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-
-
-
-Network Working Group T. Ylonen
-Internet-Draft SSH Communications Security Corp
-Expires: March 2, 2003 D. Moffat, Ed.
- Sun Microsystems, Inc
- September 2002
-
-
- SSH Authentication Protocol
- draft-ietf-secsh-userauth-18.txt
-
-Status of this Memo
-
- This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
- all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
-
- Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
- Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
- groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.
-
- Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
- and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
- time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
- material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
-
- The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
- www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
-
- The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
- http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
-
- This Internet-Draft will expire on March 2, 2003.
-
-Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
-
-Abstract
-
- SSH is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network
- services over an insecure network. This document describes the SSH
- authentication protocol framework and public key, password, and
- host-based client authentication methods. Additional authentication
- methods are described in separate documents. The SSH authentication
- protocol runs on top of the SSH transport layer protocol and provides
- a single authenticated tunnel for the SSH connection protocol.
-
-
-
-
-
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-Ylonen & Moffat Expires March 2, 2003 [Page 1]
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-Internet-Draft SSH Authentication Protocol September 2002
-
-
-Table of Contents
-
- 1. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 3. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 3.1 The Authentication Protocol Framework . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 3.1.1 Authentication Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- 3.1.2 Responses to Authentication Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 3.1.3 The "none" Authentication Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 3.1.4 Completion of User Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 3.1.5 Banner Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
- 3.2 Authentication Protocol Message Numbers . . . . . . . . . . 7
- 3.3 Public Key Authentication Method: publickey . . . . . . . . 8
- 3.4 Password Authentication Method: password . . . . . . . . . . 10
- 3.5 Host-Based Authentication: hostbased . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- Normative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- Informative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
- Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . 15
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-Ylonen & Moffat Expires March 2, 2003 [Page 2]
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-Internet-Draft SSH Authentication Protocol September 2002
-
-
-1. Contributors
-
- The major original contributors of this document were: Tatu Ylonen,
- Tero Kivinen, Timo J. Rinne, Sami Lehtinen (all of SSH Communications
- Security Corp), and Markku-Juhani O. Saarinen (University of
- Jyvaskyla)
-
- The document editor is: [email protected]. Comments on this
- internet draft should be sent to the IETF SECSH working group,
- details at: http://ietf.org/html.charters/secsh-charter.html
-
-2. Introduction
-
- The SSH authentication protocol is a general-purpose user
- authentication protocol. It is intended to be run over the SSH
- transport layer protocol [SSH-TRANS]. This protocol assumes that the
- underlying protocols provide integrity and confidentiality
- protection.
-
- This document should be read only after reading the SSH architecture
- document [SSH-ARCH]. This document freely uses terminology and
- notation from the architecture document without reference or further
- explanation.
-
- The service name for this protocol is "ssh-userauth".
-
- When this protocol starts, it receives the session identifier from
- the lower-level protocol (this is the exchange hash H from the first
- key exchange). The session identifier uniquely identifies this
- session and is suitable for signing in order to prove ownership of a
- private key. This protocol also needs to know whether the lower-level
- protocol provides confidentiality protection.
-
-3. Conventions Used in This Document
-
- The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
- and "MAY" that appear in this document are to be interpreted as
- described in [RFC2119]
-
- The used data types and terminology are specified in the architecture
- document [SSH-ARCH]
-
- The architecture document also discusses the algorithm naming
- conventions that MUST be used with the SSH protocols.
-
-3.1 The Authentication Protocol Framework
-
- The server drives the authentication by telling the client which
-
-
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-
- authentication methods can be used to continue the exchange at any
- given time. The client has the freedom to try the methods listed by
- the server in any order. This gives the server complete control over
- the authentication process if desired, but also gives enough
- flexibility for the client to use the methods it supports or that are
- most convenient for the user, when multiple methods are offered by
- the server.
-
- Authentication methods are identified by their name, as defined in
- [SSH-ARCH]. The "none" method is reserved, and MUST NOT be listed as
- supported. However, it MAY be sent by the client. The server MUST
- always reject this request, unless the client is to be allowed in
- without any authentication, in which case the server MUST accept this
- request. The main purpose of sending this request is to get the list
- of supported methods from the server.
-
- The server SHOULD have a timeout for authentication, and disconnect
- if the authentication has not been accepted within the timeout
- period. The RECOMMENDED timeout period is 10 minutes. Additionally,
- the implementation SHOULD limit the number of failed authentication
- attempts a client may perform in a single session (the RECOMMENDED
- limit is 20 attempts). If the threshold is exceeded, the server
- SHOULD disconnect.
-
-3.1.1 Authentication Requests
-
- All authentication requests MUST use the following message format.
