diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'erts/doc')
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/absform.xml | 1007 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml | 9 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl.xml | 15 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml | 51 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml | 77 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/erlang.xml | 215 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/init.xml | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | erts/doc/src/notes.xml | 164 |
9 files changed, 932 insertions, 615 deletions
diff --git a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml index 49fe784d06..ccdecf44ec 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/absform.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/absform.xml @@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2001</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2001</year><year>2016</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at - + http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. - + </legalnotice> <title>The Abstract Format</title> @@ -35,24 +35,24 @@ <p></p> <p>This document describes the standard representation of parse trees for Erlang programs as Erlang terms. This representation is known as the <em>abstract format</em>. - Functions dealing with such parse trees are <c><![CDATA[compile:forms/[1,2]]]></c> + Functions dealing with such parse trees are <c>compile:forms/[1,2]</c> and functions in the modules - <c><![CDATA[epp]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_eval]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_lint]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_pp]]></c>, - <c><![CDATA[erl_parse]]></c>, + <c>epp</c>, + <c>erl_eval</c>, + <c>erl_lint</c>, + <c>erl_pp</c>, + <c>erl_parse</c>, and - <c><![CDATA[io]]></c>. + <c>io</c>. They are also used as input and output for parse transforms (see the module - <c><![CDATA[compile]]></c>).</p> - <p>We use the function <c><![CDATA[Rep]]></c> to denote the mapping from an Erlang source - construct <c><![CDATA[C]]></c> to its abstract format representation <c><![CDATA[R]]></c>, and write - <c><![CDATA[R = Rep(C)]]></c>. + <c>compile</c>).</p> + <p>We use the function <c>Rep</c> to denote the mapping from an Erlang source + construct <c>C</c> to its abstract format representation <c>R</c>, and write + <c>R = Rep(C)</c>. </p> - <p>The word <c><![CDATA[LINE]]></c> below represents an integer, and denotes the + <p>The word <c>LINE</c> below represents an integer, and denotes the number of the line in the source file where the construction occurred. - Several instances of <c><![CDATA[LINE]]></c> in the same construction may denote + Several instances of <c>LINE</c> in the same construction may denote different lines.</p> <p>Since operators are not terms in their own right, when operators are mentioned below, the representation of an operator should be taken to @@ -61,227 +61,114 @@ </p> <section> - <title>Module declarations and forms</title> + <title>Module Declarations and Forms</title> <p>A module declaration consists of a sequence of forms that are either function declarations or attributes.</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item>If D is a module declaration consisting of the forms - <c><![CDATA[F_1]]></c>, ..., <c><![CDATA[F_k]]></c>, then - Rep(D) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-module(Mod)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-behavior(Behavior)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,behavior,Behavior}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-behaviour(Behaviour)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,behaviour,Behaviour}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-export([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,export,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-compile(Options)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is an attribute <c><![CDATA[-file(File,Line)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,file,{File,Line}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If F is a record declaration <c><![CDATA[-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}]]></c>. For Rep(V), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type attribute (i.e. <c><![CDATA[opaque]]></c> or - <c><![CDATA[type]]></c>) - <c><![CDATA[-Attr Name(A_1, ..., A_k) :: T]]></c> where each - <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a variable, then Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,Attr,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(T), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type spec (i.e. <c><![CDATA[callback]]></c> or - <c><![CDATA[spec]]></c>) - <c><![CDATA[-Attr F Tc_1; ...; Tc_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a fun type clause with an - argument sequence of the same length <c><![CDATA[Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{Attr,LINE,{{F,Arity},[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(Tc_i), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a type spec (i.e. <c><![CDATA[callback]]></c> or - <c><![CDATA[spec]]></c>) - <c><![CDATA[-Attr Mod:F Tc_1; ...; Tc_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a fun type clause with an - argument sequence of the same length <c><![CDATA[Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = - <c><![CDATA[{Attr,LINE,{{Mod,F,Arity},[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(Tc_i), see below.</item> - <item>If F is a wild attribute <c><![CDATA[-A(T)]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{attribute,LINE,A,T}]]></c>. + <c>F_1</c>, ..., <c>F_k</c>, then + Rep(D) = <c>[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-behavior(Behavior)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behavior,Behavior}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-behaviour(Behaviour)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,behaviour,Behaviour}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-compile(Options)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,compile,Options}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-export([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-export_type([Type_1/A_1, ..., Type_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,export_type,[{Type_1,A_1}, ..., {Type_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-import(Mod,[Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,import,{Mod,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-module(Mod)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,module,Mod}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-optional_callbacks([Fun_1/A_1, ..., Fun_k/A_k])</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,optional_callbacks,[{Fun_1,A_1}, ..., {Fun_k,A_k}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is an attribute <c>-file(File,Line)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,file,{File,Line}}</c>.</item> + <item>If F is a function declaration + <c>Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k</c>, + where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause with a + pattern sequence of the same length <c>Arity</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a function specification + <c>-Spec Name Ft_1; ...; Ft_k</c>, + where <c>Spec</c> is either the atom <c>spec</c> or the atom + <c>callback</c>, and each <c>Ft_i</c> is a possibly constrained + function type with an argument sequence of the same length + <c>Arity</c>, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,Line,Spec,{{Name,Arity},[Rep(Ft_1), ..., Rep(Ft_k)]}}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a function specification + <c>-spec Mod:Name Ft_1; ...; Ft_k</c>, + where each <c>Ft_i</c> is a possibly constrained + function type with an argument sequence of the same length + <c>Arity</c>, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,Line,spec,{{Mod,Name,Arity},[Rep(Ft_1), ..., Rep(Ft_k)]}}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a record declaration + <c>-record(Name,{V_1, ..., V_k})</c>, + where each <c>V_i</c> is a record field, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,LINE,record,{Name,[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + For Rep(V), see below.</item> + <item>If F is a type declaration + <c>-Type Name(V_1, ..., V_k) :: T</c>, where + <c>Type</c> is either the atom <c>type</c> or the atom <c>opaque</c>, + each <c>V_i</c> is a variable, and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = + <c>{attribute,LINE,Type,{Name,Rep(T),[Rep(V_1), ..., Rep(V_k)]}}</c>. + </item> + <item>If F is a wild attribute <c>-A(T)</c>, then + Rep(F) = <c>{attribute,LINE,A,T}</c>. <br></br></item> - <item>If F is a function declaration <c><![CDATA[Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Fc_i]]></c> is a function clause with a - pattern sequence of the same length <c><![CDATA[Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(F) = <c><![CDATA[{function,LINE,Name,Arity,[Rep(Fc_1), ...,Rep(Fc_k)]}]]></c>.</item> </list> <section> - <title>Type clauses</title> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If T is a fun type clause - <c><![CDATA[(A_1, ..., A_n) -> Ret]]></c>, where each - <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[Ret]]></c> are types, then - Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_n)]},Rep(Ret)]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a bounded fun type clause <c><![CDATA[Tc when Tg]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Tc]]></c> is an unbounded fun type clause and - <c><![CDATA[Tg]]></c> is a type guard sequence, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Tc),Rep(Tg)]}]]></c>.</item> - </list> - </section> - - <section> - <title>Type guards</title> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If G is a constraint <c><![CDATA[F(A_1, ..., A_k)]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[F]]></c> is an atom and each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a - type, then Rep(G) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,constraint,[Rep(F),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If G is a type definition <c><![CDATA[Name :: Type]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is a variable and - <c><![CDATA[Type]]></c> is a type, then Rep(G) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,constraint,[{atom,LINE,is_subtype},[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]]}]]></c>.