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-rw-r--r--system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml180
1 files changed, 104 insertions, 76 deletions
diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml
index f0ec7ef165..d283c33910 100644
--- a/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml
+++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
- <year>2003</year><year>2014</year>
+ <year>2003</year><year>2015</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
<title>Module Syntax</title>
<p>Erlang code is divided into <em>modules</em>. A module consists
of a sequence of attributes and function declarations, each
- terminated by period (.). Example:</p>
+ terminated by period (.).</p>
+ <p><em>Example:</em></p>
<pre>
-module(m). % module attribute
-export([fact/1]). % module attribute
@@ -42,50 +43,52 @@ fact(N) when N>0 -> % beginning of function declaration
N * fact(N-1); % |
fact(0) -> % |
1. % end of function declaration</pre>
- <p>See the <seealso marker="functions">Functions</seealso> chapter
- for a description of function declarations.</p>
+ <p>For a description of function declarations, see
+ <seealso marker="functions">Function Declaration Syntax</seealso>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Module Attributes</title>
<p>A <em>module attribute</em> defines a certain property of a
- module. A module attribute consists of a tag and a value.</p>
+ module.</p>
+ <p>A module attribute consists of a tag and a value:</p>
<pre>
-Tag(Value).</pre>
<p><c>Tag</c> must be an atom, while <c>Value</c> must be a literal
term. As a convenience in user-defined attributes, if the literal term
<c>Value</c> has the syntax <c>Name/Arity</c>
(where <c>Name</c> is an atom and <c>Arity</c> a positive integer),
- the term <c>Name/Arity</c> will be translated to <c>{Name,Arity}</c>.</p>
+ the term <c>Name/Arity</c> is translated to <c>{Name,Arity}</c>.</p>
<p>Any module attribute can be specified. The attributes are stored
in the compiled code and can be retrieved by calling
- <c>Module:module_info(attributes)</c> or by using
- <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#chunks/2">beam_lib(3)</seealso>.</p>
+ <c>Module:module_info(attributes)</c>, or by using the module
+ <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#chunks/2">beam_lib(3)</seealso>
+ in STDLIB.</p>
- <p>There are several module attributes with predefined meanings,
- some of which have arity two, but user-defined module
+ <p>Several module attributes have predefined meanings.
+ Some of them have arity two, but user-defined module
attributes must have arity one.</p>
<section>
<title>Pre-Defined Module Attributes</title>
- <p>Pre-defined module attributes should be placed before any
+ <p>Pre-defined module attributes is to be placed before any
function declaration.</p>
<taglist>
<tag><c>-module(Module).</c></tag>
<item>
<p>Module declaration, defining the name of the module.
- The name <c>Module</c>, an atom, should be the same as
- the file name minus the extension <c>erl</c>. Otherwise
- <seealso marker="code_loading#loading">code loading</seealso> will
+ The name <c>Module</c>, an atom, is to be same as
+ the file name minus the extension <c>.erl</c>. Otherwise
+ <seealso marker="code_loading#loading">code loading</seealso> does
not work as intended.</p>
- <p>This attribute should be specified first and is the only
- attribute which is mandatory.</p>
+ <p>This attribute is to be specified first and is the only
+ mandatory attribute.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>-export(Functions).</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Exported functions. Specifies which of the functions
- defined within the module that are visible outside
+ <p>Exported functions. Specifies which of the functions,
+ defined within the module, that are visible from outside
the module.</p>
<p><c>Functions</c> is a list
<c>[Name1/Arity1, ..., NameN/ArityN]</c>, where each
@@ -93,32 +96,37 @@ fact(0) -> % |
</item>
<tag><c>-import(Module,Functions).</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Imported functions. Imported functions can be called
- the same way as local functions, that is without any module
+ <p>Imported functions. Can be called
+ the same way as local functions, that is, without any module
prefix.</p>
<p><c>Module</c>, an atom, specifies which module to import
functions from. <c>Functions</c> is a list similar as for
- <c>export</c> above.</p>
+ <c>export</c>.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>-compile(Options).</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Compiler options. <c>Options</c>, which is a single option
- or a list of options, will be added to the option list when
- compiling the module. See <c>compile(3)</c>.</p>
+ <p>Compiler options. <c>Options</c> is a single option
+ or a list of options.
