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+Network Working Group D. Crocker, Ed.
+Request for Comments: 4234 Brandenburg InternetWorking
+Obsoletes: 2234 P. Overell
+Category: Standards Track THUS plc.
+ October 2005
+
+
+ Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+ This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
+ Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
+ improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
+ Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
+ and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
+
+Abstract
+
+ Internet technical specifications often need to define a formal
+ syntax. Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form
+ (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many
+ Internet specifications. The current specification documents ABNF.
+ It balances compactness and simplicity, with reasonable
+ representational power. The differences between standard BNF and
+ ABNF involve naming rules, repetition, alternatives, order-
+ independence, and value ranges. This specification also supplies
+ additional rule definitions and encoding for a core lexical analyzer
+ of the type common to several Internet specifications.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 1]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................2
+ 2. RULE DEFINITION .................................................3
+ 2.1. Rule Naming ................................................3
+ 2.2. Rule Form ..................................................3
+ 2.3. Terminal Values ............................................4
+ 2.4. External Encodings .........................................5
+ 3. OPERATORS .......................................................6
+ 3.1. Concatenation: Rule1 Rule2 ................................6
+ 3.2. Alternatives: Rule1 / Rule2 ...............................6
+ 3.3. Incremental Alternatives: Rule1 =/ Rule2 ...................7
+ 3.4. Value Range Alternatives: %c##-## .........................7
+ 3.5. Sequence Group: (Rule1 Rule2) .............................8
+ 3.6. Variable Repetition: *Rule ................................8
+ 3.7. Specific Repetition: nRule ................................9
+ 3.8. Optional Sequence: [RULE] .................................9
+ 3.9. Comment: ; Comment ........................................9
+ 3.10. Operator Precedence .......................................9
+ 4. ABNF DEFINITION OF ABNF ........................................10
+ 5. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS ........................................11
+ 6. References .....................................................11
+ 6.1. Normative References ......................................11
+ 6.2. Informative References ....................................11
+ Appendix A. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................13
+ Appendix B. APPENDIX - CORE ABNF OF ABNF .........................13
+ B.1. Core Rules ...............................................13
+ B.2. Common Encoding ..........................................14
+
+1. INTRODUCTION
+
+ Internet technical specifications often need to define a formal
+ syntax and are free to employ whatever notation their authors deem
+ useful. Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form
+ (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many
+ Internet specifications. It balances compactness and simplicity,
+ with reasonable representational power. In the early days of the
+ Arpanet, each specification contained its own definition of ABNF.
+ This included the email specifications, [RFC733] and then [RFC822],
+ which came to be the common citations for defining ABNF. The current
+ document separates those definitions to permit selective reference.
+ Predictably, it also provides some modifications and enhancements.
+
+ The differences between standard BNF and ABNF involve naming rules,
+ repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges.
+ Appendix B supplies rule definitions and encoding for a core lexical
+ analyzer of the type common to several Internet specifications. It
+ is provided as a convenience and is otherwise separate from the meta
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 2]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ language defined in the body of this document, and separate from its
+ formal status.
+
+ Changes since [RFC2234]:
+
+ In Section 3.7, the phrase: "That is, exactly <N> occurrences of
+ <element>." was corrected to: "That is, exactly <n> occurrences of
+ <element>."
+
+ Some continuation comment lines needed to be corrected to begin
+ with comment character (";").
+
+2. RULE DEFINITION
+
+2.1. Rule Naming
+
+ The name of a rule is simply the name itself; that is, a sequence of
+ characters, beginning with an alphabetic character, and followed by a
+ combination of alphabetics, digits, and hyphens (dashes).
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ Rule names are case-insensitive
+
+ The names <rulename>, <Rulename>, <RULENAME>, and <rUlENamE> all
+ refer to the same rule.
+
+ Unlike original BNF, angle brackets ("<", ">") are not required.
