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Attributes must be literals. Since 1fcdcd50, both core_parse and
v3_core guarantees all Core Erlang terms that may be represented as
literals in fact are represented as literals.
Therefore, we no longer need to call core_lib:is_literal/1, but
can test for a #c_literal{} directly.
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Rename add_scope/2 to sub_add_scope/2 to be similar in naming as
the other functions that operates on #sub{} (in particular,
sub_subst_scope/1). Also, move the definition to be near to the
other sub_* functions.
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Compiling the following function:
f(V) when not (bar and V) -> true; %Line 4
f(_) -> false.
would produce the following warnings:
no_file: Warning: the call to is_boolean/1 has no effect
t.erl:4: Warning: the guard for this clause evaluates to 'false'
t.erl:4: Warning: use of operator '=:=' has no effect
Two of the warnings refer to calls to is_boolean/1 and '=:='/2 which
v3_core added when translating the code to Core Erlang. The only
relevant warning is:
t.erl:4: Warning: the guard for this clause evaluates to 'false'
Suppress the other two warning by marking the compiler-generated
calls with a 'compiler_generated' annotation.
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Core Erlang annotations are supposed to be a list of terms. v3_core
could temporarily stuff a record in the 'anno' field of a Core Erlang
record. That will cause Dialyzer warnings if we would tighten the
type specs for annotations. (We want to tighten the warnings in order
to catch more real problems.)
Avoid abusing the annotation by wrapping the entire Core Erlang
record in a #isimple{} record.
Reported-by: Kostis Sagonas
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* bjorn/compiler/dup-bug-fix/OTP-12453:
Teach case_opt/3 to avoid unnecessary building
sys_core_fold: Optimize let statements more aggressively
Suppress warnings for expressions that are assigned to '_'
trace_bif_SUITE: Ensure that a call to time/0 is not removed
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* bjorn/compiler/map-core-syntax/OTP-12454:
Make the syntax for map pairs readable
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* maint:
Update primary bootstrap
Correct unsafe optimization of '==' and '/='
Conflicts:
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/sys_core_fold.beam
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Since '=:=' is cheaper than '==', the compiler tries to replace
'==' with '=:=' if the result of comparison will be the same.
As an example:
V == {a,b}
can be rewritten to:
V =:= {a,b}
since the literal on the right side contains no numeric values
that '==' would compare differently to '=:='.
With the introduction of maps, we will need to take them into
account. Since the comparison of maps is planned to change in 18.0,
we will be very conservative and only do the optimization if
both keys and values are non-numeric.
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Given this code:
f(S) ->
F0 = F1 = {S,S},
[F0,F1].
case_opt/3 would "optimize" it like this:
f(S) ->
F1 = {S,S},
F0 = {S,S},
[F0,F1].
Similarly, this code:
g({a,_,_}=T) ->
{b,
[_,_] = [T,none],
x}.
would be rewritten to:
g({a,Tmp1,Tmp2}=T) ->
Tmp3 = {a,Tmp1,Tmp2},
{b,
[Tmp3,none],
x}.
where the tuple is rebuilt instead of using the T variable.
Rewrite case_opt/3 to be more careful while optimizing.
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I originally decided that in 'value' context, rewriting a let statement
where the variables were not in the body to a sequence was not worth
it, because the variables would be unused in only one let in a
thousand lets (roughly).
I have reconsidered.
The main reason is that if we do the rewrite, core_lib:is_var_used/2
will be used much more frequently, which will help us to find bugs
in it sooner.
Another reason is that the way letify/2 is currently implemented
with its own calls to core_lib:is_var_used/2 is only safe as long
as all the bindings are independent of each other. We could make
letify/2 smarter, but if we introduce this new optimization there
is no need.
Measuring compilation speed, I have not seen any significant slowdown.
It seems that although core_lib:is_var_used/2 is called much more
frequently, most calls will be fast because is_var_used/2 will quickly
find a use of the variable.
Also add a test case to cover a line opt_guard_try/1 that was
no longer covered.
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In c34ad2d5, the compiler learned to silence some warnings for
expressions that were explicitly assigned to the '_' variable,
as in this example:
_ = list_to_integer(S),
ok
That commit intentionally only made it possible to silence warnings
for BIFs that could cause an exception. Warnings would still be
produced for:
_ = date(),
ok
because date/0 can never fail and thus making the call completely
useless. The reasoning was that such warnings can always be
eliminated by eliminating the offending code.
While that is true, there is the question about rules and their
consistency. It is surprising that '_' can be used to silence
some warnings, but has no effect on other warnings.
