErlDrvNowData">ErlDrvNowData</seealso> for
specification of its fields. </p>
@@ -3042,6 +3075,86 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz
</desc>
</func>
+ <func>
+ <name><ret>ErlDrvTime</ret><nametext>erl_drv_monotonic_time(ErlDrvTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name>
+ <fsummary>Get Erlang Monotonic Time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="erl_drv_monotonic_time"></marker>
+ <p>Arguments:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of returned value.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>
+ Returns
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso>. Note that it is not uncommon with
+ negative values.
+ </p>
+ <p>Returns <c>ERL_DRV_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid
+ time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a
+ scheduler thread.</p>
+ <p>See also:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+
+ <func>
+ <name><ret>ErlDrvTime</ret><nametext>erl_drv_time_offset(ErlDrvTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name>
+ <fsummary>Get current Time Offset</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="erl_drv_time_offset"></marker>
+ <p>Arguments:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of returned value.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>Returns the current time offset between
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso>
+ and
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>
+ converted into the <c>time_unit</c> passed as argument.</p>
+ <p>Returns <c>ERL_DRV_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid
+ time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a
+ scheduler thread.</p>
+ <p>See also:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+
+ <func>
+ <name><ret>ErlDrvTime</ret><nametext>erl_drv_convert_time_unit(ErlDrvTime val, ErlDrvTimeUnit from, ErlDrvTimeUnit to)</nametext></name>
+ <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="erl_drv_convert_time_unit"></marker>
+ <p>Arguments:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>val</c></tag>
+ <item>Value to convert time unit for.</item>
+ <tag><c>from</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of <c>val</c>.</item>
+ <tag><c>to</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of returned value.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>Converts the <c>val</c> value of time unit <c>from</c> to
+ the corresponding value of time unit <c>to</c>. The result is
+ rounded using the floor function.</p>
+ <p>Returns <c>ERL_DRV_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid
+ time unit argument.</p>
+ <p>See also:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTime"><c>ErlDrvTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlDrvTimeUnit"><c>ErlDrvTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+
</funcs>
<section>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml
index 2d8706169f..420c9fea38 100644
--- a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml
+++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml
@@ -317,6 +317,17 @@ ok
libraries might however fail if deprecated features are used.
</p></item>
+ <tag><marker id="time_measurement"/>Time Measurement</tag>
+ <item><p>Support for time measurement in NIF libraries:
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#enif_monotonic_time"><c>enif_monotonic_time()</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#enif_time_offset"><c>enif_time_offset()</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#enif_convert_time_unit"><c>enif_convert_time_unit()</c></seealso></item>
+ </list></p>
+ </item>
+
<tag>Long-running NIFs</tag>
<item><p><marker id="dirty_nifs"/>Native functions
<seealso marker="#lengthy_work">
@@ -560,6 +571,25 @@ typedef enum {
<item><p>A native signed 64-bit integer type.</p></item>
<tag><marker id="ErlNifUInt64"/>ErlNifUInt64</tag>
<item><p>A native unsigned 64-bit integer type.</p></item>
+
+ <tag><marker id="ErlNifTime"/>ErlNifTime</tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>A signed 64-bit integer type for representation of time.</p>
+ </item>
+ <tag><marker id="ErlNifTimeUnit"/>ErlNifTimeUnit</tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>An enumeration of time units supported by the NIF API:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>ERL_NIF_SEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Seconds</p></item>
+ <tag><c>ERL_NIF_MSEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Milliseconds</p></item>
+ <tag><c>ERL_NIF_USEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Microseconds</p></item>
+ <tag><c>ERL_NIF_NSEC</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Nanoseconds</p></item>
+ </taglist>
+ </item>
</taglist>
</section>
@@ -1486,6 +1516,88 @@ enif_map_iterator_destroy(env, &amp;iter);
<desc><p>Same as <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_tsd_set">erl_drv_tsd_set</seealso>.
</p></desc>
</func>
+
+
+ <func>
+ <name><ret>ErlNifTime</ret><nametext>enif_monotonic_time(ErlNifTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name>
+ <fsummary>Get Erlang Monotonic Time</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="enif_monotonic_time"></marker>
+ <p>Arguments:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of returned value.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>
+ Returns
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso>. Note that it is not uncommon with
+ negative values.