- Only the first few fields are defined; the remaining fields depend on
- the authentication method.
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name (in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC2279])
- string service name (in US-ASCII)
- string method name (US-ASCII)
- The rest of the packet is method-specific.
-
- The user name and service are repeated in every new authentication
- attempt, and MAY change. The server implementation MUST carefully
- check them in every message, and MUST flush any accumulated
- authentication states if they change. If it is unable to flush some
- authentication state, it MUST disconnect if the user or service name
- changes.
-
- The service name specifies the service to start after authentication.
- There may be several different authenticated services provided. If
- the requested service is not available, the server MAY disconnect
- immediately or at any later time. Sending a proper disconnect
- message is RECOMMENDED. In any case, if the service does not exist,
-
-
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- authentication MUST NOT be accepted.
-
- If the requested user does not exist, the server MAY disconnect, or
- MAY send a bogus list of acceptable authentication methods, but never
- accept any. This makes it possible for the server to avoid
- disclosing information on which accounts exist. In any case, if the
- user does not exist, the authentication request MUST NOT be accepted.
-
- While there is usually little point for clients to send requests that
- the server does not list as acceptable, sending such requests is not
- an error, and the server SHOULD simply reject requests that it does
- not recognize.
-
- An authentication request MAY result in a further exchange of
- messages. All such messages depend on the authentication method
- used, and the client MAY at any time continue with a new
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST message, in which case the server MUST
- abandon the previous authentication attempt and continue with the new
- one.
-
-3.1.2 Responses to Authentication Requests
-
- If the server rejects the authentication request, it MUST respond
- with the following:
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE
- string authentications that can continue
- boolean partial success
-
- "Authentications that can continue" is a comma-separated list of
- authentication method names that may productively continue the
- authentication dialog.
-
- It is RECOMMENDED that servers only include those methods in the list
- that are actually useful. However, it is not illegal to include
- methods that cannot be used to authenticate the user.
-
- Already successfully completed authentications SHOULD NOT be included
- in the list, unless they really should be performed again for some
- reason.
-
- "Partial success" MUST be TRUE if the authentication request to which
- this is a response was successful. It MUST be FALSE if the request
- was not successfully processed.
-
- When the server accepts authentication, it MUST respond with the
- following:
-
-
-
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- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS
-
- Note that this is not sent after each step in a multi-method
- authentication sequence, but only when the authentication is
- complete.
-
- The client MAY send several authentication requests without waiting
- for responses from previous requests. The server MUST process each
- request completely and acknowledge any failed requests with a
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE message before processing the next request.
-
- A request that results in further exchange of messages will be
- aborted by a second request. It is not possible to send a second
- request without waiting for a response from the server, if the first
- request will result in further exchange of messages. No
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE message will be sent for the aborted method.
-
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS MUST be sent only once. When
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS has been sent, any further authentication
- requests received after that SHOULD be silently ignored.
-
- Any non-authentication messages sent by the client after the request
- that resulted in SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS being sent MUST be passed
- to the service being run on top of this protocol. Such messages can
- be identified by their message numbers (see Section Message Numbers
- (Section 3.2)).
-
-3.1.3 The "none" Authentication Request
-
- A client may request a list of authentication methods that may
- continue by using the "none" authentication method.
-
- If no authentication at all is needed for the user, the server MUST
- return SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS. Otherwise, the server MUST return
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE and MAY return with it a list of
- authentication methods that can continue.
-
- This method MUST NOT be listed as supported by the server.
-
-3.1.4 Completion of User Authentication
-
- Authentication is complete when the server has responded with
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS; all authentication related messages
- received after sending this message SHOULD be silently ignored.
-
- After sending SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, the server starts the
- requested service.
-
-
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-
-3.1.5 Banner Message
-
- In some jurisdictions, sending a warning message before
- authentication may be relevant for getting legal protection. Many
- UNIX machines, for example, normally display text from `/etc/issue',
- or use "tcp wrappers" or similar software to display a banner before
- issuing a login prompt.
-
- The SSH server may send a SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER message at any time
- before authentication is successful. This message contains text to
- be displayed to the client user before authentication is attempted.
- The format is as follows:
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER
- string message (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
- string language tag (as defined in [RFC3066])
-
- The client SHOULD by default display the message on the screen.
- However, since the message is likely to be sent for every login
- attempt, and since some client software will need to open a separate
- window for this warning, the client software may allow the user to
- explicitly disable the display of banners from the server. The
- message may consist of multiple lines.
-
- If the message string is displayed, control character filtering
- discussed in [SSH-ARCH] SHOULD be used to avoid attacks by sending
- terminal control characters.
