path: root/lib/stdlib/test/rand_SUITE.erl

%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%%
%% Copyright Ericsson AB 2000-2017. All Rights Reserved.
%%
%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
%%
%%     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
%%
%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
%% limitations under the License.
%%
%% %CopyrightEnd%

-module(rand_SUITE).
-compile({nowarn_deprecated_function,[{random,seed,1},
                                      {random,uniform_s,1},
                                      {random,uniform_s,2}]}).

-export([all/0, suite/0, groups/0, group/1]).

-export([interval_int/1, interval_float/1, seed/1,
         api_eq/1, reference/1,
	 basic_stats_uniform_1/1, basic_stats_uniform_2/1,
	 basic_stats_standard_normal/1,
	 basic_stats_normal/1,
	 plugin/1, measure/1,
	 reference_jump_state/1, reference_jump_procdict/1]).

-export([test/0, gen/1]).

-include_lib("common_test/include/ct.hrl").

-define(LOOP, 1000000).

suite() ->
    [{ct_hooks,[ts_install_cth]},
     {timetrap,{minutes,3}}].

all() ->
    [seed, interval_int, interval_float,
     api_eq,
     reference,
     {group, basic_stats},
     plugin, measure,
     {group, reference_jump}
    ].

groups() ->
    [{basic_stats, [parallel],
      [basic_stats_uniform_1, basic_stats_uniform_2,
       basic_stats_standard_normal, basic_stats_normal]},
     {reference_jump, [parallel],
      [reference_jump_state, reference_jump_procdict]}].

group(basic_stats) ->
    %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    [{timetrap,{minutes,10}}];
group(reference_jump) ->
    %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    [{timetrap,{minutes,10}}].

%% A simple helper to test without test_server during dev
test() ->
    Tests = all(),
    lists:foreach(
      fun (Test) ->
              try
                  ok = ?MODULE:Test([]),
                  io:format("~p: ok~n", [Test])
              catch _:Reason ->
                      io:format("Failed: ~p: ~p ~p~n",
                                [Test, Reason, erlang:get_stacktrace()])
              end
      end, Tests).

algs() ->
    [exs64, exsplus, exsp, exrop, exs1024, exs1024s].

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Test that seed and seed_s and export_seed/0 is working.
seed(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    Algs = algs(),
    Test = fun(Alg) ->
		   try seed_1(Alg)
		   catch _:Reason ->
			   ct:fail({Alg, Reason, erlang:get_stacktrace()})
		   end
	   end,
    [Test(Alg) || Alg <- Algs],
    ok.

seed_1(Alg) ->
    %% Check that uniform seeds automatically,
    _ = rand:uniform(),
    S00 = get(rand_seed),
    erase(),
    _ = rand:uniform(),
    false = S00 =:= get(rand_seed), %% hopefully

    %% Choosing algo and seed
    S0 = rand:seed(Alg, {0, 0, 0}),
    %% Check that (documented?) process_dict variable is correct
    S0 = get(rand_seed),
    S0 = rand:seed_s(Alg, {0, 0, 0}),
    %% Check that process_dict should not be used for seed_s functionality
    _ = rand:seed_s(Alg, {1, 0, 0}),
    S0 = get(rand_seed),
    %% Test export
    ES0 = rand:export_seed(),
    ES0 = rand:export_seed_s(S0),
    S0 = rand:seed(ES0),
    S0 = rand:seed_s(ES0),
    %% seed/1 calls should be unique
    S1 = rand:seed(Alg),
    false = (S1 =:= rand:seed_s(Alg)),
    %% Negative integers works
    _ = rand:seed_s(Alg, {-1,-1,-1}),
    %% Check that export_seed/1 returns 'undefined' if there is no seed
    erase(rand_seed),
    undefined = rand:export_seed(),

    %% Other term do not work
    {'EXIT', _} = (catch rand:seed_s(foobar, os:timestamp())),
    {'EXIT', _} = (catch rand:seed_s(Alg, {asd, 1, 1})),
    {'EXIT', _} = (catch rand:seed_s(Alg, {0, 234.1234, 1})),
    {'EXIT', _} = (catch rand:seed_s(Alg, {0, 234, [1, 123, 123]})),
    ok.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Check that both APIs are consistent with each other.
api_eq(_Config) ->
    Algs = algs(),
    Small = fun(Alg) ->
		    Seed = rand:seed(Alg),
		    io:format("Seed ~p~n",[rand:export_seed_s(Seed)]),
		    api_eq_1(Seed)
	    end,
    _ = [Small(Alg) || Alg <- Algs],
    ok.

api_eq_1(S00) ->
    Check = fun(_, Seed) ->
		    {V0, S0} = rand:uniform_s(Seed),
		    V0 = rand:uniform(),
		    {V1, S1} = rand:uniform_s(1000000, S0),
		    V1 = rand:uniform(1000000),
		    {V2, S2} = rand:normal_s(S1),
		    V2 = rand:normal(),
		    S2
	    end,
    S1 = lists:foldl(Check, S00, lists:seq(1, 200)),
    S1 = get(rand_seed),
    {V0, S2} = rand:uniform_s(S1),
    V0 = rand:uniform(),
    S2 = get(rand_seed),

    Exported = rand:export_seed(),
    Exported = rand:export_seed_s(S2),

    S3 = lists:foldl(Check, S2, lists:seq(1, 200)),
    S3 = get(rand_seed),

    S4 = lists:foldl(Check, S3, lists:seq(1, 200)),
    S4 = get(rand_seed),
    %% Verify that we do not have loops
    false = S1 =:= S2,
    false = S2 =:= S3,
    false = S3 =:= S4,

