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-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/atom.names1
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/beam_bif_load.c73
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/beam_load.c17
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/beam_ranges.c152
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/bif.tab1
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.c4
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.h2
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/global.h3
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/beam/module.h1
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/test/Makefile1
-rw-r--r--erts/emulator/test/multi_load_SUITE.erl196
11 files changed, 347 insertions, 104 deletions
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/atom.names b/erts/emulator/beam/atom.names
index 2777c3d112..dca8b503bf 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/atom.names
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/atom.names
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ atom dsend
atom dsend_continue_trap
atom dunlink
atom duplicate_bag
+atom duplicated
atom dupnames
atom einval
atom elib_malloc
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/beam_bif_load.c b/erts/emulator/beam/beam_bif_load.c
index 1b4c022370..0b47fc3586 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/beam_bif_load.c
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/beam_bif_load.c
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ BIF_RETTYPE code_make_stub_module_3(BIF_ALIST_3)
ASSERT(modp->curr.num_breakpoints == 0);
}
- erts_start_staging_code_ix();
+ erts_start_staging_code_ix(1);
res = erts_make_stub_module(BIF_P, BIF_ARG_1, BIF_ARG_2, BIF_ARG_3);
@@ -139,6 +139,25 @@ prepare_loading_2(BIF_ALIST_2)
BIF_RET(res);
}
+BIF_RETTYPE
+has_prepared_code_on_load_1(BIF_ALIST_1)
+{
+ Eterm res;
+ ProcBin* pb;
+
+ if (!ERTS_TERM_IS_MAGIC_BINARY(BIF_ARG_1)) {
+ error:
+ BIF_ERROR(BIF_P, BADARG);
+ }
+
+ pb = (ProcBin*) binary_val(BIF_ARG_1);
+ res = erts_has_code_on_load(pb->val);
+ if (res == NIL) {
+ goto error;
+ }
+ BIF_RET(res);
+}
+
struct m {
Binary* code;
Eterm module;
@@ -163,14 +182,13 @@ exception_list(Process* p, Eterm tag, struct m* mp, Sint exceptions)
Eterm* hp = HAlloc(p, 3 + 2*exceptions);
Eterm res = NIL;
- mp += exceptions - 1;
while (exceptions > 0) {
if (mp->exception) {
res = CONS(hp, mp->module, res);
hp += 2;
exceptions--;
}
- mp--;
+ mp++;
}
return TUPLE2(hp, tag, res);
}
@@ -202,8 +220,12 @@ finish_loading_1(BIF_ALIST_1)
n = erts_list_length(BIF_ARG_1);
if (n < 0) {
- ERTS_BIF_PREP_ERROR(res, BIF_P, BADARG);
- goto done;
+ badarg:
+ if (p) {
+ erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_LOADER_TMP, p);
+ }
+ erts_release_code_write_permission();
+ BIF_ERROR(BIF_P, BADARG);
}
p = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_LOADER_TMP, n*sizeof(struct m));
@@ -218,29 +240,32 @@ finish_loading_1(BIF_ALIST_1)
ProcBin* pb;
if (!ERTS_TERM_IS_MAGIC_BINARY(term)) {
- ERTS_BIF_PREP_ERROR(res, BIF_P, BADARG);
- goto done;
+ goto badarg;
}
pb = (ProcBin*) binary_val(term);
p[i].code = pb->val;
p[i].module = erts_module_for_prepared_code(p[i].code);
if (p[i].module == NIL) {
- ERTS_BIF_PREP_ERROR(res, BIF_P, BADARG);
- goto done;
+ goto badarg;
}
BIF_ARG_1 = CDR(cons);
}
/*
* Since we cannot handle atomic loading of a group of modules
- * if one or more of them uses on_load, we will only allow one
- * element in the list. This limitation is intended to be
- * lifted in the future.
+ * if one or more of them uses on_load, we will only allow
+ * more than one element in the list if none of the modules
+ * have an on_load function.
