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-rw-r--r--lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftp.erl375
1 files changed, 342 insertions, 33 deletions
diff --git a/lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftp.erl b/lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftp.erl
index 0ea2366ac7..bab688f226 100644
--- a/lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftp.erl
+++ b/lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftp.erl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%%
-%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2005-2013. All Rights Reserved.
+%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2005-2014. All Rights Reserved.
%%
%% The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
%% Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
-export([start_channel/1, start_channel/2, start_channel/3, stop_channel/1]).
--export([open/3, opendir/2, close/2, readdir/2, pread/4, read/3,
- open/4, opendir/3, close/3, readdir/3, pread/5, read/4,
+-export([open/3, open_tar/3, opendir/2, close/2, readdir/2, pread/4, read/3,
+ open/4, open_tar/4, opendir/3, close/3, readdir/3, pread/5, read/4,
apread/4, aread/3, pwrite/4, write/3, apwrite/4, awrite/3,
pwrite/5, write/4,
position/3, real_path/2, read_file_info/2, get_file_info/2,
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@
rep_buf = <<>>,
req_id,
req_list = [], %% {ReqId, Fun}
- inf %% list of fileinf
+ inf, %% list of fileinf,
+ opts
}).
-record(fileinf,
@@ -68,6 +69,18 @@
mode
}).
+-record(bufinf,
+ {
+ mode, % read | write (=from or to buffer by user)
+ crypto_state,
+ crypto_fun, % For encode or decode depending on the mode field
+ size = 0, % # bytes "before" the current buffer for the postion call
+
+ chunksize, % The size of the chunks to be sent or received
+ enc_text_buf = <<>>, % Encrypted text
+ plain_text_buf = <<>> % Decrypted text
+ }).
+
-define(FILEOP_TIMEOUT, infinity).
-define(NEXT_REQID(S),
@@ -85,10 +98,11 @@ start_channel(Host) when is_list(Host) ->
start_channel(Host, []).
start_channel(Cm, Opts) when is_pid(Cm) ->
Timeout = proplists:get_value(timeout, Opts, infinity),
+ {_, SftpOpts} = handle_options(Opts, [], []),
case ssh_xfer:attach(Cm, []) of
{ok, ChannelId, Cm} ->
case ssh_channel:start(Cm, ChannelId,
- ?MODULE, [Cm, ChannelId, Timeout]) of
+ ?MODULE, [Cm, ChannelId, SftpOpts]) of
{ok, Pid} ->
case wait_for_version_negotiation(Pid, Timeout) of
ok ->
@@ -97,7 +111,7 @@ start_channel(Cm, Opts) when is_pid(Cm) ->
TimeOut
end;
{error, Reason} ->
- {error, Reason};
+ {error, format_channel_start_error(Reason)};
ignore ->
{error, ignore}
end;
@@ -108,11 +122,12 @@ start_channel(Cm, Opts) when is_pid(Cm) ->
start_channel(Host, Opts) ->
start_channel(Host, 22, Opts).
start_channel(Host, Port, Opts) ->
- Timeout = proplists:get_value(timeout, Opts, infinity),
- case ssh_xfer:connect(Host, Port, proplists:delete(timeout, Opts)) of
+ {SshOpts, SftpOpts} = handle_options(Opts, [], []),
+ Timeout = proplists:get_value(timeout, SftpOpts, infinity),
+ case ssh_xfer:connect(Host, Port, SshOpts, Timeout) of
{ok, ChannelId, Cm} ->
case ssh_channel:start(Cm, ChannelId, ?MODULE, [Cm,
- ChannelId, Timeout]) of
+ ChannelId, SftpOpts]) of
{ok, Pid} ->
case wait_for_version_negotiation(Pid, Timeout) of
ok ->
@@ -121,7 +136,7 @@ start_channel(Host, Port, Opts) ->
TimeOut
end;
{error, Reason} ->
- {error, Reason};
+ {error, format_channel_start_error(Reason)};
ignore ->
{error, ignore}
end;
@@ -159,6 +174,77 @@ open(Pid, File, Mode) ->
open(Pid, File, Mode, FileOpTimeout) ->
call(Pid, {open, false, File, Mode}, FileOpTimeout).