    S2 = rand:seed(Exported),
    S3 = lists:foldl(Check, S2, lists:seq(1, 200)),
    ok.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Check that uniform/1 returns values within the proper interval.
interval_int(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    Algs = algs(),
    Small = fun(Alg) ->
		    Seed = rand:seed(Alg),
		    io:format("Seed ~p~n",[rand:export_seed_s(Seed)]),
		    Max = interval_int_1(100000, 7, 0),
		    Max =:= 7 orelse exit({7, Alg, Max})
	    end,
    _ = [Small(Alg) || Alg <- Algs],
    %% Test large integers
    Large = fun(Alg) ->
		    Seed = rand:seed(Alg),
		    io:format("Seed ~p~n",[rand:export_seed_s(Seed)]),
		    Max = interval_int_1(100000, 1 bsl 128, 0),
		    Max > 1 bsl 64 orelse exit({large, Alg, Max})
	    end,
    [Large(Alg) || Alg <- Algs],
    ok.

interval_int_1(0, _, Max) -> Max;
interval_int_1(N, Top, Max) ->
    X = rand:uniform(Top),
    if
	0 < X, X =< Top ->
	    ok;
	true ->
	    io:format("X=~p Top=~p 0<~p<~p~n", [X,Top,X,Top]),
	    exit({X, rand:export_seed()})
    end,
    interval_int_1(N-1, Top, max(X, Max)).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Check that uniform/0 returns values within the proper interval.
interval_float(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    Algs = algs(),
    Test = fun(Alg) ->
		   _ = rand:seed(Alg),
		   interval_float_1(100000)
	   end,
    [Test(Alg) || Alg <- Algs],
    ok.

interval_float_1(0) -> ok;
interval_float_1(N) ->
    X = rand:uniform(),
    if
	0.0 =< X, X < 1.0 ->
	    ok;
	true ->
	    io:format("X=~p 0=<~p<1.0~n", [X,X]),
	    exit({X, rand:export_seed()})
    end,
    interval_float_1(N-1).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Check if each algorithm generates the proper sequence.
reference(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    [reference_1(Alg) || Alg <- algs()],
    ok.

reference_1(Alg) ->
    Refval  = reference_val(Alg),
    Testval = gen(Alg),
    case Refval =:= Testval of
        true -> ok;
        false when Refval =:= not_implemented ->
            exit({not_implemented,Alg});
        false ->
	    io:format("Failed: ~p~n",[Alg]),
	    io:format("Length ~p ~p~n",[length(Refval), length(Testval)]),
	    io:format("Head ~p ~p~n",[hd(Refval), hd(Testval)]),
	    exit(wrong_value)
    end.

gen(Algo) ->
    State =
        case Algo of
            exs64 -> %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
                rand:seed_s({exs64, 12345678});
            _ when Algo =:= exsplus; Algo =:= exsp; Algo =:= exrop ->
                %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
                rand:seed_s({Algo, [12345678|12345678]});
            _ when Algo =:= exs1024; Algo =:= exs1024s ->
                %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
                rand:seed_s({Algo, {lists:duplicate(16, 12345678), []}});
            _ ->
                rand:seed(Algo, {100, 200, 300})
        end,
    Max = range(State),
    gen(?LOOP, State, Max, []).

gen(N, State0, Max, Acc) when N > 0 ->
    {Random, State} = rand:uniform_s(Max, State0),
    case N rem (?LOOP div 100) of
	0 -> gen(N-1, State, Max, [Random|Acc]);
	_ -> gen(N-1, State, Max, Acc)
    end;
gen(_, _, _, Acc) -> lists:reverse(Acc).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% This just tests the basics so we have not made any serious errors
%% when making the conversion from the original algorithms.
%% The algorithms must have good properties to begin with
%%

%% Check that the algorithms generate sound values.

basic_stats_uniform_1(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    ct:timetrap({minutes,15}), %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    [basic_uniform_1(?LOOP, rand:seed_s(Alg), 0.0, array:new([{default, 0}]))
     || Alg <- algs()],
    ok.

basic_stats_uniform_2(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    ct:timetrap({minutes,15}), %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    [basic_uniform_2(?LOOP, rand:seed_s(Alg), 0, array:new([{default, 0}]))
     || Alg <- algs()],
    ok.

basic_stats_standard_normal(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    ct:timetrap({minutes,6}), %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    io:format("Testing standard normal~n",[]),
    IntendedMean = 0,
    IntendedVariance = 1,
    [basic_normal_1(?LOOP, IntendedMean, IntendedVariance,
                    rand:seed_s(Alg), 0, 0)
     || Alg <- algs()],
    ok.

basic_stats_normal(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    IntendedMeans = [-1.0e6, -50, -math:pi(), -math:exp(-1),
                     0.12345678, math:exp(1), 100, 1.0e6],
    IntendedVariances = [1.0e-6, math:exp(-1), 1, math:pi(), 1.0e6],
    IntendedMeanVariancePairs =
        [{Mean, Variance} || Mean <- IntendedMeans,
                             Variance <- IntendedVariances],

    ct:timetrap({minutes, 6 * length(IntendedMeanVariancePairs)}), %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    lists:foreach(
      fun ({IntendedMean, IntendedVariance}) ->
              io:format("Testing normal(~.2f, ~.2f)~n",
                        [float(IntendedMean), float(IntendedVariance)]),
              [basic_normal_1(?LOOP, IntendedMean, IntendedVariance,
                              rand:seed_s(Alg), 0, 0)
               || Alg <- algs()]
      end,
      IntendedMeanVariancePairs).

basic_uniform_1(N, S0, Sum, A0) when N > 0 ->
    {X,S} = rand:uniform_s(S0),
    I = trunc(X*100),
    A = array:set(I, 1+array:get(I,A0), A0),
    basic_uniform_1(N-1, S, Sum+X, A);
basic_uniform_1(0, {#{type:=Alg}, _}, Sum, A) ->
    AverN = Sum / ?LOOP,
    io:format("~.12w: Average: ~.4f~n", [Alg, AverN]),
    Counters = array:to_list(A),
    Min = lists:min(Counters),
    Max = lists:max(Counters),
    io:format("~.12w: Min: ~p Max: ~p~n", [Alg, Min, Max]),