</item> - </list> - </section> - - <section> - <title>Types</title> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If T is a type definition <c><![CDATA[Name :: Type]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is a variable and - <c><![CDATA[Type]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type union <c><![CDATA[A_1 | ... | A_k]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,union,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type range <c><![CDATA[L .. R]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[L]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[R]]></c> are types, then - Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,range,[Rep(L), Rep(R)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a binary operation <c><![CDATA[L Op R]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is an arithmetic or bitwise binary operator - and <c><![CDATA[L]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[R]]></c> are types, then - Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(L),Rep(R)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is <c><![CDATA[Op A]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is an - arithmetic or bitwise unary operator and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is a - type, then Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a fun type <c><![CDATA[fun()]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,'fun',[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a variable <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom - with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is an atomic literal L and L is not a string literal, then - Rep(T) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If T is a tuple or map type <c><![CDATA[F()]]></c> (i.e. - <c><![CDATA[tuple]]></c> or <c><![CDATA[map]]></c>), then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,F,any}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a type <c><![CDATA[F(A_1, ..., A_k)]]></c>, where each - <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{user_type,LINE,F,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a remote type <c><![CDATA[M:F(A_1, ..., A_k)]]></c>, where - each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type and <c><![CDATA[M]]></c> and - <c><![CDATA[F]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(F),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is the nil type <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,nil,[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a list type <c><![CDATA[[A]]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,list,[Rep(A)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a non-empty list type <c><![CDATA[[A, ...]]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,nonempty_list,[Rep(A)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a map type <c><![CDATA[#{P_1, ..., P_k}]]></c>, where each - <c><![CDATA[P_i]]></c> is a map pair type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,map,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a map pair type <c><![CDATA[K => V]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[K]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[V]]></c> are types, - then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a tuple type <c><![CDATA[{A_1, ..., A_k}]]></c>, where - each <c><![CDATA[A_i]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a record type <c><![CDATA[#Name{}]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is an atom, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a record type <c><![CDATA[#Name{F_1, ..., F_k}]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is an atom, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name),[Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a record field type <c><![CDATA[Name :: Type]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is an atom, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a record field type <c><![CDATA[<<>>]]></c>, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[{integer,LINE,0},{integer,LINE,0}]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a binary type <c><![CDATA[<< _ : B >>]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(B),{integer,LINE,0}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a binary type <c><![CDATA[<< _ : _ * U >>]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[U]]></c> is a type, then Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[{integer,LINE,0},Rep(U)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If T is a binary type <c><![CDATA[<< _ : B , _ : _ * U >>]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[U]]></c> is a type, then - Rep(T) = - <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(B),Rep(U)]}]]></c>.</item> - - <item>If T is a fun type <c><![CDATA[fun((...) -> Ret)]]></c>, then - Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[]},Rep(Ret)]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If T is a fun type <c><![CDATA[fun(Tc)]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[Tc]]></c> is an unbounded fun type clause, - then Rep(T) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(Tc)]]></c>.</item> - </list> - </section> - - <section> - <title>Record fields</title> + <title>Record Fields</title> <p>Each field in a record declaration may have an optional - explicit default initializer expression</p> + explicit default initializer expression, as well as an + optional type.</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A]]></c>, then - Rep(V) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A = E]]></c>, then - Rep(V) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A :: T]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is - an atom and <c><![CDATA[T]]></c> is a type, then Rep(V) = - <c><![CDATA[{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(T)}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If V is <c><![CDATA[A = E :: T]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> - is an atom, <c><![CDATA[E]]></c> is an expression and - <c><![CDATA[T]]></c> is a type, then Rep(V) = - <c><![CDATA[{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)},Rep(T)}]]></c>. - </item> + <item>If V is <c>A</c>, then + Rep(V) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If V is <c>A = E</c>, + where <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(V) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> + <item>If V is <c>A :: T</c>, where <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(V) = + <c>{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A)},Rep(T)}</c>. + </item> + <item>If V is <c>A = E :: T</c>, where + <c>E</c> is an expression and <c>T</c> is a type, then Rep(V) = + <c>{typed_record_field,{record_field,LINE,Rep(A),Rep(E)},Rep(T)}</c>. + </item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Representation of parse errors and end of file</title> + <title>Representation of Parse Errors and End-of-file</title> <p>In addition to the representations of forms, the list that represents - a module declaration (as returned by functions in <c><![CDATA[erl_parse]]></c> and - <c><![CDATA[epp]]></c>) may contain tuples <c><![CDATA[{error,E}]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[{warning,W}]]></c>, denoting - syntactically incorrect forms and warnings, and <c><![CDATA[{eof,LINE}]]></c>, denoting an end - of stream encountered before a complete form had been parsed.</p> + a module declaration (as returned by functions in <c>erl_parse</c> and + <c>epp</c>) may contain tuples <c>{error,E}</c> and + <c>{warning,W}</c>, denoting syntactically incorrect forms and + warnings, and <c>{eof,LINE}</c>, denoting an end-of-stream + encountered before a complete form had been parsed.</p> </section> </section> <section> - <title>Atomic literals</title> + <title>Atomic Literals</title> <p>There are five kinds of atomic literals, which are represented in the same way in patterns, expressions and guards:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{integer,LINE,L}]]></c>.</item> + <item>If L is an atom literal, then + Rep(L) = <c>{atom,LINE,L}</c>.</item> <item>If L is a float literal, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{float,LINE,L}]]></c>.</item> + Rep(L) = <c>{float,LINE,L}</c>.</item> + <item>If L is an integer or character literal, then + Rep(L) = <c>{integer,LINE,L}</c>.</item> <item>If L is a string literal consisting of the characters - <c><![CDATA[C_1]]></c>, ..., <c><![CDATA[C_k]]></c>, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{string,LINE,[C_1, ..., C_k]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If L is an atom literal, then - Rep(L) = <c><![CDATA[{atom,LINE,L}]]></c>.</item> + <c>C_1</c>, ..., <c>C_k</c>, then + Rep(L) = <c>{string,LINE,[C_1, ..., C_k]}</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that negative integer and float literals do not occur as such; they are parsed as an application of the unary negation operator.</p> @@ -289,47 +176,59 @@ <section> <title>Patterns</title> - <p>If <c><![CDATA[Ps]]></c> is a sequence of patterns <c><![CDATA[P_1, ..., P_k]]></c>, then - Rep(Ps) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]]]></c>. Such sequences occur as the + <p>If Ps is a sequence of patterns <c>P_1, ..., P_k</c>, then + Rep(Ps) = <c>[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]</c>. Such sequences occur as the list of arguments to a function or fun.</p> <p>Individual patterns are represented as follows:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If P is an atomic literal L, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If P is a compound pattern <c><![CDATA[P_1 = P_2]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{match,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a variable pattern <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, - where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a universal pattern <c><![CDATA[_]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,'_'}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c><![CDATA[{P_1, ..., P_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a nil pattern <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{nil,LINE}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a cons pattern <c><![CDATA[[P_h | P_t]]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{cons,LINE,Rep(P_h),Rep(P_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a binary pattern <c><![CDATA[<<P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>>]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}]]></c>. + <item>If P is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If P is a binary pattern + <c><<P_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., P_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, where each + <c>Size_i</c> is an expression that can be evaluated to an integer + and each <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then + Rep(P) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(P_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see below. - An omitted <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c> is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>. An omitted <c><![CDATA[TSL]]></c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[P_1 Op P_2]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a binary operator (this - is either an occurrence of <c><![CDATA[++]]></c> applied to a literal string or character + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a compound pattern <c>P_1 = P_2</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a cons pattern <c>[P_h | P_t]</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(P_h),Rep(P_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a map pattern <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>P_i_1 := P_i_2</c>, then Rep(P) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + below.