path: root/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml

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<!DOCTYPE erlref SYSTEM "erlref.dtd">

<erlref>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>1996</year><year>2018</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
      you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
      You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
      See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
      limitations under the License.

    </legalnotice>

    <title>ets</title>
    <prepared></prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date></date>
    <rev></rev>
  </header>
  <module>ets</module>
  <modulesummary>Built-in term storage.</modulesummary>
  <description>
    <p>This module is an interface to the Erlang built-in term storage
      BIFs. These provide the ability to store very large quantities of
      data in an Erlang runtime system, and to have constant access
      time to the data. (In the case of <c>ordered_set</c>, see below,
      access time is proportional to the logarithm of the number of
      stored objects.)</p>

    <p>Data is organized as a set of dynamic tables, which can store
      tuples. Each table is created by a process. When the process
      terminates, the table is automatically destroyed. Every table has
      access rights set at creation.</p>

    <p>Tables are divided into four different types, <c>set</c>,
      <c>ordered_set</c>, <c>bag</c>, and <c>duplicate_bag</c>.
      A <c>set</c> or <c>ordered_set</c> table can only have one object
      associated with each key. A <c>bag</c> or <c>duplicate_bag</c> table can
      have many objects associated with each key.</p>

   <marker id="max_ets_tables"></marker>
   <note>
     <p>
       The number of tables stored at one Erlang node <em>used</em> to
       be limited. This is no longer the case (except by memory usage).
       The previous default limit was about 1400 tables and
       could be increased by setting the environment variable
       <c>ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</c> or the command line option
       <seealso marker="erts:erl#+e"><c>+e</c></seealso> before starting the
       Erlang runtime system. This hard limit has been removed, but it is currently
       useful to set the <c>ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</c> anyway. It should be
       set to an approximate of the maximum amount of tables used. This since
       an internal table for named tables is sized using this value. If
       large amounts of named tables are used and <c>ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</c>
       hasn't been increased, the performance of named table lookup will
       degrade.
    </p>
   </note>

    <p>Notice that there is no automatic garbage collection for tables.
      Even if there are no references to a table from any process, it
      is not automatically destroyed unless the owner process
      terminates. To destroy a table explicitly, use function
      <seealso marker="#delete/1"><c>delete/1</c></seealso>.
      The default owner is the process that created the
      table. To transfer table ownership at process termination, use
      option <seealso marker="#heir"><c>heir</c></seealso> or call
      <seealso marker="#give_away/3"><c>give_away/3</c></seealso>.</p>

    <p>Some implementation details:</p>

    <list type="bulleted">
      <item><p>In the current implementation, every object insert and
       look-up operation results in a copy of the object.</p></item>
      <item><p><c>'$end_of_table'</c> is not to be used as a key, as
       this atom is used to mark the end of the table when using functions
       <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso> and
       <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.</p></item>
    </list>

    <p>Notice the subtle difference between
      <em>matching</em> and <em>comparing equal</em>, which is
      demonstrated by table types <c>set</c> and <c>ordered_set</c>:</p>

    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>
        <p>Two Erlang terms <c>match</c> if they are of
          the same type and have the same value, so that <c>1</c> matches
          <c>1</c>, but not <c>1.0</c> (as <c>1.0</c> is a <c>float()</c>
          and not an <c>integer()</c>).</p>
      </item>
      <item>
        <p>Two Erlang terms <em>compare equal</em>
          if they either are of the same type and value, or if
          both are numeric types and extend to the same value, so that
          <c>1</c> compares equal to both <c>1</c> and <c>1.0</c>.</p>
      </item>
      <item>
        <p>The <c>ordered_set</c> works on the <em>Erlang term order</em> and
          no defined order exists between an <c>integer()</c> and a
          <c>float()</c> that extends to the same value. Hence the key
          <c>1</c> and the key <c>1.0</c> are regarded as equal in an
          <c>ordered_set</c> table.</p>
      </item>
    </list>
  </description>

  <section>
    <title>Failure</title>
    <p>The functions in this module exits with reason
      <c>badarg</c> if any argument has the wrong format, if the
      table identifier is invalid, or if the operation is denied because of
      table access rights (<seealso marker="#protected">protected</seealso>
      or <seealso marker="#private">private</seealso>).</p>
  </section>

  <section><marker id="concurrency"></marker>
    <title>Concurrency</title>
      <p>This module provides some limited support for concurrent access.
       All updates to single objects are guaranteed to be both <em>atomic</em>
       and <em>isolated</em>. This means that an updating operation to
       a single object either succeeds or fails completely without any
       effect (atomicity) and that
       no intermediate results of the update can be seen by other
       processes (isolation). Some functions that update many objects
       state that they even guarantee atomicity and isolation for the entire
       operation. In database terms the isolation level can be seen as
       "serializable", as if all isolated operations are carried out serially,
       one after the other in a strict order.</p>

      <p>No other support is available within this module that would guarantee
       consistency between objects. However, function
       <seealso marker="#safe_fixtable/2"><c>safe_fixtable/2</c></seealso>
       can be used to guarantee that a sequence of
       <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso> and
       <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso> calls traverse the
       table without errors and that each existing object in the table is
       visited exactly once, even if another (or the same) process
       simultaneously deletes or inserts objects into the table.
       Nothing else is guaranteed; in particular objects that are inserted
       or deleted during such a traversal can be visited once or not at all.
       Functions that internally traverse over a table, like
       <seealso marker="#select/1"><c>select</c></seealso> and
       <seealso marker="#match/1"><c>match</c></seealso>,
       give the same guarantee as
       <seealso marker="#safe_fixtable/2"><c>safe_fixtable</c></seealso>.</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <marker id="match_spec"></marker>
    <title>Match Specifications</title>
    <p>Some of the functions use a <em>match specification</em>,
      <c>match_spec</c>. For a brief explanation, see
      <seealso marker="#select/2"><c>select/2</c></seealso>. For a detailed
      description, see section <seealso marker="erts:match_spec">
      Match Specifications in Erlang</seealso> in ERTS User's Guide.</p>
  </section>

  <datatypes>
    <datatype>
      <name name="access"/>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name>continuation()</name>
      <desc>
        <p>Opaque continuation used by <seealso marker="#select/1">
          <c>select/1,3</c></seealso>, <seealso marker="#select_reverse/1">
          <c>select_reverse/1,3</c></seealso>, <seealso marker="#match/1">
          <c>match/1,3</c></seealso>, and <seealso marker="#match_object/1">
          <c>match_object/1,3</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name name="match_spec"/>
      <desc><p>A match specification, see above.</p></desc>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name name="comp_match_spec"/>
      <desc><p>A compiled match specification.</p></desc>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name name="match_pattern"/>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name name="tab"/>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name name="tid"/>
      <desc><p>A table identifier, as returned by
      <seealso marker="#new/2"><c>new/2</c></seealso>.</p></desc>
    </datatype>
    <datatype>
      <name name="type"/>
    </datatype>
  </datatypes>

