diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'system/doc/reference_manual')
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml | 17 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml | 9 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml | 15 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml | 23 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml | 102 |
11 files changed, 111 insertions, 89 deletions
diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml index d25f2c001d..ef14bf1372 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2014</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2014</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ <section> <title>Character Set</title> - <p>Since Erlang 4.8/OTP R5A, the syntax of Erlang tokens is extended to - allow the use of the full ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) character set. This - is noticeable in the following ways:</p> + <p>The syntax of Erlang tokens allow the use of the full + ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) character set. This is noticeable in the + following ways:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item> <p>All the Latin-1 printable characters can be used and are @@ -102,13 +102,16 @@ <tcaption>Character Classes</tcaption> </table> <p>In Erlang/OTP R16B the syntax of Erlang tokens was extended to - handle Unicode. The support is limited to - string literals and comments. Atoms, module names, and - function names are restricted to the ISO-Latin-1 range. + handle Unicode. The support was limited to + string literals and comments. More about the usage of Unicode in Erlang source files can be found in <seealso marker="stdlib:unicode_usage#unicode_in_erlang">STDLIB's User's Guide</seealso>.</p> + <p>From Erlang/OTP 20, atoms and function names are also allowed + to contain Unicode characters outside the ISO-Latin-1 range. + Module names, application names, and node names are still + restricted to the ISO-Latin-1 range.</p> </section> <section> <title>Source File Encoding</title> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml index f6fd2911fa..f5e5e74841 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2016</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml index e63825b97d..93c679357b 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -50,10 +50,7 @@ <item><em><c>base</c></em><c>#</c><em><c>value</c></em> <br></br> Integer with the base <em><c>base</c></em>, that must be an - integer in the range 2..36. <br></br> - - In Erlang 5.2/OTP R9B and earlier versions, the allowed range - is 2..16.</item> + integer in the range 2..36.</item> </list> <p><em>Examples:</em></p> <pre> @@ -455,7 +452,7 @@ hello <<"77">> 16> <input>float_to_binary(7.0).</input> <<"7.00000000000000000000e+00">> -17> <input>binary_to_float(<<"7.000e+00>>").</input> +17> <input>binary_to_float(<<"7.000e+00">>).</input> 7.0</pre> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml index 0a4a323fe9..b519609717 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -42,6 +42,19 @@ <p>The distribution mechanism is implemented using TCP/IP sockets. How to implement an alternative carrier is described in the <seealso marker="erts:alt_dist">ERTS User's Guide</seealso>.</p> + <warning> + <p> + Starting a distributed node without also specifying + <seealso marker="erts:erl#proto_dist"><c>-proto_dist inet_tls</c></seealso> + will expose the node to attacks that may give the attacker + complete access to the node and in extension the cluster. + When using un-secure distributed nodes, make sure that the + network is configured to keep potential attackers out. + See the <seealso marker="ssl:ssl_distribution"> + Using SSL for Erlang Distribution</seealso> User's Guide + for details on how to setup a secure distributed node. + </p> + </warning> </section> <section> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml index e764cf431f..b16c5da6eb 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ The Erlang programming language has built-in features for handling of run-time errors.</p> <p>A run-time error can also be emulated by calling - <c>erlang:error(Reason)</c> or <c>erlang:error(Reason, Args)</c> - (those appeared in Erlang 5.4/OTP-R10).</p> + <c>erlang:error(Reason)</c> or <c>erlang:error(Reason, Args)</c>.</p> <p>A run-time error is another name for an exception of class <c>error</c>. </p> @@ -79,7 +78,6 @@ <p>Exceptions are run-time errors or generated errors and are of three different classes, with different origins. The <seealso marker="expressions#try">try</seealso> expression - (new in Erlang 5.4/OTP R10B) can distinguish between the different classes, whereas the <seealso marker="expressions#catch">catch</seealso> expression cannot. They are described in @@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>error</c></cell> <cell align="left" valign="middle">Run-time error, for example, <c>1+a</c>, or the process called - <c>erlang:error/1,2</c> (new in Erlang 5.4/OTP R10B)</cell> + <c>erlang:error/1,2</c></cell> </row> <row> <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>exit</c></cell> @@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ and a stack trace (which aids in finding the code location of the exception).