+ However, angle brackets may be used around a rule name whenever their
+ presence facilitates in discerning the use of a rule name. This is
+ typically restricted to rule name references in free-form prose, or
+ to distinguish partial rules that combine into a string not separated
+ by white space, such as shown in the discussion about repetition,
+ below.
+
+2.2. Rule Form
+
+ A rule is defined by the following sequence:
+
+ name = elements crlf
+
+ where <name> is the name of the rule, <elements> is one or more rule
+ names or terminal specifications, and <crlf> is the end-of-line
+ indicator (carriage return followed by line feed). The equal sign
+ separates the name from the definition of the rule. The elements
+ form a sequence of one or more rule names and/or value definitions,
+ combined according to the various operators defined in this document,
+ such as alternative and repetition.
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 3]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ For visual ease, rule definitions are left aligned. When a rule
+ requires multiple lines, the continuation lines are indented. The
+ left alignment and indentation are relative to the first lines of the
+ ABNF rules and need not match the left margin of the document.
+
+2.3. Terminal Values
+
+ Rules resolve into a string of terminal values, sometimes called
+ characters. In ABNF, a character is merely a non-negative integer.
+ In certain contexts, a specific mapping (encoding) of values into a
+ character set (such as ASCII) will be specified.
+
+ Terminals are specified by one or more numeric characters, with the
+ base interpretation of those characters indicated explicitly. The
+ following bases are currently defined:
+
+ b = binary
+
+ d = decimal
+
+ x = hexadecimal
+
+ Hence:
+
+ CR = %d13
+
+ CR = %x0D
+
+ respectively specify the decimal and hexadecimal representation of
+ [US-ASCII] for carriage return.
+
+ A concatenated string of such values is specified compactly, using a
+ period (".") to indicate a separation of characters within that
+ value. Hence:
+
+ CRLF = %d13.10
+
+ ABNF permits the specification of literal text strings directly,
+ enclosed in quotation-marks. Hence:
+
+ command = "command string"
+
+ Literal text strings are interpreted as a concatenated set of
+ printable characters.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 4]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ ABNF strings are case-insensitive and the character set for these
+ strings is us-ascii.
+
+ Hence:
+
+ rulename = "abc"
+
+ and:
+
+ rulename = "aBc"
+
+ will match "abc", "Abc", "aBc", "abC", "ABc", "aBC", "AbC", and
+ "ABC".
+
+ To specify a rule that IS case SENSITIVE, specify the characters
+ individually.
+
+ For example:
+
+ rulename = %d97 %d98 %d99
+
+ or
+
+ rulename = %d97.98.99
+
+ will match only the string that comprises only the lowercased
+ characters, abc.
+
+2.4. External Encodings
+
+ External representations of terminal value characters will vary
+ according to constraints in the storage or transmission environment.
+ Hence, the same ABNF-based grammar may have multiple external
+ encodings, such as one for a 7-bit US-ASCII environment, another for
+ a binary octet environment, and still a different one when 16-bit
+ Unicode is used. Encoding details are beyond the scope of ABNF,
+ although Appendix A (Core) provides definitions for a 7-bit US-ASCII
+ environment as has been common to much of the Internet.
+
+ By separating external encoding from the syntax, it is intended that
+ alternate encoding environments can be used for the same syntax.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 5]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+3. OPERATORS
+
+3.1. Concatenation: Rule1 Rule2
+
+ A rule can define a simple, ordered string of values (i.e., a
+ concatenation of contiguous characters) by listing a sequence of rule
+ names. For example:
+
+ foo = %x61 ; a
+
+ bar = %x62 ; b
+
+ mumble = foo bar foo
+
+ So that the rule <mumble> matches the lowercase string "aba".
+
+ LINEAR WHITE SPACE: Concatenation is at the core of the ABNF parsing
+ model. A string of contiguous characters (values) is parsed
+ according to the rules defined in ABNF. For Internet specifications,
+ there is some history of permitting linear white space (space and
+ horizontal tab) to be freely and implicitly interspersed around major
+ constructs, such as delimiting special characters or atomic strings.