    %% Verify that the basic statistics are ok
    %% be gentle we don't want to see to many failing tests
    abs(0.5 - AverN) < 0.005 orelse ct:fail({average, Alg, AverN}),
    abs(?LOOP div 100 - Min) < 1000 orelse ct:fail({min, Alg, Min}),
    abs(?LOOP div 100 - Max) < 1000 orelse ct:fail({max, Alg, Max}),
    ok.

basic_uniform_2(N, S0, Sum, A0) when N > 0 ->
    {X,S} = rand:uniform_s(100, S0),
    A = array:set(X-1, 1+array:get(X-1,A0), A0),
    basic_uniform_2(N-1, S, Sum+X, A);
basic_uniform_2(0, {#{type:=Alg}, _}, Sum, A) ->
    AverN = Sum / ?LOOP,
    io:format("~.12w: Average: ~.4f~n", [Alg, AverN]),
    Counters = tl(array:to_list(A)),
    Min = lists:min(Counters),
    Max = lists:max(Counters),
    io:format("~.12w: Min: ~p Max: ~p~n", [Alg, Min, Max]),

    %% Verify that the basic statistics are ok
    %% be gentle we don't want to see to many failing tests
    abs(50.5 - AverN) < 0.5 orelse ct:fail({average, Alg, AverN}),
    abs(?LOOP div 100 - Min) < 1000 orelse ct:fail({min, Alg, Min}),
    abs(?LOOP div 100 - Max) < 1000 orelse ct:fail({max, Alg, Max}),
    ok.

basic_normal_1(N, IntendedMean, IntendedVariance, S0, StandardSum, StandardSq) when N > 0 ->
    {X,S} = normal_s(IntendedMean, IntendedVariance, S0),
    % We now shape X into a standard normal distribution (in case it wasn't already)
    % in order to minimise the accumulated error on Sum / SumSq;
    % otherwise said error would prevent us of making a fair judgment on
    % the overall distribution when targeting large means and variances.
    StandardX = (X - IntendedMean) / math:sqrt(IntendedVariance),
    basic_normal_1(N-1, IntendedMean, IntendedVariance, S,
                   StandardX+StandardSum, StandardX*StandardX+StandardSq);
basic_normal_1(0, _IntendedMean, _IntendedVariance, {#{type:=Alg}, _}, StandardSum, StandardSumSq) ->
    StandardMean = StandardSum / ?LOOP,
    StandardVariance = (StandardSumSq - (StandardSum*StandardSum/?LOOP))/(?LOOP - 1),
    StandardStdDev =  math:sqrt(StandardVariance),
    io:format("~.12w: Standardised Average: ~7.4f, Standardised StdDev ~6.4f~n",
              [Alg, StandardMean, StandardStdDev]),
    %% Verify that the basic statistics are ok
    %% be gentle we don't want to see to many failing tests
    abs(StandardMean) < 0.005 orelse ct:fail({average, Alg, StandardMean}),
    abs(StandardStdDev - 1.0) < 0.005 orelse ct:fail({stddev, Alg, StandardStdDev}),
    ok.

normal_s(Mean, Variance, State0) when Mean == 0, Variance == 1 ->
    % Make sure we're also testing the standard normal interface
    rand:normal_s(State0);
normal_s(Mean, Variance, State0) ->
    rand:normal_s(Mean, Variance, State0).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Test that the user can write algorithms.
plugin(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    try crypto:strong_rand_bytes(1) of
        <<_>> ->
            _ = lists:foldl(
                  fun(_, S0) ->
                          {V1, S1} = rand:uniform_s(10000, S0),
                          true = is_integer(V1),
                          {V2, S2} = rand:uniform_s(S1),
                          true = is_float(V2),
                          S2
                  end, crypto64_seed(), lists:seq(1, 200)),
            ok
    catch
        error:low_entropy ->
            {skip,low_entropy};
        error:undef ->
            {skip,no_crypto}
    end.

%% Test implementation
crypto64_seed() ->
    {#{type=>crypto64,
       bits=>64,
       next=>fun crypto64_next/1,
       uniform=>fun crypto64_uniform/1,
       uniform_n=>fun crypto64_uniform_n/2},
     <<>>}.

%% Be fair and create bignums i.e. 64bits otherwise use 58bits
crypto64_next(<<Num:64, Bin/binary>>) ->
    {Num, Bin};
crypto64_next(_) ->
    crypto64_next(crypto:strong_rand_bytes((64 div 8)*100)).

crypto64_uniform({Api, Data0}) ->
    {Int, Data} = crypto64_next(Data0),
    {Int / (1 bsl 64), {Api, Data}}.

crypto64_uniform_n(N, {Api, Data0}) when N < (1 bsl 64) ->
    {Int, Data} = crypto64_next(Data0),
    {(Int rem N)+1, {Api, Data}};
crypto64_uniform_n(N, State0) ->
    {F,State} = crypto64_uniform(State0),
    {trunc(F * N) + 1, State}.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Not a test but measures the time characteristics of the different algorithms
measure(Config) ->
    ct:timetrap({minutes,30}), %% valgrind needs a lot of time
    case ct:get_timetrap_info() of
        {_,{_,1}} -> % No scaling
            do_measure(Config);
        {_,{_,Scale}} ->
            {skip,{will_not_run_in_scaled_time,Scale}}
    end.

