path: root/lib/diameter/src/base/diameter_codec.erl

%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%%
%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2010-2015. All Rights Reserved.
%%
%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
%%
%%     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
%%
%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
%% limitations under the License.
%%
%% %CopyrightEnd%
%%

-module(diameter_codec).

-export([encode/2,
         decode/2,
         decode/3,
         setopts/1,
         getopt/1,
         collect_avps/1,
         decode_header/1,
         sequence_numbers/1,
         hop_by_hop_id/2,
         msg_name/2,
         msg_id/1]).

%% Towards generated encoders (from diameter_gen.hrl).
-export([pack_avp/1,
         pack_avp/2]).

-include_lib("diameter/include/diameter.hrl").
-include("diameter_internal.hrl").

-define(MASK(N,I), ((I) band (1 bsl (N)))).

-type u32() :: 0..16#FFFFFFFF.
-type u24() :: 0..16#FFFFFF.
-type u1()  :: 0..1.

%%     0                   1                   2                   3
%%     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |    Version    |                 Message Length                |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    | command flags |                  Command-Code                 |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |                         Application-ID                        |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |                      Hop-by-Hop Identifier                    |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |                      End-to-End Identifier                    |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |  AVPs ...
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # setopts/1
%%% # getopt/1
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%% These functions are a compromise in the same vein as the use of the
%% process dictionary in diameter_gen.hrl in generated codec modules.
%% Instead of rewriting the entire dictionary generation to pass
%% encode/decode options around, the calling process sets them by
%% calling setopts/1. At current, the only option is whether or not to
%% decode binaries as strings, which is used by diameter_types.

setopts(Opts)
  when is_list(Opts) ->
    lists:foreach(fun setopt/1, Opts).

%% Decode stringish types to string()? The default true is for
%% backwards compatibility.
setopt({string_decode = K, false = B}) ->
    setopt(K, B);

%% Regard anything but the generated RFC 3588 dictionary as modern.
%% This affects the interpretation of defaults during the decode
%% of values of type DiameterURI, this having changed from RFC 3588.
%% (So much for backwards compatibility.)
setopt({common_dictionary, diameter_gen_base_rfc3588}) ->
    setopt(rfc, 3588);

setopt(_) ->
    ok.

setopt(Key, Value) ->
    put({diameter, Key}, Value).

getopt(Key) ->
    case get({diameter, Key}) of
        undefined when Key == string_decode ->
            true;
        undefined when Key == rfc ->
            6733;
        V ->
            V
    end.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # encode/2
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-spec encode(module(), Msg :: term())
   -> #diameter_packet{}
    | no_return().

encode(Mod, #diameter_packet{} = Pkt) ->
    try
        e(Mod, Pkt)
    catch
        exit: {Reason, Stack, #diameter_header{} = H} = T ->
            %% Exit with a header in the reason to let the caller
            %% count encode errors.
            ?LOG(encode_error, {Reason, Stack, H}),
            exit({?MODULE, encode, T});
        error: Reason ->
            T = {Reason, diameter_lib:get_stacktrace()},
            ?LOG(encode_error, T),
            exit({?MODULE, encode, T})
    end;

encode(Mod, Msg) ->
    Seq = diameter_session:sequence(),
    Hdr = #diameter_header{version = ?DIAMETER_VERSION,
                           end_to_end_id = Seq,
                           hop_by_hop_id = Seq},
    encode(Mod,  #diameter_packet{header = Hdr,
                                  msg = Msg}).

e(_, #diameter_packet{msg = [#diameter_header{} = Hdr | As]} = Pkt) ->
    try encode_avps(reorder(As)) of
        Avps ->
            Length = size(Avps) + 20,

            #diameter_header{version = Vsn,
                             cmd_code = Code,
                             application_id = Aid,
                             hop_by_hop_id  = Hid,
                             end_to_end_id  = Eid}
                = Hdr,