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ This specification for ABNF does not provide for implicit
+ specification of linear white space.
+
+ Any grammar that wishes to permit linear white space around
+ delimiters or string segments must specify it explicitly. It is
+ often useful to provide for such white space in "core" rules that are
+ then used variously among higher-level rules. The "core" rules might
+ be formed into a lexical analyzer or simply be part of the main
+ ruleset.
+
+3.2. Alternatives: Rule1 / Rule2
+
+ Elements separated by a forward slash ("/") are alternatives.
+ Therefore,
+
+ foo / bar
+
+ will accept <foo> or <bar>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 6]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ A quoted string containing alphabetic characters is a special form
+ for specifying alternative characters and is interpreted as a
+ non-terminal representing the set of combinatorial strings with
+ the contained characters, in the specified order but with any
+ mixture of upper and lower case.
+
+3.3. Incremental Alternatives: Rule1 =/ Rule2
+
+ It is sometimes convenient to specify a list of alternatives in
+ fragments. That is, an initial rule may match one or more
+ alternatives, with later rule definitions adding to the set of
+ alternatives. This is particularly useful for otherwise, independent
+ specifications that derive from the same parent rule set, such as
+ often occurs with parameter lists. ABNF permits this incremental
+ definition through the construct:
+
+ oldrule =/ additional-alternatives
+
+ So that the rule set
+
+ ruleset = alt1 / alt2
+
+ ruleset =/ alt3
+
+ ruleset =/ alt4 / alt5
+
+ is the same as specifying
+
+ ruleset = alt1 / alt2 / alt3 / alt4 / alt5
+
+3.4. Value Range Alternatives: %c##-##
+
+ A range of alternative numeric values can be specified compactly,
+ using dash ("-") to indicate the range of alternative values. Hence:
+
+ DIGIT = %x30-39
+
+ is equivalent to:
+
+ DIGIT = "0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" /
+
+ "7" / "8" / "9"
+
+ Concatenated numeric values and numeric value ranges cannot be
+ specified in the same string. A numeric value may use the dotted
+ notation for concatenation or it may use the dash notation to specify
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 7]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ one value range. Hence, to specify one printable character between
+ end of line sequences, the specification could be:
+
+ char-line = %x0D.0A %x20-7E %x0D.0A
+
+3.5. Sequence Group: (Rule1 Rule2)
+
+ Elements enclosed in parentheses are treated as a single element,
+ whose contents are STRICTLY ORDERED. Thus,
+
+ elem (foo / bar) blat
+
+ matches (elem foo blat) or (elem bar blat), and
+
+ elem foo / bar blat
+
+ matches (elem foo) or (bar blat).
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ It is strongly advised that grouping notation be used, rather than
+ relying on the proper reading of "bare" alternations, when
+ alternatives consist of multiple rule names or literals.
+
+ Hence, it is recommended that the following form be used:
+
+ (elem foo) / (bar blat)
+
+ It will avoid misinterpretation by casual readers.
+
+ The sequence group notation is also used within free text to set off
+ an element sequence from the prose.
+
+3.6. Variable Repetition: *Rule
+
+ The operator "*" preceding an element indicates repetition. The full
+ form is:
+
+ <a>*<b>element
+
+ where <a> and <b> are optional decimal values, indicating at least
+ <a> and at most <b> occurrences of the element.
+
+ Default values are 0 and infinity so that *<element> allows any
+ number, including zero; 1*<element> requires at least one;
+ 3*3<element> allows exactly 3 and 1*2<element> allows one or two.
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 8]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+3.7. Specific Repetition: nRule
+
+ A rule of the form:
+
+ <n>element
+
+ is equivalent to
+
+ <n>*<n>element
+
+ That is, exactly <n> occurrences of <element>. Thus, 2DIGIT is a 2-
+ digit number, and 3ALPHA is a string of three alphabetic characters.
