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Persistent terms are useful for storing Erlang terms that are never
or infrequently updated. They have the following advantages:
* Constant time access. A persistent term is not copied when it is
looked up. The constant factor is lower than for ETS, and no locks
are taken when looking up a term.
* Persistent terms are not copied in garbage collections.
* There is only ever one copy of a persistent term (until it is
deleted). That makes them useful for storing configuration data
that needs to be easily accessible by all processes.
Persistent terms have the following drawbacks:
* Updates are expensive. The hash table holding the keys for the
persistent terms are updated whenever a persistent term is added,
updated or deleted.
* Updating or deleting a persistent term triggers a "global GC", which
will schedule a heap scan of all processes to search the heap of all
processes for the deleted term. If a process still holds a reference
to the deleted term, the process will be garbage collected and the
term copied to the heap of the process. This global GC can make the
system less responsive for some time.
Three BIFs (implemented in C in the emulator) is the entire
interface to the persistent term functionality:
* put(Key, Value) to store a persistent term.
* get(Key) to look up a persistent term.
* erase(Key) to delete a persistent term.
There are also two additional BIFs to obtain information about
persistent terms:
* info() to return a map with information about persistent terms.
* get() to return a list of a {Key,Value} tuples for all persistent
terms. (The values are not copied.)
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Leak introduced in 865ac3b740d9efa1a0583349929591c757300412.
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Also removed unused ERTS_LC_STATIC_ALLOC.
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Run debug VM or config with --enable-lock-checking.
Exercise VM and then run
erts_debug:lc_graph().
to create a file "lc_graph.<pid>" in current working directory.
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with just lots of renaming, nothing else.
erts_lc_locked_locks_t -> lc_thread_t
create_locked_locks -> create_thread_data
l_lcks -> thr
l_lck -> ll
And dropped erts_ prefix on some file scope types.
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Communication between Erlang processes has conceptually always been
performed through asynchronous signaling. The runtime system
implementation has however previously preformed most operation
synchronously. In a system with only one true thread of execution, this
is not problematic (often the opposite). In a system with multiple threads
of execution (as current runtime system implementation with SMP support)
it becomes problematic. This since it often involves locking of structures
when updating them which in turn cause resource contention. Utilizing
true asynchronous communication often avoids these resource contention
issues.
The case that triggered this change was contention on the link lock due
to frequent updates of the monitor trees during communication with a
frequently used server. The signal order delivery guarantees of the
language makes it hard to change the implementation of only some signals
to use true asynchronous signaling. Therefore the implementations
of (almost) all signals have been changed.
Currently the following signals have been implemented as true
asynchronous signals:
- Message signals
- Exit signals
- Monitor signals
- Demonitor signals
- Monitor triggered signals (DOWN, CHANGE, etc)
- Link signals
- Unlink signals
- Group leader signals
All of the above already defined as asynchronous signals in the
language. The implementation of messages signals was quite
asynchronous to begin with, but had quite strict delivery constraints
due to the ordering guarantees of signals between a pair of processes.
The previously used message queue partitioned into two halves has been
replaced by a more general signal queue partitioned into three parts
that service all kinds of signals. More details regarding the signal
queue can be found in comments in the erl_proc_sig_queue.h file.
The monitor and link implementations have also been completely replaced
in order to fit the new asynchronous signaling implementation as good
as possible. More details regarding the new monitor and link
implementations can be found in the erl_monitor_link.h file.
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This improves the latency of file operations as dirty schedulers
are a bit more eager to run jobs than async threads, and use a
single global queue rather than per-thread queues, eliminating the
risk of a job stalling behind a long-running job on the same thread
while other async threads sit idle.
There's no such thing as a free lunch though; the lowered latency
comes at the cost of increased busy-waiting which may have an
adverse effect on some applications. This behavior can be tweaked
with the +sbwt flag, but unfortunately it affects all types of
schedulers and not just dirty ones. We plan to add type-specific
flags at a later stage.
sendfile has been moved to inet_drv to lessen the effect of a nasty
race; the cooperation between inet_drv and efile has never been
airtight and the socket dying at the wrong time (Regardless of
reason) could result in fd aliasing. Moving it to the inet driver
makes it impossible to trigger this by closing the socket in the
middle of a sendfile operation, while still allowing it to be
aborted -- something that can't be done if it stays in the file
driver.