+open_tar(Pid, File, Mode) ->
+ open_tar(Pid, File, Mode, ?FILEOP_TIMEOUT).
+open_tar(Pid, File, Mode, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ case {lists:member(write,Mode),
+ lists:member(read,Mode),
+ Mode -- [read,write]} of
+ {true,false,[]} ->
+ {ok,Handle} = open(Pid, File, [write], FileOpTimeout),
+ erl_tar:init(Pid, write,
+ fun(write, {_,Data}) ->
+ write_to_remote_tar(Pid, Handle, to_bin(Data), FileOpTimeout);
+ (position, {_,Pos}) ->
+ position(Pid, Handle, Pos, FileOpTimeout);
+ (close, _) ->
+ close(Pid, Handle, FileOpTimeout)
+ end);
+ {true,false,[{crypto,{CryptoInitFun,CryptoEncryptFun,CryptoEndFun}}]} ->
+ {ok,SftpHandle} = open(Pid, File, [write], FileOpTimeout),
+ BI = #bufinf{mode = write,
+ crypto_fun = CryptoEncryptFun},
+ {ok,BufHandle} = open_buf(Pid, CryptoInitFun, BI, FileOpTimeout),
+ erl_tar:init(Pid, write,
+ fun(write, {_,Data}) ->
+ write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, to_bin(Data), FileOpTimeout);
+ (position, {_,Pos}) ->
+ position_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, Pos, FileOpTimeout);
+ (close, _) ->
+ {ok,#bufinf{
+ plain_text_buf = PlainBuf0,
+ enc_text_buf = EncBuf0,
+ crypto_state = CState0
+ }} = call(Pid, {get_bufinf,BufHandle}, FileOpTimeout),
+ {ok,EncTextTail} = CryptoEndFun(PlainBuf0, CState0),
+ EncTextBuf = <<EncBuf0/binary, EncTextTail/binary>>,
+ case write(Pid, SftpHandle, EncTextBuf, FileOpTimeout) of
+ ok ->
+ call(Pid, {erase_bufinf,BufHandle}, FileOpTimeout),
+ close(Pid, SftpHandle, FileOpTimeout);
+ Other ->
+ Other
+ end
+ end);
+ {false,true,[]} ->
+ {ok,Handle} = open(Pid, File, [read,binary], FileOpTimeout),
+ erl_tar:init(Pid, read,
+ fun(read2, {_,Len}) ->
+ read_repeat(Pid, Handle, Len, FileOpTimeout);
+ (position, {_,Pos}) ->
+ position(Pid, Handle, Pos, FileOpTimeout);
+ (close, _) ->
+ close(Pid, Handle, FileOpTimeout)
+ end);
+ {false,true,[{crypto,{CryptoInitFun,CryptoDecryptFun}}]} ->
+ {ok,SftpHandle} = open(Pid, File, [read,binary], FileOpTimeout),
+ BI = #bufinf{mode = read,
+ crypto_fun = CryptoDecryptFun},
+ {ok,BufHandle} = open_buf(Pid, CryptoInitFun, BI, FileOpTimeout),
+ erl_tar:init(Pid, read,
+ fun(read2, {_,Len}) ->
+ read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, Len, FileOpTimeout);
+ (position, {_,Pos}) ->
+ position_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, Pos, FileOpTimeout);
+ (close, _) ->
+ call(Pid, {erase_bufinf,BufHandle}, FileOpTimeout),
+ close(Pid, SftpHandle, FileOpTimeout)
+ end);
+ _ ->
+ {error,{illegal_mode,Mode}}
+ end.