</p> <p>The stack trace can be retrieved using - <c>erlang:get_stacktrace/0</c> (new in Erlang 5.4/OTP R10B) + <c>erlang:get_stacktrace/0</c> from within a <c>try</c> expression, and is returned for exceptions of class <c>error</c> from a <c>catch</c> expression.</p> <p>An exception of class <c>error</c> is also known as a run-time diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml index 355fd3cfef..cf2d5034aa 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2016</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -123,10 +123,9 @@ member(_Elem, []) -> or <c>receive</c> expression must be bound in all branches to have a value outside the expression. Otherwise they are regarded as 'unsafe' outside the expression.</p> - <p>For the <c>try</c> expression introduced in - Erlang 5.4/OTP R10B, variable scoping is limited so that + <p>For the <c>try</c> expression variable scoping is limited so that variables bound in the expression are always 'unsafe' outside - the expression. This is to be improved.</p> + the expression.</p> </section> <section> @@ -189,7 +188,6 @@ f([$p,$r,$e,$f,$i,$x | Str]) -> ...</pre> <pre> case {Value, Result} of {?THRESHOLD+1, ok} -> ...</pre> - <p>This feature was added in Erlang 5.0/OTP R7.</p> </section> </section> @@ -1348,8 +1346,8 @@ catch ExceptionBodyN end</code> <p>This is an enhancement of - <seealso marker="#catch">catch</seealso> that appeared in - Erlang 5.4/OTP R10B. It gives the possibility to:</p> + <seealso marker="#catch">catch</seealso>. + It gives the possibility to:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item>Distinguish between different exception classes.</item> <item>Choose to handle only the desired ones.</item> @@ -1541,7 +1539,16 @@ end</pre> <pre> 1> <input>[X*2 || X <- [1,2,3]].</input> [2,4,6]</pre> - <p>More examples are provoded in + <p>When there are no generators or bit string generators, a list comprehension + returns either a list with one element (the result of evaluating <c>Expr</c>) + if all filters are true or an empty list otherwise.</p> + <p><em>Example:</em></p> + <pre> +1> <input>[2 || is_integer(2)].</input> +[2] +2> <input>[x || is_integer(x)].</input> +[]</pre> + <p>More examples are provided in <seealso marker="doc/programming_examples:list_comprehensions"> Programming Examples.</seealso></p> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml index abb4ed407d..afbdfa7434 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -80,14 +80,14 @@ <item>A <em>list</em> is any number of items. For example, an argument list can consist of zero, one, or more arguments.</item> </list> - <p>If a feature has been added recently, in Erlang 5.0/OTP R7 or - later, this is mentioned in the text.</p> + <p>If a feature has been added in R13A or later, + this is mentioned in the text.</p> </section> <section> <title>Complete List of BIFs</title> <p>For a complete list of BIFs, their arguments and return values, - see <seealso marker="erts:erlang#process_flag/2">erlang(3)</seealso> + see <seealso marker="erts:erlang">erlang(3)</seealso> manual page in ERTS.</p> </section> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml index 350bb1d123..a341307ab7 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -286,7 +286,6 @@ t.erl:5: Warning: -warning("Macro VERSION not defined -- using default version." argument, is expanded to a string containing the tokens of the argument. This is similar to the <c>#arg</c> stringifying construction in C.</p> - <p>The feature was added in Erlang 5.0/OTP R7.</p> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <code type="none"> -define(TESTCALL(Call), io:format("Call ~s: ~w~n", [??Call, Call])). diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml index 96968b547e..4a97bfeb7b 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2016</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -143,7 +143,6 @@ fact(0) -> % | standard behaviours:</p> <list type="bulleted"> <item><c>gen_server</c></item> - <item><c>gen_fsm</c></item> <item><c>gen_statem</c></item> <item><c>gen_event</c></item> <item><c>supervisor</c></item> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml index 12a3e697cd..6b26e2c242 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2015</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2017</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ <pre> #Name{Field1=Expr1,...,FieldK=ExprK, _=ExprL}</pre> <p>Omitted fields then get the value of evaluating <c>ExprL</c> - instead of their default values. This feature was added in - Erlang 5.1/OTP R8 and is primarily intended to be used to create - patterns for ETS and Mnesia match functions.</p> + instead of their default values. This feature is primarily + intended to be used to create patterns for ETS and Mnesia match + functions.