The race still occurs if the controlling process dies in the short
window between dispatching the sendfile operation and the dup(2)
call in the driver, but it's much less likely to happen now.
A proper fix is in the works.
--
Notable functional differences:
* The use_threads option for file:sendfile/5 no longer has any
effect.
* The file-specific DTrace probes have been removed. The same
effect can be achieved with normal tracing together with the
nif__entry/nif__return probes to track scheduling.
--
OTP-14256
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If a NIF monitor fired while the resource was present in an ETS
table, the lock checker would erroneously report a lock order
violation.
This has no effect outside of debug builds.
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* maint:
Bug fixes of statistics(wall_clock) and statistics(runtime)
Conflicts:
erts/emulator/beam/erl_time_sup.c
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* rickard/statistics-time-fixes/OTP-14597/ERL-465:
Bug fixes of statistics(wall_clock) and statistics(runtime)
Conflicts:
erts/emulator/beam/erl_time_sup.c
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This refactor was done using the unifdef tool like this:
for file in $(find erts/ -name *.[ch]); do unifdef -t -f defile -o $file $file; done
where defile contained:
#define ERTS_SMP 1
#define USE_THREADS 1
#define DDLL_SMP 1
#define ERTS_HAVE_SMP_EMU 1
#define SMP 1
#define ERL_BITS_REENTRANT 1
#define ERTS_USE_ASYNC_READY_Q 1
#define FDBLOCK 1
#undef ERTS_POLL_NEED_ASYNC_INTERRUPT_SUPPORT
#define ERTS_POLL_ASYNC_INTERRUPT_SUPPORT 0
#define ERTS_POLL_USE_WAKEUP_PIPE 1
#define ERTS_POLL_USE_UPDATE_REQUESTS_QUEUE 1
#undef ERTS_HAVE_PLAIN_EMU
#undef ERTS_SIGNAL_STATE
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The implementation is still hidden behind ERTS_ENABLE_LOCK_COUNT, and
all categories are still enabled by default, but the actual counting can be
toggled at will.
OTP-13170
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\o/
O
/ \
Also removed the body for CHECK_TABLES enabled by HARDDEBUG.
Removed quite useless check for hash,
but kept dead check code for tree.
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from process psd through all owned/fixed tables.
As meta_pid_to{_fixed}_tab maps to slot in meta_main_tab
which is planned for destruction.
In this commit we no longer seize table lock while
freeing the table (free_table_cont) as it's not needed
and makes the code a bit simpler. Any concurrent operation
on the table will only access lock, owner and status
and then bail out.
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Conflicts:
erts/emulator/beam/erl_binary.h
erts/emulator/beam/erl_monitors.c
erts/emulator/beam/erl_nif.c
erts/emulator/beam/global.h
erts/emulator/test/nif_SUITE_data/nif_SUITE.c
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Magic references are *intentionally* indistinguishable from ordinary
references for the Erlang software. Magic references do not change
the language, and are intended as a pure runtime internal optimization.
An ordinary reference is typically used as a key in some table. A
magic reference has a direct pointer to a reference counted magic
binary. This makes it possible to implement various things without
having to do lookups in a table, but instead access the data directly.
Besides very fast lookups this can also improve scalability by
removing a potentially contended table. A couple of examples of
planned future usage of magic references are ETS table identifiers,
and BIF timer identifiers.
Besides future optimizations using magic references it should also
be possible to replace the exposed magic binary cludge with magic
references. That is, magic binaries that are exposed as empty
binaries to the Erlang software.