+ This attribute is added to the option list when
+ compiling the module. See the <seealso marker="compiler:compile">
+ compile(3)</seealso> manual page in Compiler.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>-vsn(Vsn).</c></tag>
<item>
<p>Module version. <c>Vsn</c> is any literal term and can be
- retrieved using <c>beam_lib:version/1</c>, see
- <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#version/1">beam_lib(3)</seealso>.</p>
+ retrieved using <c>beam_lib:version/1</c>, see the
+ <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#version/1">beam_lib(3)</seealso>
+ manual page in STDLIB.</p>
<p>If this attribute is not specified, the version defaults
to the MD5 checksum of the module.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>-on_load(Function).</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Names a function that should be run automatically when a
- module a loaded. See <seealso marker="code_loading#on_load">
- code loading</seealso> for more information.</p>
+ <p>This attribute names a function that is to be run
+ automatically when a
+ module is loaded. For more information, see
+ <seealso marker="code_loading#on_load">
+ Running a Function When a Module is Loaded</seealso>.</p>
</item>
</taglist>
</section>
@@ -130,9 +138,14 @@ fact(0) -> % |
<pre>
-behaviour(Behaviour).</pre>
<p>The atom <c>Behaviour</c> gives the name of the behaviour,
- which can be a user defined behaviour or one of the OTP
- standard behaviours <c>gen_server</c>, <c>gen_fsm</c>,
- <c>gen_event</c> or <c>supervisor</c>.</p>
+ which can be a user-defined behaviour or one of the following OTP
+ standard behaviours:</p>
+ <list type="bulleted">
+ <item><c>gen_server</c></item>
+ <item><c>gen_fsm</c></item>
+ <item><c>gen_event</c></item>
+ <item><c>supervisor</c></item>
+ </list>
<p>The spelling <c>behavior</c> is also accepted.</p>
<p>The callback functions of the module can be specified either
directly by the exported function <c>behaviour_info/1</c>:</p>
@@ -142,7 +155,7 @@ behaviour_info(callbacks) -> Callbacks.</pre>
function:</p>
<pre>
-callback Name(Arguments) -> Result.</pre>
- <p>where <c>Arguments</c> is a list of zero or more arguments.
+ <p>Here, <c>Arguments</c> is a list of zero or more arguments.
The <c>-callback</c> attribute is to be preferred since the
extra type information can be used by tools to produce
documentation or find discrepancies.</p>
@@ -153,7 +166,7 @@ behaviour_info(callbacks) -> Callbacks.</pre>
<section>
<title>Record Definitions</title>
- <p>The same syntax as for module attributes is used by
+ <p>The same syntax as for module attributes is used
for record definitions:</p>
<pre>
-record(Record,Fields).</pre>
@@ -163,7 +176,7 @@ behaviour_info(callbacks) -> Callbacks.</pre>
</section>
<section>
- <title>The Preprocessor</title>
+ <title>Preprocessor</title>
<p>The same syntax as for module attributes is used by
the preprocessor, which supports file inclusion, macros,
and conditional compilation:</p>
@@ -171,7 +184,7 @@ behaviour_info(callbacks) -> Callbacks.</pre>
-include("SomeFile.hrl").
-define(Macro,Replacement).</pre>
- <p>Read more in <seealso marker="macros">The Preprocessor</seealso>.</p>
+ <p>Read more in <seealso marker="macros">Preprocessor</seealso>.</p>
</section>
<section>
@@ -180,110 +193,125 @@ behaviour_info(callbacks) -> Callbacks.</pre>
changing the pre-defined macros <c>?FILE</c> and <c>?LINE</c>:</p>
<pre>
-file(File, Line).</pre>
- <p>This attribute is used by tools such as Yecc to inform the
- compiler that the source program was generated by another tool
- and indicates the correspondence of source files to lines of
- the original user-written file from which the source program
- was produced.</p>
+ <p>This attribute is used by tools, such as Yecc, to inform the
+ compiler that the source program is generated by another tool.
+ It also indicates the correspondence of source files to lines of
+ the original user-written file, from which the source program
+ is produced.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Types and function specifications</title>
<p>A similar syntax as for module attributes is used for
- specifying types and function specifications.
+ specifying types and function specifications:
</p>
<pre>
-type my_type() :: atom() | integer().
--spec my_function(integer()) -> integer().
- </pre>
+-spec my_function(integer()) -> integer().</pre>
<p>Read more in <seealso marker="typespec">Types and Function specifications</seealso>.
</p>
<p>
The description is based on
<url href="http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0008.html">EEP8 -
- Types and function specifications</url>
- which will not be further updated.