</p> <p><em>Example:</em></p> <pre> -record(person, {name, phone, address}). diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml index f17e5df277..a0ea41cb3b 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at - + http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ <list type="bulleted"> <item>To document function interfaces</item> <item>To provide more information for bug detection tools, - such as <c>Dialyzer</c></item> + such as Dialyzer</item> <item>To be exploited by documentation tools, such as EDoc, for generating program documentation of various forms</item> </list> @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Types consist of, and are built from, a set of predefined types, for example, <c>integer()</c>, <c>atom()</c>, and <c>pid()</c>. Predefined types represent a typically infinite set of Erlang terms that - belong to this type. For example, the type <c>atom()</c> stands for the + belong to this type. For example, the type <c>atom()</c> denotes the set of all Erlang atoms. </p> <p> @@ -131,19 +131,19 @@ | nonempty_improper_list(Type1, Type2) %% Type1 and Type2 as above | nonempty_list(Type) %% Proper non-empty list - Map :: map() %% stands for a map of any size - | #{} %% stands for the empty map + Map :: map() %% denotes a map of any size + | #{} %% denotes the empty map | #{PairList} - Tuple :: tuple() %% stands for a tuple of any size + Tuple :: tuple() %% denotes a tuple of any size | {} | {TList} PairList :: Pair | Pair, PairList - Pair :: Type := Type %% denotes a pair that must be present - | Type => Type + Pair :: Type := Type %% denotes a mandatory pair + | Type => Type %% denotes an optional pair TList :: Type | Type, TList @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ that <c>M</c> or <c>N</c>, or both, are zero. </p> <p> - Because lists are commonly used, they have shorthand type notations. + Because lists are commonly used, they have shorthand type notations. The types <c>list(T)</c> and <c>nonempty_list(T)</c> have the shorthands <c>[T]</c> and <c>[T,...]</c>, respectively. The only difference between the two shorthands is that <c>[T]</c> can be an @@ -169,14 +169,18 @@ </p> <p> Notice that the shorthand for <c>list()</c>, that is, the list of - elements of unknown type, is <c>[_]</c> (or <c>[any()]</c>), not <c>[]</c>. + elements of unknown type, is <c>[_]</c> (or <c>[any()]</c>), not <c>[]</c>. The notation <c>[]</c> specifies the singleton type for the empty list. </p> <p> The general form of maps is <c>#{PairList}</c>. The key types in <c>PairList</c> are allowed to overlap, and if they do, the leftmost pair takes precedence. A map pair has a key in - <c>PairList</c> if it belongs to this type. + <c>PairList</c> if it belongs to this type. A <c>PairList</c> may contain + both 'mandatory' and 'optional' pairs where 'mandatory' denotes that + a key type, and its associated value type, must be present. + In the case of an 'optional' pair it is not required for the key type to + be present. </p> <p> Notice that the syntactic representation of <c>map()</c> is @@ -184,8 +188,8 @@ The notation <c>#{}</c> specifies the singleton type for the empty map. </p> <p> - For convenience, the following types are also built-in. - They can be thought as predefined aliases for the type unions also shown in + For convenience, the following types are also built-in. + They can be thought as predefined aliases for the type unions also shown in the table. </p> <table> @@ -201,37 +205,37 @@ <row> <cell><c>bitstring()</c></cell><cell><c><<_:_*1>></c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>boolean()</c></cell><cell><c>'false' | 'true'</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>byte()</c></cell><cell><c>0..255</c></cell> </row> <row> <cell><c>char()</c></cell><cell><c>0..16#10ffff</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>nil()</c></cell><cell><c>[]</c></cell> </row> <row> <cell><c>number()</c></cell><cell><c>integer() | float()</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>list()</c></cell><cell><c>[any()]</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>maybe_improper_list()</c></cell><cell><c>maybe_improper_list(any(), any())</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>nonempty_list()</c></cell><cell><c>nonempty_list(any())</c></cell> </row> <row> <cell><c>string()</c></cell><cell><c>[char()]</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>nonempty_string()</c></cell><cell><c>[char(),...]