+ </p>
+ <p>Returns <c>ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid
+ time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a
+ scheduler thread.</p>
+ <p>See also:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+
+ <func>
+ <name><ret>ErlNifTime</ret><nametext>enif_time_offset(ErlNifTimeUnit time_unit)</nametext></name>
+ <fsummary>Get current Time Offset</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="enif_time_offset"></marker>
+ <p>Arguments:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>time_unit</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of returned value.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>Returns the current time offset between
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang monotonic time</seealso>
+ and
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_System_Time">Erlang system time</seealso>
+ converted into the <c>time_unit</c> passed as argument.</p>
+ <p>Returns <c>ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid
+ time unit argument, or if called from a thread that is not a
+ scheduler thread.</p>
+ <p>See also:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+
+ <func>
+ <name><ret>ErlNifTime</ret><nametext>enif_convert_time_unit(ErlNifTime val, ErlNifTimeUnit from, ErlNifTimeUnit to)</nametext></name>
+ <fsummary>Convert time unit of a time value</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="enif_convert_time_unit"></marker>
+ <p>Arguments:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>val</c></tag>
+ <item>Value to convert time unit for.</item>
+ <tag><c>from</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of <c>val</c>.</item>
+ <tag><c>to</c></tag>
+ <item>Time unit of returned value.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>Converts the <c>val</c> value of time unit <c>from</c> to
+ the corresponding value of time unit <c>to</c>. The result is
+ rounded using the floor function.</p>
+ <p>Returns <c>ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR</c> if called with an invalid
+ time unit argument.</p>
+ <p>See also:</p>
+ <list>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTime"><c>ErlNifTime</c></seealso></item>
+ <item><seealso marker="#ErlNifTimeUnit"><c>ErlNifTimeUnit</c></seealso></item>
+ </list>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+
</funcs>
<section>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml
index 72d08a03fe..803da382ed 100644
--- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml
+++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml
@@ -131,6 +131,17 @@
</note>
</item>
+ <tag><c>perf_counter</c></tag>
+ <item><p>Symbolic representation of the performance counter
+ time unit used by the Erlang runtime system.</p>
+
+ <p>The <c>perf_counter</c> time unit behaves much in the same way
+ as the <c>native</c> time unit. That is it might differ inbetween
+ run-time restarts. You get values of this type by calling
+ <seealso marker="kernel:os#perf_counter/0"><c>os:perf_counter()</c></seealso>
+ </p>
+ </item>
+
</taglist>
<p>The <c>time_unit/0</c> type may be extended. Use
@@ -4642,6 +4653,17 @@ os_prompt% </pre>
The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without
prior notice.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><c>{garbage_collection_info, <anno>GCInfo</anno>}</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p><c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> is a list containing miscellaneous
+ detailed information about garbage collection for this process.
+ The content of <c><anno>GCInfo</anno></c> can be changed without
+ prior notice.
+ See <seealso marker="#gc_start">gc_start</seealso> in
+ <seealso marker="#trace/3">erlang:trace/3</seealso> for details about
+ what each item means.
+ </p>
+ </item>
<tag><c>{group_leader, <anno>GroupLeader</anno>}</c></tag>
<item>
<p><c><anno>GroupLeader</anno></c> is group leader for the I/O of
@@ -5848,6 +5870,146 @@ true</pre>
<func>
<name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/>
+ <fsummary>Information about microstate accounting.</fsummary>
+ <desc>
+ <marker id="statistics_microstate_accounting"></marker>
+ <p>
+ Microstate accounting can be used to measure how much time the Erlang
+ runtime system spends doing various tasks. It is designed to be as
+ lightweight as possible, but there will be some overhead when this
+ is enabled. Microstate accounting is meant to be a profiling tool
+ to help figure out performance bottlenecks.
