aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml')
-rw-r--r--lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml275
1 files changed, 117 insertions, 158 deletions
diff --git a/lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml b/lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml
index b674b3ca93..1b72769ce3 100644
--- a/lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml
+++ b/lib/kernel/doc/src/file.xml
@@ -33,15 +33,18 @@
<description>
<p>This module provides an interface to the file system.</p>
- <p>On operating systems with thread support,
- file operations can be performed in threads of their own, allowing
- other Erlang processes to continue executing in parallel with
- the file operations. See command-line flag
- <c>+A</c> in <seealso marker="erts:erl"><c>erl(1)</c></seealso>.</p>
+ <warning>
+ <p>File operations are only guaranteed to appear atomic when going
+ through the same file server. A NIF or other OS process may observe
+ intermediate steps on certain operations on some operating systems,
+ eg. renaming an existing file on Windows, or
+ <seealso marker="#write_file_info/2"><c>write_file_info/2</c>
+ </seealso> on any OS at the time of writing.</p>
+ </warning>
<p>Regarding filename encoding, the Erlang VM can operate in
two modes. The current mode can be queried using function
- <seealso marker="#native_name_encoding"><c>native_name_encoding/0</c></seealso>.
+ <seealso marker="#native_name_encoding/0"><c>native_name_encoding/0</c></seealso>.
It returns <c>latin1</c> or <c>utf8</c>.</p>
<p>In <c>latin1</c> mode, the Erlang VM does not change the
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@
terminal supports UTF-8, otherwise <c>latin1</c>. The default can
be overridden using <c>+fnl</c> (to force <c>latin1</c> mode)
or <c>+fnu</c> (to force <c>utf8</c> mode) when starting
- <seealso marker="erts:erl"><c>erts:erl</c></seealso>.</p>
+ <seealso marker="erts:erl"><c>erl</c></seealso>.</p>
<p>On operating systems with transparent naming, files can be
inconsistently named, for example, some files are encoded in UTF-8 while
@@ -81,6 +84,16 @@
<p>See also section <seealso marker="stdlib:unicode_usage#notes-about-raw-filenames">Notes About Raw Filenames</seealso> in the STDLIB User's Guide.</p>
+ <note><p>
+ File operations used to accept filenames containing
+ null characters (integer value zero). This caused
+ the name to be truncated and in some cases arguments
+ to primitive operations to be mixed up. Filenames
+ containing null characters inside the filename
+ are now <em>rejected</em> and will cause primitive
+ file operations fail.
+ </p></note>
+
</description>
<datatypes>
@@ -96,9 +109,21 @@
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="filename"/>
+ <desc>
+ <p>
+ See also the documentation of the
+ <seealso marker="#type-name_all"><c>name_all()</c></seealso> type.
+ </p>
+ </desc>
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="filename_all"/>
+ <desc>
+ <p>
+ See also the documentation of the
+ <seealso marker="#type-name_all"><c>name_all()</c></seealso> type.
+ </p>
+ </desc>
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="io_device"/>
@@ -112,21 +137,23 @@
<name name="name"/>
<desc>
<p>If VM is in Unicode filename mode, <c>string()</c> and <c>char()</c>
- are allowed to be &gt; 255.
+ are allowed to be &gt; 255. See also the documentation of the
+ <seealso marker="#type-name_all"><c>name_all()</c></seealso> type.
</p>
</desc>
</datatype>
<datatype>
<name name="name_all"/>
<desc>
- <p>If VM is in Unicode filename mode, <c>string()</c> and <c>char()</c>
+ <p>If VM is in Unicode filename mode, characters
are allowed to be &gt; 255.
<c><anno>RawFilename</anno></c> is a filename not subject to
Unicode translation,
meaning that it can contain characters not conforming to
the Unicode encoding expected from the file system
(that is, non-UTF-8 characters although the VM is started
- in Unicode filename mode).
+ in Unicode filename mode). Null characters (integer value zero)
+ are <em>not</em> allowed in filenames (not even at the end).
</p>
</desc>
</datatype>
@@ -954,8 +981,7 @@ f.txt: {person, "kalle", 25}.