Therefore, we will teach the compiler to silence warnings for
the following constructs:
* Calls to safe BIFs such as date/0
* Expressions that will cause an exception such as 'X/0'
* Terms that are built but not used, such as '{x,X}'
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* maint:
Update primary bootstrap
Be more careful about map patterns when evalutating element/2
Do not convert map patterns to map expressions
Conflicts:
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/sys_core_fold.beam
lib/compiler/test/match_SUITE.erl
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We must not convert map patterns to map expressions.
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In code such as:
case {a,Map} of
{a,#{}}=T ->
T
end
we must NOT rewrite a map pattern to a map expression like this:
case Map of
#{} ->
{a,#{}}
end
because the pattern '#{}' will match any map, but the expression
'#{}' will construct an empty map.
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Use the same syntax for map pairs in Core Erlang code as in the
Erlang Code. This Erlang code:
M#{x:=42,y=>1}
will look like this in Core Erlang:
~{'x':=42,'y'=>1|M}~
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* bjorn/compiler/map-fixes:
cerl: Remove a clause in fold_map_pairs/3 that will never be reached
Move grouping of map constructions from v3_core to v3_kernel
core_pp: Correct printing of map literals
Strengthen and modernize compile_SUITE
core_parse: Always fold literal conses
cerl: Make sure that we preserve the invariants for maps
cerl_clauses: Fix indentation
sys_core_fold: Strengthen optimization of letrecs in effect context
Fix handling of binary map keys in comprehensions
core_lib: Teach is_var_used/2 to handle keys in map patterns
warnings_SUITE: Eliminate compiler warning for a shadowed variable
lc_SUITE: Add shadow/1
Modernize lc_SUITE
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When translating a function with map construction:
f(A) ->
B = b,
C = c,
#{A=>1,B=>2,C=>3}.
v3_core would break apart the map construction into three
parts because of the way the map instructions in BEAM work --
variable keys need to be in their own instruction.
In the example, constant propagation will turn two of the
keys to literal keys. But the initial breaking apart will
not be undone, so there will still be three map constructions:
'f'/1 =
fun (_cor0) ->
let <_cor3> = ~{::<_cor0,1>}~
in let <_cor4> = ~{::<'b',2>|_cor3}~
in ~{::<'c',3>|_cor4}~
It would be possible to complicate the sys_core_fold pass
to regroup map operations so that we would get:
'f'/1 =
fun (_cor0) ->
let <_cor3> = ~{::<_cor0,1>}~
in ~{::<'b',2>,::<'c',3>|_cor3}~
A simpler way that allows to simplify the translation is
to skip the grouping in v3_core and translate the function
to:
'f'/1 =
fun (_cor0) ->
~{::<_cor0,1>,::<'b',2>,::<'c',3>}~
We will then let v3_kernel do the grouping while translating
from Core Erlang to Kernel Erlang.
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A map key in a pattern would be incorrectly pretty-printed.
As an example, the pattern in:
x() ->
#{ #{ a => 3 } := 42 } = X.
would be pretty-printed as:
<~{~<~{~<'a',3>}~,42>}~
instead of:
<~{~<~{::<'a',3>}~,42>}~
When this problem has been corrected, the workaround for it in
cerl:ann_c_map/3 can be removed. The workaround was not harmless,
as it would cause the following map update to incorrectly succeed:
(#{})#{a:=1}
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sys_core_fold:eval_element/3 attempts to evaluate calls to element/2
at compile time or to warn when the call will obviously fail. For
example:
element(1, [a])
will obviously fail and eval_element/3 will produce a warning.
eval_element/3 uses the helper functions is_not_integer/1 and
is_not_tuple/1 to test whether the arguments are known to be
incorrect. The clauses that attempt to match #c_map{} in those
helper function will never be executed, because #c_map{} will
never occur directly in an argument for a function call.
For example, code such as:
element(1, #{a=>Val})
will be translated to:
let <NewVar> = #{a=>Val}
in element(1, NewVar)
since maps are not considered safe (some map operations may
cause an exception at run time).
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v3_core is careful to always create literals whenever possible.
Correct core_parse so it, too, always creates literals out
of literal conses. With that correction, we can remove the
workaround in sys_core_fold (introduced in 26a5dea3cb5e101)
that handles non-literal flags in a binary.
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It was a workaround for a bug that has been fixed.
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Maps have certain invariants that must be preserved:
(1) A map as a pattern must be represented as #c_map{} record,
never as a literal. The reason is that the pattern '#{}' will
match any map, not just the empty map. The literal '#{}' will
only match the empty map.