+ To <c>start</c>/<c>stop</c>/<c>reset</c> microstate_accounting you use
+ the system_flag
+ <seealso marker="#system_flag_microstate_accounting">
+ <c>microstate_accounting</c></seealso>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <c>erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)</c> returns a list of maps
+ representing some of the OS threads within ERTS. Each map contains
+ <c>type</c> and <c>id</c> fields that can be used to identify what
+ thread it is, and also a counters field that contains data about how
+ much time has been spent in the various states.</p>
+ <pre>
+> <input>erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting).</input>
+[#{counters => #{aux => 1899182914,
+ check_io => 2605863602,
+ emulator => 45731880463,
+ gc => 1512206910,
+ other => 5421338456,
+ port => 221631,
+ sleep => 5150294100},
+ id => 1,
+ type => scheduler}|...]
+ </pre>
+ <p>The time unit is the same as returned by
+ <seealso marker="kernel:os#perf_counter/0">
+ <c>os:perf_counter/0</c></seealso>.
+ So to convert it to milliseconds you could do something like this:</p>
+ <pre>
+lists:map(
+ fun(#{ counters := Cnt } = M) ->
+ MsCnt = maps:map(fun(_K, PerfCount) ->
+ erlang:convert_time_unit(PerfCount, perf_counter, 1000)
+ end, Cnt),
+ M#{ counters := MsCnt }
+ end, erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)).
+ </pre>
+ <p>
+ It is important to note that these values are not guaranteed to be
+ the exact time spent in each state. This is because of various
+ optimisation done in order to keep the overhead as small as possible.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>Currently the following <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_Type</anno></c> are available:</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>scheduler</c></tag>
+ <item>The main execution threads that do most of the work.</item>
+ <tag><c>async</c></tag><item>Async threads are used by various
+ linked-in drivers (mainly the file drivers) do offload non-cpu
+ intensive work.</item>
+ <tag><c>aux</c></tag><item>Takes care of any work that is not
+ specifically assigned to a scheduler.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>Currently the following <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_State</anno></c>s are available.
+ All states are exclusive, meaning that a thread cannot be in two states
+ at once. So if you add the numbers of all counters in a thread
+ you will get the total run-time for that thread.</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>aux</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent handling auxiliary jobs.</item>
+ <tag><c>check_io</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent checking for new I/O events.</item>
+ <tag><c>emulator</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent executing erlang processes.</item>
+ <tag><c>gc</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent doing garbage collection. When extra states are
+ enabled this is the time spent doing non-fullsweep garbage
+ collections.</item>
+ <tag><c>other</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent doing unaccounted things.</item>
+ <tag><c>port</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent executing ports.</item>
+ <tag><c>sleep</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent sleeping.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>It is possible to add more fine grained <c><anno>MSAcc_Thread_State</anno></c>s
+ through configure.
+ (e.g. <c>./configure --with-microstate-accounting=extra</c>).
+ Enabling these states will cause a performance degradation when
+ microstate accounting is turned off and increase the overhead when
+ it is turned on.</p>
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><c>alloc</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent managing memory. Without extra states this time is
+ spread out over all other states.</item>
+ <tag><c>bif</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent in bifs. Without extra states this time is part of
+ the <c>emulator</c> state.</item>
+ <tag><c>busy_wait</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent busy waiting. This is also the state where a
+ scheduler no longer reports that it is active when using
+ <seealso marker="#statistics_scheduler_wall_time">
+ <c>erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)</c></seealso>.
+ So if you add all other states but this and sleep and then divide that
+ by all time in the thread you should get something very similar to the
+ scheduler_wall_time fraction. Without extra states this time is part
+ of the <c>other</c> state.</item>
+ <tag><c>ets</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent executing ETS bifs. Without extra states this time is
+ part of the <c>emulator</c> state.</item>
+ <tag><c>gc_full</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent doing fullsweep garbage collection. Without extra
+ states this time is part of the <c>gc</c> state.</item>
+ <tag><c>nif</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent in nifs. Without extra states this time is part of
+ the <c>emulator</c> state.</item>
+ <tag><c>send</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent sending messages (processes only). Without extra
+ states this time is part of the <c>emulator</c> state.</item>
+ <tag><c>timers</c></tag>
+ <item>Time spent managing timers. Without extra states this time is
+ part of the <c>other</c> state.</item>
+ </taglist>
+ <p>There is a utility module called
+ <seealso marker="runtime_tools:msacc"><c>msacc</c></seealso> in
+ runtime_tools that can be used to more easily analyse these
+ statistics.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ Returns <c>undefined</c> if the system flag
+ <seealso marker="#system_flag_microstate_accounting">
+ <c>microstate_accounting</c></seealso>
+ is turned off.