  <funcs>
    <func>
      <name name="all" arity="0"/>
      <fsummary>Return a list of all ETS tables.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns a list of all tables at the node. Named tables are
          specified by their names, unnamed tables are specified by their
          table identifiers.</p>
        <p>There is no guarantee of consistency in the returned list. Tables
          created or deleted by other processes "during" the <c>ets:all()</c>
          call either are or are not included in the list. Only tables
          created/deleted <em>before</em> <c>ets:all()</c> is called are
          guaranteed to be included/excluded.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="delete" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Delete an entire ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Deletes the entire table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="delete" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Delete all objects with a specified key from an ETS
        table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Deletes all objects with key <c><anno>Key</anno></c> from table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="delete_all_objects" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Delete all objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Delete all objects in the ETS table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.
          The operation is guaranteed to be
          <seealso marker="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="delete_object" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Deletes a specific from an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Delete the exact object <c><anno>Object</anno></c> from the
          ETS table,
          leaving objects with the same key but other differences
          (useful for type <c>bag</c>). In a <c>duplicate_bag</c> table, all
          instances of the object are deleted.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="file2tab" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Read an ETS table from a file.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Reads a file produced by <seealso marker="#tab2file/2">
          <c>tab2file/2</c></seealso> or 
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/3"><c>tab2file/3</c></seealso> and
          creates the corresponding table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>Equivalent to <c>file2tab(<anno>Filename</anno>, [])</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="file2tab" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Read an ETS table from a file.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Reads a file produced by <seealso marker="#tab2file/2">
          <c>tab2file/2</c></seealso> or <seealso marker="#tab2file/3">
          <c>tab2file/3</c></seealso> and creates the
          corresponding table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>The only supported option is <c>{verify,boolean()}</c>.
          If verification is turned on (by specifying <c>{verify,true}</c>),
          the function uses whatever information is present in the file to
          assert that the information is not damaged. How this is done depends
          on which <c>extended_info</c> was written using 
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/3"><c>tab2file/3</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>If no <c>extended_info</c> is present in the file and
          <c>{verify,true}</c> is specified, the number of objects
          written is compared to the size of the original table when the
          dump was started. This can make verification fail if the table was
          <c>public</c> and objects were added or removed while the
          table was dumped to file. To avoid this problem,
          either do not verify files dumped while updated simultaneously
          or use option <c>{extended_info, [object_count]}</c> to
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/3"><c>tab2file/3</c></seealso>, which
          extends the information in the file with the number of objects
          written.</p>
        <p>If verification is turned on and the file was written with
          option <c>{extended_info, [md5sum]}</c>, reading the file
          is slower and consumes radically more CPU time than otherwise.</p>
        <p><c>{verify,false}</c> is the default.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="first" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return the first key in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns the first key <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>. For an <c>ordered_set</c> table, the first
          key in Erlang term order is returned. For other
          table types, the first key according to the internal
          order of the table is returned. If the table is empty,
          <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
        <p>To find subsequent keys in the table, use
          <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="foldl" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Fold a function over an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p><c><anno>Acc0</anno></c> is returned if the table is empty.
          This function is similar to
          <seealso marker="lists#foldl/3"><c>lists:foldl/3</c></seealso>.
          The table elements are traversed in an unspecified order, except for
          <c>ordered_set</c> tables, where they are traversed first to last.</p>
        <p>If <c><anno>Function</anno></c> inserts objects into the table,
          or another
          process inserts objects into the table, those objects <em>can</em>
          (depending on key ordering) be included in the traversal.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="foldr" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Fold a function over an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p><c><anno>Acc0</anno></c> is returned if the table is empty.
          This function is similar to
          <seealso marker="lists#foldr/3"><c>lists:foldr/3</c></seealso>.
          The table elements are traversed in an unspecified order, except for
          <c>ordered_set</c> tables, where they are traversed last to first.</p>
        <p>If <c><anno>Function</anno></c> inserts objects into the table,
          or another
          process inserts objects into the table, those objects <em>can</em>
          (depending on key ordering) be included in the traversal.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="from_dets" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Fill an ETS table with objects from a Dets
        table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Fills an already created ETS table with the objects in the
          already opened Dets table <c><anno>DetsTab</anno></c>.
          Existing objects in the ETS table are kept unless
          overwritten.</p>
        <p>If any of the tables does not exist or the Dets table is
          not open, a <c>badarg</c> exception is raised.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="fun2ms" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Pseudo function that transforms fun syntax to a match
        specification.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Pseudo function that by a <c>parse_transform</c> translates
          <c><anno>LiteralFun</anno></c> typed as parameter in the function
          call to a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso>.
          With "literal" is meant that the fun must textually be written
          as the parameter of the function, it cannot be held in a
          variable that in turn is passed to the function.</p>
        <p>The parse transform is provided in the <c>ms_transform</c>
          module and the source <em>must</em> include
          file <c>ms_transform.hrl</c> in STDLIB for this
          pseudo function to work. Failing to include the hrl file in
          the source results in a runtime error, not a compile
          time error. The include file is easiest included by adding line
          <c>-include_lib("stdlib/include/ms_transform.hrl").</c> to
          the source file.</p>
        <p>The fun is very restricted, it can take only a single
          parameter (the object to match): a sole variable or a
          tuple. It must use the <c>is_</c> guard tests.
          Language constructs that have no representation in a match
          specification (<c>if</c>, <c>case</c>, <c>receive</c>,
          and so on) are not allowed.</p>
        <p>The return value is the resulting match specification.</p>
        <p><em>Example:</em></p>
        <pre>
1> <input>ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > 3 -> M end).</input>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{'>','$2',3}],['$1']}]</pre>
        <p>Variables from the environment can be imported, so that the
          following works:</p>
        <pre>
2> <input>X=3.</input>
3
3> <input>ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > X -> M end).</input>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{'>','$2',{const,3}}],['$1']}]</pre>
        <p>The imported variables are replaced by match specification
          <c>const</c> expressions, which is consistent with the
          static scoping for Erlang funs. However, local or global function
          calls cannot be in the guard or body of the fun. Calls to built-in
          match specification functions is of course allowed:</p>
        <pre>
4> <input>ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > X, my_fun(M) -> M end).</input>
Error: fun containing local Erlang function calls
('my_fun' called in guard) cannot be translated into match_spec
{error,transform_error}
5> <input>ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > X, is_atom(M) -> M end).</input>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{'>','$2',{const,3}},{is_atom,'$1'}],['$1']}]</pre>
        <p>As shown by the example, the function can be called
          from the shell also. The fun must be literally in the call
          when used from the shell as well.</p>
        <warning>
          <p>If the <c>parse_transform</c> is not applied to a module that
            calls this pseudo function, the call fails in runtime
            (with a <c>badarg</c>). The <c>ets</c> module
            exports a function with this name, but it is never to
            be called except when using the function in the
            shell. If the <c>parse_transform</c> is properly applied by
            including header file <c>ms_transform.hrl</c>, compiled
            code never calls the function, but the function call is
            replaced by a literal match specification.</p>
        </warning>
        <p>For more information, see <seealso marker="ms_transform#top">
          <c>ms_transform(3)</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="give_away" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Change owner of a table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Make process <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> the new owner of table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>. If successful, message
          <c>{'ETS-TRANSFER',<anno>Tab</anno>,FromPid,<anno>GiftData</anno>}</c>
          is sent to the new owner.</p>
        <p>The process <c><anno>Pid</anno></c> must be alive, local, and not
          already the owner of the table.
          The calling process must be the table owner.</p>
        <p>Notice that this function does not affect option
          <seealso marker="#heir"><c>heir</c></seealso> of the table. A table
          owner can, for example, set <c>heir</c> to itself, give the table
          away, and then get it back if the receiver terminates.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="i" arity="0"/>
      <fsummary>Display information about all ETS tables on a terminal.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Displays information about all ETS tables on a terminal.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="i" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Browse an ETS table on a terminal.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Browses table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> on a terminal.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="info" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return information about an <c>table</c>.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns information about table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> as a list of
          tuples. If <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> has the correct type
          for a table identifier, but does not refer to an existing ETS
          table, <c>undefined</c> is returned. If <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> is
          not of the correct type, a <c>badarg</c> exception is raised.</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>{compressed, boolean()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Indicates if the table is compressed.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{heir, pid() | none}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The pid of the heir of the table, or <c>none</c> if no heir
              is set.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{id,</c><seealso marker="#type-tid">
