diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'system/doc/reference_manual')
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/book.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml | 133 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml | 24 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml | 37 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml | 278 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/functions.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml | 87 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml | 29 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/part.xml | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/patterns.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/ports.xml | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/processes.xml | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml | 69 |
17 files changed, 539 insertions, 163 deletions
diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/book.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/book.xml index eb2e860f80..546fb36a57 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/book.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/book.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE book SYSTEM "book.dtd"> <book xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> <header titlestyle="normal"> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2009</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b09b484582 --- /dev/null +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/character_set.xml @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> +<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> + +<chapter> + <header> + <copyright> + <year>2014</year><year>2014</year> + <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> + </copyright> + <legalnotice> + The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License, + Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in + compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the + Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be + retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/. + + Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" + basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See + the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations + under the License. + + </legalnotice> + + <title>Character Set and Source File Encoding</title> + <prepared></prepared> + <docno></docno> + <date></date> + <rev></rev> + <file>character_set.xml</file> + </header> + + <section> + <title>Character Set</title> + <p>In Erlang 4.8/OTP R5A the syntax of Erlang tokens was extended to + allow the use of the full ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) character set. This + is noticeable in the following ways:</p> + <list type="bulleted"> + <item> + <p>All the Latin-1 printable characters can be used and are + shown without the escape backslash convention.</p> + </item> + <item> + <p>Atoms and variables can use all Latin-1 letters.</p> + </item> + </list> + <table> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Octal</em></cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Decimal</em></cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"> </cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Class</em></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">200 - 237</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">128 - 159</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"> </cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Control characters</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">240 - 277</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">160 - 191</cell> + <cell align="right" valign="middle">- ¿</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Punctuation characters</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">300 - 326</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">192 - 214</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">À - Ö</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Uppercase letters</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">327</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">215</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">×</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Punctuation character</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">330 - 336</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">216 - 222</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">Ø - Þ</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Uppercase letters</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">337 - 366</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">223 - 246</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">ß - ö</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Lowercase letters</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">367</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">247</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">÷</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Punctuation character</cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">370 - 377</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">248 - 255</cell> + <cell align="center" valign="middle">ø - ÿ</cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle">Lowercase letters</cell> + </row> + <tcaption>Character Classes.