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* maint:
Fix call time tracing with dirty schedulers
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* maint:
Multi scheduling block bug-fixes
Fix VM global GC info for dirty schedulers
Leave dirty work in dirty run-queues on multi scheduling block
Fix premature removal of process struct
Fix crash due to GC of node entry on dirty scheduler
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Ensure that we cannot get any dangling pointers into code that
has been purged. This is done by a two phase purge. At first
phase all fun entries pointing into the code to purge are marked
for purge. All processes trying to call these funs will be suspended
and by this we avoid getting new direct references into the code.
When all processes has been checked, these processes are resumed.
The new purge strategy now also completely ignore the existence of
indirect references to the code (funs). If such exist, they will
cause bad fun exceptions to the caller, but will not prevent a
soft purge or cause a kill of a process having such live references
during a hard purge. This since it is impossible to give any
guarantees that no processes in the system have such indirect
references. Even when the system is completely clean from such
references, new ones can appear via distribution and/or disk.
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Add the possibility to use modules as trace data receivers. The functions
in the module have to be nifs as otherwise complex trace probes will be
very hard to handle (complex means trace probes for ports for example).
This commit changes the way that the ptab->tracer field works from always
being an immediate, to now be NIL if no tracer is present or else be
the tuple {TracerModule, TracerState} where TracerModule is an atom that
is later used to lookup the appropriate tracer callbacks to call and
TracerState is just passed to the tracer callback. The default process and
port tracers have been rewritten to use the new API.
This commit also changes the order which trace messages are delivered to the
potential tracer process. Any enif_send done in a tracer module may be delayed
indefinitely because of lock order issues. If a message is delayed any other
trace message send from that process is also delayed so that order is preserved
for each traced entity. This means that for some trace events (i.e. send/receive)
the events may come in an unintuitive order (receive before send) to the
trace receiver. Timestamps are taken when the trace message is generated so
trace messages from differented processes may arrive with the timestamp
out of order.
Both the erlang:trace and seq_trace:set_system_tracer accept the new tracer
module tracers and also the backwards compatible arguments.
OTP-10267
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Microstate accounting is a way to track which state the
different threads within ERTS are in. The main usage area
is to pin point performance bottlenecks by checking which
states the threads are in and then from there figuring out
why and where to optimize.
Since checking whether microstate accounting is on or off is
relatively expensive if done in a short loop only a few of the
states are enabled by default and more states can be enabled
through configure.
I've done some benchmarking and the overhead with it turned off
is not noticible and with it on it is a fraction of a percent.
If you enable the extra states, depending on the benchmark,
the ovehead when turned off is about 1% and when turned on
somewhere inbetween 5-15%.
OTP-12345
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Had to move the hashing because of a race that can otherwise happen
where a new os_pid value was inserted into the hash before the
previous value had been removed.
Also replaced the protocol inbetween erts and child setup to be
a binary protocol. This was done in order to deal with the varying
size of Eterm.
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Instead of forking from the beam process, we create a separate
process in which all forks are done. This has several advantages:
1) performance:
* don't have to close all fd's in the world
* fork only has to copy stuff from a small process
* work is done in a completely seperate process
* a 3x performance increase has been measured,
can be made even greater (10x) if we cache the
environment in child setup
2) stability
* the exec is done in another process than beam, which means that
if the file that we exec to is on an nfs that is not available
right now we will not block a scheduler until the nfs returns.
3) simplicity
* don't have to deal with SIGCHLD in the erts
Unfortunately, this solution also implies some badness.
1) There will always be a seperate process running together with
beam on unix. This could be confusing and undesirable.
2) We have to transfer the entire environment to child_setup
for each command.
OTP-13088
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The old time API is based on erlang:now/0. The major issue with
erlang:now/0 is that it was intended to be used for so many
unrelated things. This tied these unrelated operations together
and unnecessarily caused performance, scalability as well as
accuracy, and precision issues for operations that do not need
to have such issues. The new API spreads different functionality
over multiple functions in order to improve on this.