</item> + <item>If P is a nil pattern <c>[]</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>P_1 Op P_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is either an occurrence + of <c>++</c> applied to a literal string or character list, or an occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile time), - then Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[Op P_0]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a unary operator (this is an - occurrence of an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile - time), then Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is a record pattern <c><![CDATA[#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}]]></c>, - then Rep(P) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If P is <c><![CDATA[( P_0 )]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(P_0)]]></c>, - i.e., patterns cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_1),Rep(P_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is an operator pattern <c>Op P_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to a number at compile + time), then Rep(P) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(P_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a parenthesized pattern <c>( P_0 )</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>Rep(P_0)</c>, + that is, parenthesized patterns cannot be distinguished from their + bodies.</item> + <item>If P is a record field index pattern <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(P) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a record pattern + <c>#Name{Field_1=P_1, ..., Field_k=P_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(P) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(P_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(P_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a tuple pattern <c>{P_1, ..., P_k}</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(P_1), ..., Rep(P_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a universal pattern <c>_</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,'_'}</c>.</item> + <item>If P is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then + Rep(P) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, + where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as + <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that every pattern has the same source form as some expression, and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p> @@ -337,180 +236,185 @@ <section> <title>Expressions</title> - <p>A body B is a sequence of expressions <c><![CDATA[E_1, ..., E_k]]></c>, and - Rep(B) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]]]></c>.</p> + <p>A body B is a nonempty sequence of expressions <c>E_1, ..., E_k</c>, + and Rep(B) = <c>[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]</c>.</p> <p>An expression E is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If P is an atomic literal <c><![CDATA[L]]></c>, then - Rep(P) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[P = E_0]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a variable <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same - characters as <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c><![CDATA[{E_1, ..., E_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{nil,LINE}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c><![CDATA[[E_h | E_t]]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a binary constructor <c><![CDATA[<<V_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., V_k:Size_k/TSL_k>>]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(V_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}]]></c>. + <item>If E is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(E) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If E is a binary comprehension + <c><<E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k>></c>, + where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then + Rep(E) = <c>{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(Q), see below.</item> + <item>If E is a binary constructor <c><<E_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., E_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, + where each <c>Size_i</c> is an expression and each + <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then Rep(E) = + <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(E_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see below. - An omitted <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c> is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>. An omitted <c><![CDATA[TSL]]></c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_1 Op E_2]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a binary operator, - then Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[Op E_0]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a unary operator, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[#{W_1, ..., W_k}]]></c> where each - <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{map,LINE,[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For Rep(W), see - below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0#{W_1, ..., W_k}]]></c> where - <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a map assoc or exact field, then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For - Rep(W), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[catch E_0]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'catch',LINE,Rep(E_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is a list comprehension <c><![CDATA[[E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k]]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For Rep(W), see + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a block expression <c>begin B end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(E) = <c>{block,LINE,Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a case expression <c>case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, + where <c>E_0</c> is an expression and each <c>Cc_i</c> is a + case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a catch expression <c>catch E_0</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{'catch',LINE,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a cons skeleton <c>[E_h | E_t]</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(E_h),Rep(E_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Name/Arity</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression + <c>fun Module:Name/Arity</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}</c>. + (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}</c>.)</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression <c>fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end</c>, + where each <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a fun expression + <c>fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end</c>, + where <c>Name</c> is a variable and each + <c>Fc_i</c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If E is a function call <c>E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{call,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a function call <c>E_m:E_0(E_1, ..., E_k)</c>, + then Rep(E) = + <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(E_m),Rep(E_0)},[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If E is an if expression <c>if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end</c>, + where each <c>Ic_i</c> is an if clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'if',LINE,[Rep(Ic_1), ..., Rep(Ic_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a list comprehension <c>[E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k]</c>, + where each <c>Q_i</c> is a qualifier, then Rep(E) = + <c>{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}</c>. For Rep(Q), see below.</item> - <item>If E is a binary comprehension <c><![CDATA[<<E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k>>]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{bc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}]]></c>. For Rep(W), see + <item>If E is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c> + or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[begin B end]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{block,LINE,Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[if Ic_1 ; ... ; Ic_k end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Ic_i]]></c> is an if clause then + <item>If E is a map update <c>E_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>E_i_1 => E_i_2</c> + or <c>E_i_1 := E_i_2</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{map,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see below.</item> + <item>If E is a match operator expression <c>P = E_0</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, then + Rep(E) = <c>{match,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is nil, <c>[]</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is an operator expression <c>E_1 Op E_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match + operator <c>=</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_1),Rep(E_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is an operator expression <c>Op E_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then + Rep(E) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(E_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a parenthesized expression <c>( E_0 )</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>Rep(E_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized + expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If E is a receive expression <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end</c>, + where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a receive expression + <c>receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end</c>, + where each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, + <c>E_0</c> is an expression and <c>B_t</c> is a body, then Rep(E) = + <c>{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record creation + <c>#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(E) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record field access <c>E_0#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(E) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(E) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a record update + <c>E_0#Name{Field_1=E_1, ..., Field_k=E_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom, then Rep(E) = + <c>{record,LINE,Rep(E_0),Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(E_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(E_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a tuple skeleton <c>{E_1, ..., E_k}</c>, then + Rep(E) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(E_1), ..., Rep(E_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body and each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'if',LINE,[Rep(Ic_1), ..., Rep(Ic_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[case E_0 of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[E_0]]></c> is an expression and each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a - case clause then + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end</c>, + where <c>B</c> is a body, + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause and + each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression <c>try B after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies and + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are bodies and + each <c>Tc_i</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a try expression + <c>try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end</c>, + where <c>B</c> and <c>A</c> are a bodies, + each <c>Cc_i</c> is a case clause, and + each <c>Tc_j</c> is a catch clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'case',LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body and each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, - each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause and - each <c><![CDATA[Tc_j]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],[]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are bodies then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are a bodies and - each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_k after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are bodies and - each <c><![CDATA[Tc_i]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_k)],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[try B of Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k catch Tc_1 ; ... ; Tc_n after A end]]></c>, - where <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> are a bodies, - each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause and - each <c><![CDATA[Tc_j]]></c> is a catch clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],Rep(A)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[receive Cc_1 ; ... ; Cc_k after E_0 -> B_t end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[Cc_i]]></c> is a case clause, - <c><![CDATA[E_0]]></c> is an expression and <c><![CDATA[B_t]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'receive',LINE,[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],Rep(E_0),Rep(B_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Name / Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{function,Name,Arity}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Module:Name/Arity]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{function,Rep(Module),Rep(Name),Rep(Arity)}}]]></c>. - (Before the R15 release: Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{function,Module,Name,Arity}}]]></c>.)</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Fc_1 ; ... ; Fc_k end]]></c> - where each <c><![CDATA[Fc_i]]></c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{'fun',LINE,{clauses,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[fun Name Fc_1 ; ... ; Name Fc_k end]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Name]]></c> is a variable and each - <c><![CDATA[Fc_i]]></c> is a function clause then Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{named_fun,LINE,Name,[Rep(Fc_1), ..., Rep(Fc_k)]}]]></c>. - </item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[query [E_0 || W_1, ..., W_k] end]]></c>, - where each <c><![CDATA[W_i]]></c> is a generator or a filter, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{'query',LINE,{lc,LINE,Rep(E_0),[Rep(W_1), ..., Rep(W_k)]}}]]></c>. - For Rep(W), see below.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[E_0.Field]]></c>, a Mnesia record access - inside a query, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(E_0),Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If E is <c><![CDATA[( E_0 )]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(E_0)]]></c>, - i.e., parenthesized expressions cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <c>{'try',LINE,Rep(B),[Rep(Cc_1), ..., Rep(Cc_k)],[Rep(Tc_1), ..., Rep(Tc_n)],Rep(A)}</c>.</item> + <item>If E is a variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(E) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname consisting of the same + characters as <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <section> - <title>Generators and filters</title> - <p>When W is a generator or a filter (in the body of a list or binary comprehension), then:</p> + <title>Qualifiers</title> + <p>A qualifier Q is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If W is a generator <c><![CDATA[P <- E]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[E]]></c> - is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If W is a generator <c><![CDATA[P <= E]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[E]]></c> - is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If W is a filter <c><![CDATA[E]]></c>, which is an expression, then - Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(E)]]></c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a filter <c>E</c>, where <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>Rep(E)</c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a generator <c>P <- E</c>, where <c>P</c> is + a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>{generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Q is a generator <c>P <= E</c>, where <c>P</c> is + a pattern and <c>E</c> is an expression, then + Rep(Q) = <c>{b_generate,LINE,Rep(P),Rep(E)}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Binary element type specifiers</title> + <title>Binary Element Type Specifiers</title> <p>A type specifier list TSL for a binary element is a sequence of type - specifiers <c><![CDATA[TS_1 - ... - TS_k]]></c>. - Rep(TSL) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(TS_1), ..., Rep(TS_k)]]]></c>.</p> - <p>When TS is a type specifier for a binary element, then:</p> + specifiers <c>TS_1 - ... - TS_k</c>, and + Rep(TSL) = <c>[Rep(TS_1), ..., Rep(TS_k)]</c>.</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If TS is an atom <c><![CDATA[A]]></c>, Rep(TS) = <c><![CDATA[A]]></c>.</item> - <item>If TS is a couple <c><![CDATA[A:Value]]></c> where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom and <c><![CDATA[Value]]></c> - is an integer, Rep(TS) = <c><![CDATA[{A, Value}]]></c>.</item> + <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom, + then Rep(TS) = <c>A</c>.</item> + <item>If TS is a type specifier <c>A:Value</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom and <c>Value</c> is an integer, + then Rep(TS) = <c>{A,Value}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> - <title>Map assoc and exact fields</title> - <p>When W is an assoc or exact field (in the body of a map), then:</p> + <title>Associations</title> + <p>An association A is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If W is an assoc field <c><![CDATA[K => V]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[K]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[V]]></c> are both expressions, - then Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}]]></c>. + <item>If A is an association <c>K => V</c>, + then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_assoc,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. </item> - <item>If W is an exact field <c><![CDATA[K := V]]></c>, where - <c><![CDATA[K]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[V]]></c> are both expressions, - then Rep(W) = <c><![CDATA[{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}]]></c>. + <item>If A is an association <c>K := V</c>, + then Rep(A) = <c>{map_field_exact,LINE,Rep(K),Rep(V)}</c>. </item> </list> </section> @@ -518,112 +422,245 @@ <section> <title>Clauses</title> - <p>There are function clauses, if clauses, case clauses + <p>There are function clauses, if clauses, case clauses and catch clauses.</p> - <p>A clause <c><![CDATA[C]]></c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> + <p>A clause <c>C</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If C is a function clause <c><![CDATA[( Ps ) -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Ps]]></c> is a pattern sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a function clause <c><![CDATA[( Ps ) when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Ps]]></c> is a pattern sequence, - <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is an if clause <c><![CDATA[Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a case clause <c><![CDATA[P -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a case clause <c><![CDATA[P when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern, - <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[P -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[X : P -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[X]]></c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, - <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[P when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern, <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence - and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If C is a catch clause <c><![CDATA[X : P when Gs -> B]]></c> - where <c><![CDATA[X]]></c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, - <c><![CDATA[P]]></c> is a pattern, <c><![CDATA[Gs]]></c> is a guard sequence - and <c><![CDATA[B]]></c> is a body, then - Rep(C) = <c><![CDATA[{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}]]></c>.</item> + <item>If C is a case clause <c>P -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a case clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, + <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep(P)],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P -> B</c>, + where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, + <c>P</c> is a pattern, and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence, + and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({throw,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a catch clause <c>X : P when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>X</c> is an atomic literal or a variable pattern, + <c>P</c> is a pattern, <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence, + and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[Rep({X,P,_})],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) -> B</c>, + where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),[],Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is a function clause <c>( Ps ) when Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>Ps</c> is a pattern sequence, + <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,Rep(Ps),Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> + <item>If C is an if clause <c>Gs -> B</c>, + where <c>Gs</c> is a guard sequence and <c>B</c> is a body, then + Rep(C) = <c>{clause,LINE,[],Rep(Gs),Rep(B)}</c>.</item> </list> </section> <section> <title>Guards</title> - <p>A guard sequence Gs is a sequence of guards <c><![CDATA[G_1; ...; G_k]]></c>, and - Rep(Gs) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(G_1), ..., Rep(G_k)]]]></c>. If the guard sequence is - empty, Rep(Gs) = <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>.</p> - <p>A guard G is a nonempty sequence of guard tests <c><![CDATA[Gt_1, ..., Gt_k]]></c>, and - Rep(G) = <c><![CDATA[[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]]]></c>.