</tcaption> + </table> + <p>In Erlang/OTP R16B the syntax of Erlang tokens was extended to + handle Unicode. The support is limited to + string literals and comments. Atoms, module names, and + function names are restricted to the ISO-Latin-1 range. + More about the usage of Unicode in Erlang source files + can be found in <seealso + marker="stdlib:unicode_usage#unicode_in_erlang">STDLIB's User's + Guide</seealso>.</p> + </section> + <section> + <title>Source File Encoding</title> + <p>The Erlang source file <marker + id="encoding">encoding</marker> is selected by a + comment in one of the first two lines of the source file. The + first string that matches the regular expression + <c>coding\s*[:=]\s*([-a-zA-Z0-9])+</c> selects the encoding. If + the matching string is not a valid encoding it is ignored. The + valid encodings are <c>Latin-1</c> and <c>UTF-8</c> where the + case of the characters can be chosen freely.</p> + <p>The following example selects UTF-8 as default encoding:</p> + <pre> +%% coding: utf-8</pre> + <p>Two more examples, both selecting Latin-1 as default encoding:</p> + <pre> +%% For this file we have chosen encoding = Latin-1</pre> + <pre> +%% -*- coding: latin-1 -*-</pre> + <p>The default encoding for Erlang source files was changed from + Latin-1 to UTF-8 in Erlang OTP 17.0.</p> + </section> +</chapter> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml index 0d2d7b2c2f..b5b5704df5 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/code_loading.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2011</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2014</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -121,10 +121,22 @@ loop() -> <title>Running a function when a module is loaded</title> <warning> - <p>This section describes an experimental feature that was - introduced in R13B03, and changed in a backwards-incompatible - way in R13B04. There may be more backward-incompatible changes - in future releases.</p> + <p>The <c>on_load</c> feature should be considered experimental + as there are a number of known weak points in current semantics + which therefore might also change in future releases:</p> + <list> + <item><p>Doing external call in on_load to the module itself + leads to deadlock.</p></item> + <item><p>At module upgrade, other processes calling the module + get suspended waiting for on_load to finish. This can be very bad + for applications with demands on realtime characteristics.</p></item> + <item><p>At module upgrade, no rollback is done if the on_load function fails. + The system will be left in a bad limbo state without any working + and reachable instance of the module.</p></item> + </list> + <p>The problems with module upgrade described above could be fixed in future + releases by changing the behaviour to not make the module reachable until + after the on_load function has successfully returned.</p> </warning> <p>The <c>-on_load()</c> directive names a function that should diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml index 531d50b2cf..ad92143179 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/data_types.xml @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> @@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ <list type="bulleted"> <item><c>$</c><em><c>char</c></em> <br></br> - ASCII value of the character <em><c>char</c></em>.</item> + ASCII value or unicode code-point of the character + <em><c>char</c></em>.</item> <item><em><c>base</c></em><c>#</c><em><c>value</c></em> <br></br> Integer with the base <em><c>base</c></em>, which must be an @@ -190,6 +191,38 @@ adam </section> <section> + <title>Map</title> + <p>Compound data type with a variable number of key-value associations:</p> + <pre> +#{Key1=>Value1,...,KeyN=>ValueN}</pre> + <p>Each key-value association in the map is called an + <em>association pair</em>. The key and value parts of the pair are + called <em>elements</em>. The number of association pairs is said to be + the <em>size</em> of the map.</p> + <p>There exists a number of BIFs to manipulate maps.</p> + <p>Examples:</p> + <pre> +1> <input>M1 = #{name=>adam,age=>24,date=>{july,29}}.</input> +#{age => 24,date => {july,29},name => adam} +2> <input>maps:get(name,M1).</input> +adam +3> <input>maps:get(date,M1).</input> +{july,29} +4> <input>M2 = maps:update(age,25,M1).</input> +#{age => 25,date => {july,29},name => adam} +5> <input>map_size(M).</input> +3 +6> <input>map_size(#{}).</input> +0</pre> + <p>A collection of maps processing functions can be found in + the STDLIB module <seealso marker="stdlib:maps"><c>maps</c></seealso>.</p> + <p>Read more about <seealso marker="expressions#map_expressions">Maps</seealso>.</p> + <note> + <p>Maps are considered experimental during OTP 17.</p> + </note> + </section> + + <section> <title>List</title> <p>Compound data type with a variable number of terms.</p> <pre> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml index bc55d14c90..88f98bc106 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/distributed.