              <c>tid()</c></seealso><c>}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table identifier.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{keypos, integer() >= 1}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The key position.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{memory, integer() >= 0</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The number of words allocated to the table.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{name, atom()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table name.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{named_table, boolean()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Indicates if the table is named.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{node, node()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The node where the table is stored. This field is no longer
              meaningful, as tables cannot be accessed from other nodes.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{owner, pid()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The pid of the owner of the table.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{protection,</c> <seealso marker="#type-access">
              <c>access()</c></seealso><c>}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table access rights.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{size, integer() >= 0</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The number of objects inserted in the table.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{type,</c> <seealso marker="#type-type">
              <c>type()</c></seealso><c>}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table type.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{read_concurrency, boolean()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Indicates whether the table uses <c>read_concurrency</c> or
              not.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{write_concurrency, boolean()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Indicates whether the table uses <c>write_concurrency</c>.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="info" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return the information associated with the specified item for
        an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns the information associated with <c>Item</c> for table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>, or returns <c>undefined</c> if <c>Tab</c>
          does not refer an existing ETS table. If
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> is
          not of the correct type, or if <c><anno>Item</anno></c> is not
          one of the allowed values, a <c>badarg</c> exception is raised.</p>
          <p>In addition to the <c>{<anno>Item</anno>,<anno>Value</anno>}</c>
            pairs defined for <seealso marker="#info/1"><c>info/1</c></seealso>,
            the following items are allowed:</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item>
            <p><c>Item=fixed, Value=boolean()</c></p>
            <p>Indicates if the table is fixed by any process.</p>
          </item>
          <item>
            <p><marker id="info_2_safe_fixed_monotonic_time"/></p>
            <p><c>Item=safe_fixed|safe_fixed_monotonic_time,
              Value={FixationTime,Info}|false</c></p>
            <p>If the table has been fixed using
              <seealso marker="#safe_fixtable/2">
              <c>safe_fixtable/2</c></seealso>,
              the call returns a tuple where <c>FixationTime</c> is the
              time when the table was first fixed by a process, which either
              is or is not one of the processes it is fixed by now.</p>
            <p>The format and value of <c>FixationTime</c> depends on
              <c>Item</c>:</p>
            <taglist>
              <tag><c>safe_fixed</c></tag>
              <item>
                <p><c>FixationTime</c> corresponds to the result returned by
                  <seealso marker="erts:erlang#timestamp/0">
                  <c>erlang:timestamp/0</c></seealso> at the time of fixation.
                  Notice that when the system uses single or multi
                  <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#Time_Warp_Modes">time
                  warp modes</seealso> this can produce strange results, as
                  the use of <c>safe_fixed</c> is not
                  <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">
                  time warp safe</seealso>. Time warp safe code must use
                  <c>safe_fixed_monotonic_time</c> instead.</p>
              </item>
              <tag><c>safe_fixed_monotonic_time</c></tag>
              <item>
                <p><c>FixationTime</c> corresponds to the result returned by
                  <seealso marker="erts:erlang#monotonic_time/0">
                  <c>erlang:monotonic_time/0</c></seealso> at the time of
                  fixation. The use of <c>safe_fixed_monotonic_time</c> is
                  <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#Time_Warp_Safe_Code">
                  time warp safe</seealso>.</p>
              </item>
            </taglist>
            <p><c>Info</c> is a possibly empty lists of tuples
              <c>{Pid,RefCount}</c>, one tuple for every process the
              table is fixed by now. <c>RefCount</c> is the value
              of the reference counter and it keeps track of how many times
              the table has been fixed by the process.</p>
            <p>If the table never has been fixed, the call returns
              <c>false</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <item>
            <p><c>Item=stats, Value=tuple()</c></p>
            <p>Returns internal statistics about <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, and
              <c>duplicate_bag</c> tables on an internal format used by OTP
              test suites. Not for production use.</p></item>
        </list>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="init_table" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Replace all objects of an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Replaces the existing objects of table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> with
          objects created by calling the input function
          <c><anno>InitFun</anno></c>,
          see below. This function is provided for compatibility with
          the <c>dets</c> module, it is not more efficient than filling
          a table by using
          <seealso marker="#insert/2"><c>insert/2</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>When called with argument <c>read</c>, the function
          <c><anno>InitFun</anno></c> is assumed to return
          <c>end_of_input</c> when
          there is no more input, or <c>{<anno>Objects</anno>, Fun}</c>, where
          <c><anno>Objects</anno></c> is a list of objects and <c>Fun</c> is a
          new input function. Any other value <c>Value</c> is returned as an
          error <c>{error, {init_fun, Value}}</c>. Each input function is
          called exactly once, and if an error occur, the last
          function is called with argument <c>close</c>, the reply
          of which is ignored.</p>
        <p>If the table type is <c>set</c> and more than one object
          exists with a given key, one of the objects is
          chosen. This is not necessarily the last object with the given
          key in the sequence of objects returned by the input
          functions. This holds also for duplicated
          objects stored in tables of type <c>bag</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="insert" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Insert an object into an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Inserts the object or all of the objects in list
          <c><anno>ObjectOrObjects</anno></c> into table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item>
            <p>If the table type is <c>set</c> and the key of the inserted
              objects <em>matches</em> the key of any object in the table,
              the old object is replaced.</p>
          </item>
          <item>
            <p>If the table type is <c>ordered_set</c> and the key of the
              inserted object <em>compares equal</em> to the key of any object
              in the table, the old object is replaced.</p>
          </item>
          <item>
            <p>If the list contains more than one object with
              <em>matching</em> keys and the table type is <c>set</c>, one is
              inserted, which one is not defined.
              The same holds for table type <c>ordered_set</c>
              if the keys <em>compare equal</em>.</p>
          </item>
        </list>
        <p>The entire operation is guaranteed to be
          <seealso marker="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</seealso>,
          even when a list of objects is inserted.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="insert_new" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Insert an object into an ETS table if the key is not
        already present.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Same as <seealso marker="#insert/2"><c>insert/2</c></seealso>
          except that instead of overwriting objects with the same key
          (for <c>set</c> or <c>ordered_set</c>) or adding more objects with
          keys already existing in the table (for <c>bag</c> and
          <c>duplicate_bag</c>), <c>false</c> is returned.</p>
        <p>If <c><anno>ObjectOrObjects</anno></c> is a
          list, the function checks <em>every</em> key before
          inserting anything. Nothing is inserted unless
          <em>all</em> keys present in the list are absent from the
          table. Like <c>insert/2</c>, the entire operation is guaranteed to be
          <seealso marker="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="is_compiled_ms" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Check if an Erlang term is the result of
        <c>match_spec_compile</c>.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Checks if a term is a valid
          compiled <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso>.
          The compiled match specification is an opaque datatype that
          <em>cannot</em> be sent between Erlang nodes or be stored on
          disk. Any attempt to create an external representation of a
          compiled match specification results in an empty binary
          (<c><![CDATA[<<>>]]></c>).</p>
        <p><em>Examples:</em></p>
        <p>The following expression yields <c>true</c>::</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:is_compiled_ms(ets:match_spec_compile([{'_',[],[true]}])).</code>
        <p>The following expressions yield <c>false</c>, as variable
          <c>Broken</c> contains a compiled match specification that has
          passed through external representation:</p>
        <code type="none">
MS = ets:match_spec_compile([{'_',[],[true]}]),
Broken = binary_to_term(term_to_binary(MS)),
ets:is_compiled_ms(Broken).</code>
        <note>
          <p>The reason for not having an external representation of
            compiled match specifications is performance. It can be
            subject to change in future releases, while this interface
            remains for backward compatibility.</p>
        </note>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="last" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return the last key in an ETS table of type
        <c>ordered_set</c>.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns the last key <c><anno>Key</anno></c> according to Erlang
          term order in table <c>Tab</c> of type <c>ordered_set</c>. For
          other table types, the function is synonymous to
          <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso>.
          If the table is empty, <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
        <p>To find preceding keys in the table, use
          <seealso marker="#prev/2"><c>prev/2</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="lookup" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return all objects with a specified key in an ETS table.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns a list of all objects with key <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in
          table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item>
            <p>For tables of type <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, or
              <c>duplicate_bag</c>, an object is returned only if the specified
              key <em>matches</em> the key of the object in the table.</p>
          </item>
          <item>
            <p>For tables of type <c>ordered_set</c>, an object is returned if
              the specified key <em>compares equal</em> to the key of an object
              in the table.</p>
          </item>
        </list>
        <p>The difference is the same as between <c>=:=</c> and <c>==</c>.</p>
        <p>As an example, one can insert an object with
          <c>integer()</c> <c>1</c> as a key in an <c>ordered_set</c>
          and get the object returned as a result of doing a <c>lookup/2</c>
          with <c>float()</c> <c>1.0</c> as the key to search for.</p>
        <p>For tables of type <c>set</c> or <c>ordered_set</c>,
          the function returns either the empty list or a list with one
          element, as there cannot be more than one object with the same
          key. For tables of type <c>bag</c> or <c>duplicate_bag</c>, the
          function returns a list of arbitrary length.</p>
        <p>Notice that the time order of object insertions is preserved;