*/
if (n > 1) {
- ERTS_BIF_PREP_ERROR(res, BIF_P, SYSTEM_LIMIT);
- goto done;
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+ if (erts_has_code_on_load(p[i].code) == am_true) {
+ erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_LOADER_TMP, p);
+ erts_release_code_write_permission();
+ BIF_ERROR(BIF_P, SYSTEM_LIMIT);
+ }
+ }
}
/*
@@ -252,11 +277,27 @@ finish_loading_1(BIF_ALIST_1)
*/
res = am_ok;
- erts_start_staging_code_ix();
+ erts_start_staging_code_ix(n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
p[i].modp = erts_put_module(p[i].module);
+ p[i].modp->seen = 0;
}
+
+ exceptions = 0;
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+ p[i].exception = 0;
+ if (p[i].modp->seen) {
+ p[i].exception = 1;
+ exceptions++;
+ }
+ p[i].modp->seen = 1;
+ }
+ if (exceptions) {
+ res = exception_list(BIF_P, am_duplicated, p, exceptions);
+ goto done;
+ }
+
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (p[i].modp->curr.num_breakpoints > 0 ||
p[i].modp->curr.num_traced_exports > 0 ||
@@ -492,7 +533,7 @@ BIF_RETTYPE delete_module_1(BIF_ALIST_1)
}
{
- erts_start_staging_code_ix();
+ erts_start_staging_code_ix(0);
code_ix = erts_staging_code_ix();
modp = erts_get_module(BIF_ARG_1, code_ix);
if (!modp) {
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/beam_load.c b/erts/emulator/beam/beam_load.c
index 1511a4f935..f115df935f 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/beam_load.c
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/beam_load.c
@@ -888,6 +888,23 @@ erts_module_for_prepared_code(Binary* magic)
}
}
+/*
+ * Return a non-zero value if the module has an on_load function,
+ * or 0 if it does not.
+ */
+
+Eterm
+erts_has_code_on_load(Binary* magic)
+{
+ LoaderState* stp;
+
+ if (ERTS_MAGIC_BIN_DESTRUCTOR(magic) != loader_state_dtor) {
+ return NIL;
+ }
+ stp = ERTS_MAGIC_BIN_DATA(magic);
+ return stp->on_load ? am_true : am_false;
+}
+
static void
free_loader_state(Binary* magic)
{
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/beam_ranges.c b/erts/emulator/beam/beam_ranges.c
index 5a2b66727a..54c337ee72 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/beam_ranges.c
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/beam_ranges.c
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ struct ranges {
};
static struct ranges r[ERTS_NUM_CODE_IX];
static erts_smp_atomic_t mem_used;
+static Range* write_ptr;
#ifdef HARD_DEBUG
static void check_consistency(struct ranges* p)
@@ -72,6 +73,17 @@ static void check_consistency(struct ranges* p)
# define CHECK(r)
#endif /* HARD_DEBUG */
+static int
+rangecompare(Range* a, Range* b)
+{
+ if (a->start < b->start) {
+ return -1;
+ } else if (a->start == b->start) {
+ return 0;
+ } else {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
void
erts_init_ranges(void)
@@ -88,45 +100,70 @@ erts_init_ranges(void)
}
void
-erts_start_staging_ranges(void)
+erts_start_staging_ranges(int num_new)
{
+ ErtsCodeIndex src = erts_active_code_ix();
ErtsCodeIndex dst = erts_staging_code_ix();
+ Sint need;
if (r[dst].modules) {
erts_smp_atomic_add_nob(&mem_used, -r[dst].allocated);
erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_MODULE_REFS, r[dst].modules);
