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a3ec2644f5 attempted to teach v3_core not to generate code with
unbound variables. The approach taken in that commit is to
discard all expressions following a badmatch. That does not
work if the badmatch is nested:
{[V] = [] = foo,V},
V
That would be rewritten to:
{error({badmatch,foo})},
V
where V is unbound.
If we were to follow the same approach, the tuple construction
code would have to look out for a badmatch. As would list construction,
begin...end, and so on.
Therefore, as it is impractical to discard all expressions that
follow a badmatch, the only other solution is to ensure that the
variables that the pattern binds will somehow be bound. That can
be arranged by rewriting the pattern to a pattern that binds the
same variables. Thus:
error({badmatch,foo}),
E = foo,
case E of
{[V],[]} ->
V;
Other ->
error({badmatch,Other}
end
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The following code:
simple() ->
case try 0 after [] end of
0 -> college;
1 -> 0
end.
would crash the compiler like this:
crash reason: {case_clause,
{'EXIT',
{function_clause,
[{beam_type,simplify_select_val_int,
[{select,select_val,
{x,0},
{f,7},
[{integer,1},{f,9},{integer,0},{f,8}]},
0],
[{file,"beam_type.erl"},{line,169}]},
{beam_type,simplify_basic_1,3,
[{file,"beam_type.erl"},{line,155}]},
{beam_type,opt,3,[{file,"beam_type.erl"},{line,57}]},
{beam_type,function,1,[{file,"beam_type.erl"},{line,36}]},
{beam_type,'-module/2-lc$^0/1-0-',1,
[{file,"beam_type.erl"},{line,30}]},
{beam_type,module,2,[{file,"beam_type.erl"},{line,30}]},
{compile,'-select_passes/2-anonymous-2-',2,
[{file,"compile.erl"},{line,521}]},
{compile,'-internal_comp/4-anonymous-1-',2,
[{file,"compile.erl"},{line,306}]}]}}}
The root cause is that the type representation is not well-defined.
Integers could be represented in three different ways:
integer
{integer,{1,10}}
{integer,0}
However, only the first two forms were handled.
To avoid similar problems in the future:
* Make the type representation stricter. Make sure that integers are
only represented as 'integer' or {integer,{Min,Max}}.
* Call verify_type/1 whenever a new type is added (not only when
merging types) to ensure that only the supported types are added
to the type database).
(ERL-150)
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We must be careful how we treat the type info for the result of:
setelement(Index, Tuple, NewValue)
If Tuple had type information, the result of setelement/3 (in x(0))
would be assigned the same type information. But that is not safe
for:
setelement(1, Tuple, NewValue)
since the type for the first element will be changed.
Therefore, we must take care to remove the type information for
the first element of the tuple if might have been modified by
setelement/3.
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As a preparation for better optimizations in beam_type, a list
literal must be accepted as a 'cons'.
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As a preparation for upcoming better optimizations in beam_type,
we will need to keep better track of tuple literals so that
beam_validator will not falsely reject safe code.
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* bjorn/compiler/beam_bool/ERL-143:
Eliminate crash in beam_bool
Add beam_bool_SUITE
Add missing test cases in andor_SUITE and beam_block_SUITE
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beam_bool would crash when attempting to optimize BEAM code similar
to this code:
bif '=:=' Reg1 SomeValue => y(0)
bif '=:=' Reg2 {atom,true} => x(2)
bif '=:=' Reg3 {atom,true} => x(3)
bif 'or' x(2) x(3) => x(2)
is_eq_exact Fail x(2) {atom,true}
The problem is that the first instruction that assigns a value to a Y
register. beam_bool:ssa_assign/2 will not accept a Y register
argument.
We could change ssa_assign/2 to accept a Y register, but that would
only cause the entire optimization to be rejected later because the Y
register is alive in the code that follows. Therefore, a better
solution is to modify extend_block/3 so that the instruction that
assign to Y registers are not added to the block. That is, the
optimizer will only operate on the following code:
bif '=:=' Reg2 {atom,true} => x(2)
bif '=:=' Reg3 {atom,true} => x(3)
bif 'or' x(2) x(3) => x(2)
is_eq_exact Fail x(2) {atom,true}
Usually the optimization will succeed, rewriting the four instructions
to a select_val instruction.
Assembly code such as the above can be produced by code similar to:
Y = Something == SomethingElse,
case Y of
Condition; OtherCondition ->
. . .
end,
. . .,
Y.
Reported-by: http://bugs.erlang.org/browse/ERL-143
Reported-by: José Valim
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Exported functions in this file should appear at the top of the file.