            Flags = make_flags(0, Hdr),

            Pkt#diameter_packet{header = Hdr,
                                bin = <<Vsn:8, Length:24,
                                        Flags:8, Code:24,
                                        Aid:32,
                                        Hid:32,
                                        Eid:32,
                                        Avps/binary>>}
    catch
        error: Reason ->
            exit({Reason, diameter_lib:get_stacktrace(), Hdr})
    end;

e(Mod, #diameter_packet{header = Hdr0, msg = Msg} = Pkt) ->
    #diameter_header{version = Vsn,
                     hop_by_hop_id = Hid,
                     end_to_end_id = Eid}
        = Hdr0,

    MsgName = rec2msg(Mod, Msg),
    {Code, Flags0, Aid} = msg_header(Mod, MsgName, Hdr0),
    Flags = make_flags(Flags0, Hdr0),
    Hdr = Hdr0#diameter_header{cmd_code = Code,
                               application_id = Aid,
                               is_request       = 0 /= ?MASK(7, Flags),
                               is_proxiable     = 0 /= ?MASK(6, Flags),
                               is_error         = 0 /= ?MASK(5, Flags),
                               is_retransmitted = 0 /= ?MASK(4, Flags)},
    Values = values(Msg),

    try encode_avps(Mod, MsgName, Values) of
        Avps ->
            Length = size(Avps) + 20,
            Pkt#diameter_packet{header = Hdr#diameter_header{length = Length},
                                bin = <<Vsn:8, Length:24,
                                        Flags:8, Code:24,
                                        Aid:32,
                                        Hid:32,
                                        Eid:32,
                                        Avps/binary>>}
    catch
        error: Reason ->
            exit({Reason, diameter_lib:get_stacktrace(), Hdr})
    end.

%% make_flags/2

make_flags(Flags0, #diameter_header{is_request       = R,
                                    is_proxiable     = P,
                                    is_error         = E,
                                    is_retransmitted = T}) ->
    {Flags, 3} = lists:foldl(fun(B,{F,N}) -> {mf(B,F,N), N-1} end,
                             {Flags0, 7},
                             [R,P,E,T]),
    Flags.

mf(undefined, F, _) ->
    F;
mf(B, F, N) ->  %% reset the affected bit
    (F bxor (F band (1 bsl N))) bor bit(B, N).

bit(true, N)  -> 1 bsl N;
bit(false, _) -> 0.

%% values/1

values([H|T])
  when is_atom(H) ->
    T;
values(Avps) ->
    Avps.

%% encode_avps/3

%% Specifying values as a #diameter_avp list bypasses arity and other
%% checks: the values are expected to be already encoded and the AVP's
%% presented are simply sent. This is needed for relay agents, since
%% these have to be able to resend whatever comes.

%% Message as a list of #diameter_avp{} ...
encode_avps(_, _, [#diameter_avp{} | _] = Avps) ->
    encode_avps(reorder(Avps));

%% ... or as a tuple list or record.
encode_avps(Mod, MsgName, Values) ->
    Mod:encode_avps(MsgName, Values).

%% reorder/1
%%
%% Reorder AVPs for the relay case using the index field of
%% diameter_avp records. Decode populates this field in collect_avps
%% and presents AVPs in reverse order. A relay then sends the reversed
%% list with a Route-Record AVP prepended. The goal here is just to do
%% lists:reverse/1 in Grouped AVPs and the outer list, but only in the
%% case there are indexed AVPs at all, so as not to reverse lists that
%% have been explicilty sent (unindexed, in the desired order) as a
%% diameter_avp list. The effect is the same as lists:keysort/2, but
%% only on the cases we expect, not a general sort.

reorder(Avps) ->
    case reorder(Avps, []) of
        false ->
            Avps;
        Sorted ->
            Sorted
    end.

%% reorder/3

%% In case someone has reversed the list already. (Not likely.)
reorder([#diameter_avp{index = 0} | _] = Avps, Acc) ->
    Avps ++ Acc;

%% Assume indexed AVPs are in reverse order.
reorder([#diameter_avp{index = N} = A | Avps], Acc)
  when is_integer(N) ->
    lists:reverse(Avps, [A | Acc]);

%% An unindexed AVP.
reorder([H | T], Acc) ->
    reorder(T, [H | Acc]);

%% No indexed members.
reorder([], _) ->
    false.

%% encode_avps/1

encode_avps(Avps) ->
    list_to_binary(lists:map(fun pack_avp/1, Avps)).