- r[dst].modules = NULL;
}
+
+ need = r[dst].allocated = r[src].n + num_new;
+ erts_smp_atomic_add_nob(&mem_used, need);
+ write_ptr = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_MODULE_REFS,
+ need * sizeof(Range));
+ r[dst].modules = write_ptr;
}
void
erts_end_staging_ranges(int commit)
{
- ErtsCodeIndex dst = erts_staging_code_ix();
-
- if (commit && r[dst].modules == NULL) {
+ if (commit) {
Sint i;
- Sint n;
-
- /* No modules added, just clone src and remove purged code. */
ErtsCodeIndex src = erts_active_code_ix();
+ ErtsCodeIndex dst = erts_staging_code_ix();
+ Range* mp;
+ Sint num_inserted;
- erts_smp_atomic_add_nob(&mem_used, r[src].n);
- r[dst].modules = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_MODULE_REFS,
- r[src].n * sizeof(Range));
- r[dst].allocated = r[src].n;
- n = 0;
+ mp = r[dst].modules;
+ num_inserted = write_ptr - mp;
for (i = 0; i < r[src].n; i++) {
Range* rp = r[src].modules+i;
if (rp->start < RANGE_END(rp)) {
/* Only insert a module that has not been purged. */
- r[dst].modules[n] = *rp;
- n++;
+ write_ptr->start = rp->start;
+ erts_smp_atomic_init_nob(&write_ptr->end,
+ (erts_aint_t)(RANGE_END(rp)));
+ write_ptr++;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * There are num_inserted new range entries (unsorted) at the
+ * beginning of the modules array, followed by the old entries
+ * (sorted). We must now sort the entire array.
+ */
+
+ r[dst].n = write_ptr - mp;
+ if (num_inserted > 1) {
+ qsort(mp, r[dst].n, sizeof(Range),
+ (int (*)(const void *, const void *)) rangecompare);
+ } else if (num_inserted == 1) {
+ /* Sift the new range into place. This is faster than qsort(). */
+ Range t = mp[0];
+ for (i = 0; i < r[dst].n-1 && t.start > mp[i+1].start; i++) {
+ mp[i] = mp[i+1];
}
+ mp[i] = t;
}
- r[dst].n = n;
+ r[dst].modules = mp;
+ CHECK(&r[dst]);
erts_smp_atomic_set_nob(&r[dst].mid,
- (erts_aint_t) (r[dst].modules + n / 2));
+ (erts_aint_t) (r[dst].modules +
+ r[dst].n / 2));
}
}
@@ -135,82 +172,29 @@ erts_update_ranges(BeamInstr* code, Uint size)
{
ErtsCodeIndex dst = erts_staging_code_ix();
ErtsCodeIndex src = erts_active_code_ix();
- Sint i;
- Sint n;
- Sint need;
if (src == dst) {
ASSERT(!erts_initialized);
/*
- * During start-up of system, the indices are the same.
- * Handle this by faking a source area.
+ * During start-up of system, the indices are the same
+ * and erts_start_staging_ranges() has not been called.
*/
- src = (src+1) % ERTS_NUM_CODE_IX;
- if (r[src].modules) {
- erts_smp_atomic_add_nob(&mem_used, -r[src].allocated);
- erts_free(ERTS_ALC_T_MODULE_REFS, r[src].modules);
+ if (r[dst].modules == NULL) {
+ Sint need = 128;
+ erts_smp_atomic_add_nob(&mem_used, need);
+ r[dst].modules = erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_MODULE_REFS,
+ need * sizeof(Range));
+ r[dst].allocated = need;
+ write_ptr = r[dst].modules;
}
- r[src] = r[dst];
- r[dst].modules = 0;
}
- CHECK(&r[src]);
-
- ASSERT(r[dst].modules == NULL);
- need = r[dst].allocated = r[src].n + 1;
- erts_smp_atomic_add_nob(&mem_used, need);
- r[dst].modules = (Range *) erts_alloc(ERTS_ALC_T_MODULE_REFS,
- need * sizeof(Range));
- n = 0;