Also add missing spaces after commas.
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I can't remember that clause ever trigger during development.
Remove it to eliminated an uncovered line.
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check_liveness/3 returns {unknown,State} if an instruction is
not handled. All callers will handle 'unknown' the same way as
'used'. Therefore, we can simplify the code and improve the
coverage if we return {used,State} instead of {unknown,State}.
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All callers only calls code_at/2 for existing labels and they don't
handle the return value 'none'.
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30cc5c902d moved try/3 instruction inside blocks, so the clause for
handling try/3 in live_opt/4 is never executed.
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Two lines were never covered, because '[]' was used instead of 'nil'.
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The clause for handling #c_values{} in is_simple_term/1 is never
executed. It can be safely removed, since there is a default clause
that will return 'false' in the extremly unlikely event that a
Without the clause, code such as:
let <_v1,_v2> = <1,2>
in {_v1,_v2}
would be printed with an extra newline:
let <_v1,_v2> =
<1,2>
in {_v1,_v2}
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Don't try to be nice. Since we now have good test suites for
Core Erlang, just let it crash.
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We will get more information if we don't catch the exception.
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Map patterns are never represented as literals. Therefore, a map
literal should always be printed with the 'assoc' operator. That also
means that there is no remaining use of the 'class' field and that it
can be removed from the 'ctxt' record.
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Rewrite code such as:
X = not_a_fun,
X()
to:
error({badfun,not_a_fun})
Also generate a warning.
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'callback' and 'optional_callbacks' are no longer wild attributes.
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* bjorn/compiler/core-erlang-fixes:
Slightly optimize core_pp
v3_core: Don't depend on sys_core_fold for cleaning up
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Dialyzer relies heavily on the assumption that the type of a literal
that is used as a pattern is the type of any value that can match that
pattern. For maps, that is not true, and it was causing bad analysis
results. A new help function dialyzer_utils:refold_pattern/1 identifies
maps in literal patterns, and unfolds and labels them, allowing them to
be properly analysed.
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v3_core would generate unsafe code for the following example:
f() ->
{ok={error,E}} = foo(),
E.
Internally, the code would look similar to:
f() ->
Var = foo(),
error({badmatch,Var}),
E.
That is, there would remain a reference to an unbound variable.
Normally, sys_core_fold would remove the reference to 'E', but if
if optimization was disabled the compiler would crash.
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Use case in compile.erl is cryptographical so use
crypto:strong_rand_bytes/1 instead.
Use case in test suite is not cryptographical so use
other test instead.
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* bjorn/compiler/remove-timestamps/OTP-13504:
Remove timestamps from BEAM files
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As long as anyone can remember, the compilation time has been included
in BEAM files (and can be retrieved using Mod:module_info(compile)).
The timestamp has caused problems for anyone using tools such as 'cmp'
to compare BEAM files or for package managers:
http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2016-April/088717.html
Rarely has the timestamp been of any use. Yes, sometimes the timestamp
could help to figuring out which version of a module was used, but
nowadays a better way is to use Mod:module_info(md5).
To get rid of this problem, remove the timestamp from BEAM files in
OTP 19. Don't add an option to include timestamps.
Utilities that depend on the timestamp will need to be modified.
For example:
http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2016-April/088730.html
Instead of using the compilation time, the MD5 for the BEAM code can
be used. Example:
1> c:module_info(md5).
<<79,26,188,243,168,60,58,45,34,69,19,222,138,190,214,118>>
2> beam_lib:md5(code:which(c)).
{ok,{c,<<79,26,188,243,168,60,58,45,34,69,19,222,138,190,214,118>>}}
3>
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This will speed up test cases that print all annotations.
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If we pretty print to a file and read it back in, we expect to
get the same cerl data structures back.
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Annotations would not be accepted for all constructs.
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Make sure that we don't convert a map pattern to a map expression.
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* bjorn/compiler/misc-opt:
v3_kernel: Construct literal lists properly
Use the register map in %live in beam_utils:is_killed_block/2
Teach beam_utils to check liveness for put_map instructions
beam_peep: Help out beam_jump
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Use cerl:make_list/1 instead of a home-made make_list/1 to ensure that
literal lists are constructed as literals. In a future release, we
would like to forbid in the loader construction of literal lists using
instructions like:
put_list {atom,a} [] Dst
The proper way is:
move {literal,[a]} {x,0}
Also update the comment about "put_list Const [] Dst" in ops.tab.