</item>
<tag><c>eisdir</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>The named file is not a regular file. It can be a
- directory, a FIFO, or a device.</p>
+ <p>The named file is a directory.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>enotdir</c></tag>
<item>
@@ -1407,8 +1433,12 @@ f.txt: {person, "kalle", 25}.
which is 1970-01-01 00:00 UTC.</p></item>
</taglist>
<p>Default is <c>{time, local}</c>.</p>
- <p>If the option <c>raw</c> is set, the file server is not called
- and only information about local files is returned.</p>
+ <p>If the option <c>raw</c> is set, the file server is not called and
+ only information about local files is returned. Note that this will
+ break this module's atomicity guarantees as it can race with a
+ concurrent call to
+ <seealso marker="#write_file_info/2"><c>write_file_info/1,2</c>
+ </seealso></p>
<note>
<p>As file times are stored in POSIX time on most OS, it is faster to
query file information with option <c>posix</c>.</p>
@@ -1656,8 +1686,12 @@ f.txt: {person, "kalle", 25}.
except that if <c><anno>Name</anno></c> is a symbolic link, information
about the link is returned in the <c>file_info</c> record and
the <c>type</c> field of the record is set to <c>symlink</c>.</p>
- <p>If the option <c>raw</c> is set, the file server is not called
- and only information about local files is returned.</p>
+ <p>If the option <c>raw</c> is set, the file server is not called and
+ only information about local files is returned. Note that this will
+ break this module's atomicity guarantees as it can race with a
+ concurrent call to
+ <seealso marker="#write_file_info/2"><c>write_file_info/1,2</c>
+ </seealso></p>
<p>If <c><anno>Name</anno></c> is not a symbolic link, this function returns
the same result as <c>read_file_info/1</c>.
On platforms that do not support symbolic links, this function
@@ -1795,24 +1829,16 @@ f.txt: {person, "kalle", 25}.
<p>The file used must be opened using the <c>raw</c> flag, and the process
calling <c>sendfile</c> must be the controlling process of the socket.
See <seealso marker="gen_tcp#controlling_process-2"><c>gen_tcp:controlling_process/2</c></seealso>.</p>
- <p>If the OS used does not support <c>sendfile</c>, an Erlang fallback
- using
- <seealso marker="#read/2"><c>read/2</c></seealso> and
- <seealso marker="gen_tcp#send/2"><c>gen_tcp:send/2</c></seealso> is used.</p>
+ <p>If the OS used does not support non-blocking <c>sendfile</c>, an
+ Erlang fallback using <seealso marker="#read/2"><c>read/2</c></seealso>
+ and <seealso marker="gen_tcp#send/2"><c>gen_tcp:send/2</c></seealso> is
+ used.</p>
<p>The option list can contain the following options:</p>
<taglist>
<tag><c>chunk_size</c></tag>
<item><p>The chunk size used by the Erlang fallback to send
data. If using the fallback, set this to a value
that comfortably fits in the systems memory. Default is 20 MB.</p></item>
- <tag><c>use_threads</c></tag>
- <item><p>Instructs the emulator to use the <c>async</c> thread pool for the
- <c>sendfile</c> system call. This can be useful if the OS you are running
- on does not properly support non-blocking <c>sendfile</c> calls. Notice that
- using <c>async</c> threads potentially makes your system vulnerable to slow
- client attacks. If set to <c>true</c> and no <c>async</c> threads are available,
- the <c>sendfile</c> call returns <c>{error,einval}</c>.
- Introduced in Erlang/OTP 17.0. Default is <c>false</c>.</p></item>
</taglist>
</desc>
</func>
@@ -1825,7 +1851,7 @@ f.txt: {person, "kalle", 25}.
<p>The functions in the module <c>file</c> usually treat binaries
as raw filenames, that is, they are passed "as is" even when the
encoding of the binary does not agree with
- <seealso marker="#native_name_encoding"><c>native_name_encoding()</c></seealso>.
+ <seealso marker="#native_name_encoding/0"><c>native_name_encoding()</c></seealso>.
However, this function expects binaries to be encoded according to the
value returned by <c>native_name_encoding()</c>.</p>
<p>Typical error reasons are:</p>
@@ -2117,144 +2143,77 @@ f.txt: {person, "kalle", 25}.
<section>
<title>Performance</title>
- <p>Some operating system file operations, for example, a
- <c>sync/1</c> or <c>close/1</c> on a huge file, can block their
- calling thread for seconds. If this affects the emulator main
- thread, the response time is no longer in the order of
- milliseconds, depending on the definition of "soft" in soft
- real-time system.</p>
- <p>If the device driver thread pool is active, file operations are
- done through those threads instead, so the emulator can go on
- executing Erlang processes. Unfortunately, the time for serving a
- file operation increases because of the extra scheduling required
- from the operating system.</p>
- <p>If the device driver thread pool is disabled or of size 0, large
- file reads and writes are segmented into many smaller, which
- enable the emulator to serve other processes during the file
- operation. This has the same effect as when using the thread
- pool, but with larger overhead. Other file operations, for
- example, <c>sync/1</c> or <c>close/1</c> on a huge file, still are
- a problem.</p>
- <p>For increased performance, raw files are recommended. Raw files
- use the file system of the host machine of the node.</p>
+ <p>For increased performance, raw files are recommended.</p>
+ <p>A normal file is really a process so it can be used as an I/O
+ device (see <seealso marker="stdlib:io"><c>io</c></seealso>).