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2011</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ dilbert@uab</pre> <cell align="left" valign="middle">Depending on <c>Arg</c>, this function can return a list not only of visible nodes, but also hidden nodes and previously known nodes, etc.</cell> </row> <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>set_cookie(Node, Cookie)</c></cell> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>erlang:set_cookie(Node, Cookie)</c></cell> <cell align="left" valign="middle">Sets the magic cookie used when connecting to <c>Node</c>. If <c>Node</c> is the current node, <c>Cookie</c> will be used when connecting to all new nodes.</cell> </row> <row> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml index 4e207021d3..dde6e68f4a 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/errors.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2011</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml index 357f89f731..62a344ad58 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/expressions.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2012</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Expr1 + Expr2</code> <marker id="term"></marker> <title>Terms</title> <p>The simplest form of expression is a term, that is an integer, - float, atom, string, list or tuple. + float, atom, string, list, map or tuple. The return value is the term itself.</p> </section> @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ fun lists:append/2([1,2], [3,4]) length([]) -> 0; length([H|T]) -> - 1 + length(T). %% Calls the local funtion length/1 + 1 + length(T). %% Calls the local function length/1 f(X) when erlang:length(X) > 3 -> %% Calls erlang:length/1, %% which is allowed in guards @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ f(X) when erlang:length(X) > 3 -> %% Calls erlang:length/1, -import(mod,[length/1]). -f(X) when erlang:length(X) > 33 -> %% Calls erlang:lenght/1, +f(X) when erlang:length(X) > 33 -> %% Calls erlang:length/1, %% which is allowed in guards erlang:length(X); %% Explicit call to erlang:length in body @@ -792,6 +792,245 @@ Expr1 -- Expr2</pre> </section> <section> + <marker id="map_expressions"></marker> + <title>Map Expressions</title> + <section> + <title>Creating Maps</title> + <p> + Constructing a new map is done by letting an expression <c>K</c> be associated with + another expression <c>V</c>: + </p> + <code>#{ K => V }</code> + <p> + New maps may include multiple associations at construction by listing every + association: + </p> + <code>#{ K1 => V1, .., Kn => Vn }</code> + <p> + An empty map is constructed by not associating any terms with each other: + </p> + <code>#{}</code> + <p> + All keys and values in the map are terms. Any expression is first evaluated and + then the resulting terms are used as <em>key</em> and <em>value</em> respectively. + </p> + <p> + Keys and values are separated by the <c>=></c> arrow and associations are + separated by <c>,</c>. + </p> + + <p> + Examples: + </p> + <code> +M0 = #{}, % empty map +M1 = #{a => <<"hello">>}, % single association with literals +M2 = #{1 => 2, b => b}, % multiple associations with literals +M3 = #{k => {A,B}}, % single association with variables +M4 = #{{"w", 1} => f()}. % compound key associated with an evaluated expression</code> + <p> + where, <c>A</c> and <c>B</c> are any expressions and <c>M0</c> through <c>M4</c> + are the resulting map terms. + </p> + <p> + If two matching keys are declared, the latter key will take precedence. + </p> + <p> + Example: + </p> + +<pre> +1> <input>#{1 => a, 1 => b}.</input> +#{1 => b } +2> <input>#{1.0 => a, 1 => b}.</input> +#{1 => b, 1.0 => a} +</pre> + <p> + The order in which the expressions constructing the keys and their + associated values are evaluated is not defined. The syntactic order of + the key-value pairs in the construction is of no relevance, except in + the above mentioned case of two matching keys. + </p> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Updating Maps</title> + <p> + Updating a map has similar syntax as constructing it. + </p> + <p> + An expression defining the map to be updated is put in front of the expression + defining the keys to be updated and their respective values. + </p> + <code>M#{ K => V }</code> + <p> + where <c>M</c> is a term of type map and <c>K</c> and <c>V</c> are any expression. + </p> + <p> + If key <c>K</c> does not match any existing key in the map, a new association + will be created from key <c>K</c> to value <c>V</c>. If key <c>K</c> matches + an existing key in map <c>M</c> its associated value will be replaced by the + new value <c>V</c>. In both cases the evaluated map expression will return a new map. + </p> + <p> + If <c>M</c> is not of type map an exception of type <c>badmap</c> is thrown. + </p> + <p> + To only update an existing value, the following syntax is used, + </p> + <code>M#{ K := V } </code> + <p> + where <c>M</c> is an term of type map, <c>V</c> is an expression and <c>K</c> + is an expression which evaluates to an existing key in <c>M</c>. + </p> + <p> + If key <c>K</c> does not match any existing keys in map <c>M</c> an exception + of type <c>badarg</c> will be triggered at runtime. If a matching key <c>K</c> + is present in map <c>M</c> its associated value will be replaced by the new + value <c>V</c> and the evaluated map expression returns a new map. + </p> + <p> + If <c>M</c> is not of type map an exception of type <c>badmap</c> is thrown. + </p> + <p> + Examples: + </p> + <code> +M0 = #{}, +M1 = M0#{a => 0}, +M2 = M1#{a => 1, b => 2}, +M3 = M2#{"function" => fun() -> f() end}, +M4 = M3#{a := 2, b := 3}. % 'a' and 'b' was added in `M1` and `M2`.