          the first object inserted with the specified key is the first
          in the resulting list, and so on.</p>
        <p>Insert and lookup times in tables of type <c>set</c>,
          <c>bag</c>, and <c>duplicate_bag</c> are constant, regardless
          of the table size. For the <c>ordered_set</c>
          datatype, time is proportional to the (binary) logarithm of
          the number of objects.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="lookup_element" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Return the <c>Pos</c>:th element of all objects with a
        specified key in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>For a table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> of type <c>set</c> or
          <c>ordered_set</c>, the function returns the
          <c><anno>Pos</anno></c>:th
          element of the object with key <c><anno>Key</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>For tables of type <c>bag</c> or <c>duplicate_bag</c>,
          the functions returns a list with the <c><anno>Pos</anno></c>:th
          element of every object with key <c><anno>Key</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>If no object with key <c><anno>Key</anno></c> exists, the
          function exits with reason <c>badarg</c>.</p>
        <p>The difference between <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, and
          <c>duplicate_bag</c> on one hand, and <c>ordered_set</c> on
          the other, regarding the fact that <c>ordered_set</c>
          view keys as equal when they <em>compare equal</em>
          whereas the other table types regard them equal only when
          they <em>match</em>, holds for <c>lookup_element/3</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Continues matching objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Continues a match started with
          <seealso marker="#match/3"><c>match/3</c></seealso>. The next
          chunk of the size specified in the initial <c>match/3</c>
          call is returned together with a new <c><anno>Continuation</anno></c>,
          which can be used in subsequent calls to this function.</p>
        <p>When there are no more objects in the table, <c>'$end_of_table'</c>
          is returned.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a pattern.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Matches the objects in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> against
          pattern <c><anno>Pattern</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>A pattern is a term that can contain:</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item>Bound parts (Erlang terms)</item>
          <item><c>'_'</c> that matches any Erlang term</item>
          <item>Pattern variables <c>'$N'</c>, where <c>N</c>=0,1,...</item>
        </list>
        <p>The function returns a list with one element for each
          matching object, where each element is an ordered list of
          pattern variable bindings, for example:</p>
        <pre>
6> <input>ets:match(T, '$1').</input> % Matches every object in table
[[{rufsen,dog,7}],[{brunte,horse,5}],[{ludde,dog,5}]]
7> <input>ets:match(T, {'_',dog,'$1'}).</input>
[[7],[5]]
8> <input>ets:match(T, {'_',cow,'$1'}).</input>
[]</pre>
        <p>If the key is specified in the pattern, the match is very
          efficient. If the key is not specified, that is, if it is a
          variable or an underscore, the entire table must be searched.
          The search time can be substantial if the table is very large.</p>
        <p>For tables of type <c>ordered_set</c>, the result is in
          the same order as in a <c>first</c>/<c>next</c> traversal.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a pattern
        and return part of the answers.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Works like <seealso marker="#match/2"><c>match/2</c></seealso>, 
          but returns only a limited (<c><anno>Limit</anno></c>) number of
          matching objects. Term <c><anno>Continuation</anno></c> can then
          be used in subsequent calls to <seealso marker="#match/1">
          <c>match/1</c></seealso> to get the next chunk of matching
          objects. This is a space-efficient way to work on objects in a
          table, which is faster than traversing the table object
          by object using
          <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso> and
          <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>If the table is empty, <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match_delete" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Delete all objects that match a specified pattern from an
        ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Deletes all objects that match pattern <c><anno>Pattern</anno></c>
          from table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>. For a description of patterns,
          see <seealso marker="#match/2"><c>match/2</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match_object" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Continues matching objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Continues a match started with
          <seealso marker="#match_object/3"><c>match_object/3</c></seealso>.
          The next chunk of the size specified in the initial
          <c>match_object/3</c> call is returned together with a new
          <c><anno>Continuation</anno></c>, which can be used in subsequent
          calls to this function.</p>
        <p>When there are no more objects in the table, <c>'$end_of_table'</c>
          is returned.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match_object" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a pattern.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Matches the objects in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> against
          pattern <c><anno>Pattern</anno></c>. For a description of patterns,
          see <seealso marker="#match/2"><c>match/2</c></seealso>.
          The function returns a list of all objects that
          match the pattern.</p>
        <p>If the key is specified in the pattern, the match is very
          efficient. If the key is not specified, that is, if it is a
          variable or an underscore, the entire table must be searched.
          The search time can be substantial if the table is very large.</p>
        <p>For tables of type <c>ordered_set</c>, the result is in
          the same order as in a <c>first</c>/<c>next</c> traversal.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match_object" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a pattern and
        return part of the answers.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Works like <seealso marker="#match_object/2">
          <c>match_object/2</c></seealso>, but only returns a
          limited (<c><anno>Limit</anno></c>) number of matching objects. Term
          <c><anno>Continuation</anno></c> can then be used in subsequent
          calls to <seealso marker="#match_object/1">
          <c>match_object/1</c></seealso> to get the next chunk of matching
          objects. This is a space-efficient way to work on objects in a
          table, which is faster than traversing the table object
          by object using
          <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso> and
          <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>If the table is empty, <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match_spec_compile" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Compile a match specification into its internal representation.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Transforms a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso> into an
          internal representation that can be used in subsequent calls to
          <seealso marker="#match_spec_run/2"><c>match_spec_run/2</c></seealso>.
          The internal representation is
          opaque and cannot be converted to external term format and
          then back again without losing its properties (that is, it cannot
          be sent to a process on another node and still remain a
          valid compiled match specification, nor can it be stored on disk).
          To check the validity of a compiled match specification, use
          <seealso marker="#is_compiled_ms/1"><c>is_compiled_ms/1</c></seealso>.
        </p>
        <p>If term <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno></c> cannot be compiled (does not
          represent a valid match specification), a <c>badarg</c> exception is
          raised.</p>
        <note>
          <p>This function has limited use in normal code. It is used by the
            <seealso marker="dets"><c>dets</c></seealso> module
            to perform the <c>dets:select()</c> operations.</p>
        </note>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="match_spec_run" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Perform matching, using a compiled match specification on a
        list of terms.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Executes the matching specified in a compiled
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso> on a list
          of terms. Term <c><anno>CompiledMatchSpec</anno></c> is to be
          the result of a call to <seealso marker="#match_spec_compile/1">
          <c>match_spec_compile/1</c></seealso> and is hence the internal
          representation of the match specification one wants to use.</p>
        <p>The matching is executed on each element in <c><anno>List</anno></c>
          and the function returns a list containing all results. If an element
          in <c><anno>List</anno></c> does not match, nothing is returned
          for that element. The length of the result list is therefore
          equal or less than the length of parameter <c><anno>List</anno></c>.
        </p>
        <p><em>Example:</em></p>
        <p>The following two calls give the same result (but certainly not the
          same execution time):</p>
        <code type="none">
Table = ets:new...
MatchSpec = ...
% The following call...
ets:match_spec_run(ets:tab2list(Table),
                   ets:match_spec_compile(MatchSpec)),
% ...gives the same result as the more common (and more efficient)
ets:select(Table, MatchSpec),</code>
        <note>
          <p>This function has limited use in normal code. It is used by the
            <seealso marker="dets"><c>dets</c></seealso> module
            to perform the <c>dets:select()</c> operations and by
            Mnesia during transactions.</p>
        </note>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="member" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Tests for occurrence of a key in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Works like <seealso marker="#lookup/2"><c>lookup/2</c></seealso>,
          but does not return the objects. Returns <c>true</c> if one or more
          elements in the table has key <c><anno>Key</anno></c>, otherwise
          <c>false</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="new" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Create a new ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Creates a new table and returns a table identifier that can
          be used in subsequent operations. The table identifier can be
          sent to other processes so that a table can be shared between
          different processes within a node.</p>
        <p>Parameter <c><anno>Options</anno></c> is a list of atoms that
          specifies table type, access rights, key position, and whether the
          table is named. Default values are used for omitted options.
          This means that not specifying any options (<c>[]</c>) is the same
          as specifying <c>[set, protected, {keypos,1}, {heir,none},
          {write_concurrency,false}, {read_concurrency,false}]</c>.</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>set</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is a <c>set</c> table: one key, one object,
              no order among objects. This is the default table type.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>ordered_set</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is a <c>ordered_set</c> table: one key, one
              object, ordered in Erlang term order, which is the order
              implied by the &lt; and &gt; operators. Tables of this type
              have a somewhat different behavior in some situations
              than tables of other types. Most notably, the
              <c>ordered_set</c> tables regard keys as equal when they
              <em>compare equal</em>, not only when they match. This
              means that to an <c>ordered_set</c> table, <c>integer()</c>
              <c>1</c> and <c>float()</c> <c>1.0</c> are regarded as equal.
              This also means that the
              key used to lookup an element not necessarily
              <em>matches</em> the key in the returned elements, if
              <c>float()</c>'s and <c>integer()</c>'s are mixed in
              keys of a table.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>bag</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is a <c>bag</c> table, which can have many
              objects, but only one instance of each object, per key.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>duplicate_bag</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is a <c>duplicate_bag</c> table, which can have
              many objects, including multiple copies of the same