+ </p>
+ <p>The list of thread information is unsorted and may appear in
+ different order between calls.</p>
+ <note><p>The threads and states are subject to change without any
+ prior notice.</p></note>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/>
<fsummary>Information about reductions.</fsummary>
<desc>
<marker id="statistics_reductions"></marker>
@@ -5865,7 +6027,7 @@ true</pre>
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/>
<fsummary>Information about the run-queues.</fsummary>
<desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue"></marker>
<p>
@@ -5881,7 +6043,7 @@ true</pre>
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/>
<fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary>
<desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue_lengths"></marker>
<p>
@@ -5901,7 +6063,7 @@ true</pre>
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/>
<fsummary>Information about runtime.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.</p>
@@ -5916,7 +6078,7 @@ true</pre>
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/>
<fsummary>Information about each schedulers work time.</fsummary>
<desc>
<marker id="statistics_scheduler_wall_time"></marker>
@@ -5987,7 +6149,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/>
<fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary>
<desc><marker id="statistics_total_active_tasks"></marker>
<p>
@@ -6005,7 +6167,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/>
<fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary>
<desc><marker id="statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"></marker>
<p>
@@ -6024,7 +6186,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/>
+ <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="14"/>
<fsummary>Information about wall clock.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Returns information about wall clock. <c>wall_clock</c> can
@@ -6258,6 +6420,17 @@ ok
<func>
<name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/>
+ <fsummary>Set system flag microstate_accounting</fsummary>
+ <desc><p><marker id="system_flag_microstate_accounting"></marker>
+ Turns on/off microstate accounting measurements. By passing reset it is possible to reset
+ all counters to 0.</p>
+ <p>For more information see,
+ <seealso marker="#statistics_microstate_accounting">erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)</seealso>.
+ </p>
+ </desc>
+ </func>
+ <func>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_heap_size</c>.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The size
@@ -6272,7 +6445,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="6"/>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>min_bin_vheap_size</c>.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for
@@ -6289,7 +6462,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="7"/>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>multi_scheduling</c>.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p><marker id="system_flag_multi_scheduling"></marker>
@@ -6327,7 +6500,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="8"/>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_bind_type</c>.</fsummary>
<type name="scheduler_bind_type"/>
<desc>
@@ -6445,7 +6618,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="9"/>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>scheduler_wall_time</c>.</fsummary>
<desc><p><marker id="system_flag_scheduler_wall_time"></marker>
Turns on or off scheduler wall time measurements.</p>
@@ -6455,7 +6628,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="10"/>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>schedulers_online</c>.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p><marker id="system_flag_schedulers_online"></marker>
@@ -6480,7 +6653,7 @@ ok
</func>
<func>
- <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="11"/>
+ <name name="system_flag" arity="2" clause_i="12"/>
<fsummary>Sets system flag <c>trace_control_word</c>.</fsummary>
<desc>
<p>Sets the value of the node trace control word to
@@ -7843,6 +8016,14 @@ ok
<c>inactive</c>, and later <c>active</c> when the port
callback returns.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><c>monotonic_timestamp</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Timestamps in profile messages will use
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso>. The time-stamp (Ts) has the same
+ format and value as produced by
+ <c>erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds)</c>.</p>
+ </item>
<tag><c>runnable_procs</c></tag>
<item>
<p>If a process is put into or removed from the run queue, a
@@ -7863,6 +8044,25 @@ ok
<c>{profile, scheduler, Id, State, NoScheds, Ts}</c>, is
sent to <c><anno>ProfilerPid</anno></c>.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Timestamps in profile messages will consisting of
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso> and a monotonically increasing
+ integer. The time-stamp (Ts) has the same format and value
+ as produced by <c>{erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds),
+ erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}</c>.</p>
+ </item>
+ <tag><c>timestamp</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Timestamps in profile messages will include a
+ time-stamp (Ts) that has the same form as returned by
+ <c>erlang:now()</c>. This is also the default if no
+ timestamp flag is given. If <c>cpu_timestamp</c> has
+ been enabled via <c>erlang:trace/3</c>, this will also
+ effect the timestamp produced in profiling messages
+ when <c>timestamp</c> flag is enabled.</p>
+ </item>
</taglist>
<note><p><c>erlang:system_profile</c> is considered experimental
and its behavior can change in a future release.</p>
@@ -8222,7 +8422,10 @@ timestamp() ->
<tag><c>cpu_timestamp</c></tag>
<item>
<p>A global trace flag for the Erlang node that makes all
- trace time-stamps to be in CPU time, not wall clock time.