</p> - <p>A guard test <c><![CDATA[Gt]]></c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> + <p>A guard sequence Gs is a sequence of guards <c>G_1; ...; G_k</c>, and + Rep(Gs) = <c>[Rep(G_1), ..., Rep(G_k)]</c>. If the guard sequence is + empty, Rep(Gs) = <c>[]</c>.</p> + <p>A guard G is a nonempty sequence of guard tests + <c>Gt_1, ..., Gt_k</c>, and Rep(G) = + <c>[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]</c>.</p> + <p>A guard test <c>Gt</c> is one of the following alternatives:</p> <list type="bulleted"> - <item>If Gt is an atomic literal L, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item> - <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{var,LINE,A}]]></c>, - where A is an atom with a printname consisting of the same characters as - <c><![CDATA[V]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c><![CDATA[{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[[]]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{nil,LINE}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c><![CDATA[[Gt_h | Gt_t]]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is a binary constructor <c><![CDATA[<<Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>>]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}]]></c>. + <item>If Gt is an atomic literal <c>L</c>, then Rep(Gt) = Rep(L).</item> + <item>If Gt is a binary constructor + <c><<Gt_1:Size_1/TSL_1, ..., Gt_k:Size_k/TSL_k>></c>, + where each <c>Size_i</c> is a guard test and each + <c>TSL_i</c> is a type specificer list, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{bin,LINE,[{bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Size_1),Rep(TSL_1)}, ..., {bin_element,LINE,Rep(Gt_k),Rep(Size_k),Rep(TSL_k)}]}</c>. For Rep(TSL), see above. - An omitted <c><![CDATA[Size]]></c> is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>. An omitted <c><![CDATA[TSL]]></c> - (type specifier list) is represented by <c><![CDATA[default]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[Gt_1 Op Gt_2]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> - is a binary operator, then Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[Op Gt_0]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[Op]]></c> is a unary operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_0)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}]]></c>, then - Rep(E) = - <c><![CDATA[{record,LINE,Name, [{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[Gt_0#Name.Field]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A_m]]></c> is - the atom <c><![CDATA[erlang]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom or an operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[{A_m,A}(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)]]></c>, where <c><![CDATA[A_m]]></c> is - the atom <c><![CDATA[erlang]]></c> and <c><![CDATA[A]]></c> is an atom or an operator, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[{call,LINE,Rep({A_m,A}),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}]]></c>.</item> - <item>If Gt is <c><![CDATA[( Gt_0 )]]></c>, then - Rep(Gt) = <c><![CDATA[Rep(Gt_0)]]></c>, - i.e., parenthesized guard tests cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + An omitted <c>Size_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>. + An omitted <c>TSL_i</c> is represented by <c>default</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a cons skeleton <c>[Gt_h | Gt_t]</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{cons,LINE,Rep(Gt_h),Rep(Gt_t)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, + where <c>A</c> is an atom, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{call,LINE,Rep(A),[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a function call <c>A_m:A(Gt_1, ..., Gt_k)</c>, + where <c>A_m</c> is the atom <c>erlang</c> and <c>A</c> is + an atom or an operator, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{call,LINE,{remote,LINE,Rep(A_m),Rep(A)},[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a map creation <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, + where each <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c> + or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{map,LINE,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. For Rep(A), see + above.</item> + <item>If Gt is a map update <c>Gt_0#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association <c>Gt_i_1 => Gt_i_2</c> + or <c>Gt_i_1 := Gt_i_2</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{map,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see above.</item> + <item>If Gt is nil, <c>[]</c>, + then Rep(Gt) = <c>{nil,LINE}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Gt_1 Op Gt_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator other than the match + operator <c>=</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_1),Rep(Gt_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is an operator guard test <c>Op Gt_0</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a unary operator, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(Gt_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a parenthesized guard test <c>( Gt_0 )</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>Rep(Gt_0)</c>, that is, parenthesized + guard tests cannot be distinguished from their bodies.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record creation + <c>#Name{Field_1=Gt_1, ..., Field_k=Gt_k}</c>, + where each <c>Field_i</c> is an atom or <c>_</c>, then Rep(Gt) = + <c>{record,LINE,Name,[{record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_1),Rep(Gt_1)}, ..., {record_field,LINE,Rep(Field_k),Rep(Gt_k)}]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record field access <c>Gt_0#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_field,LINE,Rep(Gt_0),Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a record field index <c>#Name.Field</c>, + where <c>Field</c> is an atom, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{record_index,LINE,Name,Rep(Field)}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a tuple skeleton <c>{Gt_1, ..., Gt_k}</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{tuple,LINE,[Rep(Gt_1), ..., Rep(Gt_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If Gt is a variable pattern <c>V</c>, then + Rep(Gt) = <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where A is an atom with + a printname consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>.</item> </list> <p>Note that every guard test has the same source form as some expression, and is represented the same way as the corresponding expression.</p> </section> <section> - <title>The abstract format after preprocessing</title> - <p>The compilation option <c><![CDATA[debug_info]]></c> can be given to the - compiler to have the abstract code stored in - the <c><![CDATA[abstract_code]]></c> chunk in the BEAM file + <title>Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If T is an annotated type <c>A :: T_0</c>, + where <c>A</c> is a variable, then Rep(T) = + <c>{ann_type,LINE,[Rep(A),Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is an atom or integer literal L, then Rep(T) = Rep(L). + </item> + <item>If T is a bitstring type <c><<_:M,_:_*N>></c>, + where <c>M</c> and <c>N</c> are singleton integer types, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,binary,[Rep(M),Rep(N)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is the empty list type <c>[]</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,Line,nil,[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun()</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun((...) -> T_0)</c>, then + Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,any},Rep(T_0)]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If T is a fun type <c>fun(Ft)</c>, where + <c>Ft</c> is a function type, + then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(Ft)</c>. For Rep(Ft), see below.</item> + <item>If T is an integer range type <c>L .. H</c>, + where <c>L</c> and <c>H</c> are singleton integer types, then + Rep(T) = <c>{type,LINE,range,[Rep(L),Rep(H)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a map type <c>map()</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,map,any}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a map type <c>#{A_1, ..., A_k}</c>, where each + <c>A_i</c> is an association type, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,map,[Rep(A_1), ..., Rep(A_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(A), see below.</item> + <item>If T is an operator type <c>T_1 Op T_2</c>, + where <c>Op</c> is a binary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile + time), then + Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_1),Rep(T_2)}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is an operator type <c>Op T_0</c>, where <c>Op</c> is a + unary operator (this is an occurrence of + an expression that can be evaluated to an integer at compile time), + then Rep(T) = <c>{op,LINE,Op,Rep(T_0)}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is <c>( T_0 )</c>, then Rep(T) = <c>Rep(T_0)</c>, + that is, parenthesized types cannot be distinguished from their + bodies.</item> + <item>If T is a predefined (or built-in) type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, + then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a record type <c>#Name{F_1, ..., F_k}</c>, + where each <c>F_i</c> is a record field type, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,record,[Rep(Name),Rep(F_1), ..., Rep(F_k)]}</c>. + For Rep(F), see below.</item> + <item>If T is a remote type <c>M:N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{remote_type,LINE,[Rep(M),Rep(N),[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]]}</c>. + </item> + <item>If T is a tuple type <c>tuple()</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,tuple,any}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a tuple type <c>{T_1, ..., T_k}</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,tuple,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a type union <c>T_1 | ... | T_k</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,union,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + <item>If T is a type variable <c>V</c>, then Rep(T) = + <c>{var,LINE,A}</c>, where <c>A</c> is an atom with a printname + consisting of the same characters as <c>V</c>. A type variable + is any variable except underscore (<c>_</c>).</item> + <item>If T is a user-defined type <c>N(T_1, ..., T_k)</c>, + then Rep(T) = + <c>{user_type,LINE,N,[Rep(T_1), ..., Rep(T_k)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + + <section> + <title>Function Types</title> + <p>A function type Ft is one of the following alternatives:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If Ft is a constrained function type <c>Ft_1 when Fc</c>, + where <c>Ft_1</c> is a function type and + <c>Fc</c> is a function constraint, then Rep(T) = + <c>{type,LINE,bounded_fun,[Rep(Ft_1),Rep(Fc)]}</c>. + For Rep(Fc), see below.</item> + <item>If Ft is a function type <c>(T_1, ..., T_n) -> T_0</c>, + where each <c>T_i</c> is a type, then + Rep(Ft) = <c>{type,LINE,'fun',[{type,LINE,product,[Rep(T_1), + ..., Rep(T_n)]},Rep(T_0)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Function Constraints</title> + <p>A function constraint Fc is a nonempty sequence of constraints + <c>C_1, ..., C_k</c>, and + Rep(Fc) = <c>[Rep(C_1), ..., Rep(C_k)]</c>.