</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>iodata()</c></cell><cell><c>iolist() | binary()</c></cell> </row> <row> @@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ <row> <cell><c>module()</c></cell><cell><c>atom()</c></cell> </row> - <row> + <row> <cell><c>mfa()</c></cell><cell><c>{module(),atom(),arity()}</c></cell> </row> <row> @@ -259,7 +263,7 @@ <cell><c>timeout()</c></cell><cell><c>'infinity' | non_neg_integer()</c></cell> </row> <row> - <cell><c>no_return()</c></cell><cell><c>none()</c></cell> + <cell><c>no_return()</c></cell><cell><c>none()</c></cell> </row> <tcaption>Built-in types, predefined aliases</tcaption> </table> @@ -284,11 +288,11 @@ </row> <tcaption>Additional built-in types</tcaption> </table> - + <p> Users are not allowed to define types with the same names as the predefined or built-in ones. This is checked by the compiler and - its violation results in a compilation error. + its violation results in a compilation error. </p> <note> <p> @@ -394,13 +398,13 @@ <pre> -record(rec, {field1 :: Type1, field2, field3 :: Type3}).</pre> <p> - For fields without type annotations, their type defaults to any(). + For fields without type annotations, their type defaults to any(). That is, the previous example is a shorthand for the following: </p> <pre> -record(rec, {field1 :: Type1, field2 :: any(), field3 :: Type3}).</pre> <p> - In the presence of initial values for fields, + In the presence of initial values for fields, the type must be declared after the initialization, as follows: </p> <pre> @@ -409,11 +413,13 @@ The initial values for fields are to be compatible with (that is, a member of) the corresponding types. This is checked by the compiler and results in a compilation error - if a violation is detected. For fields without initial values, - the singleton type <c>'undefined'</c> is added to all declared types. - In other words, the following two record declarations have identical - effects: + if a violation is detected. </p> + <note> + <p>Before Erlang/OTP 19, for fields without initial values, + the singleton type <c>'undefined'</c> was added to all declared types. + In other words, the following two record declarations had identical + effects:</p> <pre> -record(rec, {f1 = 42 :: integer(), f2 :: float(), @@ -423,26 +429,27 @@ f2 :: 'undefined' | float(), f3 :: 'undefined' | 'a' | 'b'}).</pre> <p> - For this reason, it is recommended that records contain initializers, - whenever possible. + This is no longer the case. If you require <c>'undefined'</c> in your record field + type, you must explicitly add it to the typespec, as in the 2nd example. </p> + </note> <p> - Any record, containing type information or not, once defined, + Any record, containing type information or not, once defined, can be used as a type using the following syntax: </p> <pre> #rec{}</pre> <p> - In addition, the record fields can be further specified when using + In addition, the record fields can be further specified when using a record type by adding type information about the field as follows: </p> <pre> #rec{some_field :: Type}</pre> <p> - Any unspecified fields are assumed to have the type in the original + Any unspecified fields are assumed to have the type in the original record declaration. </p> </section> - + <section> <title>Specifications for Functions</title> <p> @@ -456,9 +463,9 @@ else a compilation error occurs. </p> <p> - This form can also be used in header files (.hrl) to declare type - information for exported functions. - Then these header files can be included in files that (implicitly or + This form can also be used in header files (.hrl) to declare type + information for exported functions. + Then these header files can be included in files that (implicitly or explicitly) import these functions. </p> <p> @@ -472,14 +479,14 @@ <pre> -spec Function(ArgName1 :: Type1, ..., ArgNameN :: TypeN) -> RT.</pre> <p> - A function specification can be overloaded. + A function specification can be overloaded. That is, it can have several types, separated by a semicolon (<c>;</c>): </p> <pre> -spec foo(T1, T2) -> T3 ; (T4, T5) -> T6.</pre> <p> - A current restriction, which currently results in a warning + A current restriction, which currently results in a warning (not an error) by the compiler, is that the domains of the argument types cannot overlap. For example, the following specification results in a warning: @@ -488,9 +495,9 @@ -spec foo(pos_integer()) -> pos_integer() ; (integer()) -> integer().</pre> <p> - Type variables can be used in specifications to specify relations for - the input and output arguments of a function. - For example, the following specification defines the type of a + Type variables can be used in specifications to specify relations for + the input and output arguments of a function. + For example, the following specification defines the type of a polymorphic identity function: </p> <pre> @@ -539,8 +546,8 @@ -spec foo({X, integer()}) -> X when X :: atom() ; ([Y]) -> Y when Y :: number().</pre> <p> - Some functions in Erlang are not meant to return; - either because they define servers or because they are used to + Some functions in Erlang are not meant to return; + either because they define servers or because they are used to throw exceptions, as in the following function: </p> <pre> my_error(Err) -> erlang:throw({error, Err}).</pre> @@ -552,4 +559,3 @@ <pre> -spec my_error(term()) -> no_return().</pre> </section> </chapter> - |