The new API consists of a number of new BIFs:
- erlang:convert_time_unit/3
- erlang:monotonic_time/0
- erlang:monotonic_time/1
- erlang:system_time/0
- erlang:system_time/1
- erlang:time_offset/0
- erlang:time_offset/1
- erlang:timestamp/0
- erlang:unique_integer/0
- erlang:unique_integer/1
- os:system_time/0
- os:system_time/1
and a number of extensions of existing BIFs:
- erlang:monitor(time_offset, clock_service)
- erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize)
- erlang:system_info(os_monotonic_time_source)
- erlang:system_info(time_offset)
- erlang:system_info(time_warp_mode)
- erlang:system_info(time_correction)
- erlang:system_info(start_time)
See the "Time and Time Correction in Erlang" chapter of the
ERTS User's Guide for more information.
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This simplified debugging on OSE and also limits the number of ppdata
keys that are created when beam is restarted.
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Add initial support for dirty schedulers.
There are two types of dirty schedulers: CPU schedulers and I/O
schedulers. By default, there are as many dirty CPU schedulers as there are
normal schedulers and as many dirty CPU schedulers online as normal
schedulers online. There are 10 dirty I/O schedulers (similar to the choice
of 10 as the default for async threads).
By default, dirty schedulers are disabled and conditionally compiled
out. To enable them, you must pass --enable-dirty-schedulers to the
top-level configure script when building Erlang/OTP.
Current dirty scheduler support requires the emulator to be built with SMP
support. This restriction will be lifted in the future.
You can specify the number of dirty schedulers with the command-line
options +SDcpu (for dirty CPU schedulers) and +SDio (for dirty I/O
schedulers). The +SDcpu option is similar to the +S option in that it takes
two numbers separated by a colon: C1:C2, where C1 specifies the number of
dirty schedulers available and C2 specifies the number of dirty schedulers
online. The +SDPcpu option allows numbers of dirty CPU schedulers available
and dirty CPU schedulers online to be specified as percentages, similar to
the existing +SP option for normal schedulers. The number of dirty CPU
schedulers created and dirty CPU schedulers online may not exceed the
number of normal schedulers created and normal schedulers online,
respectively. The +SDio option takes only a single number specifying the
number of dirty I/O schedulers available and online. There is no support
yet for programmatically changing at run time the number of dirty CPU
schedulers online via erlang:system_flag/2. Also, changing the number of
normal schedulers online via erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online,
NewSchedulersOnline) should ensure that there are no more dirty CPU
schedulers than normal schedulers, but this is not yet implemented. You can
retrieve the number of dirty schedulers by passing dirty_cpu_schedulers,
dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, or dirty_io_schedulers to
erlang:system_info/1.
Currently only NIFs are able to access dirty scheduler
functionality. Neither drivers nor BIFs currently support dirty
schedulers. This restriction will be addressed in the future.
If dirty scheduler support is present in the runtime, the initial status
line Erlang prints before presenting its interactive prompt will include
the indicator "[ds:C1:C2:I]" where "ds" indicates "dirty schedulers", "C1"
indicates the number of dirty CPU schedulers available, "C2" indicates the
number of dirty CPU schedulers online, and "I" indicates the number of
dirty I/O schedulers.
Document The dirty NIF API in the erl_nif man page. The API closely follows
Rickard Green's presentation slides from his talk "Future Extensions to the
Native Interface", presented at the 2011 Erlang Factory held in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Rickard's slides are available online at
http://bit.ly/1m34UHB .
Document the new erl command-line options, the additions to
erlang:system_info/1, and also add the erlang:system_flag/2 dirty scheduler
documentation even though it's not yet implemented.
To determine whether the dirty NIF API is available, native code can check
to see whether the C preprocessor macro ERL_NIF_DIRTY_SCHEDULER_SUPPORT is
defined. To check if dirty schedulers are available at run time, native
code can call the boolean enif_have_dirty_schedulers() function, and Erlang
code can call erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers), which raises
badarg if no dirty scheduler support is available.
Add a simple dirty NIF test to the emulator NIF suite.
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* Coalescing and trimming of free segments in supercarrier
* Management of super aligned and super unaligned areas in
supercarrier
* Management of reservation of physical memory
* erts_mseg usage of erts_mmap
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