</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If C is a constraint <c>is_subtype(V, T)</c> or <c>V :: T</c>, + where <c>V</c> is a type variable and <c>T</c> is a type, then + Rep(C) = <c>{type,LINE,constraint,[{atom,LINE,is_subtype},[Rep(V),Rep(T)]]}</c>. + </item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Association Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If A is an association type <c>K => V</c>, where + <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are types, then Rep(A) = + <c>{type,LINE,map_field_assoc,[Rep(K),Rep(V)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Record Field Types</title> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item>If F is a record field type <c>Name :: Type</c>, + where <c>Type</c> is a type, then Rep(F) = + <c>{type,LINE,field_type,[Rep(Name),Rep(Type)]}</c>.</item> + </list> + </section> + </section> + + <section> + <title>The Abstract Format After Preprocessing</title> + <p>The compilation option <c>debug_info</c> can be given to the + compiler to have the abstract code stored in + the <c>abstract_code</c> chunk in the BEAM file (for debugging purposes).</p> - <p>In OTP R9C and later, the <c><![CDATA[abstract_code]]></c> chunk will + <p>In OTP R9C and later, the <c>abstract_code</c> chunk will contain</p> - <p><c><![CDATA[{raw_abstract_v1,AbstractCode}]]></c></p> - <p>where <c><![CDATA[AbstractCode]]></c> is the abstract code as described + <p><c>{raw_abstract_v1,AbstractCode}</c></p> + <p>where <c>AbstractCode</c> is the abstract code as described in this document.</p> <p>In releases of OTP prior to R9C, the abstract code after some more processing was stored in the BEAM file. The first element of the - tuple would be either <c><![CDATA[abstract_v1]]></c> (R7B) or <c><![CDATA[abstract_v2]]></c> + tuple would be either <c>abstract_v1</c> (R7B) or <c>abstract_v2</c> (R8B).</p> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml b/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml index c802693977..ae7f264d0c 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/driver_entry.xml @@ -437,7 +437,14 @@ typedef struct erl_drv_entry { <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits">erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits()</seealso> function. </item> - </taglist> + <tag><c>ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_INIT_ACK</c></tag> + <item>When this flag is given the linked-in driver has to manually + acknowledge that the port has been successfully started using + <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_init_ack">erl_drv_init_ack()</seealso>. + This allows the implementor to make the erlang:open_port exit with + badarg after some initial asynchronous initialization has been done. + </item> + </taglist> </item> <tag>void *handle2</tag> <item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml index c4eb0e16ec..1c4a0056a7 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl.xml @@ -382,6 +382,11 @@ similar to <c><![CDATA[code:add_pathsz/1]]></c>. See <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>.</p> </item> + <tag><c><![CDATA[-path Dir1 Dir2 ...]]></c></tag> + <item> + <p>Replaces the path specified in the boot script. See + <seealso marker="sasl:script">script(4)</seealso>.</p> + </item> <tag><c><![CDATA[-remsh Node]]></c></tag> <item> <p>Starts Erlang with a remote shell connected to <c><![CDATA[Node]]></c>.</p> @@ -1338,14 +1343,14 @@ <item> <p>Default process flag settings.</p> <taglist> - <tag><marker id="+xohmq"><c>+xohmq true|false</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="+xmqd"><c>+xmqd off_heap|on_heap|mixed</c></marker></tag> <item><p> Sets the default value for the process flag - <c>off_heap_message_queue</c>. If <c>+xohmq</c> is not - passed, <c>false</c> will be the default. For more information, + <c>message_queue_data</c>. If <c>+xmqd</c> is not + passed, <c>mixed</c> will be the default. For more information, see the documentation of - <seealso marker="erlang#process_flag_off_heap_message_queue"><c>process_flag(off_heap_message_queue, - OHMQ)</c></seealso>. + <seealso marker="erlang#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>. </p></item> </taglist> </item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml index f7b4187b80..cade732c56 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_driver.xml @@ -2131,6 +2131,53 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </func> <func> + <name><ret>void</ret><nametext>erl_drv_init_ack(ErlDrvPort port, ErlDrvData res)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Acknowledge the start of the port</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_init_ack"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>The port handle of the port (driver instance) creating + doing the acknowledgment. + </item> + <tag><c>res</c></tag> + <item>The result of the port initialization. This can be the same values + as the return value of <seealso marker="driver_entry#start">start</seealso>, + i.e any of the error codes or the ErlDrvData that is to be used for this + port. + </item> + </taglist> + <p> + When this function is called the initiating erlang:open_port call is + returned as if the <seealso marker="driver_entry#start">start</seealso> + function had just been called. It can only be used when the + <seealso marker="driver_entry#driver_flags">ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_INIT_ACK</seealso> + flag has been set on the linked-in driver. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name><ret>void</ret><nametext>erl_drv_set_os_pid(ErlDrvPort port, ErlDrvSInt pid)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Set the os_pid for the port</fsummary> + <desc> + <marker id="erl_drv_set_os_pid"></marker> + <p>Arguments:</p> + <taglist> + <tag><c>port</c></tag> + <item>The port handle of the port (driver instance) to set the pid on. + </item> + <tag><c>pid</c></tag> + <item>The pid to set.</item> + </taglist> + <p> + Set the os_pid seen when doing erlang:port_info/2 on this port. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_thread_create(char *name, ErlDrvTid *tid, void * (*func)(void *), @@ -2809,7 +2856,7 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </func> <func> - <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_putenv(char *key, char *value)</nametext></name> + <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_putenv(const char *key, char *value)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Set the value of an environment variable</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="erl_drv_putenv"></marker> @@ -2838,7 +2885,7 @@ ERL_DRV_MAP int sz </desc> </func> <func> - <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_getenv(char *key, char *value, size_t *value_size)</nametext></name> + <name><ret>int</ret><nametext>erl_drv_getenv(const char *key, char *value, size_t *value_size)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Get the value of an environment variable</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="erl_drv_getenv"></marker> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml index dae14b8d08..2d8706169f 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_nif.xml @@ -791,6 +791,10 @@ typedef enum { and return true, or return false if <c>term</c> is not an unsigned integer or is outside the bounds of type <c>unsigned long</c>.</p></desc> </func> + <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_getenv(const char* key, char* value, size_t *value_size)</nametext></name> + <fsummary>Get the value of an environment variable</fsummary> + <desc><p>Same as <seealso marker="erl_driver#erl_drv_getenv">erl_drv_getenv</seealso>.</p></desc> + </func> <func><name><ret>int</ret><nametext>enif_has_pending_exception(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM* reason)</nametext></name> <fsummary>Check if an exception has been raised</fsummary> <desc><p>Return true if a pending exception is associated diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml b/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml index d05f0d9aea..8f66e07ae1 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erl_prim_loader.xml @@ -36,17 +36,11 @@ the system. The start script is also fetched with this low level loader.</p> <p><c>erl_prim_loader</c> knows about the environment and how to - fetch modules. The loader could, for example, fetch files using - the file system (with absolute file names as input), or a - database (where the binary format of a module is stored).</p> + fetch modules.</p> <p>The <c>-loader Loader</c> command line flag can be used to choose the method used by the <c>erl_prim_loader</c>. Two <c>Loader</c> methods are supported by the Erlang runtime system: - <c>efile</c> and <c>inet</c>. If another loader is required, then - it has to be implemented by the user. The <c>Loader</c> provided - by the user must fulfill the protocol defined below, and it is - started with the <c>erl_prim_loader</c> by evaluating - <c>open_port({spawn,Loader},[binary])</c>.</p> + <c>efile</c> and <c>inet</c>.</p> <warning><p>The support for loading of code from archive files is experimental. The sole purpose of releasing it before it is ready @@ -56,39 +50,9 @@ <c>-loader_debug</c> are also experimental</p></warning> </description> - <datatypes> - <datatype> - <name name="host"/> - </datatype> - </datatypes> <funcs> <func> - <name name="start" arity="3"/> - <fsummary>Start the Erlang low level loader</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Starts the Erlang low level loader. This function is called - by the <c>init</c> process (and module). The <c>init</c> - process reads the command line flags <c>-id <anno>Id</anno></c>, - <c>-loader <anno>Loader</anno></c>, and <c>-hosts <anno>Hosts</anno></c>. These are - the arguments supplied to the <c>start/3</c> function.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is not given, the default loader is - <c>efile</c> which tells the system to read from the file - system.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is <c>inet</c>, the <c>-id <anno>Id</anno></c>, - <c>-hosts <anno>Hosts</anno></c>, and <c>-setcookie Cookie</c> flags must - also be supplied. <c><anno>Hosts</anno></c> identifies hosts which this - node can contact in order to load modules. One Erlang - runtime system with a <c>erl_boot_server</c> process must be - started on each of hosts given in <c><anno>Hosts</anno></c> in order to - answer the requests. See <seealso - marker="kernel:erl_boot_server">erl_boot_server(3)</seealso>.</p> - <p>If <c>-loader</c> is something else, the given port program - is started. The port program is supposed to follow - the protocol specified below.</p> - </desc> - </func> - <func> <name name="get_file" arity="1"/> <fsummary>Get a file</fsummary> <desc> @@ -96,8 +60,6 @@ <c><anno>Filename</anno></c> is either an absolute file name or just the name of the file, for example <c>"lists.beam"</c>. If an internal path is set to the loader, this path is used to find the file. - If a user supplied loader is used, the path can be stripped - off if it is obsolete, and the loader does not use a path. <c><anno>FullName</anno></c> is the complete name of the fetched file. <c><anno>Bin</anno></c> is the contents of the file as a binary.