+
+
opendir(Pid, Path) ->
opendir(Pid, Path, ?FILEOP_TIMEOUT).
opendir(Pid, Path, FileOpTimeout) ->
@@ -392,7 +478,8 @@ write_file_loop(Pid, Handle, Pos, Bin, Remain, PacketSz, FileOpTimeout) ->
%%
%% Description:
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
-init([Cm, ChannelId, Timeout]) ->
+init([Cm, ChannelId, Options]) ->
+ Timeout = proplists:get_value(timeout, Options, infinity),
erlang:monitor(process, Cm),
case ssh_connection:subsystem(Cm, ChannelId, "sftp", Timeout) of
success ->
@@ -401,11 +488,12 @@ init([Cm, ChannelId, Timeout]) ->
{ok, #state{xf = Xf,
req_id = 0,
rep_buf = <<>>,
- inf = new_inf()}};
+ inf = new_inf(),
+ opts = Options}};
failure ->
- {stop, "server failed to start sftp subsystem"};
+ {stop, {shutdown, "server failed to start sftp subsystem"}};
Error ->
- {stop, Error}
+ {stop, {shutdown, Error}}
end.
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -420,12 +508,12 @@ init([Cm, ChannelId, Timeout]) ->
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
handle_call({{timeout, infinity}, wait_for_version_negotiation}, From,
#state{xf = #ssh_xfer{vsn = undefined} = Xf} = State) ->
- {noreply, State#state{xf = Xf#ssh_xfer{vsn = From}}};
+ {noreply, State#state{xf = Xf#ssh_xfer{vsn = {wait, From, undefined}}}};
handle_call({{timeout, Timeout}, wait_for_version_negotiation}, From,
#state{xf = #ssh_xfer{vsn = undefined} = Xf} = State) ->
- timer:send_after(Timeout, {timeout, undefined, From}),
- {noreply, State#state{xf = Xf#ssh_xfer{vsn = From}}};
+ TRef = erlang:send_after(Timeout, self(), {timeout, undefined, From}),
+ {noreply, State#state{xf = Xf#ssh_xfer{vsn = {wait, From, TRef}}}};
handle_call({_, wait_for_version_negotiation}, _, State) ->
{reply, ok, State};
@@ -442,6 +530,15 @@ handle_cast(_,State) ->
code_change(_OldVsn, State, _Extra) ->
{ok, State}.
+do_handle_call({get_bufinf,BufHandle}, _From, S=#state{inf=I0}) ->
+ {reply, dict:find(BufHandle,I0), S};
+
+do_handle_call({put_bufinf,BufHandle,B}, _From, S=#state{inf=I0}) ->
+ {reply, ok, S#state{inf=dict:store(BufHandle,B,I0)}};
+
+do_handle_call({erase_bufinf,BufHandle}, _From, S=#state{inf=I0}) ->
+ {reply, ok, S#state{inf=dict:erase(BufHandle,I0)}};
+
do_handle_call({open, Async,FileName,Mode}, From, #state{xf = XF} = State) ->
{Access,Flags,Attrs} = open_mode(XF#ssh_xfer.vsn, Mode),
ReqID = State#state.req_id,
@@ -546,12 +643,7 @@ do_handle_call({read,Async,Handle,Length}, From, State) ->
do_handle_call({pwrite,Async,Handle,At,Data0}, From, State) ->
case lseek_position(Handle, At, State) of
{ok,Offset} ->
- Data = if
- is_binary(Data0) ->
- Data0;
- is_list(Data0) ->
- list_to_binary(Data0)
- end,
+ Data = to_bin(Data0),
ReqID = State#state.req_id,
Size = size(Data),
ssh_xfer:write(?XF(State),ReqID,Handle,Offset,Data),
@@ -564,12 +656,7 @@ do_handle_call({pwrite,Async,Handle,At,Data0}, From, State) ->
do_handle_call({write,Async,Handle,Data0}, From, State) ->
case lseek_position(Handle, cur, State) of
{ok,Offset} ->
- Data = if