%% msg_header/3

msg_header(Mod, 'answer-message' = MsgName, Header) ->
    0 = Mod:id(),  %% assert
    #diameter_header{application_id = Aid,
                     cmd_code = Code}
        = Header,
    {-1, Flags, ?APP_ID_COMMON} = Mod:msg_header(MsgName),
    {Code, Flags, Aid};

msg_header(Mod, MsgName, _) ->
    Mod:msg_header(MsgName).

%% rec2msg/2

rec2msg(_, [Name|_])
  when is_atom(Name) ->
    Name;

rec2msg(Mod, Rec) ->
    Mod:rec2msg(element(1, Rec)).

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # decode/2
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%% Unsuccessfully decoded AVPs will be placed in #diameter_packet.errors.

-spec decode(module() | {module(), module()}, #diameter_packet{} | binary())
   -> #diameter_packet{}.

%% An Answer setting the E-bit. The application dictionary is needed
%% for the best-effort decode of Failed-AVP, and the best way to make
%% this available to the AVP decode in diameter_gen.hrl, without
%% having to rewrite the entire codec generation, is to place it in
%% the process dictionary. It's the code in diameter_gen.hrl (that's
%% included by every generated codec module) that looks for the entry.
%% Not ideal, but it solves the problem relatively simply.
decode({Mod, Mod}, Pkt) ->
    decode(Mod, Pkt);
decode({Mod, AppMod}, Pkt) ->
    Key = {?MODULE, dictionary},
    put(Key, AppMod),
    try
        decode(Mod, Pkt)
    after
        erase(Key)
    end;

%% Or not: a request, or an answer not setting the E-bit.
decode(Mod, Pkt) ->
    decode(Mod:id(), Mod, Pkt).

%% decode/3

%% Relay application: just extract the avp's without any decoding of
%% their data since we don't know the application in question.
decode(?APP_ID_RELAY, _, #diameter_packet{} = Pkt) ->
    case collect_avps(Pkt) of
        {E, As} ->
            Pkt#diameter_packet{avps = As,
                                errors = [E]};
        As ->
            Pkt#diameter_packet{avps = As}
    end;

%% Otherwise decode using the dictionary.
decode(_, Mod, #diameter_packet{header = Hdr} = Pkt) ->
    #diameter_header{cmd_code = CmdCode,
                     is_request = IsRequest,
                     is_error = IsError}
        = Hdr,

    MsgName = if IsError andalso not IsRequest ->
                      'answer-message';
                 true ->
                      Mod:msg_name(CmdCode, IsRequest)
              end,

    decode_avps(MsgName, Mod, Pkt, collect_avps(Pkt));

decode(Id, Mod, Bin)
  when is_binary(Bin) ->
    decode(Id, Mod, #diameter_packet{header = decode_header(Bin), bin = Bin}).

%% decode_avps/4

decode_avps(MsgName, Mod, Pkt, {E, Avps}) ->
    ?LOG(invalid_avp_length, Pkt#diameter_packet.header),
    #diameter_packet{errors = Failed}
        = P
        = decode_avps(MsgName, Mod, Pkt, Avps),
    P#diameter_packet{errors = [E | Failed]};

decode_avps('', _, Pkt, Avps) ->  %% unknown message ...
    ?LOG(unknown_message, Pkt#diameter_packet.header),
    Pkt#diameter_packet{avps = lists:reverse(Avps),
                        errors = [3001]};   %% DIAMETER_COMMAND_UNSUPPORTED
%% msg = undefined identifies this case.

decode_avps(MsgName, Mod, Pkt, Avps) ->  %% ... or not
    {Rec, As, Errors} = Mod:decode_avps(MsgName, Avps),
    ?LOGC([] /= Errors, decode_errors, Pkt#diameter_packet.header),
    Pkt#diameter_packet{msg = Rec,
                        errors = Errors,
                        avps = As}.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # decode_header/1
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-spec decode_header(binary())
   -> #diameter_header{}
    | false.

decode_header(<<Version:8,
                MsgLength:24,
                CmdFlags:1/binary,
                CmdCode:24,
                ApplicationId:32,
                HopByHopId:32,
                EndToEndId:32,
                _/binary>>) ->
    <<R:1, P:1, E:1, T:1, _:4>>
        = CmdFlags,
    %% 3588 (ch 3) says that reserved bits MUST be set to 0 and ignored
    %% by the receiver.