              object, per key.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>public</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Any process can read or write to the table.</p>
            <marker id="protected"></marker>
          </item>
          <tag><c>protected</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The owner process can read and write to the table. Other
              processes can only read the table. This is the default
              setting for the access rights.</p>
            <marker id="private"></marker>
          </item>
          <tag><c>private</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Only the owner process can read or write to the table.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>named_table</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>If this option is present, the table is registered under its
              <c><anno>Name</anno></c> which can then be used instead of the
              table identifier in subsequent operations.</p>
            <p>The function will also return the <c><anno>Name</anno></c>
              instead of the table identifier. To get the table identifier of a
              named table, use
              <seealso marker="#whereis/1"><c>whereis/1</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{keypos,<anno>Pos</anno>}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Specifies which element in the stored tuples to use
              as key. By default, it is the first element, that is,
              <c><anno>Pos</anno>=1</c>. However, this is not always
              appropriate. In
              particular, we do not want the first element to be the
              key if we want to store Erlang records in a table.</p>
            <p>Notice that any tuple stored in the table must have at
              least <c><anno>Pos</anno></c> number of elements.</p>
            <marker id="heir"></marker>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{heir,<anno>Pid</anno>,<anno>HeirData</anno>} |
              {heir,none}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Set a process as heir. The heir inherits the table if
              the owner terminates. Message
              <c>{'ETS-TRANSFER',tid(),FromPid,<anno>HeirData</anno>}</c> is
              sent to the heir when that occurs. The heir must be a local
              process. Default heir is <c>none</c>, which destroys the table
              when the owner terminates.</p>
            <marker id="new_2_write_concurrency"></marker>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{write_concurrency,boolean()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Performance tuning. Defaults to <c>false</c>, in which case an
              operation that
              mutates (writes to) the table obtains exclusive access,
              blocking any concurrent access of the same table until finished.
              If set to <c>true</c>, the table is optimized to concurrent
              write access. Different objects of the same table can be mutated
              (and read) by concurrent processes. This is achieved to some
              degree at the expense of memory consumption and the performance
              of sequential access and concurrent reading.</p>
            <p>Option <c>write_concurrency</c> can be combined with option
              <seealso marker="#new_2_read_concurrency">
              <c>read_concurrency</c></seealso>. You typically want to combine
              these when large concurrent read bursts and large concurrent
              write bursts are common; for more information, see option
              <seealso marker="#new_2_read_concurrency">
              <c>read_concurrency</c></seealso>.</p>
            <p>Notice that this option does not change any guarantees about
              <seealso marker="#concurrency">atomicity and isolation</seealso>.
              Functions that makes such promises over many objects (like
              <seealso marker="#insert/2"><c>insert/2</c></seealso>)
              gain less (or nothing) from this option.</p>
            <p>The memory consumption inflicted by both <c>write_concurrency</c>
	      and <c>read_concurrency</c> is a constant overhead per table for
	      <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c> and <c>duplicate_bag</c>. For
	      <c>ordered_set</c> the memory overhead depends on the number
	      of inserted objects and the amount of actual detected
	      concurrency. The memory overhead can be especially large when both
	      options are combined.</p>
	    <note>
              <p>Prior to stdlib-3.7 (OTP-22.0) <c>write_concurrency</c> had no
	      effect on <c>ordered_set</c>.</p>
	      <p>The current implementation of <c>write_concurrency</c> for
	      <c>ordered_set</c> does only improve explicit single key
	      operations. Mixing single key operations with operations
	      potentially accessing multiple keys may even yield worse
	      performance with <c>write_concurrency</c> on <c>ordered_set</c>.</p>
            </note>
            <marker id="new_2_read_concurrency"></marker>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{read_concurrency,boolean()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Performance tuning. Defaults to <c>false</c>. When set to
              <c>true</c>, the table is optimized for concurrent read
              operations. When this option is enabled on a runtime system with
              SMP support, read operations become much cheaper; especially on
              systems with multiple physical processors. However, switching
              between read and write operations becomes more expensive.</p>
            <p>You typically want to enable this option when concurrent read
              operations are much more frequent than write operations, or when
              concurrent reads and writes comes in large read and write bursts
              (that is, many reads not interrupted by writes, and many
              writes not interrupted by reads).</p>
            <p>You typically do
              <em>not</em> want to enable this option when the common access
              pattern is a few read operations interleaved with a few write
              operations repeatedly. In this case, you would get a performance
              degradation by enabling this option.</p>
            <p>Option <c>read_concurrency</c> can be combined with option
              <seealso marker="#new_2_write_concurrency">
              <c>write_concurrency</c></seealso>.
              You typically want to combine these when large concurrent
              read bursts and large concurrent write bursts are common.</p>
            <marker id="new_2_compressed"></marker>
          </item>
          <tag><c>compressed</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>If this option is present, the table data is stored in a more
              compact format to consume less memory. However, it will make
              table operations slower. Especially operations that need to
              inspect entire objects, such as <c>match</c> and <c>select</c>,
              get much slower. The key element is not compressed.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="next" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return the next key in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns the next key <c><anno>Key2</anno></c>, following key
          <c><anno>Key1</anno></c> in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>. For table
          type <c>ordered_set</c>, the next key in Erlang term order is
          returned. For other table types, the next key
          according to the internal order of the table is returned. If no
          next key exists, <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
        <p>To find the first key in the table, use
          <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>Unless a table of type <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, or
          <c>duplicate_bag</c> is protected using
          <seealso marker="#safe_fixtable/2"><c>safe_fixtable/2</c></seealso>,
          a traversal can fail if
          concurrent updates are made to the table. For table
          type <c>ordered_set</c>, the function returns the next key in
          order, even if the object does no longer exist.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="prev" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return the previous key in an ETS table of type
        <c>ordered_set</c>.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns the previous key <c><anno>Key2</anno></c>, preceding key
          <c><anno>Key1</anno></c> according to Erlang term order in table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> of type <c>ordered_set</c>. For other
          table types, the function is synonymous to
          <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.
          If no previous key exists, <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
        <p>To find the last key in the table, use
          <seealso marker="#last/1"><c>last/1</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="rename" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Rename a named ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Renames the named table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> to the new name
          <c><anno>Name</anno></c>. Afterwards, the old name cannot be used to
          access the table. Renaming an unnamed table has no effect.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="repair_continuation" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Repair a continuation from <c>ets:select/1 or ets:select/3</c>
        that has passed through external representation.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Restores an opaque continuation returned by
          <seealso marker="#select/3"><c>select/3</c></seealso> or
          <seealso marker="#select/1"><c>select/1</c></seealso> if the
          continuation has passed through external term format (been
          sent between nodes or stored on disk).</p>
        <p>The reason for this function is that continuation terms
          contain compiled match specifications and therefore are
          invalidated if converted to external term format. Given that the
          original match specification is kept intact, the continuation can
          be restored, meaning it can once again be used in subsequent
          <c>select/1</c> calls even though it has been stored on
          disk or on another node.</p>
        <p><em>Examples:</em></p>
        <p>The following sequence of calls fails:</p>
        <code type="none">
T=ets:new(x,[]),
...
{_,C} = ets:select(T,ets:fun2ms(fun({N,_}=A)
when (N rem 10) =:= 0 ->
A
end),10),
Broken = binary_to_term(term_to_binary(C)),
ets:select(Broken).</code>
        <p>The following sequence works, as the call to
          <c>repair_continuation/2</c> reestablishes the (deliberately)
          invalidated continuation <c>Broken</c>.</p>
        <code type="none">
T=ets:new(x,[]),
...
MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({N,_}=A)
when (N rem 10) =:= 0 ->
A
end),
{_,C} = ets:select(T,MS,10),
Broken = binary_to_term(term_to_binary(C)),
ets:select(ets:repair_continuation(Broken,MS)).</code>
        <note>
          <p>This function is rarely needed in application code. It is used
            by Mnesia to provide distributed <c>select/3</c>
            and <c>select/1</c> sequences. A normal application would
            either use Mnesia or keep the continuation from being
            converted to external format.</p>
          <p>The reason for not having an external representation of a
            compiled match specification is performance. It can be subject to
            change in future releases, while this interface remains
            for backward compatibility.</p>
        </note>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="safe_fixtable" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Fix an ETS table for safe traversal.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Fixes a table of type <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, or
          <c>duplicate_bag</c> for safe traversal.</p>
        <p>A process fixes a table by calling
          <c>safe_fixtable(<anno>Tab</anno>, true)</c>. The table remains
          fixed until the process releases it by calling
          <c>safe_fixtable(<anno>Tab</anno>, false)</c>, or until the process
          terminates.</p>
        <p>If many processes fix a table, the table remains fixed
          until all processes have released it (or terminated).
          A reference counter is kept on a per process basis, and N
          consecutive fixes requires N releases to release the table.</p>
        <p>When a table is fixed, a sequence of
          <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso> and
          <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso> calls are
          guaranteed to succeed, and each object in
          the table is returned only once, even if objects
          are removed or inserted during the traversal. The keys for new
          objects inserted during the traversal <em>can</em> be returned by
          <c>next/2</c> (it depends on the internal ordering of the keys).</p>
        <p><em>Example:</em></p>
        <code type="none">
clean_all_with_value(Tab,X) ->
    safe_fixtable(Tab,true),
    clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,ets:first(Tab)),
    safe_fixtable(Tab,false).

clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,'$end_of_table') ->
    true;
clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,Key) ->
    case ets:lookup(Tab,Key) of
        [{Key,X}] ->
            ets:delete(Tab,Key);
        _ ->
            true
    end,
    clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,ets:next(Tab,Key)).</code>
        <p>Notice that no deleted objects are removed from a
          fixed table until it has been released. If a process fixes a
          table but never releases it, the memory used by the deleted
          objects is never freed. The performance of operations on
          the table also degrades significantly.</p>
        <p>To retrieve information about which processes have fixed which
          tables, use <seealso marker="#info_2_safe_fixed_monotonic_time">
          <c>info(Tab, safe_fixed_monotonic_time)</c></seealso>. A system with
          many processes fixing tables can need a monitor that sends alarms
          when tables have been fixed for too long.</p>
        <p>Notice that for table type <c>ordered_set</c>,
          <c>safe_fixtable/2</c> is not necessary, as calls to
          <c>first/1</c> and <c>next/2</c> always succeed.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Continue matching objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Continues a match started with
          <seealso marker="#select/3"><c>select/3</c></seealso>. The next
          chunk of the size specified in the initial <c>select/3</c>
          call is returned together with a new <c><anno>Continuation</anno></c>,
          which can be used in subsequent calls to this function.</p>
        <p>When there are no more objects in the table, <c>'$end_of_table'</c>
          is returned.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a
        match specification.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Matches the objects in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> using a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso>.
          This is a more general call than
          <seealso marker="#match/2"><c>match/2</c></seealso> and
          <seealso marker="#match_object/2"><c>match_object/2</c></seealso>
          calls. In its simplest form, the match specification is as
          follows:</p>
        <code type="none">
MatchSpec = [MatchFunction]
MatchFunction = {MatchHead, [Guard], [Result]}
MatchHead = "Pattern as in ets:match"
Guard = {"Guardtest name", ...}
Result = "Term construct"</code>
        <p>This means that the match specification is always a list of one or
          more tuples (of arity 3). The first element of the tuple is to be
          a pattern as described in
          <seealso marker="#match/2"><c>match/2</c></seealso>.
          The second element of the tuple is to
          be a list of 0 or more guard tests (described below). The
          third element of the tuple is to be a list containing a
          description of the value to return. In almost all
          normal cases, the list contains exactly one term that fully
          describes the value to return for each object.</p>
        <p>The return value is constructed using the "match variables"
          bound in <c>MatchHead</c> or using the special match variables
          <c>'$_'</c> (the whole matching object) and <c>'$$'</c> (all
          match variables in a list), so that the following
          <c>match/2</c> expression:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:match(Tab,{'$1','$2','$3'})</code>
        <p>is exactly equivalent to:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$3'},[],['$$']}])</code>
        <p>And that the following <c>match_object/2</c> call:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:match_object(Tab,{'$1','$2','$1'})</code>
        <p>is exactly equivalent to</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$1'},[],['$_']}])</code>
        <p>Composite terms can be constructed in the <c>Result</c> part
          either by simply writing a list, so that the following code:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$3'},[],['$$']}])</code>
        <p>gives the same output as:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$3'},[],[['$1','$2','$3']]}])</code>
        <p>That is, all the bound variables in the match head as a list. If
          tuples are to be constructed, one has to write a tuple of
          arity 1 where the single element in the tuple is the tuple
          one wants to construct (as an ordinary tuple can be mistaken
          for a <c>Guard</c>).</p>
        <p>Therefore the following call:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$1'},[],['$_']}])</code>
        <p>gives the same output as:</p>
        <code type="none">
ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$1'},[],[{{'$1','$2','$3'}}]}])</code>
        <p>This syntax is equivalent to the syntax used in the trace
          patterns (see the
          <seealso marker="runtime_tools:dbg">
          <c>dbg(3)</c></seealso>) module in Runtime_Tools.</p>
        <p>The <c>Guard</c>s are constructed as tuples, where the first
          element is the test name and the remaining elements
          are the test parameters. To check for a specific type
          (say a list) of the element bound to the match variable
          <c>'$1'</c>, one would write the test as
          <c>{is_list, '$1'}</c>. If the test fails, the object in the
          table does not match and the next <c>MatchFunction</c> (if
          any) is tried. Most guard tests present in Erlang can be
          used, but only the new versions prefixed <c>is_</c> are
          allowed (<c>is_float</c>, <c>is_atom</c>, and so on).</p>
        <p>The <c>Guard</c> section can also contain logic and
          arithmetic operations, which are written with the same syntax
          as the guard tests (prefix notation), so that the following
          guard test written in Erlang:</p>
        <code type="none"><![CDATA[
is_integer(X), is_integer(Y), X + Y < 4711]]></code>
        <p>is expressed as follows (<c>X</c> replaced with <c>'$1'</c> and
          <c>Y</c> with <c>'$2'</c>):</p>
        <code type="none"><![CDATA[
[{is_integer, '$1'}, {is_integer, '$2'}, {'<', {'+', '$1', '$2'}, 4711}]]]></code>
        <p>For tables of type <c>ordered_set</c>, objects are visited
          in the same order as in a <c>first</c>/<c>next</c>
          traversal. This means that the match specification is
          executed against objects with keys in the <c>first</c>/<c>next</c>
          order and the corresponding result list is in the order of that
          execution.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a match
        specification and return part of the answers.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Works like <seealso marker="#select/2"><c>select/2</c></seealso>,
          but only returns a limited
          (<c><anno>Limit</anno></c>) number of matching objects. Term
          <c><anno>Continuation</anno></c> can then be used in subsequent
          calls to <seealso marker="#select/1"><c>select/1</c></seealso>
          to get the next chunk of matching
          objects. This is a space-efficient way to work on objects in a
          table, which is still faster than traversing the table object by
          object using <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso>
          and <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>If the table is empty, <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select_count" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a match
        specification and return the number of objects for which the match
        specification returned <c>true</c>.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Matches the objects in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> using a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso>. If the
          match specification returns <c>true</c> for an object, that object
          considered a match and is counted. For any other result from
          the match specification the object is not considered a match and is
          therefore not counted.</p>
        <p>This function can be described as a
          <seealso marker="#match_delete/2"><c>match_delete/2</c></seealso>
          function that does not delete any elements, but only counts them.</p>
        <p>The function returns the number of objects matched.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select_delete" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a match
        specification and delete objects where the match specification
        returns <c>true</c>.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Matches the objects in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> using a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso>. If the
          match specification returns <c>true</c> for an object, that object is
          removed from the table. For any other result from the match
          specification the object is retained. This is a more general
          call than the <seealso marker="#match_delete/2">
          <c>match_delete/2</c></seealso> call.</p>
        <p>The function returns the number of objects
          deleted from the table.</p>
        <note>
          <p>The match specification has to return the atom <c>true</c> if
            the object is to be deleted. No other return value gets the
            object deleted. So one cannot use the same match specification for
            looking up elements as for deleting them.</p>
        </note>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select_replace" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match and replace objects atomically in an ETS table</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Matches the objects in the table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> using a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso>. For each
          matched object, the existing object is replaced with
          the match specification result.</p>
	<p>The match-and-replace operation for each individual object is guaranteed to be
	  <seealso marker="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</seealso>. The
	  <c>select_replace</c> table iteration as a whole, like all other select functions,
	  does not give such guarantees.</p>
	<p>The match specifiction must be guaranteed to <em>retain the key</em>
	  of any matched object. If not, <c>select_replace</c> will fail with <c>badarg</c>
	  without updating any objects.</p>
        <p>For the moment, due to performance and semantic constraints,
          tables of type <c>bag</c> are not yet supported.</p>
        <p>The function returns the total number of replaced objects.</p>
        <p><em>Example</em></p>
	<p>For all 2-tuples with a list in second position, add atom <c>'marker'</c> first in the list:</p>
	<pre>
1> <input>T = ets:new(x,[]), ets:insert(T, {key, [1, 2, 3]}).</input>
true
2> <input>MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({K, L}) when is_list(L) -> {K, [marker | L]} end).</input>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{is_list,'$2'}],[{{'$1',[marker|'$2']}}]}]
3> <input>ets:select_replace(T, MS).</input>
1
4> <input>ets:tab2list(T).</input>
[{key,[marker,1,2,3]}]
	</pre>
	<p>A generic single object compare-and-swap operation:</p>
        <pre>
[Old] = ets:lookup(T, Key),
New = update_object(Old),
Success = (1 =:= ets:select_replace(T, [{Old, [], [{const, New}]}])),
	</pre>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select_reverse" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Continue matching objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
      <p>Continues a match started with <seealso marker="#select_reverse/3">
        <c>select_reverse/3</c></seealso>. For tables of type
        <c>ordered_set</c>, the traversal of the table continues
        to objects with keys earlier in the Erlang term order. The
        returned list also contains objects with keys in reverse order.
        For all other table types, the behavior is exactly that of
        <seealso marker="#select/1"><c>select/1</c></seealso>.</p>
      <p><em>Example:</em></p>
      <code>
1> T = ets:new(x,[ordered_set]).
2> [ ets:insert(T,{N}) || N &lt;- lists:seq(1,10) ].