(2) In a map pattern, the key must be a literal, a variable, or
data (list or tuple). Keys that are binaries or maps *must* be
represented as literals.
(3) Maps in expressions should be represented as literals if possible.
Nothing is broken if this invariant is broken, but the generated
code will be less efficient.
To preserve invariant (1), cerl:update_c_map/3 must never collapse
a map to a literal. To preserve invariant (3), cerl:update_c_map/3
must collapse a map to a literal if possible.
To preserve both invariants, we need a way for cerl:update_c_map/3 to
know whether the map is used as a pattern or as an expression. The
simplest way is to have an 'is_pat' boolean in the #c_map{} record
which is set when a #c_map{} record is initially created.
We also need to update core_parse.yrl to establish the invariants
in the same way as v3_core, to ensure that compiling from a
.core file will work even if all optimizations on Core Erlang are
disabled.
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We used to evaluate the body of a 'letrec' in value context, even
if the 'letrec' was being evaluated in effect context. In most
cases, the context does not matter because the body is usually
just an 'apply' which will never be optimized away.
However, in the case of incorrect code described in the previous
commit, it does matter. We can find such bad code by evaluating
the body in effect context. For example, if we have the following
incorrect code:
letrec
f/1 = fun(A) -> ... <use of Var> ...
in let Var = <<2:301>>
in apply(Arg)
If the letrec is evaluated in effect context, the code will be
reduced to:
letrec
f/1 = fun(A) -> ... <use of Var> ...
in seq Var = <<2:301>> do apply(Arg)
Now Var will be unbound and a later compiler pass will crash to
ensure that the bad Core Erlang code is noticed.
Also add a test case to ensure that the compiler crashes if the
bug fixed in the previous commit re-surfaces.
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The translation of list comprehension with a map pattern
with a big literal binary as key such as:
lc(L) ->
[V || #{<<2:301>> := V} <- L].
would generate Core Erlang code where an unbound variable
were referenced:
'lc'/1 =
fun (L) ->
letrec
'lc$^0'/1 = fun (_cor4) ->
case _cor4 of
<[~{~<_cor1,V>}~|_cor3]> when 'true' ->
let <_cor5> = apply 'lc$^0'/1(_cor3)
in [V|_cor5]
<[_cor2|_cor3]> when 'true' ->
apply 'lc$^0'/1(_cor3)
<[]> when 'true' ->
[]
end
in let <_cor1> = #{#<2>(301,1,'integer',['unsigned'|['big']])}#
in apply 'lc$^0'/1(L)
In the map pattern in the 'case' in the 'letrec', the key is the
variable '_cor1' which should be bound in the enclosing environment.
It is not.
There is binding of '_cor1', but in the wrong place (at the end of
the function). Because of the way v3_kernel translates letrecs,
the code *happens* to work.
The code will break if Core Erlang optimizations were strengthened
to more aggressively eliminate variable bindings that are not used,
or if the translation from Core Erlang to Kernel Erlang were changed.
Correct the translation so that '_cor1' is bound in the environment
enclosing the 'letrec':
'lc'/1 =
fun (L) ->
let <_cor1> = #{#<2>(301,1,'integer',['unsigned'|['big']])}#
in letrec
'lc$^0'/1 = fun (_cor4) ->
case _cor4 of
<[~{~<_cor1,V>}~|_cor3]> when 'true' ->
let <_cor5> = apply 'lc$^0'/1(_cor3)
in [V|_cor5]
<[_cor2|_cor3]> when 'true' ->
apply 'lc$^0'/1(_cor3)
<[]> when 'true' ->
[]
end
in apply 'lc$^0'/1(L)
Unfortunately I was not able to come up with a test case that
demonstrates the bug.
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is_var_used/2 did not notice that variable keys in map patterns
were used, which could cause sys_core_fold to do unsafe
optimizations.
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* egil/fix-maps-compiler-coverage/OTP-12425:
compiler: Rename util function to adhere to name policy
compiler: Remove get_map_elements label check in blocks
compiler: Remove unnecassary guard for get_map_elements
compiler: Remove dead code in beam_flatten
compiler: Increase Maps code coverage
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* bjorn/compiler/coverage:
map_SUITE: Ensure recompilation when running cover
Add beam_utils_SUITE to cover more lines in beam_utils
beam_utils: Remove unreachable clauses in live_opt/4
receive_SUITE: Cover handling of recv_mark & recv_set in beam_utils
beam_validator_SUITE: Mend the compiler_bug/1 test case
beam_clean: Remove handling of forgotten instructions
compile_SUITE: Test the 'dialyzer' option
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* maint:
Update primary bootstrap
core_lib: Handle patterns in map values
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beam_utils:live_opt() is only invoked on code that has been
blockified by beam_block. Therefore the allocate/3 and
allocate_heap/4 instructions only occur in their transformed
form inside a block.
