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-rw-r--r--lib/asn1/doc/src/asn1_ug.xml164
1 files changed, 57 insertions, 107 deletions
diff --git a/lib/asn1/doc/src/asn1_ug.xml b/lib/asn1/doc/src/asn1_ug.xml
index dd08eb1817..ce8da39e6d 100644
--- a/lib/asn1/doc/src/asn1_ug.xml
+++ b/lib/asn1/doc/src/asn1_ug.xml
@@ -392,6 +392,40 @@ File3.asn </pre>
</section>
<section>
+ <title>A quick note about tags</title>
+
+ <p>Tags used to be important for all users of ASN.1, because it
+ was necessary to manually add tags to certain constructs in order
+ for the ASN.1 specification to be valid. Here is an example of
+ an old-style specification:</p>
+
+ <pre>
+Tags DEFINITIONS ::=
+BEGIN
+ Afters ::= CHOICE { cheese [0] IA5String,
+ dessert [1] IA5String }
+END </pre>
+
+ <p>Without the tags (the numbers in square brackets) the ASN.1
+ compiler would refuse to compile the file.</p>
+
+ <p>In 1994 the global tagging mode AUTOMATIC TAGS was introduced.
+ By putting AUTOMATIC TAGS in the module header, the ASN.1 compiler
+ will automatically add tags when needed. Here is the same
+ specification in AUTOMATIC TAGS mode:</p>
+
+ <pre>
+Tags DEFINITIONS AUTOMATIC TAGS ::=
+BEGIN
+ Afters ::= CHOICE { cheese IA5String,
+ dessert IA5String }
+END
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Tags will not be mentioned any more in this manual.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
<marker id="ASN1Types"></marker>
<title>The ASN.1 Types</title>
<p>This section describes the ASN.1 types including their
@@ -983,47 +1017,24 @@ SExt ::= SEQUENCE {
<marker id="CHOICE"></marker>
<title>CHOICE</title>
<p>The CHOICE type is a space saver and is similar to the concept of a
- 'union' in the C-language. As with the previous SET-type, the
- tags of all components of a CHOICE need to be distinct. If
- AUTOMATIC TAGS are defined for the module (which is
- preferable) the tags can be omitted completely in the ASN.1
- specification of a CHOICE.
- </p>
+ 'union' in the C language.</p>
<p>Assume:</p>
<pre>
+SomeModuleName DEFINITIONS AUTOMATIC TAGS ::=
+BEGIN
T ::= CHOICE {
- x [0] REAL,
- y [1] INTEGER,
- z [2] OBJECT IDENTIFIER }
- </pre>
+ x REAL,
+ y INTEGER,
+ z OBJECT IDENTIFIER }
+END </pre>
<p>It is then possible to assign values:</p>
<pre>
TVal1 = {y,17},
TVal2 = {z,{0,1,2}},
</pre>
- <p>A CHOICE value is always represented as the tuple
+ <p>A CHOICE value is always represented as the tuple
<c>{ChoiceAlternative, Val}</c> where <c>ChoiceAlternative</c>
- is an atom denoting the selected choice
- alternative.
- </p>
- <p>It is also allowed to have a CHOICE type tagged as follow:</p>
- <p></p>
- <pre>
-C ::= [PRIVATE 111] CHOICE {
- C1,
- C2 }
-
-C1 ::= CHOICE {
- a [0] INTEGER,
- b [1] BOOLEAN }
-
-C2 ::= CHOICE {
- c [2] INTEGER,
- d [3] OCTET STRING } </pre>
- <p>In this case, the top type C appears to have no tags at all in
- its components, however, both C1 and C2 are also defined as
- CHOICE types and they have distinct tags among themselves.
- Hence, the above type C is both legal and allowed.
+ is an atom denoting the selected choice alternative.
</p>
<section>
@@ -1104,20 +1115,23 @@ Arr2Val = ["abc",[14,34,54],"Octets"], </pre>
Where <c>Value</c> may be a value of yet another type T2.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<pre>
+EmbeddedExample DEFINITIONS AUTOMATIC TAGS ::=
+BEGIN
B ::= SEQUENCE {
a Arr1,
- b [0] T }
+ b T }
Arr1 ::= SET SIZE (5) OF INTEGER (4..9)
T ::= CHOICE {
- x [0] REAL,
- y [1] INTEGER,
- z [2] OBJECT IDENTIFIER } </pre>
- <p>The above example can be assigned like this in Erlang:</p>
+ x REAL,
+ y INTEGER,
+ z OBJECT IDENTIFIER }
+ END </pre>
+ <p>The SEQUENCE b can be encoded like this in Erlang:</p>
<pre>
-V2 = #'B'{a=[4,5,6,7,8], b={x,7.77}}.