- for (i = 0; i < r[src].n; i++) {
- Range* rp = r[src].modules+i;
- if (code < rp->start) {
- r[dst].modules[n].start = code;
- erts_smp_atomic_init_nob(&r[dst].modules[n].end,
- (erts_aint_t)(((byte *)code) + size));
- ASSERT(!n || RANGE_END(&r[dst].modules[n-1]) < code);
- n++;
- break;
- }
- if (rp->start < RANGE_END(rp)) {
- /* Only insert a module that has not been purged. */
- r[dst].modules[n].start = rp->start;
- erts_smp_atomic_init_nob(&r[dst].modules[n].end,
- (erts_aint_t)(RANGE_END(rp)));
- ASSERT(!n || RANGE_END(&r[dst].modules[n-1]) < rp->start);
- n++;
- }
- }
-
- while (i < r[src].n) {
- Range* rp = r[src].modules+i;
- if (rp->start < RANGE_END(rp)) {
- /* Only insert a module that has not been purged. */
- r[dst].modules[n].start = rp->start;
- erts_smp_atomic_init_nob(&r[dst].modules[n].end,
- (erts_aint_t)(RANGE_END(rp)));
- ASSERT(!n || RANGE_END(&r[dst].modules[n-1]) < rp->start);
- n++;
- }
- i++;
- }
-
- if (n == 0 || code > r[dst].modules[n-1].start) {
- r[dst].modules[n].start = code;
- erts_smp_atomic_init_nob(&r[dst].modules[n].end,
- (erts_aint_t)(((byte *)code) + size));
- ASSERT(!n || RANGE_END(&r[dst].modules[n-1]) < code);
- n++;
- }
-
- ASSERT(n <= r[src].n+1);
- r[dst].n = n;
- erts_smp_atomic_set_nob(&r[dst].mid,
- (erts_aint_t) (r[dst].modules + n / 2));
-
- CHECK(&r[dst]);
- CHECK(&r[src]);
+ ASSERT(r[dst].modules);
+ write_ptr->start = code;
+ erts_smp_atomic_init_nob(&(write_ptr->end),
+ (erts_aint_t)(((byte *)code) + size));
+ write_ptr++;
}
void
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/bif.tab b/erts/emulator/beam/bif.tab
index 77d3d95673..a6670c10e8 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/bif.tab
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/bif.tab
@@ -651,6 +651,7 @@ bif binary:split/2
bif binary:split/3
bif erts_debug:size_shared/1
bif erts_debug:copy_shared/1
+bif erlang:has_prepared_code_on_load/1
#
# Obsolete
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.c b/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.c
index 209d008d18..1b0968c55c 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.c
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.c
@@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ void erts_code_ix_init(void)
CIX_TRACE("init");
}
-void erts_start_staging_code_ix(void)
+void erts_start_staging_code_ix(int num_new)
{
beam_catches_start_staging();
export_start_staging();
module_start_staging();
- erts_start_staging_ranges();
+ erts_start_staging_ranges(num_new);
CIX_TRACE("start");
}
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.h b/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.h
index 5f00b409ef..7a66211a5b 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.h
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/code_ix.h
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void erts_release_code_write_permission(void);
* Must be followed by calls to either "end" and "commit" or "abort" before
* code write permission can be released.
*/
-void erts_start_staging_code_ix(void);
+void erts_start_staging_code_ix(int num_new);
/* End the staging.
* Preceded by "start" and must be followed by "commit".