...
3> {R0,C0} = ets:select_reverse(T,[{'_',[],['$_']}],4).
...
4> R0.
[{10},{9},{8},{7}]
5> {R1,C1} = ets:select_reverse(C0).
...
6> R1.
[{6},{5},{4},{3}]
7> {R2,C2} = ets:select_reverse(C1).
...
8> R2.
[{2},{1}]
9> '$end_of_table' = ets:select_reverse(C2).
...</code>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select_reverse" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a
        match specification.</fsummary>
      <desc>
      <p>Works like <seealso marker="#select/2"><c>select/2</c></seealso>,
        but returns the list in reverse order for table type <c>ordered_set</c>.
        For all other table types, the return value is identical to that of
        <c>select/2</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="select_reverse" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Match the objects in an ETS table against a
        match specification and return part of the answers.</fsummary>
      <desc>
      <p>Works like <seealso marker="#select/3"><c>select/3</c></seealso>,
        but for table type <c>ordered_set</c>
        traversing is done starting at the last object in
        Erlang term order and moves to the first. For all other table
        types, the return value is identical to that of <c>select/3</c>.</p>
      <p>Notice that this is <em>not</em> equivalent to
        reversing the result list of a <c>select/3</c> call, as the result list
        is not only reversed, but also contains the last
        <c><anno>Limit</anno></c>
        matching objects in the table, not the first.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="setopts" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Set table options.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Sets table options. The only allowed option to be set after the
          table has been created is
          <seealso marker="#heir"><c>heir</c></seealso>.
          The calling process must be the table owner.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="slot" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return all objects in a specified slot of an ETS table.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function is mostly for debugging purposes, Normally
          <c>first</c>/<c>next</c> or <c>last</c>/<c>prev</c> are to be used
          instead.</p>
        <p>Returns all objects in slot <c><anno>I</anno></c> of table
          <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>. A table can be traversed by repeatedly
          calling the function,
          starting with the first slot <c><anno>I</anno>=0</c> and
          ending when <c>'$end_of_table'</c> is returned.
          If argument <c><anno>I</anno></c> is out of range,
          the function fails with reason <c>badarg</c>.</p>
        <p>Unless a table of type <c>set</c>, <c>bag</c>, or
          <c>duplicate_bag</c> is protected using
          <seealso marker="#safe_fixtable/2"><c>safe_fixtable/2</c></seealso>,
          a traversal can fail if
          concurrent updates are made to the table. For table type
          <c>ordered_set</c>, the function returns a list containing
          object <c><anno>I</anno></c> in Erlang term order.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="tab2file" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Dump an ETS table to a file.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Dumps table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> to file
          <c><anno>Filename</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>Equivalent to
          <c>tab2file(<anno>Tab</anno>, <anno>Filename</anno>,[])</c></p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="tab2file" arity="3"/>
      <fsummary>Dump an ETS table to a file.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Dumps table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> to file
          <c><anno>Filename</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>When dumping the table, some information about the table
          is dumped to a header at the beginning of the dump. This
          information contains data about the table type,
          name, protection, size, version, and if it is a named table. It
          also contains notes about what extended information is added
          to the file, which can be a count of the objects in the file
          or a MD5 sum of the header and records in the file.</p>
        <p>The size field in the header might not correspond to the
          number of records in the file if the table is public
          and records are added or removed from the table during
          dumping. Public tables updated during dump, and that one wants
          to verify when reading, needs at least one field of extended
          information for the read verification process to be reliable
          later.</p>
        <p>Option <c>extended_info</c> specifies what extra
          information is written to the table dump:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>object_count</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The number of objects written to the file is
              noted in the file footer, so file truncation can be
              verified even if the file was updated during dump.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>md5sum</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The header and objects in the file are checksummed using
              the built-in MD5 functions. The MD5 sum of all objects is
              written in the file footer, so that verification while reading
              detects the slightest bitflip in the file data. Using this
              costs a fair amount of CPU time.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
        <p>Whenever option <c>extended_info</c> is used, it
          results in a file not readable by versions of ETS before
          that in STDLIB 1.15.1</p>
        <p>If option <c>sync</c> is set to <c>true</c>, it ensures that
          the content of the file is written to the disk before
          <c>tab2file</c> returns. Defaults to <c>{sync, false}</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="tab2list" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return a list of all objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns a list of all objects in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="tabfile_info" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Return a list of all objects in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns information about the table dumped to file by
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/2"><c>tab2file/2</c></seealso> or 
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/3"><c>tab2file/3</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p>The following items are returned:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>name</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The name of the dumped table. If the table was a
              named table, a table with the same name cannot exist when the
              table is loaded from file with 
              <seealso marker="#file2tab/2"><c>file2tab/2</c></seealso>.
              If the table is
              not saved as a named table, this field has no significance
              when loading the table from file.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>type</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The ETS type of the dumped table (that is, <c>set</c>,
              <c>bag</c>, <c>duplicate_bag</c>, or <c>ordered_set</c>). This
              type is used when loading the table again.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>protection</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The protection of the dumped table (that is, <c>private</c>,
              <c>protected</c>, or <c>public</c>). A table loaded from the
              file gets the same protection.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>named_table</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p><c>true</c> if the table was a named table when dumped
              to file, otherwise <c>false</c>. Notice that when a named table
              is loaded from a file, there cannot exist a table in the
              system with the same name.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>keypos</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The <c>keypos</c> of the table dumped to file, which
              is used when loading the table again.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>size</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The number of objects in the table when the table dump
              to file started. For a <c>public</c> table, this number
              does not need to correspond to the number of objects saved to
              the file, as objects can have been added or deleted by another
              process during table dump.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>extended_info</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The extended information written in the file footer to
              allow stronger verification during table loading from file, as
              specified to <seealso marker="#tab2file/3">
              <c>tab2file/3</c></seealso>. Notice that this
              function only tells <em>which</em> information is present, not
              the values in the file footer. The value is a list containing one
              or more of the atoms <c>object_count</c> and <c>md5sum</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>version</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>A tuple <c>{<anno>Major</anno>,<anno>Minor</anno>}</c>
              containing the major and
              minor version of the file format for ETS table dumps. This
              version field was added beginning with STDLIB 1.5.1.
              Files dumped with older versions return <c>{0,0}</c> in this
              field.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
        <p>An error is returned if the file is inaccessible,
          badly damaged, or not produced with
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/2"><c>tab2file/2</c></seealso> or
          <seealso marker="#tab2file/3"><c>tab2file/3</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="table" arity="1"/>
      <name name="table" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return a QLC query handle.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns a Query List
          Comprehension (QLC) query handle. The
          <seealso marker="qlc"><c>qlc</c></seealso> module provides
          a query language aimed mainly at Mnesia, but ETS
          tables, Dets tables,
          and lists are also recognized by QLC as sources of
          data. Calling <c>table/1,2</c> is the means to make the
          ETS table <c>Tab</c> usable to QLC.</p>
        <p>When there are only simple restrictions on the key position,
          QLC uses <seealso marker="#lookup/2"><c>lookup/2</c></seealso>
          to look up the keys. When
          that is not possible, the whole table is traversed.
          Option <c>traverse</c> determines how this is done:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>first_next</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is traversed one key at a time by calling
              <seealso marker="#first/1"><c>first/1</c></seealso> and
              <seealso marker="#next/2"><c>next/2</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>last_prev</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is traversed one key at a time by calling
              <seealso marker="#last/1"><c>last/1</c></seealso> and
              <seealso marker="#prev/2"><c>prev/2</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>select</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The table is traversed by calling
              <seealso marker="#select/3"><c>select/3</c></seealso> and
              <seealso marker="#select/1"><c>select/1</c></seealso>.
              Option <c>n_objects</c> determines the number of objects
              returned (the third argument of <c>select/3</c>); the
              default is to return <c>100</c> objects at a time. The
              <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso> (the