+
+3.8. Optional Sequence: [RULE]
+
+ Square brackets enclose an optional element sequence:
+
+ [foo bar]
+
+ is equivalent to
+
+ *1(foo bar).
+
+3.9. Comment: ; Comment
+
+ A semi-colon starts a comment that continues to the end of line.
+ This is a simple way of including useful notes in parallel with the
+ specifications.
+
+3.10. Operator Precedence
+
+ The various mechanisms described above have the following precedence,
+ from highest (binding tightest) at the top, to lowest (loosest) at
+ the bottom:
+
+ Strings, Names formation
+
+ Comment
+
+ Value range
+
+ Repetition
+
+ Grouping, Optional
+
+ Concatenation
+
+ Alternative
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 9]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ Use of the alternative operator, freely mixed with concatenations,
+ can be confusing.
+
+ Again, it is recommended that the grouping operator be used to
+ make explicit concatenation groups.
+
+4. ABNF DEFINITION OF ABNF
+
+ NOTES:
+
+ 1. This syntax requires a formatting of rules that is relatively
+ strict. Hence, the version of a ruleset included in a
+ specification might need preprocessing to ensure that it can be
+ interpreted by an ABNF parser.
+
+ 2. This syntax uses the rules provided in Appendix B (Core).
+
+ rulelist = 1*( rule / (*c-wsp c-nl) )
+
+ rule = rulename defined-as elements c-nl
+ ; continues if next line starts
+ ; with white space
+
+ rulename = ALPHA *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
+
+ defined-as = *c-wsp ("=" / "=/") *c-wsp
+ ; basic rules definition and
+ ; incremental alternatives
+
+ elements = alternation *c-wsp
+
+ c-wsp = WSP / (c-nl WSP)
+
+ c-nl = comment / CRLF
+ ; comment or newline
+
+ comment = ";" *(WSP / VCHAR) CRLF
+
+ alternation = concatenation
+ *(*c-wsp "/" *c-wsp concatenation)
+
+ concatenation = repetition *(1*c-wsp repetition)
+
+ repetition = [repeat] element
+
+ repeat = 1*DIGIT / (*DIGIT "*" *DIGIT)
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 10]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ element = rulename / group / option /
+ char-val / num-val / prose-val
+
+ group = "(" *c-wsp alternation *c-wsp ")"
+
+ option = "[" *c-wsp alternation *c-wsp "]"
+
+ char-val = DQUOTE *(%x20-21 / %x23-7E) DQUOTE
+ ; quoted string of SP and VCHAR
+ ; without DQUOTE
+
+ num-val = "%" (bin-val / dec-val / hex-val)
+
+ bin-val = "b" 1*BIT
+ [ 1*("." 1*BIT) / ("-" 1*BIT) ]
+ ; series of concatenated bit values
+ ; or single ONEOF range
+
+ dec-val = "d" 1*DIGIT
+ [ 1*("." 1*DIGIT) / ("-" 1*DIGIT) ]
+
+ hex-val = "x" 1*HEXDIG
+ [ 1*("." 1*HEXDIG) / ("-" 1*HEXDIG) ]
+
+ prose-val = "<" *(%x20-3D / %x3F-7E) ">"
+ ; bracketed string of SP and VCHAR
+ ; without angles
+ ; prose description, to be used as
+ ; last resort
+
+5. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+
+ Security is truly believed to be irrelevant to this document.
+
+6. References
+
+6.1. Normative References
+
+ [US-ASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character
+ Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information
+ Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986.
+
+6.2. Informative References
+
+ [RFC2234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
+ Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 11]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ [RFC733] Crocker, D., Vittal, J., Pogran, K., and D. Henderson,
+ "Standard for the format of ARPA network text messages",
+ RFC 733, November 1977.
+
+ [RFC822] Crocker, D., "Standard for the format of ARPA Internet
+ text messages", STD 11, RFC 822, August 1982.
+
+
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+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 12]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+Appendix A. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+ The syntax for ABNF was originally specified in RFC 733. Ken L.