+ Therefore, when data is written to a normal file, the sending of the
+ data to the file process, copies all data that are not binaries. Opening
+ the file in binary mode and writing binaries is therefore recommended.
+ If the file is opened on another node, or if the file server runs as
+ slave to the file server of another node, also binaries are copied.</p>
<note>
- <p>
- For normal files (non-raw), the file server is used to find the files,
- and if the node is running its file server as slave to the file server
- of another node, and the other node runs on some other host machine,
- they can have different file systems.
- However, this is seldom a problem.</p>
+ <p>Raw files use the file system of the host machine of the node.
+ For normal files (non-raw), the file server is used to find the files,
+ and if the node is running its file server as slave to the file server
+ of another node, and the other node runs on some other host machine,
+ they can have different file systems.
+ However, this is seldom a problem.</p>
</note>
- <p>A normal file is really a process so it can be used as an I/O
- device (see
- <seealso marker="stdlib:io"><c>io</c></seealso>).
- Therefore, when data is written to a
- normal file, the sending of the data to the file process, copies
- all data that are not binaries. Opening the file in binary mode
- and writing binaries is therefore recommended. If the file is
- opened on another node, or if the file server runs as slave to
- the file server of another node, also binaries are copied.</p>
- <p>Caching data to reduce the number of file operations, or rather
- the number of calls to the file driver, generally increases
- performance. The following function writes 4 MBytes in 23
- seconds when tested:</p>
+ <p><seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/2</c></seealso> can be given the
+ options <c>delayed_write</c> and <c>read_ahead</c> to turn on caching,
+ which will reduce the number of operating system calls and greatly
+ improve performance for small reads and writes. However, the overhead
+ won't disappear completely and it's best to keep the number of file
+ operations to a minimum. As a contrived example, the following function
+ writes 4MB in 2.5 seconds when tested:</p>
+
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
-create_file_slow(Name, N) when integer(N), N >= 0 ->
- {ok, FD} = file:open(Name, [raw, write, delayed_write, binary]),
- ok = create_file_slow(FD, 0, N),
- ok = ?FILE_MODULE:close(FD),
- ok.
-
-create_file_slow(FD, M, M) ->
+create_file_slow(Name) ->
+ {ok, Fd} = file:open(Name, [raw, write, delayed_write, binary]),
+ create_file_slow_1(Fd, 4 bsl 20),
+ file:close(Fd).
+
+create_file_slow_1(_Fd, 0) ->
ok;
-create_file_slow(FD, M, N) ->
- ok = file:write(FD, <<M:32/unsigned>>),
- create_file_slow(FD, M+1, N).]]></code>
+create_file_slow_1(Fd, M) ->
+ ok = file:write(Fd, <<0>>),
+ create_file_slow_1(Fd, M - 1).]]></code>
+
+ <p>The following functionally equivalent code writes 128 bytes per call
+ to <seealso marker="#write/2"><c>write/2</c></seealso> and so does the
+ same work in 0.08 seconds, which is roughly 30 times faster:</p>
- <p>The following, functionally equivalent, function collects 1024
- entries into a list of 128 32-byte binaries before each call to
- <seealso marker="#write/2"><c>write/2</c></seealso> and so
- does the same work in 0.52 seconds,
- which is 44 times faster:</p>
<code type="none"><![CDATA[
-create_file(Name, N) when integer(N), N >= 0 ->
- {ok, FD} = file:open(Name, [raw, write, delayed_write, binary]),
- ok = create_file(FD, 0, N),
- ok = ?FILE_MODULE:close(FD),
+create_file(Name) ->
+ {ok, Fd} = file:open(Name, [raw, write, delayed_write, binary]),
+ create_file_1(Fd, 4 bsl 20),
+ file:close(Fd),
ok.
-
-create_file(FD, M, M) ->
+
+create_file_1(_Fd, 0) ->
ok;
-create_file(FD, M, N) when M + 1024 =&lt; N ->
- create_file(FD, M, M + 1024, []),
- create_file(FD, M + 1024, N);
-create_file(FD, M, N) ->
- create_file(FD, M, N, []).