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/global.h b/erts/emulator/beam/global.h
index 2a8bdb6ee3..956efa5e36 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/global.h
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/global.h
@@ -1008,6 +1008,7 @@ typedef struct {
Binary* erts_alloc_loader_state(void);
Eterm erts_module_for_prepared_code(Binary* magic);
+Eterm erts_has_code_on_load(Binary* magic);
Eterm erts_prepare_loading(Binary* loader_state, Process *c_p,
Eterm group_leader, Eterm* modp,
byte* code, Uint size);
@@ -1026,7 +1027,7 @@ Eterm erts_make_stub_module(Process* p, Eterm Mod, Eterm Beam, Eterm Info);
/* beam_ranges.c */
void erts_init_ranges(void);
-void erts_start_staging_ranges(void);
+void erts_start_staging_ranges(int num_new);
void erts_end_staging_ranges(int commit);
void erts_update_ranges(BeamInstr* code, Uint size);
void erts_remove_from_ranges(BeamInstr* code);
diff --git a/erts/emulator/beam/module.h b/erts/emulator/beam/module.h
index e66d628ca9..b7468b0926 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/beam/module.h
+++ b/erts/emulator/beam/module.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ struct erl_module_instance {
typedef struct erl_module {
IndexSlot slot; /* Must be located at top of struct! */
int module; /* Atom index for module (not tagged). */
+ int seen; /* Used by finish_loading() */
struct erl_module_instance curr;
struct erl_module_instance old; /* protected by "old_code" rwlock */
diff --git a/erts/emulator/test/Makefile b/erts/emulator/test/Makefile
index 987a655c3d..318db4b45e 100644
--- a/erts/emulator/test/Makefile
+++ b/erts/emulator/test/Makefile
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ MODULES= \
match_spec_SUITE \
module_info_SUITE \
monitor_SUITE \
+ multi_load_SUITE \
nested_SUITE \
nif_SUITE \
node_container_SUITE \
diff --git a/erts/emulator/test/multi_load_SUITE.erl b/erts/emulator/test/multi_load_SUITE.erl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..784b239116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/erts/emulator/test/multi_load_SUITE.erl
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+%%
+%% %CopyrightBegin%
+%%
+%% Copyright Ericsson AB 1999-2012. All Rights Reserved.
+%%
+%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
+%%
+%% http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+%%
+%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+%% limitations under the License.
+%%
+%% %CopyrightEnd%
+%%
+
+-module(multi_load_SUITE).
+-export([all/0, suite/0,groups/0,init_per_suite/1, end_per_suite/1,
+ init_per_group/2,end_per_group/2,
+ many/1,on_load/1,errors/1]).
+
+-include_lib("common_test/include/ct.hrl").
+
+suite() -> [{ct_hooks,[ts_install_cth]}].
+
+all() ->
+ [many,on_load,errors].
+
+groups() ->
+ [].
+
+init_per_suite(Config) ->
+ Config.
+
+end_per_suite(_Config) ->
+ ok.
+
+init_per_group(_GroupName, Config) ->
+ Config.
+
+end_per_group(_GroupName, Config) ->
+ Config.
+
+many(_Config) ->
+ Ms = make_modules(100, fun many_module/1),
+
+ io:put_chars("Light load\n"
+ "=========="),
+ many_measure(Ms),
+
+ _ = [spawn_link(fun many_worker/0) || _ <- lists:seq(1, 8)],
+ erlang:yield(),
+ io:put_chars("Heavy load\n"
+ "=========="),
+ many_measure(Ms),
+
+ ok.
+
+many_module(M) ->
+ ["-module("++M++").",
+ "-compile(export_all).",
+ "f1() -> ok.",
+ "f2() -> ok.",
+ "f3() -> ok.",
+ "f4() -> ok."].
+
+many_measure(Ms) ->
+ many_purge(Ms),
+ MsPrep1 = prepare_modules(Ms),
+ Us1 = ms(fun() -> many_load_seq(MsPrep1) end),
+ many_try_call(Ms),
+ many_purge(Ms),
+ MsPrep2 = prepare_modules(Ms),
+ Us2 = ms(fun() -> many_load_par(MsPrep2) end),
+ many_try_call(Ms),
+ io:format("# modules: ~9w\n"
+ "Sequential: ~9w µs\n"
+ "Parallel: ~9w µs\n"
+ "Ratio: ~9w\n",
+ [length(Ms),Us1,Us2,round(Us1/Us2)]),
+ ok.
+
+many_load_seq(Ms) ->
+ [erlang:finish_loading([M]) || M <- Ms],
+ ok.