    %% The RFC is quite unclear about the order of the bits in this
    %% case. It writes
    %%
    %%    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    %%   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    %%   |R P E T r r r r|
    %%   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    %%
    %% in defining these but the scale refers to the (big endian)
    %% transmission order, first to last, not the bit order. That is,
    %% R is the high order bit. It's odd that a standard reserves
    %% low-order bit rather than high-order ones.

    #diameter_header{version = Version,
                     length = MsgLength,
                     cmd_code = CmdCode,
                     application_id = ApplicationId,
                     hop_by_hop_id = HopByHopId,
                     end_to_end_id = EndToEndId,
                     is_request       = 1 == R,
                     is_proxiable     = 1 == P,
                     is_error         = 1 == E,
                     is_retransmitted = 1 == T};

decode_header(_) ->
    false.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # sequence_numbers/1
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%% The End-To-End identifier must be unique for at least 4 minutes. We
%% maintain a 24-bit wraparound counter, and add an 8-bit persistent
%% wraparound counter. The 8-bit counter is incremented each time the
%% system is restarted.

-spec sequence_numbers(#diameter_packet{}
                       | #diameter_header{}
                       | binary()
                       | Seq)
   -> Seq
 when Seq :: {HopByHopId :: u32(), EndToEndId :: u32()}.

sequence_numbers({_,_} = T) ->
    T;

sequence_numbers(#diameter_packet{bin = Bin})
  when is_binary(Bin) ->
    sequence_numbers(Bin);

sequence_numbers(#diameter_packet{header = #diameter_header{} = H}) ->
    sequence_numbers(H);

sequence_numbers(#diameter_packet{msg = [#diameter_header{} = H | _]}) ->
    sequence_numbers(H);

sequence_numbers(#diameter_header{hop_by_hop_id = H,
                                  end_to_end_id = E}) ->
    {H,E};

sequence_numbers(<<_:12/binary, H:32, E:32, _/binary>>) ->
    {H,E}.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # hop_by_hop_id/2
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-spec hop_by_hop_id(u32(), binary())
   -> binary().

hop_by_hop_id(Id, <<H:12/binary, _:32, T/binary>>) ->
    <<H/binary, Id:32, T/binary>>.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # msg_name/2
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-spec msg_name(module(), #diameter_header{})
   -> atom()
    | {ApplicationId :: u32(), CommandCode :: u24(), Rbit :: u1()}.

msg_name(Dict0, #diameter_header{application_id = ?APP_ID_COMMON,
                                 cmd_code = C,
                                 is_request = R}) ->
    Dict0:msg_name(C,R);

msg_name(_, Hdr) ->
    msg_id(Hdr).

%% Note that messages in different applications could have the same
%% name.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # msg_id/1
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-spec msg_id(#diameter_packet{} | #diameter_header{})
   -> {ApplicationId :: u32(), CommandCode :: u24(), Rbit :: u1()}.

msg_id(#diameter_packet{msg = [#diameter_header{} = Hdr | _]}) ->
    msg_id(Hdr);

msg_id(#diameter_packet{header = #diameter_header{} = Hdr}) ->
    msg_id(Hdr);

msg_id(#diameter_header{application_id = A,
                        cmd_code = C,
                        is_request = R}) ->
    {A, C, if R -> 1; true -> 0 end};

msg_id(<<_:32, Rbit:1, _:7, CmdCode:24, ApplId:32, _/binary>>) ->
    {ApplId, CmdCode, Rbit}.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # collect_avps/1
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%% Note that the returned list of AVP's is reversed relative to their
%% order in the binary. Note also that grouped avp's aren't unraveled,
%% only those at the top level.