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In 1f0ae04d374, a complete register map was introduced in the %live
instructions thar are added by beam_utils:live_opt/1.
Use the register map to improve beam_utils:is_killed_block/2.
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* henrik/update-copyrightyear:
update copyright-year
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beam_jump fails to optimize the following:
jump 2
label 1
label 2
Since this situation is rare, instead of complicating beam_jump,
add the optimization to beam_peep. It will always succeed, since
adjacent labels have been coalesced.
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Remove the unreachable instructions after a 'raise' instruction
(e.g. a 'jump' or 'deallocate', 'return') to decrease code size.
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compile:forms/1,2 will crash when the current working directory has
been deleted. Fix that problem, and while we are at it, also stop
including {source,""} in module_info() when no source code file is
given.
Reported-at: http://bugs.erlang.org/browse/ERL-113
Reported-by: Adam Lindberg
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Slightly speed up 'erlc' by pre-loading the modules used
by the compiler. Write a test case to ensure that the correct
set of modules are loaded.
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Consider this code:
%% Start of block
get_tuple_element Tuple 0 Element
get_map_elements Fail Map [Key => Dest]
.
.
.
move Element UltimateDest
%% End of block
Fail:
%% Code that uses Element.
beam_block (more precisely, otp_tuple_element/1) would
incorrectly transform the code to this:
%% Start of block
get_map_elements Fail Map [Key => Dest]
.
.
.
get_tuple_element Tuple 0 UltimateDest
%% End of block
Fail:
%% Code that uses Element.
That is, the code at label Fail would use register Element,
which is either uninitalized or contains the wrong value.
We could fix this problem by always keeping label information
at hand when optimizing blocks so that we could check the code
at the failure label for get_map_elements. That would require
changes to beam_block and beam_utils. We might consider doing
that in the future if it turns out be worth it.
For now, I have decided that I want to keep the simplicity of blocks
(allowing them to be optimized without keeping label information).
That could be achieved by not including get_map_elements in
blocks. Another way, which I have chosen, is to only allow
get_map_elements as the first instruction in the block.
For background on the bug: c288ab8 introduced the beam_reorder pass
and 5f431276 introduced opt_tuple_element() in beam_block.
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The expression in a bit string comprehension is limited to a
literal bit string expression. That is, the following code
is legal:
<< <<X>> || X <- List >>
but not this code:
<< foo(X) || X <- List >>
The limitation is annoying. For one thing, tools that transform
the abstract format must be careful not to produce code such as:
<< begin
%% Some instrumentation code.
<<X>>
end || X <- List >>
One reason for the limitation could be that we'll get
reduce/reduce conflicts if we try to allow an arbitrary
expression in a bit string comprehension:
binary_comprehension -> '<<' expr '||' lc_exprs '>>' :
{bc,?anno('$1'),'$2','$4'}.
Unfortunately, there does not seem to be an easy way to work
around that problem. The best we can do is to allow 'expr_max'
expressions (as in the binary syntax):
binary_comprehension -> '<<' expr_max '||' lc_exprs '>>' :
{bc,?anno('$1'),'$2','$4'}.
That will work, but functions calls must be enclosed in
parentheses:
<< (foo(X)) || X <- List >>
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Binary matching can be confusing. For example:
1> <<-1>> = <<-1>>.
** exception error: no match of right hand side value <<"ÿ">>
2>
When constructing binaries, the value will be masked to fit in
the binary segment. But no such masking happens when matching
binaries.
One solution that we considered was to do the same masking when
matching. We have rejected that solution for several reasons:
* Masking in construction is highly controversial and by some
people considered a bad design decision.
* While masking of unsigned numbers can be understood, masking of
signed numbers it not easy to understand.
* Then there is the question of backward compatibility. Adding
masking to matching would mean that clauses that did not match
earlier would start to match. That means that code that has
never been tested will be executed. Code that has not been
tested will usually not work.
Therefore, we have decided to warn for binary patterns that cannot
possibly match.
While we are it, we will also warn for the following example where
size for a binary segment is invalid:
bad_size(Bin) ->
BadSize = bad_size,
<<42:BadSize>> = Bin.
That example would crash the HiPE compiler because the BEAM compiler
would generate a bs_get_integer2 instruction with an invalid size
field. We can avoid that crash if sys_core_fold not only warns for bad
binary pattern, but also removes the clauses that will not match.
Reported-by: http://bugs.erlang.org/browse/ERL-44
Reported-by: Kostis Sagonas
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We will need them when we start to produce warnings for patterns
that can't match.
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