+
+many_load_par(Ms) ->
+ erlang:finish_loading(Ms).
+
+many_purge(Ms) ->
+ _ = [catch erlang:purge_module(M) || {M,_} <- Ms],
+ ok.
+
+many_try_call(Ms) ->
+ _ = [begin
+ ok = M:f1(),
+ ok = M:f2(),
+ ok = M:f3(),
+ ok = M:f4()
+ end || {M,_} <- Ms],
+ ok.
+
+many_worker() ->
+ many_worker(lists:seq(1, 100)).
+
+many_worker(L) ->
+ N0 = length(L),
+ N1 = N0 * N0 * N0,
+ N2 = N1 div (N0 * N0),
+ N3 = N2 + 10,
+ _ = N3 - 10,
+ many_worker(L).
+
+
+on_load(_Config) ->
+ On = make_modules(2, fun on_load_module/1),
+ OnPrep = prepare_modules(On),
+ {'EXIT',{system_limit,_}} = (catch erlang:finish_loading(OnPrep)),
+
+ Normal = make_modules(1, fun on_load_normal/1),
+ Mixed = Normal ++ tl(On),
+ MixedPrep = prepare_modules(Mixed),
+ {'EXIT',{system_limit,_}} = (catch erlang:finish_loading(MixedPrep)),
+
+ [false,true] = [erlang:has_prepared_code_on_load(Code) ||
+ Code <- MixedPrep],
+ {'EXIT',{badarg,_}} = (catch erlang:has_prepared_code_on_load(<<1,2,3>>)),
+ Magic = ets:match_spec_compile([{'_',[true],['$_']}]),
+ {'EXIT',{badarg,_}} = (catch erlang:has_prepared_code_on_load(Magic)),
+
+ SingleOnPrep = tl(OnPrep),
+ {on_load,[OnLoadMod]} = erlang:finish_loading(SingleOnPrep),
+ ok = erlang:call_on_load_function(OnLoadMod),
+
+ ok.
+
+on_load_module(M) ->
+ ["-module("++M++").",
+ "-on_load(f/0).",
+ "f() -> ok."].
+
+on_load_normal(M) ->
+ ["-module("++M++")."].
+
+
+errors(_Config) ->
+ finish_loading_badarg(x),
+ finish_loading_badarg([x|y]),
+ finish_loading_badarg([x]),
+ finish_loading_badarg([<<>>]),
+
+ Mods = make_modules(2, fun errors_module/1),
+ Ms = lists:sort([M || {M,_} <- Mods]),
+ Prep = prepare_modules(Mods),
+ {duplicated,Dups} = erlang:finish_loading(Prep ++ Prep),
+ Ms = lists:sort(Dups),
+ ok.
+
+finish_loading_badarg(Arg) ->
+ {'EXIT',{badarg,[{erlang,finish_loading,[Arg],_}|_]}} =
+ (catch erlang:finish_loading(Arg)).
+
+errors_module(M) ->
+ ["-module("++M++").",
+ "-export([f/0]).",
+ "f() -> ok."].
+
+%%%
+%%% Common utilities
+%%%
+
+ms(Fun) ->
+ {Ms,ok} = timer:tc(Fun),
+ Ms.
+
+make_modules(0, _) ->
+ [];
+make_modules(N, Fun) ->
+ U = erlang:unique_integer([positive]),
+ M0 = "m__" ++ integer_to_list(N) ++ "_" ++ integer_to_list(U),
+ Contents = Fun(M0),
+ Forms = [make_form(S) || S <- Contents],
+ {ok,M,Code} = compile:forms(Forms),
+ [{M,Code}|make_modules(N-1, Fun)].
+
+make_form(S) ->
+ {ok,Toks,_} = erl_scan:string(S),
+ {ok,Form} = erl_parse:parse_form(Toks),
+ Form.
+
+prepare_modules(Ms) ->
+ [erlang:prepare_loading(M, Code) || {M,Code} <- Ms].