+ trace time-stamps using the <c>timestamp</c> flag to be
+ in CPU time, not wall clock time. That is, <c>cpu_timestamp</c>
+ will not be used if <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>, or
+ <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> is enabled.
Only allowed with <c>PidSpec==all</c>. If the host
machine OS does not support high-resolution
CPU time measurements, <c>trace/3</c> exits with
@@ -8230,6 +8433,26 @@ timestamp() ->
not synchronize this value across cores, so be prepared
that time might seem to go backwards when using this option.</p>
</item>
+ <tag><c>monotonic_timestamp</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Includes an
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso> time-stamp in all trace messages. The
+ time-stamp (Ts) has the same format and value as produced by
+ <c>erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds)</c>. This flag overrides
+ the <c>cpu_timestamp</c> flag.</p>
+ </item>
+ <tag><c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Includes an timestamp consisting of
+ <seealso marker="time_correction#Erlang_Monotonic_Time">Erlang
+ monotonic time</seealso> and a monotonically increasing
+ integer in all trace messages. The time-stamp (Ts) has the
+ same format and value as produced by
+ <c>{erlang:monotonic_time(nano_seconds),
+ erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}</c>. This flag overrides
+ the <c>cpu_timestamp</c> flag.</p>
+ </item>
<tag><c>arity</c></tag>
<item>
<p>Used with the <c>call</c> trace flag.
@@ -8276,9 +8499,16 @@ timestamp() ->
in the following list. <c>Pid</c> is the process identifier of the
traced process in which the traced event has occurred. The
third tuple element is the message tag.</p>
- <p>If flag <c>timestamp</c> is given, the first tuple
- element is <c>trace_ts</c> instead, and the time-stamp
- is added last in the message tuple.</p>
+ <p>If flag <c>timestamp</c>, <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c>, or
+ <c>monotonic_timestamp</c> is given, the first tuple
+ element is <c>trace_ts</c> instead, and the time-stamp
+ is added as an extra element last in the message tuple. If
+ multiple timestamp flags are passed, <c>timestamp</c> has
+ precedence over <c>strict_monotonic_timestamp</c> which
+ in turn has precedence over <c>monotonic_timestamp</c>. All
+ timestamp flags are remembered, so if two are passed
+ and the one with highest precedence later is disabled
+ the other one will become active.</p>
<marker id="trace_3_trace_messages"></marker>
<taglist>
<tag><c>{trace, Pid, 'receive', Msg}</c></tag>
@@ -8373,14 +8603,14 @@ timestamp() ->
<p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled to run. The process
runs in function <c>{M, F, Arity}</c>. On some rare
occasions, the current function cannot be determined,
- then the last element <c>Arity</c> is <c>0</c>.</p>
+ then the last element is <c>0</c>.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>{trace, Pid, out, {M, F, Arity} | 0}</c></tag>
<item>
<p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled out. The process was
running in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare occasions,
the current function cannot be determined, then the last
- element <c>Arity</c> is <c>0</c>.</p>
+ element is <c>0</c>.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>{trace, Pid, gc_start, Info}</c></tag>
<item>