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Communication between Erlang processes has conceptually always been
performed through asynchronous signaling. The runtime system
implementation has however previously preformed most operation
synchronously. In a system with only one true thread of execution, this
is not problematic (often the opposite). In a system with multiple threads
of execution (as current runtime system implementation with SMP support)
it becomes problematic. This since it often involves locking of structures
when updating them which in turn cause resource contention. Utilizing
true asynchronous communication often avoids these resource contention
issues.
The case that triggered this change was contention on the link lock due
to frequent updates of the monitor trees during communication with a
frequently used server. The signal order delivery guarantees of the
language makes it hard to change the implementation of only some signals
to use true asynchronous signaling. Therefore the implementations
of (almost) all signals have been changed.
Currently the following signals have been implemented as true
asynchronous signals:
- Message signals
- Exit signals
- Monitor signals
- Demonitor signals
- Monitor triggered signals (DOWN, CHANGE, etc)
- Link signals
- Unlink signals
- Group leader signals
All of the above already defined as asynchronous signals in the
language. The implementation of messages signals was quite
asynchronous to begin with, but had quite strict delivery constraints
due to the ordering guarantees of signals between a pair of processes.
The previously used message queue partitioned into two halves has been
replaced by a more general signal queue partitioned into three parts
that service all kinds of signals. More details regarding the signal
queue can be found in comments in the erl_proc_sig_queue.h file.
The monitor and link implementations have also been completely replaced
in order to fit the new asynchronous signaling implementation as good
as possible. More details regarding the new monitor and link
implementations can be found in the erl_monitor_link.h file.
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binary:bin_to_list had a poor implementation that resulted in
excessive garbage collection. binary_to_list is almost identical and
has a generally better implementation, so I've replaced
binary:bin_to_list's CIF with a thin wrapper around binary_to_list.
Granted, binary_to_list has a deprecated indexing scheme, but we're
unlikely to ever remote it entirely and it's somewhat easy to move
it to the 'binary' module later on.
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* maint:
Update primary bootstrap
Conflicts:
bootstrap/bin/start.boot
bootstrap/bin/start_clean.boot
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_asm.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_jump.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_listing.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_type.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_validator.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/compile.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/core_pp.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/v3_codegen.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/v3_kernel_pp.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/dist_util.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/error_logger.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/erts_debug.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/group_history.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/hipe_unified_loader.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/kernel.app
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/os.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/user.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/array.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/dets.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/edlin.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/erl_lint.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/ets.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/filelib.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/filename.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/gen_statem.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/lib.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/otp_internal.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/qlc.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/shell.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/stdlib.appup
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/string.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/unicode_util.beam
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for hipe_unified_loader
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putenv(3) and friends aren't thread-safe regardless of how you slice
it; a global lock around all environment operations (like before)
keeps things safe as far as our own operations go, but we have
absolutely no control over what libc or a library dragged in by a
driver/NIF does -- they're free to call getenv(3) or putenv(3)
without honoring our lock.
This commit solves this by setting up an "emulated" environment which
can't be touched without going through our interfaces. Third-party
libraries can still shoot themselves in the foot but benign uses of
os:putenv/2 will no longer risk crashing the emulator.
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This improves the latency of file operations as dirty schedulers
are a bit more eager to run jobs than async threads, and use a
single global queue rather than per-thread queues, eliminating the
risk of a job stalling behind a long-running job on the same thread
while other async threads sit idle.
There's no such thing as a free lunch though; the lowered latency
comes at the cost of increased busy-waiting which may have an
adverse effect on some applications. This behavior can be tweaked
with the +sbwt flag, but unfortunately it affects all types of
schedulers and not just dirty ones. We plan to add type-specific
flags at a later stage.
sendfile has been moved to inet_drv to lessen the effect of a nasty
race; the cooperation between inet_drv and efile has never been
airtight and the socket dying at the wrong time (Regardless of
reason) could result in fd aliasing. Moving it to the inet driver
makes it impossible to trigger this by closing the socket in the
middle of a sendfile operation, while still allowing it to be
aborted -- something that can't be done if it stays in the file
driver.
The race still occurs if the controlling process dies in the short
window between dispatching the sendfile operation and the dup(2)
call in the driver, but it's much less likely to happen now.
A proper fix is in the works.
--
Notable functional differences:
* The use_threads option for file:sendfile/5 no longer has any
effect.
* The file-specific DTrace probes have been removed. The same
effect can be achieved with normal tracing together with the
nif__entry/nif__return probes to track scheduling.
--
OTP-14256
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* lukas/stdlib/maps_iterators/OTP-14012:
erts: Limit size of first iterator for hashmaps
Update primary bootstrap
Update preloaded modules
erts: Remove erts_internal:maps_to_list/2
stdlib: Make io_lib and io_lib_pretty use maps iterator
erts: Implement batching maps:iterator
erts: Implement maps path iterator
erts: Implement map iterator using a stack
stdlib: Introduce maps iterator API
Conflicts:
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/io_lib.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/io_lib_pretty.beam
erts/emulator/beam/bif.tab
erts/preloaded/ebin/erlang.beam
erts/preloaded/ebin/erts_internal.beam
erts/preloaded/ebin/zlib.beam
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This iterator implementation fetches multiple elements to
iterate over in one call to erts_internal:maps_next instead
of one at a time. This means that the memory usage will go
up for the iterator as we are buffering elements, but the
usage is still bounded.
In this implementation the max memory usage is 1000 words.
Using this approach makes the iterator as fast as using
maps:to_list, so maps:iterator/2 has been removed.
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* maint:
Update primary bootstrap
Eliminate incorrect get_stacktrace/0 warning
Conflicts:
bootstrap/bin/start.boot
bootstrap/bin/start_clean.boot
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_utils.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_validator.beam
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/sys_core_fold.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/error_logger.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/file_server.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/global.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/hipe_unified_loader.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/kernel.appup
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/net_kernel.beam
bootstrap/lib/kernel/ebin/user_drv.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/c.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/dets.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/dets_utils.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/edlin.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/erl_lint.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/error_logger_file_h.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/error_logger_tty_h.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/escript.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/ets.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/gen_event.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/gen_fsm.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/gen_server.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/gen_statem.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/otp_internal.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/proc_lib.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/qlc.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/shell.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/slave.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/string.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/supervisor.beam
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The goal of this pass is to find values that are built from
patterns and generate aliases for those values to remove
pressure from the GC. For example, this code:
example({ok, Val}) ->
{ok, Val}.
shall become:
example({ok, Val} = Tuple) ->
Tuple.
Currently this pass aliases tuple and cons nodes made of literals,
variables and other cons. The tuple/cons may appear anywhere in the
pattern and it will be aliased if used later on.
Notice a tuple/cons made only of literals is not aliased as it may
be part of the literal pool.
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* sverker/ets-table-identifiers:
observer: Polish crashdump viewer for ETS
observer: Polish Table Viewer tab
stdlib: Remove ets_SUITE:memory_check_summary
erts: Improve reduction count during table cleanup
erts: Cleanup table status bits
erts: Remove now redundant 'id' from DbTableCommon
erts: Remove meta_main_tab
erts: Pass tid argument down to trapping functions
erts: Print table id as ref in crashdump and break menu
erts: Replace meta_pid_to{_fixed}_tab with linked lists
erts: Correct erl_rbtree comments about yielding
erts: Add ERTS_RBT_YIELD_STAT_INIT to erl_rbtree
Fix node_container_SUITE
list_to_ref/1
Implement ets:all() using scheduler specific data
Rename fixation count in ets table to avoid confusion
Introduce references as table identifiers
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