              second argument of <c>select/3</c>) is assembled by QLC: simple
              filters are translated into equivalent match specifications
              while more complicated filters must be applied to all
              objects returned by <c>select/3</c> given a match specification
              that matches all objects.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{select, <anno>MatchSpec</anno>}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>As for <c>select</c>, the table is traversed by calling
              <seealso marker="#select/3"><c>select/3</c></seealso> and
              <seealso marker="#select/1"><c>select/1</c></seealso>.
              The difference is that the match specification is explicitly
              specified. This is how to state match specifications that cannot
              easily be expressed within the syntax provided by QLC.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
        <p><em>Examples:</em></p>
        <p>An explicit match specification is here used to traverse the
          table:</p>
        <pre>
9> <input>true = ets:insert(Tab = ets:new(t, []), [{1,a},{2,b},{3,c},{4,d}]),</input>
<input>MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({X,Y}) when (X > 1) or (X &lt; 5) -> {Y} end),</input>
<input>QH1 = ets:table(Tab, [{traverse, {select, MS}}]).</input></pre>
        <p>An example with an implicit match specification:</p>
        <pre>
10> <input>QH2 = qlc:q([{Y} || {X,Y} &lt;- ets:table(Tab), (X > 1) or (X &lt; 5)]).</input></pre>
        <p>The latter example is equivalent to the former, which
          can be verified using function <c>qlc:info/1</c>:</p>
        <pre>
11> <input>qlc:info(QH1) =:= qlc:info(QH2).</input>
true</pre>
        <p><c>qlc:info/1</c> returns information about a query handle,
          and in this case identical information is returned for the
          two query handles.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="take" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Return and remove all objects with a specified key from an
        ETS table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Returns and removes a list of all objects with key
          <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>The specified <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is used to identify the object
          by either <em>comparing equal</em> the key of an object in an
          <c>ordered_set</c> table, or <em>matching</em> in other types of
          tables (for details on the difference, see
          <seealso marker="#lookup/2"><c>lookup/2</c></seealso> and
          <seealso marker="#new/2"><c>new/2</c></seealso>).</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
    <func>
      <name name="test_ms" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Test a match specification for use in <c>select/2</c>.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function is a utility to test a
          <seealso marker="#match_spec">match specification</seealso> used in
          calls to <seealso marker="#select/2"><c>select/2</c></seealso>.
          The function both tests <c><anno>MatchSpec</anno></c> for "syntactic"
          correctness and runs the match specification against object
          <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>If the match specification is syntactically correct, the function
          either returns <c>{ok,<anno>Result</anno>}</c>, where
          <c><anno>Result</anno></c> is what would have been the result in a
          real <c>select/2</c> call, or <c>false</c> if the match specification
          does not match object <c><anno>Tuple</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>If the match specification contains errors, tuple
          <c>{error, <anno>Errors</anno>}</c> is returned,
          where <c><anno>Errors</anno></c> is a list of natural language
          descriptions of what was wrong with the match specification.</p>
        <p>This is a useful debugging and test tool, especially when
          writing complicated <c>select/2</c> calls.</p>
        <p>See also: <seealso marker="erts:erlang#match_spec_test/3">
          erlang:match_spec_test/3</seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="to_dets" arity="2"/>
      <fsummary>Fill a Dets table with objects from an ETS table.
      </fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>Fills an already created/opened Dets table with the objects
          in the already opened ETS table named <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.
          The Dets table is emptied before the objects are inserted.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func> 
      <name name="update_counter" arity="3" clause_i="1"/>
      <name name="update_counter" arity="4" clause_i="1"/>
      <name name="update_counter" arity="3" clause_i="2"/>
      <name name="update_counter" arity="4" clause_i="2"/>
      <name name="update_counter" arity="3" clause_i="3"/>
      <name name="update_counter" arity="4" clause_i="3"/>
      <fsummary>Update a counter object in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <type variable="Tab"/>
      <type variable="Key"/>
      <type variable="UpdateOp" name_i="1"/>
      <type variable="Pos" name_i="1"/>
      <type variable="Threshold" name_i="1"/>
      <type variable="SetValue" name_i="1"/>
      <type variable="Default"/>
      <desc>
        <p>This function provides an efficient way to update one or more 
          counters, without the trouble of having to look up an object, update 
          the object by incrementing an element, and insert the resulting
          object into the table again. (The update is done atomically,
          that is, no process 
          can access the ETS table in the middle of the operation.)</p>
        <p>This function destructively update the object with key
          <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c> by adding
          <c><anno>Incr</anno></c> to the element at position
          <c><anno>Pos</anno></c>. The new counter value is
          returned. If no position is specified, the element directly
          following key (<c><![CDATA[<keypos>+1]]></c>) is updated.</p>
        <p>If a <c><anno>Threshold</anno></c> is specified, the counter is
          reset to value <c><anno>SetValue</anno></c> if the following
          conditions occur:</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item><p><c><anno>Incr</anno></c> is not negative (<c>>= 0</c>) and
            the result would be greater than (<c>></c>)
            <c><anno>Threshold</anno></c>.</p>
          </item>
          <item><p><c><anno>Incr</anno></c> is negative
            (<c><![CDATA[< 0]]></c>) and the result would be less than
            (<c><![CDATA[<]]></c>) <c><anno>Threshold</anno></c>.</p>
          </item>
        </list>
        <p>A list of <c><anno>UpdateOp</anno></c> can be supplied to do many
          update operations within the object.
          The operations are carried out in the
          order specified in the list. If the same counter position occurs 
          more than once in the list, the corresponding counter is thus 
          updated many times, each time based on the previous result.
          The return value is a list of the new counter values from each 
          update operation in the same order as in the operation list. If an 
          empty list is specified, nothing is updated and an empty list is 
          returned. If the function fails, no updates are done.</p>
        <p>The specified <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is used to identify the object
          by either <em>matching</em> the key of an object in a <c>set</c>
          table, or <em>compare equal</em> to the key of an object in an
          <c>ordered_set</c> table (for details on the difference, see 
          <seealso marker="#lookup/2"><c>lookup/2</c></seealso> and 
          <seealso marker="#new/2"><c>new/2</c></seealso>).</p>
        <p>If a default object <c><anno>Default</anno></c> is specified,
          it is used
          as the object to be updated if the key is missing from the table. The
          value in place of the key is ignored and replaced by the proper key
          value. The return value is as if the default object had not been used,
          that is, a single updated element or a list of them.</p>
        <p>The function fails with reason <c>badarg</c> in the following
          situations:</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item>The table type is not <c>set</c> or
            <c>ordered_set</c>.</item>
          <item>No object with the correct key exists and no default object was
            supplied.</item>
          <item>The object has the wrong arity.</item>
          <item>The default object arity is smaller than
            <c><![CDATA[<keypos>]]></c>.</item>
          <item>Any field from the default object that is updated is not an
            integer.</item>
          <item>The element to update is not an integer.</item>
          <item>The element to update is also the key.</item>
          <item>Any of <c><anno>Pos</anno></c>, <c><anno>Incr</anno></c>,
            <c><anno>Threshold</anno></c>, or <c><anno>SetValue</anno></c>
            is not an integer.</item>
        </list>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="update_element" arity="3" clause_i="1"/>
      <name name="update_element" arity="3" clause_i="2"/>
      <fsummary>Update the <c>Pos</c>:th element of the object with a
        specified key in an ETS table.</fsummary>
      <type variable="Tab"/>
      <type variable="Key"/>
      <type variable="Value"/>
      <type variable="Pos"/>
      <desc>
        <p>This function provides an efficient way to update one or more 
          elements within an object, without the trouble of having to look up, 
          update, and write back the entire object.</p>
        <p>This function destructively updates the object with key
          <c><anno>Key</anno></c> in table <c><anno>Tab</anno></c>.
          The element at position <c><anno>Pos</anno></c> is given
          the value <c><anno>Value</anno></c>.</p>
        <p>A list of <c>{<anno>Pos</anno>,<anno>Value</anno>}</c> can be
          supplied to update many
          elements within the same object. If the same position occurs more 
          than once in the list, the last value in the list is written. If
          the list is empty or the function fails, no updates are done.
          The function is also atomic in the sense that other processes 
          can never see any intermediate results.</p>
        <p>Returns <c>true</c> if an object with key <c><anno>Key</anno></c>
          is found, otherwise <c>false</c>.</p>
        <p>The specified <c><anno>Key</anno></c> is used to identify the object
          by either <em>matching</em> the key of an object in a <c>set</c>
          table, or <em>compare equal</em> to the key of an object in an
          <c>ordered_set</c> table (for details on the difference, see
          <seealso marker="#lookup/2"><c>lookup/2</c></seealso> and 
          <seealso marker="#new/2"><c>new/2</c></seealso>).</p>
        <p>The function fails with reason <c>badarg</c> in the following
          situations:</p>
        <list type="bulleted">
          <item>The table type is not <c>set</c> or <c>ordered_set</c>.</item>
          <item><c><anno>Pos</anno></c> &lt; 1.</item>
          <item><c><anno>Pos</anno></c> &gt; object arity.</item>
          <item>The element to update is also the key.</item>
        </list>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name name="whereis" arity="1"/>
      <fsummary>Retrieves the tid() of a named table.</fsummary>
      <desc>
        <p>This function returns the
          <seealso marker="#type-tid"><c>tid()</c></seealso> of the named table
          identified by <c><anno>TableName</anno></c>, or <c>undefined</c> if
          no such table exists. The <c>tid()</c> can be used in place of the
          table name in all operations, which is slightly faster since the name
          does not have to be resolved on each call.</p>
        <p>If the table is deleted, the <c>tid()</c> will be invalid even if
          another named table is created with the same name.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
  </funcs>
</erlref>