do_measure(_Config) ->
    Algos =
        try crypto:strong_rand_bytes(1) of
            <<_>> -> [crypto64, crypto]
        catch
            error:low_entropy -> [];
            error:undef -> []
        end ++ algs(),
    %%
    ct:pal("RNG uniform integer performance~n",[]),
    TMark1 =
        measure_1(
          random,
          fun (_) -> 10000 end,
          undefined,
          fun (Range, State) ->
                  {int, random:uniform_s(Range, State)}
          end),
    _ =
        [measure_1(
           Algo,
           fun (_) -> 10000 end,
           TMark1,
           fun (Range, State) ->
                   {int, rand:uniform_s(Range, State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    %%
    ct:pal("~nRNG uniform integer 2^(N-1)  performance~n",[]),
    RangeTwoPowFun = fun (State) -> quart_range(State) bsl 1 end,
    TMark2 =
        measure_1(
          random,
          RangeTwoPowFun,
          undefined,
          fun (Range, State) ->
                  {int, random:uniform_s(Range, State)}
          end),
    _ =
        [measure_1(
           Algo,
           RangeTwoPowFun,
           TMark2,
           fun (Range, State) ->
                   {int, rand:uniform_s(Range, State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    %%
    ct:pal("~nRNG uniform integer 3*2^(N-2)+1  performance~n",[]),
    RangeLargeFun = fun (State) -> 3 * quart_range(State) + 1 end,
    TMark3 =
        measure_1(
          random,
          RangeLargeFun,
          undefined,
          fun (Range, State) ->
                  {int, random:uniform_s(Range, State)}
          end),
    _ =
        [measure_1(
           Algo,
           RangeLargeFun,
           TMark3,
           fun (Range, State) ->
                   {int, rand:uniform_s(Range, State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    %%
    ct:pal("~nRNG uniform integer 2^128  performance~n",[]),
    TMark4 =
        measure_1(
          random,
          fun (_) -> 1 bsl 128 end,
          undefined,
          fun (Range, State) ->
                  {int, random:uniform_s(Range, State)}
          end),
    _ =
        [measure_1(
           Algo,
           fun (_) -> 1 bsl 128 end,
           TMark4,
           fun (Range, State) ->
                   {int, rand:uniform_s(Range, State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    %%
    ct:pal("~nRNG uniform integer 2^128 + 1  performance~n",[]),
    TMark5 =
        measure_1(
          random,
          fun (_) -> (1 bsl 128) + 1 end,
          undefined,
          fun (Range, State) ->
                  {int, random:uniform_s(Range, State)}
          end),
    _ =
        [measure_1(
           Algo,
           fun (_) -> (1 bsl 128) + 1 end,
           TMark5,
           fun (Range, State) ->
                   {int, rand:uniform_s(Range, State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    %%
    ct:pal("~nRNG uniform float performance~n",[]),
    TMark6 =
        measure_1(
          random,
          fun (_) -> 0 end,
          undefined,
          fun (_, State) ->
                  {uniform, random:uniform_s(State)}
          end),
    _ =
        [measure_1(
           Algo, 
           fun (_) -> 0 end,
           TMark6,
           fun (_, State) ->
                   {uniform, rand:uniform_s(State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    %%
    ct:pal("~nRNG normal float performance~n",[]),
    io:format("~.12w: not implemented (too few bits)~n", [random]),
    _ = [measure_1(
           Algo,
           fun (_) -> 0 end,
           TMark6,
           fun (_, State) ->
                   {normal, rand:normal_s(State)}
           end) || Algo <- Algos],
    ok.

measure_1(Algo, RangeFun, TMark, Gen) ->
    Parent = self(),
    Seed =
        case Algo of
            crypto64 ->
                crypto64_seed();
            crypto ->
                crypto:rand_seed_s();
            random ->
                random:seed(os:timestamp()), get(random_seed);
            _ ->
                rand:seed_s(Algo)
        end,
    Range = RangeFun(Seed),
    Pid = spawn_link(
            fun() ->
                    Fun = fun() -> measure_2(?LOOP, Range, Seed, Gen) end,
                    {Time, ok} = timer:tc(Fun),
                    Percent =
                        case TMark of
                            undefined -> 100;
                            _ -> (Time * 100 + 50) div TMark
                        end,
                    io:format(
                      "~.12w: ~p ns ~p% [16#~.16b]~n",
                      [Algo, (Time * 1000 + 500) div ?LOOP, Percent, Range]),
                    Parent ! {self(), Time},
                    normal
            end),
    receive
	{Pid, Msg} -> Msg
    end.

measure_2(N, Range, State0, Fun) when N > 0 ->
    case Fun(Range, State0) of
	{int, {Random, State}}
	  when is_integer(Random), Random >= 1, Random =< Range ->
	    measure_2(N-1, Range, State, Fun);
	{uniform, {Random, State}}
          when is_float(Random), 0.0 =< Random, Random < 1.0 ->
	    measure_2(N-1, Range, State, Fun);
	{normal, {Random, State}} when is_float(Random) ->
	    measure_2(N-1, Range, State, Fun);
	Res ->
	    exit({error, Res, State0})
    end;
measure_2(0, _, _, _) -> ok.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% The jump sequence tests has two parts
%% for those with the functional API (jump/1)
%% and for those with the internal state
%% in process dictionary (jump/0).

-define(LOOP_JUMP, (?LOOP div 1000)).

%% Check if each algorithm generates the proper jump sequence
%% with the functional API.
reference_jump_state(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    [reference_jump_1(Alg) || Alg <- algs()],
    ok.

reference_jump_1(Alg) ->
    Refval  = reference_jump_val(Alg),
    Testval = gen_jump_1(Alg),
    case Refval =:= Testval of
        true -> ok;
        false ->
	    io:format("Failed: ~p~n",[Alg]),
	    io:format("Length ~p ~p~n",[length(Refval), length(Testval)]),
	    io:format("Head ~p ~p~n",[hd(Refval), hd(Testval)]),
	    io:format("Vals ~p ~p~n",[Refval, Testval]),
	    exit(wrong_value)
    end.

gen_jump_1(Algo) ->
    State =
        case Algo of
            exs64 -> %% Test exception of not_implemented notice
                try rand:jump(rand:seed_s(exs64))
                catch
                    error:not_implemented -> not_implemented
                end;
            _ when Algo =:= exsplus; Algo =:= exsp; Algo =:= exrop ->
                %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
                rand:seed_s({Algo, [12345678|12345678]});
            _ when Algo =:= exs1024; Algo =:= exs1024s ->
                %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
                rand:seed_s({Algo, {lists:duplicate(16, 12345678), []}});
            _ -> % unimplemented
                not_implemented
        end,
    case State of
        not_implemented -> [not_implemented];
        _ ->
            Max = range(State),
            gen_jump_1(?LOOP_JUMP, State, Max, [])
    end.

gen_jump_1(N, State0, Max, Acc) when N > 0 ->
    {_, State1} = rand:uniform_s(Max, State0),
    {Random, State2} = rand:uniform_s(Max, rand:jump(State1)),
    case N rem (?LOOP_JUMP div 100) of
	0 -> gen_jump_1(N-1, State2, Max, [Random|Acc]);
	_ -> gen_jump_1(N-1, State2, Max, Acc)
    end;
gen_jump_1(_, _, _, Acc) -> lists:reverse(Acc).