- is_binary(Data0) ->
- Data0;
- is_list(Data0) ->
- list_to_binary(Data0)
- end,
+ Data = to_bin(Data0),
ReqID = State#state.req_id,
Size = size(Data),
ssh_xfer:write(?XF(State),ReqID,Handle,Offset,Data),
@@ -707,8 +794,9 @@ handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, _, {exit_status, ChannelId, Status}}, State0) ->
%%
%% Description: Handles channel messages
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
-handle_msg({ssh_channel_up, _, _}, #state{xf = Xf} = State) ->
- ssh_xfer:protocol_version_request(Xf),
+handle_msg({ssh_channel_up, _, _}, #state{opts = Options, xf = Xf} = State) ->
+ Version = proplists:get_value(sftp_vsn, Options, ?SSH_SFTP_PROTOCOL_VERSION),
+ ssh_xfer:protocol_version_request(Xf, Version),
{ok, State};
%% Version negotiation timed out
@@ -754,6 +842,15 @@ terminate(_Reason, State) ->
%%====================================================================
%% Internal functions
%%====================================================================
+handle_options([], Sftp, Ssh) ->
+ {Ssh, Sftp};
+handle_options([{timeout, _} = Opt | Rest], Sftp, Ssh) ->
+ handle_options(Rest, [Opt | Sftp], Ssh);
+handle_options([{sftp_vsn, _} = Opt| Rest], Sftp, Ssh) ->
+ handle_options(Rest, [Opt | Sftp], Ssh);
+handle_options([Opt | Rest], Sftp, Ssh) ->
+ handle_options(Rest, Sftp, [Opt | Ssh]).
+
call(Pid, Msg, TimeOut) ->
ssh_channel:call(Pid, {{timeout, TimeOut}, Msg}, infinity).
@@ -768,7 +865,12 @@ do_handle_reply(#state{xf = Xf} = State,
case Xf#ssh_xfer.vsn of
undefined ->
ok;
- From ->
+ {wait, From, TRef} ->
+ if is_reference(TRef) ->
+ erlang:cancel_timer(TRef);
+ true ->
+ ok
+ end,
ssh_channel:reply(From, ok)
end,
State#state{xf = Xf#ssh_xfer{vsn = Version, ext = Ext}, rep_buf = Rest};
@@ -1111,5 +1213,212 @@ lseek_pos({eof, Offset}, _CurOffset, CurSize)
end;
lseek_pos(_, _, _) ->
{error, einval}.
-
+%%%================================================================
+%%%
+to_bin(Data) when is_list(Data) -> list_to_binary(Data);
+to_bin(Data) when is_binary(Data) -> Data.
+
+
+read_repeat(Pid, Handle, Len, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ {ok,{_WindowSz,PacketSz}} = recv_window(Pid, FileOpTimeout),
+ read_rpt(Pid, Handle, Len, PacketSz, FileOpTimeout, <<>>).
+
+read_rpt(Pid, Handle, WantedLen, PacketSz, FileOpTimeout, Acc) when WantedLen > 0 ->
+ case read(Pid, Handle, min(WantedLen,PacketSz), FileOpTimeout) of
+ {ok, Data} ->
+ read_rpt(Pid, Handle, WantedLen-size(Data), PacketSz, FileOpTimeout, <<Acc/binary, Data/binary>>);
+ eof ->
+ {ok, Acc};
+ Error ->
+ Error
+ end;
+read_rpt(_Pid, _Handle, WantedLen, _PacketSz, _FileOpTimeout, Acc) when WantedLen >= 0 ->
+ {ok,Acc}.
+
+
+write_to_remote_tar(_Pid, _SftpHandle, <<>>, _FileOpTimeout) ->
+ ok;
+write_to_remote_tar(Pid, SftpHandle, Bin, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ {ok,{_Window,Packet}} = send_window(Pid, FileOpTimeout),
+ write_file_loop(Pid, SftpHandle, 0, Bin, size(Bin), Packet, FileOpTimeout).