</code> + <p> + where <c>M0</c> is any map. It follows that <c>M1 .. M4</c> are maps as well. + </p> + <p> + More Examples: + </p> +<pre> +1> <input>M = #{1 => a}.</input> +#{1 => a } +2> <input>M#{1.0 => b}.</input> +#{1 => a, 1.0 => b}. +3> <input>M#{1 := b}.</input> +#{1 => b} +4> <input>M#{1.0 := b}.</input> +** exception error: bad argument +</pre> + <p> + As in construction, the order in which the key and value expressions + are evaluated is not defined. The + syntactic order of the key-value pairs in the update is of no + relevance, except in the case where two keys match, in which + case the latter value is used. + </p> + </section> + + <section> + <title>Maps in Patterns</title> + <p> + Matching of key-value associations from maps is done in the following way: + </p> + + <code>#{ K := V } = M</code> + <p> + where <c>M</c> is any map. The key <c>K</c> has to be an expression with bound + variables or a literals, and <c>V</c> can be any pattern with either bound or + unbound variables. + </p> + <p> + If the variable <c>V</c> is unbound, it will be bound to the value associated + with the key <c>K</c>, which has to exist in the map <c>M</c>. If the variable + <c>V</c> is bound, it has to match the value associated with <c>K</c> in <c>M</c>. + </p> + <p> Example: </p> +<code> +1> <input>M = #{"tuple" => {1,2}}.</input> +#{"tuple" => {1,2}} +2> <input>#{"tuple" := {1,B}} = M.</input> +#{"tuple" => {1,2}} +3> <input>B.</input> +2.</code> + <p> + This will bind variable <c>B</c> to integer <c>2</c>. + </p> + <p> + Similarly, multiple values from the map may be matched: + </p> + <code>#{ K1 := V1, .., Kn := Vn } = M</code> + <p> + where keys <c>K1 .. Kn</c> are any expressions with literals or bound variables. If all + keys exist in map <c>M</c> all variables in <c>V1 .. Vn</c> will be matched to the + associated values of their respective keys. + </p> + <p> + If the matching conditions are not met, the match will fail, either with + </p> + <list> + <item> + a <c>badmatch</c> exception, if used in the context of the matching operator + as in the example, + </item> + <item> + or resulting in the next clause being tested in function heads and + case expressions. + </item> + </list> + <p> + Matching in maps only allows for <c>:=</c> as delimiters of associations. + The order in which keys are declared in matching has no relevance. + </p> + <p> + Duplicate keys are allowed in matching and will match each pattern associated + to the keys. + </p> + <code>#{ K := V1, K := V2 } = M</code> + <p> + Matching an expression against an empty map literal will match its type but + no variables will be bound: + </p> + <code>#{} = Expr</code> + <p> + This expression will match if the expression <c>Expr</c> is of type map, otherwise + it will fail with an exception <c>badmatch</c>. + </p> + <section> + <title>Matching syntax: Example with literals in function heads</title> + <p> + Matching of literals as keys are allowed in function heads. + </p> + <code> +%% only start if not_started +handle_call(start, From, #{ state := not_started } = S) -> +... + {reply, ok, S#{ state := start }}; + +%% only change if started +handle_call(change, From, #{ state := start } = S) -> +... + {reply, ok, S#{ state := changed }};</code> + </section> + </section> + <section> + <title>Maps in Guards</title> + <p> + Maps are allowed in guards as long as all sub-expressions are valid guard expressions. + </p> + <p> + Two guard BIFs handles maps: + </p> + <list> + <item> + <seealso marker="erts:erlang#is_map/1">is_map/1</seealso> + </item> + <item> + <seealso marker="erts:erlang#map_size/1">map_size/1</seealso> + </item> + </list> + </section> + </section> + + <section> <marker id="bit_syntax"></marker> <title>Bit Syntax Expressions</title> <code type="none"><![CDATA[<<>> @@ -954,19 +1193,20 @@ Ei = Value | <title>Fun Expressions</title> <pre> fun - (Pattern11,...,Pattern1N) [when GuardSeq1] -> - Body1; + [Name](Pattern11,...,Pattern1N) [when GuardSeq1] -> + Body1; ...; - (PatternK1,...,PatternKN) [when GuardSeqK] -> - BodyK + [Name](PatternK1,...,PatternKN) [when GuardSeqK] -> + BodyK end</pre> <p>A fun expression begins with the keyword <c>fun</c> and ends with the keyword <c>end</c>. Between them should be a function declaration, similar to a - <seealso marker="functions#syntax">regular function declaration</seealso>, except that no function name is - specified.</p> - <p>Variables in a fun head shadow variables in the - function clause surrounding the fun expression, and + <seealso marker="functions#syntax">regular function declaration</seealso>, + except that the function name is optional and should be a variable if + any.</p> + <p>Variables in a fun head shadow the function name and both shadow + variables in the function clause surrounding the fun expression, and variables bound in a fun body are local to the fun body.</p> <p>The return value of the expression is the resulting fun.