-
-3.2 Authentication Protocol Message Numbers
-
- All message numbers used by this authentication protocol are in the
- range from 50 to 79, which is part of the range reserved for
- protocols running on top of the SSH transport layer protocol.
-
- Message numbers of 80 and higher are reserved for protocols running
- after this authentication protocol, so receiving one of them before
- authentication is complete is an error, to which the server MUST
- respond by disconnecting (preferably with a proper disconnect message
- sent first to ease troubleshooting).
-
- After successful authentication, such messages are passed to the
- higher-level service.
-
- These are the general authentication message codes:
-
- #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST 50
- #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE 51
- #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS 52
-
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- #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER 53
-
- In addition to the above, there is a range of message numbers
- (60..79) reserved for method-specific messages. These messages are
- only sent by the server (client sends only SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- messages). Different authentication methods reuse the same message
- numbers.
-
-3.3 Public Key Authentication Method: publickey
-
- The only REQUIRED authentication method is public key authentication.
- All implementations MUST support this method; however, not all users
- need to have public keys, and most local policies are not likely to
- require public key authentication for all users in the near future.
-
- With this method, the possession of a private key serves as
- authentication. This method works by sending a signature created
- with a private key of the user. The server MUST check that the key
- is a valid authenticator for the user, and MUST check that the
- signature is valid. If both hold, the authentication request MUST be
- accepted; otherwise it MUST be rejected. (Note that the server MAY
- require additional authentications after successful authentication.)
-
- Private keys are often stored in an encrypted form at the client
- host, and the user must supply a passphrase before the signature can
- be generated. Even if they are not, the signing operation involves
- some expensive computation. To avoid unnecessary processing and user
- interaction, the following message is provided for querying whether
- authentication using the key would be acceptable.
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
- string "publickey"
- boolean FALSE
- string public key algorithm name
- string public key blob
-
- Public key algorithms are defined in the transport layer
- specification [SSH-TRANS]. The public key blob may contain
- certificates.
-
- Any public key algorithm may be offered for use in authentication.
- In particular, the list is not constrained by what was negotiated
- during key exchange. If the server does not support some algorithm,
- it MUST simply reject the request.
-
- The server MUST respond to this message with either
-
-
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- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE or with the following:
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PK_OK
- string public key algorithm name from the request
- string public key blob from the request
-
- To perform actual authentication, the client MAY then send a
- signature generated using the private key. The client MAY send the
- signature directly without first verifying whether the key is
- acceptable. The signature is sent using the following packet:
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
- string "publickey"
- boolean TRUE
- string public key algorithm name
- string public key to be used for authentication
- string signature
-
- Signature is a signature by the corresponding private key over the
- following data, in the following order:
-
- string session identifier
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
- string "publickey"
- boolean TRUE
- string public key algorithm name
- string public key to be used for authentication
-
- When the server receives this message, it MUST check whether the
- supplied key is acceptable for authentication, and if so, it MUST
- check whether the signature is correct.
-
- If both checks succeed, this method is successful. Note that the
- server may require additional authentications. The server MUST
- respond with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS (if no more authentications are
- needed), or SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE (if the request failed, or more
- authentications are needed).
-
- The following method-specific message numbers are used by the
- publickey authentication method.
-
- /* Key-based */
- #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PK_OK 60
-
-
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-3.4 Password Authentication Method: password
-
- Password authentication uses the following packets. Note that a
- server MAY request the user to change the password. All
- implementations SHOULD support password authentication.
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
- string "password"
- boolean FALSE
- string plaintext password (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
-
- Note that the password is encoded in ISO-10646 UTF-8. It is up to
- the server how it interprets the password and validates it against
- the password database. However, if the client reads the password in
- some other encoding (e.g., ISO 8859-1 (ISO Latin1)), it MUST convert
- the password to ISO-10646 UTF-8 before transmitting, and the server
- MUST convert the password to the encoding used on that system for
- passwords.
-
- Note that even though the cleartext password is transmitted in the
- packet, the entire packet is encrypted by the transport layer. Both
- the server and the client should check whether the underlying
- transport layer provides confidentiality (i.e., if encryption is
- being used). If no confidentiality is provided (none cipher),
- password authentication SHOULD be disabled. If there is no
- confidentiality or no MAC, password change SHOULD be disabled.
-
- Normally, the server responds to this message with success or
- failure. However, if the password has expired the server SHOULD
- indicate this by responding with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ.
- In anycase the server MUST NOT allow an expired password to be used
- for authentication.
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ
- string prompt (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
- string language tag (as defined in [RFC3066])
-
- In this case, the client MAY continue with a different authentication
- method, or request a new password from the user and retry password
- authentication using the following message. The client MAY also send
- this message instead of the normal password authentication request
- without the server asking for it.