</p> @@ -175,22 +137,6 @@ </funcs> <section> - <title>Protocol</title> - <p>The following protocol must be followed if a user provided - loader port program is used. The <c>Loader</c> port program is - started with the command - <c>open_port({spawn,Loader},[binary])</c>. The protocol is as - follows:</p> - <pre> -Function Send Receive -------------------------------------------------------------- -get_file [102 | FileName] [121 | BinaryFile] (on success) - [122] (failure) - -stop eof terminate</pre> - </section> - - <section> <title>Command Line Flags</title> <p>The <c>erl_prim_loader</c> module interprets the following command line flags:</p> @@ -199,10 +145,8 @@ stop eof terminate</pre> <item> <p>Specifies the name of the loader used by <c>erl_prim_loader</c>. <c>Loader</c> can be <c>efile</c> - (use the local file system), or <c>inet</c> (load using - the <c>boot_server</c> on another Erlang node). If - <c>Loader</c> is user defined, the defined <c>Loader</c> port - program is started.</p> + (use the local file system) or <c>inet</c> (load using + the <c>boot_server</c> on another Erlang node).</p> <p>If the <c>-loader</c> flag is omitted, it defaults to <c>efile</c>.</p> </item> @@ -216,17 +160,12 @@ stop eof terminate</pre> <p>Specifies which other Erlang nodes the <c>inet</c> loader can use. This flag is mandatory if the <c>-loader inet</c> flag is present. On each host, there must be on Erlang node - with the <c>erl_boot_server</c> which handles the load - requests. <c>Hosts</c> is a list of IP addresses (hostnames + with the <seealso + marker="kernel:erl_boot_server">erl_boot_server(3)</seealso> + which handles the load requests. + <c>Hosts</c> is a list of IP addresses (hostnames are not acceptable).</p> </item> - <tag><c>-id Id</c></tag> - <item> - <p>Specifies the identity of the Erlang runtime system. If - the system runs as a distributed node, <c>Id</c> must be - identical to the name supplied with the <c>-sname</c> or - <c>-name</c> distribution flags.</p> - </item> <tag><c>-setcookie Cookie</c></tag> <item> <p>Specifies the cookie of the Erlang runtime system. This flag diff --git a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml index e4d3533c75..10c0d65e31 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/erlang.xml @@ -59,6 +59,12 @@ </datatype> <datatype> + <name name="message_queue_data"></name> + <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>erlang:process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> + </desc> + </datatype> + + <datatype> <name name="timestamp"></name> <desc><p>See <seealso marker="#timestamp/0">erlang:timestamp/0</seealso>.</p> </desc> @@ -4280,39 +4286,52 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> </desc> </func> - <marker id="process_flag_off_heap_message_queue"/> + <marker id="process_flag_message_queue_data"/> <func> <name name="process_flag" arity="2" clause_i="5"/> - <fsummary>Set process flag <c>off_heap_message_queue</c> for the calling process</fsummary> + <fsummary>Set process flag <c>message_queue_data</c> for the calling process</fsummary> + <type name="message_queue_data"/> <desc> <p>This flag determines how messages in the message queue are stored. When the flag is:</p> <taglist> - <tag><c>true</c></tag> + <tag><c>off_heap</c></tag> <item><p> <em>All</em> messages in the message queue will be stored outside of the process heap. This implies that <em>no</em> messages in the message queue will be part of a garbage collection of the process. </p></item> - <tag><c>false</c></tag> + <tag><c>on_heap</c></tag> + <item><p> + All messages in the message queue will eventually be + placed on heap. They may however temporarily be stored + off heap. This is how messages always have been stored + up until ERTS version 8.0. + </p></item> + <tag><c>mixed</c></tag> <item><p> Messages may be placed either on the heap or outside of the heap. </p></item> </taglist> <p> + The default <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag is determined + by the <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso> + <c>erl</c> command line argument. + </p> + <p> If the process potentially may get a hugh amount of messages, - you are recommended to set the flag to <c>true</c>. This since - a garbage collection with lots of messages placed on the heap - may become extremly expensive. Performance of the actual - message passing is however generally better when setting the - flag to <c>false</c>. + you are recommended to set the flag to <c>off_heap</c>. This + since a garbage collection with lots of messages placed on + the heap may become extremly expensive and the process may + consume large amounts of memory. Performance of the + actual message passing is however generally better when not + using the <c>off_heap</c> flag. </p> <p> - When changing this flag from <c>false</c> to <c>true</c>, - all messages in the message queue are moved off heap. This - work has been initiated but not completed when this function + When changing this flag messages will be moved. This work + has been initiated but not completed when this function call returns. </p> <p>Returns the old value of the flag.</p> @@ -4478,6 +4497,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> <type name="stack_item"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <desc> <p>Returns a list containing <c><anno>InfoTuple</anno></c>s with miscellaneous information about the process identified by @@ -4530,6 +4550,7 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <type name="process_info_result_item"/> <type name="stack_item"/> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <desc> <p>Returns information about the process identified by <c><anno>Pid</anno></c>, as specified by @@ -4709,13 +4730,14 @@ os_prompt% </pre> monitor by name, the list item is <c>{process, {<anno>RegName</anno>, <anno>Node</anno>}}</c>.</p> </item> - <tag><c>{off_heap_message_queue, <anno>OHMQ</anno>}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{message_queue_data, <anno>MQD</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the current state of the <c>off_heap_message_queue</c> - process flag. <c><anno>OHMQ</anno></c> is either <c>true</c>, or - <c>false</c>. For more information, see the documentation of - <seealso marker="#process_flag_off_heap_message_queue"><c>process_flag(off_heap_message_queue, - OHMQ)</c></seealso>.</p> + <p>Returns the current state of the <c>message_queue_data</c> + process flag. <c><anno>MQD</anno></c> is either <c>off_heap</c>, + <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. For more information, see the + documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{priority, <anno>Level</anno>}</c></tag> <item> @@ -4859,6 +4881,12 @@ os_prompt% </pre> <seealso marker="kernel:code">code(3)</seealso>) and is not to be used elsewhere.</p> </warning> + <note> + <p>As from <c>ERTS</c> 8.0 (OTP 19), any lingering processes + that still execute the old code will be killed by this function. + In earlier versions, such incorrect use could cause much + more fatal failures, like emulator crash.</p> + </note> <p>Failure: <c>badarg</c> if there is no old code for <c><anno>Module</anno></c>.</p> </desc> @@ -5485,6 +5513,7 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="2"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process @@ -5501,6 +5530,7 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="3"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a fun as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started @@ -5516,6 +5546,7 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="4"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Works as @@ -5618,17 +5649,17 @@ true</pre> fine-tuning an application and to measure the execution time with various <c><anno>VSize</anno></c> values.</p> </item> - <tag><c>{off_heap_message_queue, <anno>OHMQ</anno>}</c></tag> + <tag><c>{message_queue_data, <anno>MQD</anno>}</c></tag> <item> - <p>Sets the state of the <c>off_heap_message_queue</c> process - flag. <c><anno>OHMQ</anno></c> should be either <c>true</c>, or - <c>false</c>. The default <c>off_heap_message_queue</c> process - flag is determined by the - <seealso marker="erl#+xohmq"><c>+xohmq</c></seealso> <c>erl</c> + <p>Sets the state of the <c>message_queue_data</c> process + flag. <c><anno>MQD</anno></c> should be either <c>off_heap</c>, + <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. The default + <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag is determined by the + <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso> <c>erl</c> command line argument. For more information, see the documentation of - <seealso marker="#process_flag_off_heap_message_queue"><c>process_flag(off_heap_message_queue, - <anno>OHMQ</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + <anno>MQD</anno>)</c></seealso>.</p> </item> </taglist> </desc> @@ -5638,6 +5669,7 @@ true</pre> <name name="spawn_opt" arity="5"/> <fsummary>Creates a new process with a function as entry point on a given node.</fsummary> <type name="priority_level"/> + <type name="message_queue_data" /> <type name="spawn_opt_option" /> <desc> <p>Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started @@ -5756,8 +5788,31 @@ true</pre> <anno>Dest</anno>, <anno>Msg</anno>, [])</c></seealso>.</p> </desc> </func> + <func> <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="1"/> + <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_active_tasks"></marker> + <p> + Returns a list where each element represents the amount + of active processes and ports on each run queue and its + associated scheduler. That is, the number of processes and + ports that are ready to run, or are currently running. The + element location in the list corresponds to the scheduler + and its run queue. The first element corresponds to scheduler + number 1 and so on. The information is <em>not</em> gathered + atomically. That is, the result is not necessarily a + consistent snapshot of the state, but instead quite + efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> <fsummary>Information about context switches.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns the total number of context switches since the @@ -5766,7 +5821,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="2"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="3"/> <fsummary>Information about exact reductions.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_exact_reductions"></marker> @@ -5780,7 +5835,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="3"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="4"/> <fsummary>Information about garbage collection.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about garbage collection, for example:</p> @@ -5792,7 +5847,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="4"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="5"/> <fsummary>Information about I/O.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns <c><anno>Input</anno></c>, @@ -5803,7 +5858,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="5"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> <fsummary>Information about reductions.