</p> <p>Examples:</p> @@ -978,7 +1218,11 @@ end</pre> 3> <input>Fun2 = fun (X) when X>=5 -> gt; (X) -> lt end.</input> #Fun<erl_eval.6.39074546> 4> <input>Fun2(7).</input> -gt</pre> +gt +5> <input>Fun3 = fun Fact(1) -> 1; Fact(X) when X > 1 -> X * Fact(X - 1) end.</input> +#Fun<erl_eval.6.39074546> +6> <input>Fun3(4).</input> +24</pre> <p>The following fun expressions are also allowed:</p> <pre> fun Name/Arity @@ -1343,6 +1587,9 @@ end</pre> <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>is_list/1</c></cell> </row> <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>is_map/1</c></cell> + </row> + <row> <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>is_number/1</c></cell> </row> <row> @@ -1393,6 +1640,9 @@ end</pre> <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>length(List)</c></cell> </row> <row> + <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>map_size(Map)</c></cell> + </row> + <row> <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>node()</c></cell> </row> <row> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/functions.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/functions.xml index 3746ee6fad..9498ef1402 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/functions.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/functions.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2009</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml index d143a154b6..36bec17825 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/introduction.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2014</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -79,88 +79,5 @@ when xor</p> </section> - <section> - <title>Character Set</title> - <p>In Erlang 4.8/OTP R5A the syntax of Erlang tokens was extended to - allow the use of the full ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) character set. This - is noticeable in the following ways:</p> - <list type="bulleted"> - <item> - <p>All the Latin-1 printable characters can be used and are - shown without the escape backslash convention.</p> - </item> - <item> - <p>Atoms and variables can use all Latin-1 letters.</p> - </item> - </list> - <table> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Octal</em></cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Decimal</em></cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle"> </cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Class</em></cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">200 - 237</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">128 - 159</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle"> </cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Control characters</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">240 - 277</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">160 - 191</cell> - <cell align="right" valign="middle">- ¿</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Punctuation characters</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">300 - 326</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">192 - 214</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">À - Ö</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Uppercase letters</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">327</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">215</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">×</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Punctuation character</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">330 - 336</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">216 - 222</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">Ø - Þ</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Uppercase letters</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">337 - 366</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">223 - 246</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">ß - ö</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Lowercase letters</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">367</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">247</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">÷</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Punctuation character</cell> - </row> - <row> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">370 - 377</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">248 - 255</cell> - <cell align="center" valign="middle">ø - ÿ</cell> - <cell align="left" valign="middle">Lowercase letters</cell> - </row> - <tcaption>Character Classes.</tcaption> - </table> - <p>In Erlang/OTP R16 the syntax of Erlang tokens was extended to - handle Unicode. To begin with the support is limited to strings, - but Erlang/OTP R18 is expected to handle Unicode atoms as well. - More about the usage of Unicode in Erlang source files can be - found in <seealso - marker="stdlib:unicode_usage#unicode_in_erlang">STDLIB's User'S - Guide</seealso>. The default encoding for Erlang source files - is still Latin-1, but in Erlang/OTP R17 the default encoding - will be UTF-8. The details on how to state the encoding of an - Erlang source file can be found in <seealso - marker="stdlib:epp#encoding">epp(3)</seealso>.