%% Check if each algorithm generates the proper jump sequence
%% with the internal state in the process dictionary.
reference_jump_procdict(Config) when is_list(Config) ->
    [reference_jump_0(Alg) || Alg <- algs()],
    ok.

reference_jump_0(Alg) ->
    Refval  = reference_jump_val(Alg),
    Testval = gen_jump_0(Alg),
    case Refval =:= Testval of
        true -> ok;
        false ->
	    io:format("Failed: ~p~n",[Alg]),
	    io:format("Length ~p ~p~n",[length(Refval), length(Testval)]),
	    io:format("Head ~p ~p~n",[hd(Refval), hd(Testval)]),
	    exit(wrong_value)
    end.

gen_jump_0(Algo) ->
    Seed = case Algo of
	       exs64 -> %% Test exception of not_implemented notice
                   try
                       _ = rand:seed(exs64),
                       rand:jump()
                   catch
                       error:not_implemented -> not_implemented
                   end;
	       _ when Algo =:= exsplus; Algo =:= exsp; Algo =:= exrop ->
                   %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
		   rand:seed({Algo, [12345678|12345678]});
	       _ when Algo =:= exs1024; Algo =:= exs1024s ->
                   %% Printed with orig 'C' code and this seed
		   rand:seed({Algo, {lists:duplicate(16, 12345678), []}});
	       _ -> % unimplemented
		   not_implemented
	   end,
    case Seed of
        not_implemented -> [not_implemented];
        _ ->
            Max = range(Seed),
            gen_jump_0(?LOOP_JUMP, Max, [])
    end.

gen_jump_0(N, Max, Acc) when N > 0 ->
    _ = rand:uniform(Max),
    _ = rand:jump(),
    Random = rand:uniform(Max),
    case N rem (?LOOP_JUMP div 100) of
	0 -> gen_jump_0(N-1, Max, [Random|Acc]);
	_ -> gen_jump_0(N-1, Max, Acc)
    end;
gen_jump_0(_, _, Acc) -> lists:reverse(Acc).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%% Data
reference_val(exs64) ->
    [16#3737ad0c703ff6c3,16#3868a78fe71adbbd,16#1f01b62b4338b605,16#50876a917437965f,
     16#b2edfe32a10e27fc,16#995924551d8ebae1,16#9f1e6b94e94e0b58,16#27ec029eb0e94f8e,
     16#bf654e6df7fe5c,16#b7d5ef7b79be65e3,16#4bdba4d1c159126b,16#a9c816fdc701292c,
     16#a377b6c89d85ac8b,16#7abb5cd0e5847a6,16#62666f1fc00a0a90,16#1edc3c3d255a8113,
     16#dfc764073767f18e,16#381783d577ca4e34,16#49693588c085ddcb,16#da6fcb16dd5163f3,
     16#e2357a703475b1b7,16#aaa84c4924b5985a,16#b8fe07bb2bac1e49,16#23973ac0160ff064,
     16#1afbc7b023f5d618,16#9f510f7b7caa2a0f,16#d5b0a57f7f5f1084,16#d8c49b66c5f99a29,
     16#e920ac3b598b5213,16#1090d7e27e7a7c76,16#81171917168ee74f,16#f08489a3eb6988e,
     16#396260c4f0b2ed46,16#4fd0a6a6caefd5b2,16#423dff07a3b888a,16#12718773ebd99987,
     16#e50991e540807cb,16#8cfa03bbaa6679d6,16#55bdf86dfbb92dbf,16#eb7145378cce74a8,
     16#71856c224c846595,16#20461588dae6e24d,16#c73b3e63ced74bac,16#775b11813dda0c78,
     16#91f358e51068ede0,16#399955ef36766bc2,16#4489ee072e8a38b1,16#ba77759d52321ca0,
     16#14f519eab5c53db8,16#1f754bd08e4f34c4,16#99e25ca29b2fcfeb,16#da11927c0d9837f8,
     16#1eeb0f87009f5a87,16#a7c444d3b0db1089,16#49c7fbf0714849ad,16#4f2b693e7f8265cb,
     16#80e1493cbaa8f256,16#186f345bcac2661e,16#330065ae0c698d26,16#5235ed0432c42e93,
     16#429792e31ddb10bb,16#8769054bb6533cff,16#1ab382483444201f,16#2216368786fc7b9,
     16#1efea1155216da0b,16#782dc868ba595452,16#2b80f6d159617f48,16#407fc35121b2fa1b,
     16#90e8be6e618873d1,16#40ad4ec92a8abf8e,16#34e2890f583f435,16#838c0aef0a5d8427,
     16#ed4238f4bd6cbcfa,16#7feed11f7a8bb9f0,16#2b0636a93e26c89d,16#481ad4bea5180646,
     16#673e5ad861afe1cc,16#298eeb519d69e74d,16#eb1dd06d168c856,16#4770651519ee7ef9,
     16#7456ebf1bcf608f1,16#d6200f6fbd61ce05,16#c0695dfab11ab6aa,16#5bff449249983843,
     16#7aba88471474c9ac,16#d7e9e4a21c989e91,16#c5e02ee67ccb7ce1,16#4ea8a3a912246153,
     16#f2e6db7c9ce4ec43,16#39498a95d46d2470,16#c5294fcb8cce8aa9,16#a918fe444719f3dc,
     16#98225f754762c0c0,16#f0721204f2cb43f5,16#b98e77b099d1f2d1,16#691d6f75aee3386,
     16#860c7b2354ec24fd,16#33e007bd0fbcb609,16#7170ae9c20fb3d0,16#31d46938fe383a60];