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_reductions"></marker> @@ -5821,16 +5876,43 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="6"/> - <fsummary>Information about the run-queue.</fsummary> - <desc> - <p>Returns the total length of run-queues, that is, the number - of processes that are ready to run on all available run-queues.</p> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queues.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total length of the run-queues. That is, the number + of processes and ports that are ready to run on all available + run-queues. The information is gathered atomically. That + is, the result is a consistent snapshot of the state, but + this operation is much more expensive compared to + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + This especially when a large amount of schedulers is used. + </p> </desc> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="7"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_run_queue_lengths"></marker> + <p> + Returns a list where each element represents the amount + of processes and ports ready to run for each run queue. The + element location in the list corresponds to the run queue + of a scheduler. The first element corresponds to the run + queue of scheduler number 1 and so on. The information is + <em>not</em> gathered atomically. That is, the result is + not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but + instead quite efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> <fsummary>Information about runtime.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.</p> @@ -5845,7 +5927,7 @@ true</pre> </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="8"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="10"/> <fsummary>Information about each schedulers work time.</fsummary> <desc> <marker id="statistics_scheduler_wall_time"></marker> @@ -5916,7 +5998,44 @@ ok </func> <func> - <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="9"/> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="11"/> + <fsummary>Information about active processes and ports.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_total_active_tasks"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total amount of active processes and ports in + the system. That is, the number of processes and ports that + are ready to run, or are currently running. The information + is <em>not</em> gathered atomically. That is, the result + is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but + instead quite efficiently gathered. See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(total_run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="12"/> + <fsummary>Information about the run-queue lengths.</fsummary> + <desc><marker id="statistics_total_run_queue_lengths"></marker> + <p> + Returns the total length of the run-queues. That is, the number + of processes and ports that are ready to run on all available + run-queues. The information is <em>not</em> gathered atomically. + That is, the result is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of + the state, but much more efficiently gathered compared to + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue"><c>statistics(run_queue)</c></seealso>. + See also, + <seealso marker="#statistics_run_queue_lengths"><c>statistics(run_queue_lengths)</c></seealso>, + <seealso marker="#statistics_total_active_tasks"><c>statistics(total_active_tasks)</c></seealso>, and + <seealso marker="#statistics_active_tasks"><c>statistics(active_tasks)</c></seealso>. + </p> + </desc> + </func> + + <func> + <name name="statistics" arity="1" clause_i="13"/> <fsummary>Information about wall clock.</fsummary> <desc> <p>Returns information about wall clock. <c>wall_clock</c> can @@ -7117,15 +7236,15 @@ ok used by the runtime system. It is on the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".</p> </item> - <tag><marker id="system_info_off_heap_message_queue"><c>off_heap_message_queue</c></marker></tag> + <tag><marker id="system_info_message_queue_data"><c>message_queue_data</c></marker></tag> <item> - <p>Returns the default value of the <c>off_heap_message_queue</c> - process flag which is either <c>true</c> or <c>false</c>. This - default is set by the <c>erl</c> command line argument - <seealso marker="erl#+xohmq"><c>+xohmq</c></seealso>. For more information on the - <c>off_heap_message_queue</c> process flag, see documentation of - <seealso marker="#process_flag_off_heap_message_queue"><c>process_flag(off_heap_message_queue, - OHMQ)</c></seealso>.</p> + <p>Returns the default value of the <c>message_queue_data</c> + process flag which is either <c>off_heap</c>, <c>on_heap</c>, or <c>mixed</c>. + This default is set by the <c>erl</c> command line argument + <seealso marker="erl#+xmqd"><c>+xmqd</c></seealso>. For more information on the + <c>message_queue_data</c> process flag, see documentation of + <seealso marker="#process_flag_message_queue_data"><c>process_flag(message_queue_data, + MQD)</c></seealso>.</p> </item> <tag><marker id="system_info_otp_release"><c>otp_release</c></marker></tag> <item> @@ -8265,14 +8384,14 @@ timestamp() -> <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled to run. The process runs in function <c>{M, F, Arity}</c>. On some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, - then the last element <c>Arity</c> is <c>0</c>.</p> + then the last element is <c>0</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, out, {M, F, Arity} | 0}</c></tag> <item> <p>When <c>Pid</c> is scheduled out. The process was running in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last - element <c>Arity</c> is <c>0</c>.</p> + element is <c>0</c>.</p> </item> <tag><c>{trace, Pid, gc_start, Info}</c></tag> <item> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/init.xml b/erts/doc/src/init.xml index fe26df61f7..2a33096d04 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/init.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/init.xml @@ -247,10 +247,7 @@ <c>Expr</c> during system initialization. If any of these steps fail (syntax error, parse error or exception during evaluation), Erlang stops with an error message. Here is an - example that seeds the random number generator:</p> - <pre> -% <input>erl -eval '{X,Y,Z} = now(), random:seed(X,Y,Z).'</input></pre> - <p>This example uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p> + example that uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p> <pre> % <input>erl -noshell -eval 'R = 16#1F+16#A0, io:format("~.16B~n", [R])' \\</input> <input>-s erlang halt</input> diff --git a/erts/doc/src/notes.xml b/erts/doc/src/notes.xml index f27e73b9d3..a726cc7b97 100644 --- a/erts/doc/src/notes.xml +++ b/erts/doc/src/notes.xml @@ -31,8 +31,134 @@ </header> <p>This document describes the changes made to the ERTS application.</p> -<section><title>Erts 7.1</title> +<section><title>Erts 7.2.1</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Revert "Fix erroneous splitting of emulator path"</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13202</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix HiPE enabled emulator for FreeBSD.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13204 Aux Id: pr926 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 7.2</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Small documentation fixes</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13017</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix memory corruption bug caused by disabling + distribution and then re-enable distribution with a node + name that has previously been used by a remote node.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13076 Aux Id: seq12959 </p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Renamed variables with name bool as Visual Studio 2015 + now treats this is a keyword.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13079</p> + </item> + <item> + <p><c>erl_prim_loader</c> has not supported custom + loaders for several releases. In the documentation for + <c>erl_prim_loader</c>, all references to custom loaders + have now been removed.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13102</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fixed compilation of erts together with libc versions + that do not define __uint32_t.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13105</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + erl -make now returns non-zero exit codes on failure</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13107</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix crash on init:restart in embedded mode caused by + on_load handler process not being relaunched leading to + load failure for modules such as crypto and asn1rt_nif + that need it to be present for correct NIF loading.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13115</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix maps decode in erlang:binary_to_term/1</p> + <p>Decoding a term with a large (HAMT) map in an small + (FLAT) map could cause a critical error if the external + format was not produced by beam.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13125</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fix very rare bug in GC when big maps with a lot of hash + collisions from a remote node are waiting in inner + message queue.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13146</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Fixed a bug that could cause a crash dump to become + almost empty.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13150</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + + + <section><title>Improvements and New Features</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> Updated the xmllint target to just check the xml + files with real documentation content.<br/> Corrected + some errors and added some missing target in the DTD's. + </p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13026</p> + </item> + <item> + <p> + Add function enif_getenv to read OS environment variables + in a portable way from NIFs.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13147</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 7.1</title> <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> <list> <item> @@ -981,6 +1107,42 @@ </section> +<section><title>Erts 6.4.1.5</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + Fixed a bug that could cause a crash dump to become + almost empty.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-13150</p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + +<section><title>Erts 6.4.1.4</title> + + <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> + <list> + <item> + <p> + The 'raw' socket option could not be used multiple times + in one call to any e.g gen_tcp function because only one + of the occurrences were used. This bug has been fixed, + and also a small bug concerning propagating error codes + from within inet:setopts/2.</p> + <p> + Own Id: OTP-11482 Aux Id: seq12872 </p> + </item> + </list> + </section> + +</section> + + <section><title>Erts 6.4.1</title> <section><title>Fixed Bugs and Malfunctions</title> |