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The parser recognizes the 'is_subtype(V, T)' syntax for constraints,
and of course the new 'V :: T' syntax, but other variants result in an
error message. Up to now, the parser and linter have let badly formed
constraints through, and relied upon Dialyzer to emit warnings.
is_subtype/2 cannot easily be taken out from the parser. Not only
would we need find a way to emit a (linter) warning, but there also
needs to be an option for suppressing the linter warning as
compilation with +warnings_as_errors has to work. (Notice that the
abstract format representation for 'V :: T' is the same as for
'is_subtype(V, T)'.)
This correction was triggered by an email from Robert, and Kostis
created pull request 1214 to provide a fix. However, Kostis' fix
disallowed is_subtype() altogether, which breaks backward
compatibility.
As of Erlang/OTP 19.0 (ticket OTP-11879), the 'is_subtype(V, T)' is no
longer documented.
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Fix some older errors as well.
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Barklund's and Virding's spec states that character literals are
represented by {integer, Line, L}. The copy-and-paste bug is fixed the
description of the abstract format.
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Some wild attributes are no longer mentioned separately.
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More verbose, but hopefully more readable than before.
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* maint:
erts: Correct the types section in The Abstract Format document
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Fixed a mistake in commit 23885a.
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* maint:
doc: Fix some minor issues in Types and Function Specifications
erts: Remove CDATA from The Abstract Format document
erts: Correct the types section in The Abstract Format document
stdlib: Correct pretty-printing of map types
stdlib: Pretty-print constraints as 'V :: T'
Conflicts:
erts/doc/src/absform.xml
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The Types section is more consistent with Kostis' text in The
Reference Manual.
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Background
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In record fields with a type declaration but without an initializer, the
Erlang parser inserted automatically the singleton type 'undefined' to
the list of declared types, if that value was not present there.
I.e. the record declaration:
-record(rec, {f1 :: float(),
f2 = 42 :: integer(),
f3 :: some_mod:some_typ()}).
was translated by the parser to:
-record(rec, {f1 :: float() | 'undefined',
f2 = 42 :: integer(),
f3 :: some_mod:some_typ() | 'undefined'}).
The rationale for this was that creation of a "dummy" #rec{} record
should not result in a warning from dialyzer that e.g. the implicit
initialization of the #rec.f1 field violates its type declaration.
Problems
---------
This seemingly innocent action has some unforeseen consequences.
For starters, there is no way for programmers to declare that e.g. only
floats make sense for the f1 field of #rec{} records when there is no
`obvious' default initializer for this field. (This also affects tools
like PropEr that use these declarations produced by the Erlang parser to
generate random instances of records for testing purposes.)
It also means that dialyzer does not warn if e.g. an is_atom/1 test or
something more exotic like an atom_to_list/1 call is performed on the
value of the f1 field.
Similarly, there is no way to extend dialyzer to warn if it finds record
constructions where f1 is not initialized to some float.
Last but not least, it is semantically problematic when the type of the
field is an opaque type: creating a union of an opaque and a structured
type is very problematic for analysis because it fundamentally breaks
the opacity of the term at that point.
Change
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To solve these problems the parser will not automatically insert the
'undefined' value anymore; instead the user has the option to choose the
places where this value makes sense (for the field) and where it does
not and insert the | 'undefined' there manually.
Consequences of this change
----------------------------
This change means that dialyzer will issue a warning for all places
where records with uninitialized fields are created and those fields have
a declared type that is incompatible with 'undefined' (e.g. float()).
This warning can be suppressed easily by adding | 'undefined' to the
type of this field. This also adds documentation that the user really
intends to create records where this field is uninitialized.
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The parenthesized type with tag 'paren_type' is no longer created by
the Erlang Parser as of OTP 18.0.
The tag 'user_type' is used for user defined types as of OTP 18.0. In
releases before commit 7ad783 'type' is used.
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{map,Loc,Fields}
{map,Loc,Argument,Fields}
{map_field_assoc,Loc,Name,Value}
{map_field_exact,Loc,Name,Value}
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Currently, the external fun syntax "fun M:F/A" only supports
literals. That is, "fun lists:reverse/1" is allowed but not
"fun M:F/A".
In many real-life situations, some or all of M, F, A are
not known until run-time, and one is forced to either use
the undocumented erlang:make_fun/3 BIF or to use a
"tuple fun" (which is deprecated).
EEP-23 suggests that the parser (erl_parse) should immediately
transform "fun M:F/A" to "erlang:make_fun(M, F, A)". We have
not followed that approach in this implementation, because we
want the abstract code to mirror the source code as closely
as possible, and we also consider erlang:make_fun/3 to
be an implementation detail that we might want to remove in
the future.
Instead, we will change the abstract format for "fun M:F/A" (in a way
that is not backwards compatible), and while we are at it, we will
move the translation from "fun M:F/A" to "erlang:make_fun(M, F, A)"
from sys_pre_expand down to the v3_core pass. We will also update
the debugger and xref to use the new format.
We did consider making the abstract format backward compatible if
no variables were used in the fun, but decided against it. Keeping
it backward compatible would mean that there would be different
abstract formats for the no-variable and variable case, and tools
would have to handle both formats, probably forever.
Reference: http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0023.html
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