-spec collect_avps(#diameter_packet{} | binary())
   -> [Avp]
    | {Error, [Avp]}
 when Avp   :: #diameter_avp{},
      Error :: {5014, #diameter_avp{}}.

collect_avps(#diameter_packet{bin = Bin}) ->
    <<_:20/binary, Avps/binary>> = Bin,
    collect_avps(Avps);

collect_avps(Bin)
  when is_binary(Bin) ->
    collect_avps(Bin, 0, []).

collect_avps(<<>>, _, Acc) ->
    Acc;
collect_avps(Bin, N, Acc) ->
    try split_avp(Bin) of
        {Rest, AVP} ->
            collect_avps(Rest, N+1, [AVP#diameter_avp{index = N} | Acc])
    catch
        ?FAILURE(Error) ->
            {Error, Acc}
    end.

%%     0                   1                   2                   3
%%     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |                           AVP Code                            |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |V M P r r r r r|                  AVP Length                   |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |                        Vendor-ID (opt)                        |
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
%%    |    Data ...
%%    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

%% split_avp/1

split_avp(Bin) ->
    {Code, V, M, P, Len, HdrLen} = split_head(Bin),

    <<_:HdrLen/binary, Rest/binary>> = Bin,
    {Data, B} = split_data(Rest, Len - HdrLen),

    {B, #diameter_avp{code = Code,
                      vendor_id = V,
                      is_mandatory = 1 == M,
                      need_encryption = 1 == P,
                      data = Data}}.

%% split_head/1

split_head(<<Code:32, 1:1, M:1, P:1, _:5, Len:24, V:32, _/binary>>) ->
    {Code, V, M, P, Len, 12};

split_head(<<Code:32, 0:1, M:1, P:1, _:5, Len:24, _/binary>>) ->
    {Code, undefined, M, P, Len, 8};

%% Header is truncated.
split_head(Bin) ->
    ?THROW({5014, #diameter_avp{data = Bin}}).
%% Note that pack_avp/1 will pad this at encode if sent in a Failed-AVP.

%% 3588:
%%
%%   DIAMETER_INVALID_AVP_LENGTH        5014
%%      The request contained an AVP with an invalid length.  A Diameter
%%      message indicating this error MUST include the offending AVPs
%%      within a Failed-AVP AVP.

%% 6733:
%%
%%    DIAMETER_INVALID_AVP_LENGTH 5014
%%
%%       The request contained an AVP with an invalid length.  A Diameter
%%       message indicating this error MUST include the offending AVPs
%%       within a Failed-AVP AVP.  In cases where the erroneous AVP length
%%       value exceeds the message length or is less than the minimum AVP
%%                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%%       header length, it is sufficient to include the offending AVP
%%       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%%       header and a zero filled payload of the minimum required length
%%       for the payloads data type.  If the AVP is a Grouped AVP, the
%%       Grouped AVP header with an empty payload would be sufficient to
%%       indicate the offending AVP.  In the case where the offending AVP
%%       header cannot be fully decoded when the AVP length is less than
%%       the minimum AVP header length, it is sufficient to include an
%%       offending AVP header that is formulated by padding the incomplete
%%       AVP header with zero up to the minimum AVP header length.
%%
%% The underlined clause must be in error since (1) a header less than
%% the minimum value mean we might not know the identity of the AVP and
%% (2) the last sentence covers this case.

%% split_data/3

split_data(Bin, Len) ->
    Pad = (4 - (Len rem 4)) rem 4,

    %% Len might be negative here, but that ensures the failure of the
    %% binary match.

    case Bin of
        <<Data:Len/binary, _:Pad/binary, Rest/binary>> ->
            {Data, Rest};
        _ ->
            %% Header length points past the end of the message, or
            %% doesn't span the header. As stated in the 6733 text
            %% above, it's sufficient to return a zero-filled minimal
            %% payload if this is a request. Do this (in cases that we
            %% know the type) by inducing a decode failure and letting
            %% the dictionary's decode (in diameter_gen) deal with it.
            %%
            %% Note that the extra bit can only occur in the trailing
            %% AVP of a message or Grouped AVP, since a faulty AVP
            %% Length is otherwise indistinguishable from a correct
            %% one here, since we don't know the types of the AVPs
            %% being extracted.
            {<<0:1, Bin/binary>>, <<>>}
    end.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # pack_avp/1
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%% The normal case here is data as an #diameter_avp{} list or an
%% iolist, which are the cases that generated codec modules use. The
%% other case is as a convenience in the relay case in which the
%% dictionary doesn't know about specific AVP's.