+
+position_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, Pos, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ {ok,#bufinf{mode = Mode,
+ plain_text_buf = Buf0,
+ size = Size}} = call(Pid, {get_bufinf,BufHandle}, FileOpTimeout),
+ case Pos of
+ {cur,0} when Mode==write ->
+ {ok,Size+size(Buf0)};
+
+ {cur,0} when Mode==read ->
+ {ok,Size};
+
+ _ when Mode==read, is_integer(Pos) ->
+ Skip = Pos-Size,
+ if
+ Skip < 0 ->
+ {error, cannot_rewind};
+ Skip == 0 ->
+ %% Optimization
+ {ok,Pos};
+ Skip > 0 ->
+ case read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, Skip, FileOpTimeout) of
+ %% A bit innefficient to fetch the bufinf again, but there are lots of
+ %% other more important optimizations waiting....
+ {ok,_} ->
+ {ok,Pos};
+ Other ->
+ Other
+ end
+ end;
+
+ _ ->
+ {error,{not_yet_implemented,{pos,Pos}}}
+ end.
+
+read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, WantedLen, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ {ok,{_Window,Packet}} = send_window(Pid, FileOpTimeout),
+ {ok,B0} = call(Pid, {get_bufinf,BufHandle}, FileOpTimeout),
+ case do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout, B0) of
+ {ok,ResultBin,B} ->
+ call(Pid, {put_bufinf,BufHandle,B}, FileOpTimeout),
+ {ok,ResultBin};
+ {error,Error} ->
+ {error,Error};
+ {eof,B} ->
+ call(Pid, {put_bufinf,BufHandle,B}, FileOpTimeout),
+ eof
+ end.
+
+do_the_read_buf(_Pid, _SftpHandle, WantedLen, _Packet, _FileOpTimeout,
+ B=#bufinf{plain_text_buf=PlainBuf0,
+ size = Size})
+ when size(PlainBuf0) >= WantedLen ->
+ %% We already have the wanted number of bytes decoded and ready!
+ <<ResultBin:WantedLen/binary, PlainBuf/binary>> = PlainBuf0,
+ {ok,ResultBin,B#bufinf{plain_text_buf=PlainBuf,
+ size = Size + WantedLen}};
+
+do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B0=#bufinf{plain_text_buf = PlainBuf0,
+ enc_text_buf = EncBuf0,
+ chunksize = undefined
+ })
+ when size(EncBuf0) > 0 ->
+ %% We have (at least) one decodable byte waiting for decodeing.
+ {ok,DecodedBin,B} = apply_crypto(EncBuf0, B0),
+ do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B#bufinf{plain_text_buf = <<PlainBuf0/binary, DecodedBin/binary>>,
+ enc_text_buf = <<>>
+ });
+
+do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B0=#bufinf{plain_text_buf = PlainBuf0,
+ enc_text_buf = EncBuf0,
+ chunksize = ChunkSize0
+ })
+ when size(EncBuf0) >= ChunkSize0 ->
+ %% We have (at least) one chunk of decodable bytes waiting for decodeing.
+ <<ToDecode:ChunkSize0/binary, EncBuf/binary>> = EncBuf0,
+ {ok,DecodedBin,B} = apply_crypto(ToDecode, B0),
+ do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B#bufinf{plain_text_buf = <<PlainBuf0/binary, DecodedBin/binary>>,
+ enc_text_buf = EncBuf
+ });
+
+do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout, B=#bufinf{enc_text_buf = EncBuf0}) ->
+ %% We must read more bytes and append to the buffer of encoded bytes.
+ case read(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout) of
+ {ok,EncryptedBin} ->
+ do_the_read_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, WantedLen, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B#bufinf{enc_text_buf = <<EncBuf0/binary, EncryptedBin/binary>>});
+ eof ->
+ {eof,B};
+ Other ->
+ Other
+ end.