- </pre>
+1> 'EmbeddedExample':encode('B', {'B',[4,5,6,7,8],{x,"7.77"}}).
+{ok,&lt;&lt;5,56,0,8,3,55,55,55,46,69,45,50>>} </pre>
</section>
</section>
@@ -1139,8 +1153,8 @@ V2 = #'B'{a=[4,5,6,7,8], b={x,7.77}}.
Emb ::= SEQUENCE {
a SEQUENCE OF OCTET STRING,
b SET {
- a [0] INTEGER,
- b [1] INTEGER DEFAULT 66},
+ a INTEGER,
+ b INTEGER DEFAULT 66},
c CHOICE {
a INTEGER,
b FooType } }
@@ -1211,7 +1225,7 @@ PType{T} ::= SEQUENCE{
<p>Types may refer to themselves. Suppose:</p>
<pre>
Rec ::= CHOICE {
- nothing [0] NULL,
+ nothing NULL,
something SEQUENCE {
a INTEGER,
b OCTET STRING,
@@ -1243,7 +1257,7 @@ tt TT ::= {a 77,b {"kalle","kula"}} </pre>
Firstly, it could be used as the value in some DEFAULT component:</p>
<pre>
SS ::= SET {
- s [0] OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
+ s OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
val TT DEFAULT tt } </pre>
<p>It could also be used from inside an Erlang program. If the above ASN.1
code was defined in ASN.1 module <c>Values</c>, then the ASN.1 value
@@ -1403,70 +1417,6 @@ T2 ::= General{BIT STRING}
</section>
<section>
- <title>Tags</title>
- <p>Every built-in ASN.1 type, except CHOICE and ANY have a universal tag.
- This is a unique number that clearly identifies the type. <br></br>
-
- It is essential for all users of ASN.1 to
- understand all the details about tags.</p>
- <p>Tags are implicitly encoded in the BER encoding as shown below, but
- are hardly not accounted for in the PER encoding. In PER tags are
- used for instance to sort the components of a SET.</p>
- <p>There are four different types of tags.</p>
- <taglist>
- <tag><em>universal</em></tag>
- <item>
- <p>For types whose meaning is the same in all
- applications. Such as integers, sequences and so on; that is, all the built in
- types.</p>
- </item>
- <tag><em>application</em></tag>
- <item>
- <p>For application specific types for example, the types in
- X.400 Message handling service have this sort of tag.</p>
- </item>
- <tag><em>private</em></tag>
- <item>
- <p>For your own private types.</p>
- </item>
- <tag><em>context</em></tag>
- <item>
- <p>This is used to distinguish otherwise indistinguishable
- types in a specific context. For example, if we have two
- components of a
- CHOICE type that are both <c>INTEGER</c> values, there is no
- way for the decoder to
- decipher which component was actually chosen, since both
- components will be
- tagged as <c>INTEGER</c>. When this or similar situations occur,
- one or both of the components should be given a context specific
- to resolve the ambiguity.</p>
- </item>
- </taglist>
- <p>The tag in the case of the 'Apdu' type [PRIVATE 1] is encoded to a
- sequence of bytes making it possible for a
- decoder to look at the (initial) bytes that arrive and determine
- whether the rest of the bytes must be of the type associated
- with that particular sequence of bytes. This means that each
- tag must be uniquely associated with <em>only</em> one ASN.1
- type.
- </p>
- <p>Immediately following the tag is a sequence of bytes
- informing the decoder of the length of the instance. This is
- sometimes referred to as TLV (Tag length value) encoding.
- Hence, the structure of a BER encoded series of bytes is as shown in the table below.</p>
- <p></p>
- <table>
- <row>
- <cell align="left" valign="middle">Tag</cell>
- <cell align="left" valign="middle">Len</cell>
- <cell align="left" valign="middle">Value</cell>
- </row>
- <tcaption>Structure of a BER encoded series of bytes</tcaption>
- </table>
- </section>
-
- <section>
<title>Encoding Rules</title>
<p>When the first recommendation on ASN.1 was released 1988 it was
accompanied with the Basic Encoding Rules, BER, as the only