+ Types and function specifications</url>,
+ which is not to be further updated.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Comments</title>
- <p>Comments may be placed anywhere in a module except within strings
- and quoted atoms. The comment begins with the character "%",
+ <p>Comments can be placed anywhere in a module except within strings
+ and quoted atoms. A comment begins with the character "%",
continues up to, but does not include the next end-of-line, and
- has no effect. Note that the terminating end-of-line has
+ has no effect. Notice that the terminating end-of-line has
the effect of white space.</p>
</section>
<section>
- <title>The module_info/0 and module_info/1 functions</title>
+ <title>module_info/0 and module_info/1 functions</title>
<p>The compiler automatically inserts the two special, exported
- functions into each module: <c>Module:module_info/0</c> and
- <c>Module:module_info/1</c>. These functions can be called to
- retrieve information about the module.</p>
+ functions into each module:</p>
+ <list type="bulleted">
+ <item><c>Module:module_info/0</c></item>
+ <item><c>Module:module_info/1</c></item>
+ </list>
+ <p>These functions can be called to retrieve information
+ about the module.</p>
<section>
<title>module_info/0</title>
- <p>The <c>module_info/0</c> function in each module returns
+ <p>The <c>module_info/0</c> function in each module, returns
a list of <c>{Key,Value}</c> tuples with information about
the module. Currently, the list contain tuples with the following
- <c>Key</c>s: <c>attributes</c>, <c>compile</c>,
- <c>exports</c>, and <c>imports</c>. The order and number of tuples
+ <c>Key</c>s: <c>module</c>, <c>attributes</c>, <c>compile</c>,
+ <c>exports</c>, <c>md5</c> and <c>native</c>.
+ The order and number of tuples
may change without prior notice.</p>
-
- <warning><p>The <c>{imports,Value}</c> tuple may be removed in a future
- release because <c>Value</c> is always an empty list.
- Do not write code that depends on it being present.</p></warning>
</section>
<section>
<title>module_info/1</title>
- <p>The call <c>module_info(Key)</c>, where key is an atom,
+ <p>The call <c>module_info(Key)</c>, where <c>Key</c> is an atom,
returns a single piece of information about the module.</p>
<p>The following values are allowed for <c>Key</c>:</p>
<taglist>
+ <tag><c>module</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Returns an atom representing the module name.</p>
+ </item>
+
<tag><c>attributes</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Return a list of <c>{AttributeName,ValueList}</c> tuples,
+ <p>Returns a list of <c>{AttributeName,ValueList}</c> tuples,
where <c>AttributeName</c> is the name of an attribute,
- and <c>ValueList</c> is a list of values. Note: a given
- attribute may occur more than once in the list with different
+ and <c>ValueList</c> is a list of values. Notice that a given
+ attribute can occur more than once in the list with different
values if the attribute occurs more than once in the module.</p>
- <p>The list of attributes will be empty if
- the module has been stripped with
- <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#strip/1">beam_lib(3)</seealso>.</p>
+ <p>The list of attributes becomes empty if
+ the module is stripped with the
+ <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#strip/1">beam_lib(3)</seealso>
+ module (in STDLIB).</p>
</item>
<tag><c>compile</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Return a list of tuples containing information about
- how the module was compiled. This list will be empty if
- the module has been stripped with
- <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#strip/1">beam_lib(3)</seealso>.</p>
+ <p>Returns a list of tuples with information about
+ how the module was compiled. This list is empty if
+ the module has been stripped with the
+ <seealso marker="stdlib:beam_lib#strip/1">beam_lib(3)</seealso>
+ module (in STDLIB).</p>
</item>
- <tag><c>imports</c></tag>
+ <tag><c>md5</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Always return an empty list. The <c>imports</c> key may not
- be supported in future release.</p>
+ <p>Returns a binary representing the MD5 checksum of the module.
+ If the module has native code loaded, this will be the MD5 of the
+ native code, not the BEAM bytecode.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>exports</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Return a list of <c>{Name,Arity}</c> tuples with
+ <p>Returns a list of <c>{Name,Arity}</c> tuples with
all exported functions in the module.</p>
</item>
<tag><c>functions</c></tag>
<item>
- <p>Return a list of <c>{Name,Arity}</c> tuples with
+ <p>Returns a list of <c>{Name,Arity}</c> tuples with
all functions in the module.</p>
</item>
+
+ <tag><c>native</c></tag>
+ <item>
+ <p>Return <c>true</c> if the module has native compiled code.
+ Return <c>false</c> otherwise. In a system compiled without HiPE
+ support, the result is always <c>false</c></p>
+ </item>
</taglist>
</section>
</section>