While we are it, correct a comment. 'asm' has been replaced
by 'from_asm'.
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core_lib:is_var_used/2 would not consider a variable used in the
value of a map pattern such as:
case Map of
#{key := <<42:N>>} -> ok
end
Here the variable 'N' would not be considered used.
It was assumed that there was no need to check map patterns at
all, since maps currently don't support variables in keys.
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* oliv3/math_log2/OTP-12411:
Add math:log2/1
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Commits b44f86b7 and 97953704 introduced translations of instructions
in beam_a and beam_z, but forgot to remove the handling of them in
beam_clean.
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* maint:
Update primary bootstrap
beam_bool: Correct live calculation for GC BIFs
beam_bool: Correct indentation for try...catch
sys_core_fold: Correct optimization of 'case'
Conflicts:
bootstrap/bin/start.boot
bootstrap/bin/start_clean.boot
bootstrap/lib/compiler/ebin/beam_asm.beam
bootstrap/lib/stdlib/ebin/io_lib_pretty.beam
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* bjorn/compiler/map-in-record-bug/OTP-12402:
sys_core_fold: Correct optimization of 'case'
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When optimizing boolean expressions, it is not always possible
to find a number of live registers for a GC BIF that both preserves
all source registers that will be tested and at the same time
does not include registers that are not initialized.
As currently implemented, we have incomplete information about
the register calculated from the free variables. Some registers
are marked as "reserved". Reserved registers means that we don't
know anything about them; they may or may not be initialized.
As a conservative correction (suitable for a maintenance release), we
will abort the optimization if we find any reserved registers when
calculating the number of live registers. We will not attempt to
improve the information about the registers in this commit.
By examining the coverage when running the existing compiler test
suite we find that the optimization is aborted 15 times (before
adding any new test cases). To put that in perspective, the
optimization is successfully applied 4927 times, and aborted for
other reasons 547 times.
Reported-by: Ulf Norell
Reported-by: Anthony Ramine
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Old versions of the Erlang mode for Emacs used to indent try...catch
strangely - the first clause following the 'catch' would be indented
with one space less than the following clauses.
If we are to use the new Erlang mode when we add more clauses, they
would be indented with one space less than the preceding clauses.
That would look silly.
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The optimization of a 'case' statement could lead to incorrect
code that would cause an exception at run-time.
Here is an example to show how the optimization went wrong. Start
with the following code:
f({r,#{key:=Val},X}=S) ->
case S of
{r,_,_} ->
setelement(3, Val, S)
end.
(The record operations have already been translated to the
corresponding tuple operations.) The first step in case_opt/3 is
to substitute S to obtain:
f({r,#{key:=Val},X}=S) ->
case {r,#{key:=Val},X} of
{r,_,_} ->
setelement(3, Val, S)
end.
After that substitution the 'case' can be simplified to:
f({r,#{key:=Val},_}=S) ->
case #{key:=Val} of
NewVar ->
setelement(3, Val, S)
end.
That is the result from case_opt/3. Now eval_case/2 notices
that since there is only one clause left in the 'case', the
'case' can eliminated:
f({r,#{key:=Val},_}=S) ->
NewVar = #{key:=Val},
setelement(3, Val, S).
Since the map construction may have a side effect, it was not
eliminated, but assigned to a variable that is never used.
The problem is that '#{key:=Val}' is fine as a pattern, but in a
construction of a new map, the '=>' operator must be used. So the
map construction will fail, generating an exception.
As a conservative correction for a maintenance release, we will
abort the 'case' optimization if the substitution into the 'case'
expression is anything but data items (tuples, conses, or
literals) or variables.
Reported-by: Dmitry Aleksandrov
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* beam_utils:joineven/1 -> beam_utils:join_even/1
* beam_utils:split_even/1 -> beam_utils:split_even/1
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The get_map_elements instruction has been removed from all blocks by the
mandatory beam_split pass and thus only needs handling by the outer loop.
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No need to check for fail label zero for get_map_elements in beam_split.
get_map_elements is always used in pattern matching and never in a body.
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The normalization in beam_flatten can never be reached for get_map_elements
since it is always handled in the mandatory beam_split pass.
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While we are, clean up the comments and rearrange the code for
clarity. Also add a test to cover the last uncovered line in
beam_dead.erl.
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Better optimizations with less code.
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