</p> - </section> </chapter> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml index ef2db93f94..9fd0b0f287 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/macros.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2011</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml index 51c8157764..f0ec7ef165 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/modules.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2012</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2014</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ fact(0) -> % | <pre> -Tag(Value).</pre> <p><c>Tag</c> must be an atom, while <c>Value</c> must be a literal - term. As a convenience in user-defined attributes, the literal term - <c>Value</c> the syntax <c>Name/Arity</c> - (where <c>Name</c> is an atom and <c>Arity</c> a positive integer) - will be translated to <c>{Name,Arity}</c>.</p> + term. As a convenience in user-defined attributes, if the literal term + <c>Value</c> has the syntax <c>Name/Arity</c> + (where <c>Name</c> is an atom and <c>Arity</c> a positive integer), + the term <c>Name/Arity</c> will be translated to <c>{Name,Arity}</c>.</p> <p>Any module attribute can be specified. The attributes are stored in the compiled code and can be retrieved by calling @@ -134,8 +134,21 @@ fact(0) -> % | standard behaviours <c>gen_server</c>, <c>gen_fsm</c>, <c>gen_event</c> or <c>supervisor</c>.</p> <p>The spelling <c>behavior</c> is also accepted.</p> - <p>Read more about behaviours and callback modules in OTP Design - Principles.</p> + <p>The callback functions of the module can be specified either + directly by the exported function <c>behaviour_info/1</c>:</p> + <pre> +behaviour_info(callbacks) -> Callbacks.</pre> + <p>or by a <c>-callback</c> attribute for each callback + function:</p> + <pre> +-callback Name(Arguments) -> Result.</pre> + <p>where <c>Arguments</c> is a list of zero or more arguments. + The <c>-callback</c> attribute is to be preferred since the + extra type information can be used by tools to produce + documentation or find discrepancies.</p> + <p>Read more about behaviours and callback modules in + <seealso marker="doc/design_principles:spec_proc#behaviours"> + OTP Design Principles</seealso>.</p> </section> <section> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/part.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/part.xml index 8151f4c4e1..ee8f3dd7eb 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/part.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/part.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE part SYSTEM "part.dtd"> <part xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2010</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2014</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ <rev></rev> </header> <xi:include href="introduction.xml"/> + <xi:include href="character_set.xml"/> <xi:include href="data_types.xml"/> <xi:include href="patterns.xml"/> <xi:include href="modules.xml"/> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/patterns.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/patterns.xml index 7289f14d73..1611002fa1 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/patterns.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/patterns.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2009</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/ports.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/ports.xml index 58e2baac17..621af10624 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/ports.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/ports.xml @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/processes.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/processes.xml index 305d7d9c66..95ae0672ec 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/processes.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/processes.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2009</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ spawn(Module, Name, Args) -> pid() <p>Two processes can be <em>linked</em> to each other. A link between two processes <c>Pid1</c> and <c>Pid2</c> is created by <c>Pid1</c> calling the BIF <c>link(Pid2)</c> (or vice versa). - There also exists a number a <c>spawn_link</c> BIFs, which spawns - and links to a process in one operation.</p> + There also exist a number of <c>spawn_link</c> BIFs, which spawn + and link to a process in one operation.</p> <p>Links are bidirectional and there can only be one link between two processes. Repeated calls to <c>link(Pid)</c> have no effect.</p> <p>A link can be removed by calling the BIF <c>unlink(Pid)</c>.</p> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml index d01d883ef3..04766531df 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/records.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2010</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> diff --git a/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml b/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml index 1279493ba8..e4aa2ceda6 100644 --- a/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml +++ b/system/doc/reference_manual/typespec.xml @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd"> <chapter> <header> <copyright> - <year>2003</year><year>2013</year> + <year>2003</year><year>2014</year> <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> @@ -100,9 +100,10 @@ | Fun | Integer | List + | Map | Tuple | Union - | UserDefined %% described in Section 6.3 + | UserDefined %% described in Section 7.3 Atom :: atom() | Erlang_Atom %% 'foo', 'bar', ... @@ -118,17 +119,25 @@ | fun((TList) -> Type) Integer :: integer() - | Erlang_Integer %% ..., -1, 0, 1, ... 