reference_val(exs1024) ->
    [16#9c61311d0d4a01fd,16#ce963ef5803b703e,16#545dcffb7b644e1a,16#edd56576a8d778d5,
     16#16bee799783c6b45,16#336f0b3caeb417fa,16#29291b8be26dedfa,16#1efed996d2e1b1a8,
     16#c5c04757bd2dadf9,16#11aa6d194009c616,16#ab2b3e82bdb38a91,16#5011ee46fd2609eb,
     16#766db7e5b701a9bb,16#d42cb2632c419f35,16#107c6a2667bf8557,16#3ffbf922cb306967,
     16#1e71e3d024ac5131,16#6fdb368ec67a5f06,16#b0d8e72e7aa6d1c1,16#e5705a02dae89e3b,
     16#9c24eb68c086a1d3,16#418de330f55f71f0,16#2917ddeb278bc8d2,16#aeba7fba67208f39,
     16#10ceaf40f6af1d8d,16#47a6d06811d33132,16#603a661d6caf720a,16#a28bd0c9bcdacb3c,
     16#f44754f006909762,16#6e25e8e67ccc43bc,16#174378ce374a549e,16#b5598ae9f57c4e50,
     16#ca85807fbcd51dd,16#1816e58d6c3cc32a,16#1b4d630d3c8e96a6,16#c19b1e92b4efc5bd,
     16#665597b20ddd721a,16#fdab4eb21b75c0ae,16#86a612dcfea0756c,16#8fc2da192f9a55f0,
     16#d7c954eb1af31b5,16#6f5ee45b1b80101b,16#ebe8ea4e5a67cbf5,16#1cb952026b4c1400,
     16#44e62caffe7452c0,16#b591d8f3e6d7cbcf,16#250303f8d77b6f81,16#8ef2199aae4c9b8d,
     16#a16baa37a14d7b89,16#c006e4d2b2da158b,16#e6ec7abd54c93b31,16#e6b0d79ae2ab6fa7,
     16#93e4b30e4ab7d4cd,16#42a01b6a4ef63033,16#9ab1e94fe94976e,16#426644e1de302a1f,
     16#8e58569192200139,16#744f014a090107c1,16#15d056801d467c6c,16#51bdad3a8c30225f,
     16#abfc61fb3104bd45,16#c610607122272df7,16#905e67c63116ebfc,16#1e4fd5f443bdc18,
     16#1945d1745bc55a4c,16#f7cd2b18989595bb,16#f0d273b2c646a038,16#ee9a6fdc6fd5d734,
     16#541a518bdb700518,16#6e67ab9a65361d76,16#bcfadc9bfe5b2e06,16#69fa334cf3c11496,
     16#9657df3e0395b631,16#fc0d0442160108ec,16#2ee538da7b1f7209,16#8b20c9fae50a5a9e,
     16#a971a4b5c2b3b6a,16#ff6241e32489438e,16#8fd6433f45255777,16#6e6c82f10818b0dc,
     16#59a8fad3f6af616b,16#7eac34f43f12221c,16#6e429ec2951723ec,16#9a65179767a45c37,
     16#a5f8127d1e6fdf35,16#932c50bc633d8d5c,16#f3bbea4e7ebecb8,16#efc3a2bbf6a8674,
     16#451644a99971cb6,16#cf70776d652c150d,16#c1fe0dcb87a25403,16#9523417132b2452e,
     16#8f98bc30d06b980e,16#bb4b288ecb8daa9a,16#59e54beb32f78045,16#f9ab1562456b9d66,
     16#6435f4130304a793,16#b4bb94c2002e1849,16#49a86d1e4bade982,16#457d63d60ed52b95];

reference_val(exsplus) ->
    [16#bc76c2e638db,16#15ede2ebb16c9fb,16#185ee2c27d6b88d,16#15d5ee9feafc3a5,
     16#1862e91dfce3e6b,16#2c9744b0fb69e46,16#78b21bc01cef6b,16#2d16a2fae6c76ba,
     16#13dfccb8ff86bce,16#1d9474c59e23f4d,16#d2f67dcd7f0dd6,16#2b6d489d51a0725,
     16#1fa52ef484861d8,16#1ae9e2a38f966d4,16#2264ab1e193acca,16#23bbca085039a05,
     16#2b6eea06a0af0e1,16#3ad47fa8866ea20,16#1ec2802d612d855,16#36c1982b134d50,
     16#296b6a23f5b75e0,16#c5eeb600a9875c,16#2a3fd51d735f9d4,16#56fafa3593a070,
     16#13e9d416ec0423e,16#28101a91b23e9dc,16#32e561eb55ce15a,16#94a7dbba66fe4a,
     16#2e1845043bcec1f,16#235f7513a1b5146,16#e37af1bf2d63cb,16#2048033824a1639,
     16#c255c750995f7,16#2c7542058e89ee3,16#204dfeefbdb62ba,16#f5a936ec63dd66,
     16#33b3b7dbbbd8b90,16#c4f0f79026ffe9,16#20ffee2d37aca13,16#2274f931716be2c,
     16#29b883902ba9df1,16#1a838cd5312717f,16#2edfc49ff3dc1d6,16#418145cbec84c2,
     16#d2d8f1a17d49f,16#d41637bfa4cc6f,16#24437e03a0f5df8,16#3d1d87919b94a90,
     16#20d6997b36769b6,16#16f9d7855cd87ca,16#821ef7e2a062a3,16#2c4d11dc4a2da70,
     16#24a3b27f56ed26b,16#144b23c8b97387a,16#34a2ced56930d12,16#21cc0544113a017,
     16#3e780771f634fb2,16#146c259c02e7e18,16#1d99e4cfad0ef1,16#fdf3dabefc6b3a,
     16#7d0806e4d12dfb,16#3e3ae3580532eae,16#2456544200fbd86,16#f83aad4e88db85,
     16#37c134779463b4d,16#21a20bf64b6e735,16#1c0585ac88b69f2,16#1b3fcea8dd30e56,
     16#334bc301aefd97,16#37066eb7e80a946,16#15a19a6331b570f,16#35e67fa43c3f7d0,
     16#152a4020145fb80,16#8d55139491dfbe,16#21d9cba585c059d,16#31475f363654635,
     16#2567b17acb7a104,16#39201be3a7681c5,16#6bc675fd26b601,16#334b93232b1b1e3,
     16#357c402cb732c6a,16#362e32efe4db46a,16#8edc7ae3da51e5,16#31573376785eac9,
     16#6c6145ffa1169d,16#18ec2c393d45359,16#1f1a5f256e7130c,16#131cc2f49b8004f,
     16#36f715a249f4ec2,16#1c27629826c50d3,16#914d9a6648726a,16#27f5bf5ce2301e8,
     16#3dd493b8012970f,16#be13bed1e00e5c,16#ceef033b74ae10,16#3da38c6a50abe03,
     16#15cbd1a421c7a8c,16#22794e3ec6ef3b1,16#26154d26e7ea99f,16#3a66681359a6ab6];