+ Harrenstien, of SRI International, was responsible for re-coding the
+ BNF into an augmented BNF that makes the representation smaller and
+ easier to understand.
+
+ This recent project began as a simple effort to cull out the portion
+ of RFC 822 that has been repeatedly cited by non-email specification
+ writers, namely the description of augmented BNF. Rather than simply
+ and blindly converting the existing text into a separate document,
+ the working group chose to give careful consideration to the
+ deficiencies, as well as benefits, of the existing specification and
+ related specifications made available over the last 15 years, and
+ therefore to pursue enhancement. This turned the project into
+ something rather more ambitious than was first intended.
+ Interestingly, the result is not massively different from that
+ original, although decisions, such as removing the list notation,
+ came as a surprise.
+
+ This "separated" version of the specification was part of the DRUMS
+ working group, with significant contributions from Jerome Abela,
+ Harald Alvestrand, Robert Elz, Roger Fajman, Aviva Garrett, Tom
+ Harsch, Dan Kohn, Bill McQuillan, Keith Moore, Chris Newman, Pete
+ Resnick, and Henning Schulzrinne.
+
+ Julian Reschke warrants a special thanks for converting the Draft
+ Standard version to XML source form.
+
+Appendix B. APPENDIX - CORE ABNF OF ABNF
+
+ This Appendix is provided as a convenient core for specific grammars.
+ The definitions may be used as a core set of rules.
+
+B.1. Core Rules
+
+ Certain basic rules are in uppercase, such as SP, HTAB, CRLF, DIGIT,
+ ALPHA, etc.
+
+ ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A-Z / a-z
+
+ BIT = "0" / "1"
+
+ CHAR = %x01-7F
+ ; any 7-bit US-ASCII character,
+ ; excluding NUL
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 13]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+ CR = %x0D
+ ; carriage return
+
+ CRLF = CR LF
+ ; Internet standard newline
+
+ CTL = %x00-1F / %x7F
+ ; controls
+
+ DIGIT = %x30-39
+ ; 0-9
+
+ DQUOTE = %x22
+ ; " (Double Quote)
+
+ HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
+
+ HTAB = %x09
+ ; horizontal tab
+
+ LF = %x0A
+ ; linefeed
+
+ LWSP = *(WSP / CRLF WSP)
+ ; linear white space (past newline)
+
+ OCTET = %x00-FF
+ ; 8 bits of data
+
+ SP = %x20
+
+ VCHAR = %x21-7E
+ ; visible (printing) characters
+
+ WSP = SP / HTAB
+ ; white space
+
+B.2. Common Encoding
+
+ Externally, data are represented as "network virtual ASCII" (namely,
+ 7-bit US-ASCII in an 8-bit field), with the high (8th) bit set to
+ zero. A string of values is in "network byte order", in which the
+ higher-valued bytes are represented on the left-hand side and are
+ sent over the network first.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 14]
+
+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+Authors' Addresses
+
+ Dave Crocker (editor)
+ Brandenburg InternetWorking
+ 675 Spruce Dr.
+ Sunnyvale, CA 94086
+ US
+
+ Phone: +1.408.246.8253
+ EMail: [email protected]
+
+
+ Paul Overell
+ THUS plc.
+ 1/2 Berkeley Square
+ 99 Berkeley Street
+ Glasgow
+ G3 7HR
+ UK
+
+ EMail: [email protected]
+
+
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+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 15]
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+RFC 4234 ABNF October 2005
+
+
+Full Copyright Statement
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
+
+ This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
+ contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
+ retain all their rights.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
+ OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
+ ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+ INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
+ INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Intellectual Property
+
+ The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
+ Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
+ pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
+ this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
+ might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
+ made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
+ on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
+ found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
+
+ Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
+ assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
+ attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
+ such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
+ specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
+ http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
+
+ The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
+ copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
+ rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
+ this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
+ [email protected].
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+ Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
+ Internet Society.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Crocker & Overell Standards Track [Page 16]
+
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