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
-
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- string "password"
- boolean TRUE
- string plaintext old password (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
- string plaintext new password (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
-
- The server must reply to request message with
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE, or another
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ. The meaning of these is as
- follows:
-
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS The password has been changed, and
- authentication has been successfully completed.
-
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE with partial success The password has
- been changed, but more authentications are needed.
-
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE without partial success The password has
- not been changed. Either password changing was not supported, or
- the old password was bad. Note that if the server has already
- sent SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ, we know that it supports
- changing the password.
-
- SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_CHANGEREQ The password was not changed because
- the new password was not acceptable (e.g. too easy to guess).
-
- The following method-specific message numbers are used by the
- password authentication method.
-
- #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ 60
-
-
-3.5 Host-Based Authentication: hostbased
-
- Some sites wish to allow authentication based on the host where the
- user is coming from, and the user name on the remote host. While
- this form of authentication is not suitable for high-security sites,
- it can be very convenient in many environments. This form of
- authentication is OPTIONAL. When used, special care SHOULD be taken
- to prevent a regular user from obtaining the private host key.
-
- The client requests this form of authentication by sending the
- following message. It is similar to the UNIX "rhosts" and
- "hosts.equiv" styles of authentication, except that the identity of
- the client host is checked more rigorously.
-
- This method works by having the client send a signature created with
- the private key of the client host, which the server checks with that
- host's public key. Once the client host's identity is established,
-
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- authorization (but no further authentication) is performed based on
- the user names on the server and the client, and the client host
- name.
-
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
- string "hostbased"
- string public key algorithm for host key
- string public host key and certificates for client host
- string client host name (FQDN; US-ASCII)
- string user name on the client host (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
- string signature
-
- Public key algorithm names for use in "public key algorithm for host
- key" are defined in the transport layer specification. The "public
- host key for client host" may include certificates.
-
- Signature is a signature with the private host key of the following
- data, in this order:
-
- string session identifier
- byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
- string user name
- string service
- string "hostbased"
- string public key algorithm for host key
- string public host key and certificates for client host
- string client host name (FQDN; US-ASCII)
- string user name on the client host(ISO-10646 UTF-8)
-
- The server MUST verify that the host key actually belongs to the
- client host named in the message, that the given user on that host is
- allowed to log in, and that the signature is a valid signature on the
- appropriate value by the given host key. The server MAY ignore the
- client user name, if it wants to authenticate only the client host.
-
- It is RECOMMENDED that whenever possible, the server perform
- additional checks to verify that the network address obtained from
- the (untrusted) network matches the given client host name. This
- makes exploiting compromised host keys more difficult. Note that
- this may require special handling for connections coming through a
- firewall.
-
-4. Security Considerations
-
- The purpose of this protocol is to perform client user
- authentication. It assumed that this runs over a secure transport
-
-
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- layer protocol, which has already authenticated the server machine,
- established an encrypted communications channel, and computed a
- unique session identifier for this session. The transport layer
- provides forward secrecy for password authentication and other
- methods that rely on secret data.
-
- Full security considerations for this protocol are provided in
- Section 8 of [SSH-ARCH]
-
-Normative
-
- [SSH-ARCH]
- Ylonen, T., "SSH Protocol Architecture", I-D
- draft-ietf-architecture-15.txt, Oct 2003.
-
- [SSH-TRANS]
- Ylonen, T., "SSH Transport Layer Protocol", I-D
- draft-ietf-transport-17.txt, Oct 2003.
-
- [SSH-USERAUTH]
- Ylonen, T., "SSH Authentication Protocol", I-D
- draft-ietf-userauth-18.txt, Oct 2003.
-
- [SSH-CONNECT]
- Ylonen, T., "SSH Connection Protocol", I-D
- draft-ietf-connect-18.txt, Oct 2003.
-
- [SSH-NUMBERS]
- Lehtinen, S. and D. Moffat, "SSH Protocol Assigned
- Numbers", I-D draft-ietf-secsh-assignednumbers-05.txt, Oct
- 2003.
-
- [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
- Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
-
-Informative
-
- [RFC3066] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
- Languages", BCP 47, RFC 3066, January 2001.
-
- [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
- 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
-
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-Authors' Addresses
-
- Tatu Ylonen
- SSH Communications Security Corp
- Fredrikinkatu 42
- HELSINKI FIN-00100
- Finland
-
-
-
- Darren J. Moffat (editor)
- Sun Microsystems, Inc
- 17 Network Circle
- Menlo Park 95025
- USA
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-Intellectual Property Statement
-
- The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
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