reference_val(exsp) ->
    reference_val(exsplus);
reference_val(exs1024s) ->
    reference_val(exs1024);
reference_val(exrop) ->
%% #include <stdint.h>
%% #include <stdio.h>
%%
%% uint64_t s[2];
%% uint64_t next(void);
%% /* Xoroshiro116+ PRNG here */
%%
%% int main(char *argv[]) {
%%     int n;
%%     uint64_t r;
%%     s[0] = 12345678;
%%     s[1] = 12345678;
%%
%%     for (n = 1000000;  n > 0;  n--) {
%%         r = next();
%%         if ((n % 10000) == 0) {
%%             printf("%llu,", (unsigned long long) (r + 1));
%%         }
%%     }
%%     printf("\n");
%% }
    [24691357,29089185972758626,135434857127264790,
     277209758236304485,101045429972817342,
     241950202080388093,283018380268425711,268233672110762489,
     173241488791227202,245038518481669421,
     253627577363613736,234979870724373477,115607127954560275,
     96445882796968228,166106849348423677,
     83614184550774836,109634510785746957,68415533259662436,
     12078288820568786,246413981014863011,
     96953486962147513,138629231038332640,206078430370986460,
     11002780552565714,238837272913629203,
     60272901610411077,148828243883348685,203140738399788939,
     131001610760610046,30717739120305678,
     262903815608472425,31891125663924935,107252017522511256,
     241577109487224033,263801934853180827,
     155517416581881714,223609336630639997,112175917931581716,
     16523497284706825,201453767973653420,
     35912153101632769,211525452750005043,96678037860996922,
     70962216125870068,107383886372877124,
     223441708670831233,247351119445661499,233235283318278995,
     280646255087307741,232948506631162445,
     %%
     117394974124526779,55395923845250321,274512622756597759,
     31754154862553492,222645458401498438,
     161643932692872858,11771755227312868,93933211280589745,
     92242631276348831,197206910466548143,
     150370169849735808,229903773212075765,264650708561842793,
     30318996509793571,158249985447105184,
     220423733894955738,62892844479829080,112941952955911674,
     203157000073363030,54175707830615686,
     50121351829191185,115891831802446962,62298417197154985,
     6569598473421167,69822368618978464,
     176271134892968134,160793729023716344,271997399244980560,
     59100661824817999,150500611720118722,
     23707133151561128,25156834940231911,257788052162304719,
     176517852966055005,247173855600850875,
     83440973524473396,94711136045581604,154881198769946042,
     236537934330658377,152283781345006019,
     250789092615679985,78848633178610658,72059442721196128,
     98223942961505519,191144652663779840,
     102425686803727694,89058927716079076,80721467542933080,
     8462479817391645,2774921106204163].

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

reference_jump_val(exsplus) ->
    [82445318862816932, 145810727464480743, 16514517716894509, 247642377064868650,
     162385642339156908, 251810707075252101, 82288275771998924, 234412731596926322,
     49960883129071044, 200690077681656596, 213743196668671647, 131182800982967108,
     144200072021941728, 263557425008503277, 194858522616874272, 185869394820993172,
     80384502675241453, 262654144824057588, 90033295011291362, 4494510449302659,
     226005372746479588, 116780561309220553, 47048528594475843, 39168929349768743,
     139615163424415552, 55330632656603925, 237575574720486569, 102381140288455025,
     18452933910354323, 150248612130579752, 269358096791922740, 61313433522002187,
     160327361842676597, 185187983548528938, 57378981505594193, 167510799293984067,
     105117045862954303, 176126685946302943, 123590876906828803, 69185336947273487,
     9098689247665808, 49906154674145057, 131575138412788650, 161843880211677185,
     30743946051071186, 187578920583823612, 45008401528636978, 122454158686456658,
     111195992644229524, 17962783958752862, 13579507636941108, 130137843317798663,
     144202635170576832, 132539563255093922, 159785575703967124, 187241848364816640,
     183044737781926478, 12921559769912263, 83553932242922001, 96698298841984688,
     281664320227537824, 224233030818578263, 77812932110318774, 169729351013291728,
     164475402723178734, 242780633011249051, 51095111179609125, 19249189591963554,
     221412426221439180, 265700202856282653, 265342254311932308, 241218503498385511,
     255400887248486575, 212083616929812076, 227947034485840579, 268261881651571692,
     104846262373404908, 49690734329496661, 213259196633566308, 186966479726202436,
     282157378232384574, 11272948584603747, 166540426999573480, 50628164001018755,
     65235580992800860, 230664399047956956, 64575592354687978, 40519393736078511,
     108341851194332747, 115426411532008961, 120656817002338193, 234537867870809797,
     12504080415362731, 45083100453836317, 270968267812126657, 93505647407734103,
     252852934678537969, 258758309277167202, 74250882143432077, 141629095984552833];