42 ... - | Erlang_Integer..Erlang_Integer %% specifies an integer range + | Erlang_Integer %% ..., -1, 0, 1, ... 42 ... + | Erlang_Integer..Erlang_Integer %% specifies an integer range - List :: list(Type) %% Proper list ([]-terminated) - | improper_list(Type1, Type2) %% Type1=contents, Type2=termination - | maybe_improper_list(Type1, Type2) %% Type1 and Type2 as above + List :: list(Type) %% Proper list ([]-terminated) + | maybe_improper_list(Type1, Type2) %% Type1=contents, Type2=termination + | nonempty_improper_list(Type1, Type2) %% Type1 and Type2 as above + | nonempty_list(Type) %% Proper non-empty list - Tuple :: tuple() %% stands for a tuple of any size + Map :: map() %% stands for a map of any size + | #{} %% stands for a map of any size + | #{PairList} + + Tuple :: tuple() %% stands for a tuple of any size | {} | {TList} + PairList :: Type => Type + | Type => Type, PairList + TList :: Type | Type, TList @@ -146,9 +155,8 @@ </p> <p> Because lists are commonly used, they have shorthand type notations. - The type <c>list(T)</c> has the shorthand <c>[T]</c>. - The shorthand <c>[T,...]</c> stands for - the set of non-empty proper lists whose elements are of type <c>T</c>. + The types <c>list(T)</c> and <c>nonempty_list(T)</c> have the shorthands + <c>[T]</c> and <c>[T,...]</c>, respectively. The only difference between the two shorthands is that <c>[T]</c> may be an empty list but <c>[T,...]</c> may not. </p> @@ -160,7 +168,7 @@ <p> For convenience, the following types are also built-in. They can be thought as predefined aliases for the type unions also shown in - the table. (Some type unions below slightly abuse the syntax of types.) + the table. </p> <table> <row> @@ -170,10 +178,10 @@ <cell><c>term()</c></cell><cell><c>any()</c></cell> </row> <row> - <cell><c>binary()</c></cell><cell><c><<_:*8>></c></cell> + <cell><c>binary()</c></cell><cell><c><<_:_*8>></c></cell> </row> <row> - <cell><c>bitstring()</c></cell><cell><c><<_:*1>></c></cell> + <cell><c>bitstring()</c></cell><cell><c><<_:_*1>></c></cell> </row> <row> <cell><c>boolean()</c></cell><cell><c>'false' | 'true'</c></cell> @@ -194,7 +202,7 @@ <cell><c>maybe_improper_list()</c></cell><cell><c>maybe_improper_list(any(), any())</c></cell> </row> <row> - <cell><c>maybe_improper_list(T)</c></cell><cell><c>maybe_improper_list(T, any())</c></cell> + <cell><c>nonempty_list()</c></cell><cell><c>nonempty_list(any())</c></cell> </row> <row> <cell><c>string()</c></cell><cell><c>[char()]</c></cell> @@ -203,13 +211,22 @@ <cell><c>nonempty_string()</c></cell><cell><c>[char(),...]</c></cell> </row> <row> + <cell><c>iodata()</c></cell><cell><c>iolist() | binary()</c></cell> + </row> + <row> <cell><c>iolist()</c></cell><cell><c>maybe_improper_list(byte() | binary() | iolist(), binary() | [])</c></cell> </row> <row> + <cell><c>function()</c></cell><cell><c>fun()</c></cell> + </row> + <row> <cell><c>module()</c></cell><cell><c>atom()</c></cell> </row> <row> - <cell><c>mfa()</c></cell><cell><c>{atom(),atom(),byte()}</c></cell> + <cell><c>mfa()</c></cell><cell><c>{atom(),atom(),arity()}</c></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell><c>arity()</c></cell><cell><c>0..255</c></cell> </row> <row> <cell><c>node()</c></cell><cell><c>atom()</c></cell> @@ -245,24 +262,20 @@ Users are not allowed to define types with the same names as the predefined or built-in ones. This is checked by the compiler and its violation results in a compilation error. - (For bootstrapping purposes, it can also result to just a warning - if this involves a built-in type which has just been introduced.) </p> <note> The following built-in list types also exist, but they are expected to be rarely used. Hence, they have long names: </note> <pre> - nonempty_maybe_improper_list(Type) :: nonempty_maybe_improper_list(Type, any()) - nonempty_maybe_improper_list() :: nonempty_maybe_improper_list(any())</pre> - <p> - where the following two types - define the set of Erlang terms one would expect: - </p> - <pre> + nonempty_maybe_improper_list() :: nonempty_maybe_improper_list(any(), any()) nonempty_improper_list(Type1, Type2) nonempty_maybe_improper_list(Type1, Type2)</pre> <p> + where the last two types + define the set of Erlang terms one would expect. + </p> + <p> Also for convenience, we allow for record notation to be used. Records are just shorthands for the corresponding tuples. </p> @@ -273,6 +286,10 @@ Records have been extended to possibly contain type information. This is described in the sub-section <seealso marker="#typeinrecords">"Type information in record declarations"</seealso> below. </p> + <note> + <p>Map types, both <c>map()</c> and <c>#{ ... }</c>, are considered experimental during OTP 17.</p> + <p>No type information of maps pairs, only the containing map types, are used by Dialyzer in OTP 17.</p> + </note> </section> <section> |