-
-create_file(FD, M, M, R) ->
- ok = file:write(FD, R);
-create_file(FD, M, N0, R) when M + 8 =&lt; N0 ->
- N1 = N0-1, N2 = N0-2, N3 = N0-3, N4 = N0-4,
- N5 = N0-5, N6 = N0-6, N7 = N0-7, N8 = N0-8,
- create_file(FD, M, N8,
- [<<N8:32/unsigned, N7:32/unsigned,
- N6:32/unsigned, N5:32/unsigned,
- N4:32/unsigned, N3:32/unsigned,
- N2:32/unsigned, N1:32/unsigned>> | R]);
-create_file(FD, M, N0, R) ->
- N1 = N0-1,
- create_file(FD, M, N1, [<<N1:32/unsigned>> | R]).]]></code>
+create_file_1(Fd, M) when M >= 128 ->
+ ok = file:write(Fd, <<0:(128)/unit:8>>),
+ create_file_1(Fd, M - 128);
+create_file_1(Fd, M) ->
+ ok = file:write(Fd, <<0:(M)/unit:8>>),
+ create_file_1(Fd, M - 1).]]></code>
- <note>
- <p>Trust only your own benchmarks. If the list length in
- <c>create_file/2</c> above is increased, it runs slightly
- faster, but consumes more memory and causes more memory
- fragmentation. How much this affects your application is
- something that this simple benchmark cannot predict.</p>
- <p>If the size of each binary is increased to 64 bytes, it
- also runs slightly faster, but the code is then twice as clumsy.
- In the current implementation, binaries larger than 64 bytes are
- stored in memory common to all processes and not copied when
- sent between processes, while these smaller binaries are stored
- on the process heap and copied when sent like any other term.</p>
- <p>So, with a binary size of 68 bytes, <c>create_file/2</c> runs
- 30 percent slower than with 64 bytes, and causes much more
- memory fragmentation. Notice that if the binaries were to be sent
- between processes (for example, a non-raw file), the results
- would probably be completely different.</p>
- </note>
- <p>A raw file is really a port. When writing data to a port, it is
- efficient to write a list of binaries. It is not needed to
- flatten a deep list before writing. On Unix hosts, scatter output,
- which writes a set of buffers in one operation, is used when
- possible. In this way <c>write(FD, [Bin1, Bin2 | Bin3])</c>
- writes the contents of the binaries without copying the data
- at all, except for perhaps deep down in the operating system
- kernel.</p>
- <p>For raw files, <c>pwrite/2</c> and <c>pread/2</c> are
- efficiently implemented. The file driver is called only once for
- the whole operation, and the list iteration is done in the file
- driver.</p>
- <p>The options <c>delayed_write</c> and <c>read_ahead</c> to
- <seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/2</c></seealso>
- make the file driver cache data to reduce
- the number of operating system calls. The function
- <c>create_file/2</c> in the recent example takes 60 seconds
- without option <c>delayed_write</c>, which is 2.6
- times slower.</p>
- <p>As a bad example, <c>create_file_slow/2</c>
- without options <c>raw</c>, <c>binary</c>, and <c>delayed_write</c>,
- meaning it calls <c>open(Name, [write])</c>, needs
- 1 min 20 seconds for the job, which is 3.5 times slower than
- the first example, and 150 times slower than the optimized
- <c>create_file/2</c>.</p>
- <warning>
- <p>If an error occurs when accessing an open file with module
- <seealso marker="stdlib:io"><c>io</c></seealso>,
- the process handling the file exits. The dead
- file process can hang if a process tries to access it later.
- This will be fixed in a future release.</p>
- </warning>
+ <p>When writing data it's generally more efficient to write a list of
+ binaries rather than a list of integers. It is not needed to
+ flatten a deep list before writing. On Unix hosts, scatter output,
+ which writes a set of buffers in one operation, is used when
+ possible. In this way <c>write(FD, [Bin1, Bin2 | Bin3])</c>
+ writes the contents of the binaries without copying the data
+ at all, except for perhaps deep down in the operating system
+ kernel.</p>
+ <warning>
+ <p>If an error occurs when accessing an open file with module
+ <seealso marker="stdlib:io"><c>io</c></seealso>, the process
+ handling the file exits. The dead file process can hang if a process
+ tries to access it later. This will be fixed in a future release.
+ </p>
+ </warning>
</section>
<section>