reference_jump_val(exs1024) ->
    [2655961906500790629, 17003395417078685063, 10466831598958356428, 7603399148503548021,
     1650550950190587188, 12294992315080723704, 15743995773860389219, 5492181000145247327,
     14118165228742583601, 1024386975263610703, 10124872895886669513, 6445624517813169301,
     6238575554686562601, 14108646153524288915, 11804141635807832816, 8421575378006186238,
     6354993374304550369, 838493020029548163, 14759355804308819469, 12212491527912522022,
     16943204735100571602, 198964074252287588, 7325922870779721649, 15853102065526570574,
     16294058349151823341, 6153379962047409781, 15874031679495957261, 17299265255608442340,
     984658421210027171, 17408042033939375278, 3326465916992232353, 5222817718770538733,
     13262385796795170510, 15648751121811336061, 6718721549566546451, 7353765235619801875,
     16110995049882478788, 14559143407227563441, 4189805181268804683, 10938587948346538224,
     1635025506014383478, 12619562911869525411, 17469465615861488695, 125252234176411528,
     2004192558503448853, 13175467866790974840, 17712272336167363518, 1710549840100880318,
     17486892343528340916, 5337910082227550967, 8333082060923612691, 6284787745504163856,
     8072221024586708290, 6077032673910717705, 11495200863352251610, 11722792537523099594,
     14642059504258647996, 8595733246938141113, 17223366528010341891, 17447739753327015776,
     6149800490736735996, 11155866914574313276, 7123864553063709909, 15982886296520662323,
     5775920250955521517, 8624640108274906072, 8652974210855988961, 8715770416136907275,
     11841689528820039868, 10991309078149220415, 11758038663970841716, 7308750055935299261,
     15939068400245256963, 6920341533033919644, 8017706063646646166, 15814376391419160498,
     13529376573221932937, 16749061963269842448, 14639730709921425830, 3265850480169354066,
     4569394597532719321, 16594515239012200038, 13372824240764466517, 16892840440503406128,
     11260004846380394643, 2441660009097834955, 10566922722880085440, 11463315545387550692,
     5252492021914937692, 10404636333478845345, 11109538423683960387, 5525267334484537655,
     17936751184378118743, 4224632875737239207, 15888641556987476199, 9586888813112229805,
     9476861567287505094, 14909536929239540332, 17996844556292992842, 2699310519182298856];

reference_jump_val(exsp) ->
    reference_jump_val(exsplus);
reference_jump_val(exs1024s) ->
    reference_jump_val(exs1024);
reference_jump_val(exs64) -> [not_implemented];
reference_jump_val(exrop) ->
%% #include <stdint.h>
%% #include <stdio.h>
%%
%% uint64_t s[2];
%% uint64_t next(void);
%% /* Xoroshiro116+ PRNG here */
%%
%% int main(char *argv[]) {
%%     int n;
%%     uint64_t r;
%%     s[0] = 12345678;
%%     s[1] = 12345678;

%%     for (n = 1000;  n > 0;  n--) {
%%         next();
%%         jump();
%%         r = next();
%%         if ((n % 10) == 0) {
%%             printf("%llu,", (unsigned long long) (r + 1));
%%         }
%%     }
%%     printf("\n");
%% }
    [60301713907476001,135397949584721850,4148159712710727,
     110297784509908316,18753463199438866,
     106699913259182846,2414728156662676,237591345910610406,
     48519427605486503,38071665570452612,
     235484041375354592,45428997361037927,112352324717959775,
     226084403445232507,270797890380258829,
     160587966336947922,80453153271416820,222758573634013699,
     195715386237881435,240975253876429810,
     93387593470886224,23845439014202236,235376123357642262,
     22286175195310374,239068556844083490,
     120126027410954482,250690865061862527,113265144383673111,
     57986825640269127,206087920253971490,
     265971029949338955,40654558754415167,185972161822891882,
     72224917962819036,116613804322063968,
     129103518989198416,236110607653724474,98446977363728314,
     122264213760984600,55635665885245081,
     42625530794327559,288031254029912894,81654312180555835,
     261800844953573559,144734008151358432,
     77095621402920587,286730580569820386,274596992060316466,
     97977034409404188,5517946553518132,
     %%
     56460292644964432,252118572460428657,38694442746260303,
     165653145330192194,136968555571402812,
     64905200201714082,257386366768713186,22702362175273017,
     208480936480037395,152926769756967697,
     256751159334239189,130982960476845557,21613531985982870,
     87016962652282927,130446710536726404,
     188769410109327420,282891129440391928,251807515151187951,
     262029034126352975,30694713572208714,
     46430187445005589,176983177204884508,144190360369444480,
     14245137612606100,126045457407279122,
     169277107135012393,42599413368851184,130940158341360014,
     113412693367677211,119353175256553456,
     96339829771832349,17378172025472134,110141940813943768,
     253735613682893347,234964721082540068,
     85668779779185140,164542570671430062,18205512302089755,
     282380693509970845,190996054681051049,
     250227633882474729,171181147785250210,55437891969696407,
     241227318715885854,77323084015890802,
     1663590009695191,234064400749487599,222983191707424780,
     254956809144783896,203898972156838252].

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% The old algorithms used a range 2^N - 1 for their reference val
%% tests, which was incorrect but works as long as you do not draw
%% the value 2^N, which is very unlikely.  It was not possible
%% to simply correct the range to 2^N due to another incorrectness
%% in that the old algorithms changed to using the broken
%% (multiply a float approach with too few bits) approach for
%% ranges >= 2^N.  This function digs out the range to use
%% for the reference tests for old and new algorithms.
range({#{bits:=Bits}, _}) -> 1 bsl Bits;
range({#{max:=Max}, _}) -> Max; %% Old incorrect range
range({_, _, _}) -> 51. % random


quart_range({#{bits:=Bits}, _}) -> 1 bsl (Bits - 2);
quart_range({#{max:=Max}, _}) -> (Max bsr 2) + 1;
quart_range({#{}, _}) -> 1 bsl 62; % crypto
quart_range({_, _, _}) -> 1 bsl 49. % random