+
+
+write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, BufHandle, PlainBin, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ {ok,{_Window,Packet}} = send_window(Pid, FileOpTimeout),
+ {ok,B0=#bufinf{plain_text_buf=PTB}} = call(Pid, {get_bufinf,BufHandle}, FileOpTimeout),
+ case do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B0#bufinf{plain_text_buf = <<PTB/binary,PlainBin/binary>>}) of
+ {ok, B} ->
+ call(Pid, {put_bufinf,BufHandle,B}, FileOpTimeout),
+ ok;
+ {error,Error} ->
+ {error,Error}
+ end.
+
+do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B=#bufinf{enc_text_buf = EncBuf0,
+ size = Size})
+ when size(EncBuf0) >= Packet ->
+ <<BinToWrite:Packet/binary, EncBuf/binary>> = EncBuf0,
+ case write(Pid, SftpHandle, BinToWrite, FileOpTimeout) of
+ ok ->
+ do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B#bufinf{enc_text_buf = EncBuf,
+ size = Size + Packet});
+ Other ->
+ Other
+ end;
+
+do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B0=#bufinf{plain_text_buf = PlainBuf0,
+ enc_text_buf = EncBuf0,
+ chunksize = undefined})
+ when size(PlainBuf0) > 0 ->
+ {ok,EncodedBin,B} = apply_crypto(PlainBuf0, B0),
+ do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B#bufinf{plain_text_buf = <<>>,
+ enc_text_buf = <<EncBuf0/binary, EncodedBin/binary>>});
+
+do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B0=#bufinf{plain_text_buf = PlainBuf0,
+ enc_text_buf = EncBuf0,
+ chunksize = ChunkSize0
+ })
+ when size(PlainBuf0) >= ChunkSize0 ->
+ <<ToEncode:ChunkSize0/binary, PlainBuf/binary>> = PlainBuf0,
+ {ok,EncodedBin,B} = apply_crypto(ToEncode, B0),
+ do_the_write_buf(Pid, SftpHandle, Packet, FileOpTimeout,
+ B#bufinf{plain_text_buf = PlainBuf,
+ enc_text_buf = <<EncBuf0/binary, EncodedBin/binary>>});
+
+do_the_write_buf(_Pid, _SftpHandle, _Packet, _FileOpTimeout, B) ->
+ {ok,B}.
+
+apply_crypto(In, B=#bufinf{crypto_state = CState0,
+ crypto_fun = F}) ->
+ case F(In,CState0) of
+ {ok,EncodedBin,CState} ->
+ {ok, EncodedBin, B#bufinf{crypto_state=CState}};
+ {ok,EncodedBin,CState,ChunkSize} ->
+ {ok, EncodedBin, B#bufinf{crypto_state=CState,
+ chunksize=ChunkSize}}
+ end.
+
+open_buf(Pid, CryptoInitFun, BufInfo0, FileOpTimeout) ->
+ case CryptoInitFun() of
+ {ok,CryptoState} ->
+ open_buf1(Pid, BufInfo0, FileOpTimeout, CryptoState, undefined);
+ {ok,CryptoState,ChunkSize} ->
+ open_buf1(Pid, BufInfo0, FileOpTimeout, CryptoState, ChunkSize);
+ Other ->
+ Other
+ end.
+
+open_buf1(Pid, BufInfo0, FileOpTimeout, CryptoState, ChunkSize) ->
+ BufInfo = BufInfo0#bufinf{crypto_state = CryptoState,
+ chunksize = ChunkSize},
+ BufHandle = make_ref(),
+ call(Pid, {put_bufinf,BufHandle,BufInfo}, FileOpTimeout),
+ {ok,BufHandle}.
+
+format_channel_start_error({shutdown, Reason}) ->
+ Reason;
+format_channel_start_error(Reason) ->
+ Reason.