%% Grouped AVP whose components need packing ...
pack_avp([#diameter_avp{} = A | Avps]) ->
    pack_avp(A#diameter_avp{data = Avps});
pack_avp(#diameter_avp{data = [#diameter_avp{} | _] = Avps} = A) ->
    pack_avp(A#diameter_avp{data = encode_avps(Avps)});

%% ... data as a type/value tuple ...
pack_avp(#diameter_avp{data = {Type, Value}} = A)
  when is_atom(Type) ->
    pack_avp(A#diameter_avp{data = diameter_types:Type(encode, Value)});

%% ... with a header in various forms ...
pack_avp(#diameter_avp{data = {{_,_,_} = T, {Type, Value}}}) ->
    pack_avp(T, iolist_to_binary(diameter_types:Type(encode, Value)));

pack_avp(#diameter_avp{data = {{_,_,_} = T, Bin}})
  when is_binary(Bin) ->
    pack_avp(T, Bin);

pack_avp(#diameter_avp{data = {Dict, Name, Value}} = A) ->
    {Code, _Flags, Vid} = Hdr = Dict:avp_header(Name),
    {Name, Type} = Dict:avp_name(Code, Vid),
    pack_avp(A#diameter_avp{data = {Hdr, {Type, Value}}});

%% ... with a truncated header ...
pack_avp(#diameter_avp{code = undefined, data = B})
  when is_binary(B) ->
    %% Reset the AVP Length of an AVP Header resulting from a 5014
    %% error. The RFC doesn't explicitly say to do this but the
    %% receiver can't correctly extract this and following AVP's
    %% without a correct length. On the downside, the header doesn't
    %% reveal if the received header has been padded.
    Pad = 8*header_length(B) - bit_size(B),
    Len = size(<<H:5/binary, _:24, T/binary>> = <<B/binary, 0:Pad>>),
    <<H/binary, Len:24, T/binary>>;

%% ... when ignoring errors in Failed-AVP ...
%% ... during a relay encode ...
pack_avp(#diameter_avp{data = <<0:1, B/binary>>} = A) ->
    pack_avp(A#diameter_avp{data = B});

%% ... or as an iolist.
pack_avp(#diameter_avp{code = Code,
                       vendor_id = V,
                       is_mandatory = M,
                       need_encryption = P,
                       data = Data}) ->
    Flags = lists:foldl(fun flag_avp/2, 0, [{V /= undefined, 2#10000000},
                                            {M, 2#01000000},
                                            {P, 2#00100000}]),
    pack_avp({Code, Flags, V}, iolist_to_binary(Data)).

header_length(<<_:32, 1:1, _/bitstring>>) ->
    12;
header_length(_) ->
    8.

flag_avp({true, B}, F) ->
    F bor B;
flag_avp({false, _}, F) ->
    F.

%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% # pack_avp/2
%%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

pack_avp({Code, Flags, VendorId}, Bin)
  when is_binary(Bin) ->
    Sz = size(Bin),
    pack_avp(Code, Flags, VendorId, Sz, pad(Sz rem 4, Bin)).

pad(0, Bin) ->
    Bin;
pad(N, Bin) ->
    P = 8*(4-N),
    <<Bin/binary, 0:P>>.
%% Note that padding is not included in the length field as mandated by
%% the RFC.

%% pack_avp/5
%%
%% Prepend the vendor id as required.

pack_avp(Code, Flags, Vid, Sz, Bin)
  when 0 == Flags band 2#10000000 ->
    undefined = Vid,  %% sanity check
    pack_avp(Code, Flags, Sz, Bin);

pack_avp(Code, Flags, Vid, Sz, Bin) ->
    pack_avp(Code, Flags, Sz+4, <<Vid:32, Bin/binary>>).

%% pack_avp/4

pack_avp(Code, Flags, Sz, Bin) ->
    Length = Sz + 8,
    <<Code:32, Flags:8, Length:24, Bin/binary>>.